Biodiversityindeepsea

HiroshiKitazato

(TokyoUniversityofM

arineScienceandTechnology/JAMSTEC,

JAPA

N)

Researchdriversforbiologicalsciences:iodiversity

• WhatarethepaJ

ernsofbiodiversityinthedeep-sea?How

manyspecies?W

hataretherepresentaOvevsdisO

ncOve

habitatsinthedeep-sea?(inconnecOontoEBSA

s)Whatisthe

temporalvariabilityofdeep-seabenthicandpelagicecosystem

s?• WhatarethepaJ

ernsofconnecOvitybetw

eendeep-seaecosystem

sandbetweenthedeepandshallow

water?WhatpaJ

ernsofevoluOon,geneflow

andgeneOcstructureare

exhibitedinthedeep-sea?Whataretheim

plicaOonsofpopulaO

onconnecO

vityinthedeep-sea?

• How

dodeep-seaecosystemsfuncO

onandwhat

ecosystemservicesdotheyprovide?

Whatecosystem

servicesareprovidedbythedeep-seaandhow

importantaretheytotheEarthsystem

andtohumankinds?

PosiO

onReportNo.22,(EM

B,2015)

BiasedesOmaO

onofnumberofm

arinespecies

New

s (/new

s)

Novem

ber 16, 2016 - Nick H

iggsdeep sea

biodiversity

Deep-sea b

iod

iversity - a kno

wn

un

kno

wn

?By N

ICK HIGGS

How

does biodiversity in the deep oceans compare to that of shallow

er seas and terrestrial environments? The answ

er is fundamental to understanding how

many species exist because

the deep sea is widely regarded as one of the largest reservoirs of undiscovered biodiversity on Earth. But there is a w

ide range of estimates

(http://ww

w.sciencedirect.com

/science/article/pii/S0960982212011384) of just how m

any species species there are left to be discovered. To help decide which of these is likely to be

correct we m

ust understand the large scale patterns of diversity in the oceans.

One of the m

ost basic properties of biodiversity patterns is the size of species’ geographical range, i.e. their distribution across the face of the Earth. What w

e know about this feature of

deep-sea species is summ

arised in an excellent review by Craig M

cClain and Sarah Mincks H

ardy (http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1700/3533.short). Current evidencesuggests that species seem

to be broadly distributed across the deep sea in general, compared to their shallow

water relatives. If correct, this suggests that species density is probably

lower on average than in shallow

er waters. In our paper Biases in biodiversity: w

ide-ranging species are discovered first in the deep sea(http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fm

ars.2015.00061/full) we set out to test w

hether this prevailing view is representative of reality or w

hether we m

ight have a biased viewof deep sea biodiversity.

During m

y masters research I exam

ined the relationship between a single dim

ension of species ranges (depth) and patterns of diversity in deep-sea brittle stars. I soon began to realisethat it is quite difficult to know

what the true geographical range of a species is. There are all sorts of problem

s, especially related to sampling. H

ow can you be sure that you have

sampled enough to to truly capture the full range of a species? This leads on to bigger questions about how

good our knowledge of species distributions really is and how

this might

affect our picture of biodiversity.

It was several years later that I began thinking about these questions again. I saw

a tweet from

marine m

acroecologist Tom W

ebb (https://twitter.com

/tomjw

ebb), asking if anyone knewof a study dem

onstrating that wide-ranged species are discovered earlier than narrow

-ranged species. While I didn’t im

mediately have a reference to hand, w

e had a short exchangew

here I suggested that you could use geographical data from O

BIS (ww

w.iobis.org) to look at this.

This got me thinking about how

species range size might have affected species discovery, particularly in the deep-sea. I had recently been w

orking to create a deep-sea subsection of theW

orld Register of Marine Species (http://w

ww

.marinespecies.org/deepsea) using depth data from

OBIS. I knew

that you could extract geographic data on species occurrences from O

BISand the date that species w

as described from W

oRMS. I did just this and the data show

ed a strong negative correlation between the date that a species is described and its geographic

range (actually a rough proxy of range-size).

This raises an interesting paradox because the direction of causality in this relationship can work both w

ays. Usually, the correlation is taken to show

that widespread species are

discovered earlier than geographically restricted species, because they are more likely to com

e up in samples (the ‘encounter hypothesis’). But the relationship could be equally explained

if recently described species have simply not been around long enough to be recorded enough tim

es to have the true extent of their ranges determined (the ‘records hypothesis’).

Understanding w

hich of these two m

echanisms is the dom

inant cause of the correlation is important because it changes how

we view

undiscovered species diversity.

The diagram below

illustrates why. It show

s trends in the mean range size of new

ly described species over time. The solid red line show

s an apparent decrease in the mean range size of

newly discovered species over tim

e as did our data. The encounters hypothesis suggests that the trend will continue into the future (solid grey line) and that m

ore and more of the new

lydescribed species w

ill have (on average) smaller ranges.

Higgs,2016N

ovemberO

BISwebsite

Cruisesandprojects

• QUELLE2013Yokosuka(m

id-IndianTJ,ffBrazil,CaribbeanSea,Tonga-Kerm

adecTrench,2013)• 

HADEST.G

.Thompson(Kerm

adecTrench,2014)• 

SO-237Sonne(PuertoRicoTrench,2014-2015)

• HADESFalkor(M

arianasTrench,2015)• 

PAPsustainedO

bservatoryDiscovery(N

EAtlanO

c,2016)• 

PAPsustainedO

bservatoryDiscovery(N

EAtlanO

c,2016)• 

IIOE-IIExp1SagarKenya(IndianO

cean,2015)• 

IOE-II

xp2SagarKenya(BayofBengal,2016)• 

IOE-2Exp3SagarKenya(BayofBengal,2016)

• SokhoBioLavrenO

ev(SeaofOkhotsk,2015)

• Kuram

BioIISO250(KurilTrench,2016)

• JC136Jam

esCook(RockallTrough,2016)• 

“FISH”2017Shinyo-m

aru(MarianasTrench,ChallengerD

eep,2017)• 

DanishH

ADEScruiseTangaroa(Kerm

adecTrench,2017)

• USA

,France,Germ

any,P.R.China,Russiaandothermajorcountries

Alotofcruisesw

ereoperatedbymanycountries,bothatabyssalplains

(blue)andconOnentalm

argins(red).

ManyofcruiseshavenotoperatedforBlueSkyScience,butforM

ission-orientedScience

• Climatechanges:clim

atesystems,clim

atevariability,oceanacidificaO

on,oceanichypoxia,

• Anthropogenicdisturbances:deep-seafisheries,

bio-prospecOng,oilandgasextracO

on,waste

disposal,geo-engineering,deep-seaminingand

others

FlowchartforD

isasterRiskManagem

ents(PrevenO

on,ReducOon,M

iOgaO

onandRestoraOon)

Data&

ObservaO

on

Database,

modeling&

synthesis

InformaO

onproducts

Delivery

AcOon

FlowchartforD

isasterRiskManagem

ents(PrevenO

on,ReducOon,M

iOgaO

onandRestoraOon)

Data&

ObservaO

onModeling&

synthesis

InformaO

onproducts

(habitatmaps)

Delivery

AcOon

Inter-disciplinarity

Trans-disciplinaritySocial Applications of Scientific results （ex. ecosystem

managem

ents, socio-ecological restoration、

advanced and sastainable fisheries and others)

ScienOficacO

viOes

DisasterRiskM

anagementsatdee

-searealms

(PrevenOon,ReducO

on,MiOgaO

onandRestoraOon)

Data&

ObservaO

on

Database,

modeling&

synthesis

InformaO

onproducts

Delivery

AcOon

OBISandother

database

#MulO

-funcOonal

cruise(ObservaO

on-Measurem

ent-Experim

ent)#N

ovalmethods

(plakorm

s,sensors,analyses(D

NAbarcoding),

networks))

Habitatm

appingOpendata

OpenScience

#StrategicSeaareamanagem

ents#Ecosystem

managem

ents#M

PAs

Relevantplakorm

s,sensors,networksforobservaO

on

• Plak

orms:researchvessels,H

OVs,RO

Vs,A

UVs,gliders(hadal

drone),LandersandmonitoringstaO

ons• 

Netw

orks:cablenetworks(N

EPTUNE,D

ONETs,EU

RONETs

andothers),researchnetworks(IN

DEEP,D

OSI,H

ADESand

others)• 

Sensors:biogeochemicalsensors(C,H

,O,N

,S,P,Cl,andothers)

developmentofultra-sensiO

vesensors(O2 ;Larsen

etal.,2016)• 

AnalyO

calmethods:D

NAbarcoding,environm

entalDNA-RN

A

andothergeneOcsà

molecularbiodiversity(discrepancy

withm

orphologicaldiversity,buteasytoconstructBigData)

Keyspaces

• WherearehotspotsforbioO

cevoluOon?

---Symbioseshaveacceleratedatchem

oclinesuchasventandseeps,sedim

ent-waterinterface

• WherearesensiO

veareasformonitoring

globalclimatechanges?

---Polaregion(A

rcOc/A

ntarcOc),oxygenm

inimum

zoneArabianSea,BayofBengal,off

Peru),CCD+lysocline,

hadaltrenchesandothers

• WherearesensiO

veareasformonitoring

humanacO

viOesandtheirim

pacts?---slopesandcanyons,trenches,abyssalplain,seamounts,andothers

DisasterRiskM

anagementsatdee

-searealms

(PrevenOon,ReducO

on,MiOgaO

onandRestoraOon)

Data&

ObservaO

on

Database,

modeling&

synthesis

InformaO

onproducts

Delivery

AcOon

OBISandother

database

#MulO

-funcOonal

cruise(ObservaO

on-Measurem

ent-Experim

ent)#N

ovalmethods

(plakorm

s,sensors,analyses(D

NAbarcoding),

networks))

Habitatm

appingOpendata

OpenScience

#StrategicSeaareamanagem

ents#Ecosystem

managem

ents#M

PAs

Database:speciesdistribuO

onsfromHOV-RO

Vdivevideorecords

20

16

/11

/02

22

:00

BISMaL M

apper

1/1

ページ

http://w

ww

.godac.jam

stec.go.jp/m

apper/visualizer.jsp

Physico-chemical factors

W

orld Ocean Atlas

Tem

perature (degrees C)

O

bjectively analyzed climatology

0

annual

Line contour

1/32

10

D

isplay n/a

1

center

#taxa

World O

cean Atlas

Temperature (degrees C

)

annual

Objectively analyzed clim

atology

0

Bathymetry

Bathym

etryM

aps & G

raphsH

OM

EParam

eters

Select base map

Physico-chemical factors

Data source

Advanced Search

Select taxa

Select view type and resolution

H

igh resolution analysis: OFF

Tool

D

ownload area

Select ocean area (polygon/rectangle/circle)

Legen

ds

CourtesybyH.Yam

amoto

Needtoconstructdatabasenetw

orkingamongdiff

erentcountries

topography

substrate

geology

debris distribution

Habitat map

Compilation m

ap of different data on map

Differences in garbage removal speed

between GIS and non-GIS GISな

し

Debris distribution map

4月

5月

6月

Flowing debris distribution * その他

アンカー？

コンテナ

( 不明

¡ 人工魚礁・人工魚礁群

7 家屋

木材

F 木片（流出木）

x 漁具・漁網

í 船舶

_ 車両

GIS No GIS

碓井照子らの資料による

Collection of data

For keeping sustainable use of the seas, distribution of organisms, environm

ents and land use inform

ation are projected on one map as Habitat M

ap

BothnaturalandsocietaldataintegraOon:H

abitatmapping

imescalesform

onitoring

• Shortterm

changes:daily,weekly,m

onthly,seasonalandannualchanges

---rapidchangesindeep-sea(eep-seacirculaO

on,internalwaves

oxygendepleOon,foodsupply,andothers

• Long-term

monitoring:10~100yearsorhistorical

changes---industrialrevoluO

on(1850~)---“A

nthropocene”(1950~)

• Accidentalevents:naturalandanthropogenic

hazardousevents---naturalhazards(EarthquakeandTsunam

is,volcanicacOviO

es)---

umanim

pacts(fishery,gasandoilexploraOon,deep-seam

ining,wastedisposalandothers)

aturalhazard:EarthquakeandTsunamis(2011,M

ar.11)

Clam live colony

Clam dead colony

BenthicnepheloidlayerhugeslopedestrucO

ons?

Open cracks and m

uddy nephloid layer at epicenter area (5700m

) with deep-taw

camera system

JAMSTEC

Kawaguccietal.,2012

Site1

Site3

・disO

nct

smell

of

hydrogensulfideandalso

sO

nky

smell

fromdeadorganism

s・

Wehavenot

observedthistypeofbacterialm

atbeforeMQ.

Depth3551m．

Patchybacterialm

atwith3m

wide

and6mlong.

Depth5341m．

20mX20m

wide

bacterialmat

Deadophiuroidsspecim

ens(Ophiura

bathybia).130specimensinonepushcore

(82mmdiam

eter).Thespeciesusuallylivein2870–5680m

Dead

Seaurchin

(Aeropsisfulva

)．Th

esp

ecieslive

1465-5200mdepthranges

inthePacific.

Bacterialmatsform

edonbio-mound

Bacterialmatform

edonthefootofsteepescarpm

ent SlopedestrucO

onintroduceddown

slopeturbiditycurrent

Bigturbiditesproducedbio-moundrelatedbacterialm

at

August,2011

Well sorted dead organism

s

MassexO

ncOon

RoJen

smellofH

2 S

,2011

Putquardrateonbacterialmat(depth5341m

)

August,2012

・bacterialm

atdisappeared

・noaddiO

onaldeposiO

onofmud

・alotofophiuroidskeletalfragm

entsareaccum

ulatedinmud

MassexO

ncOon

RoJen

smellofH

2 S

Bacterialmat

RapiddecomposiO

on

withinoneyear

August,2011

Successivechangesinmicrobialm

atonbiomound

Changesinoraminiferalassem

blageatEQepicenter

August,20115348m

ophiuroidmound

siteBolivinapacifica

Fursenkoinacomplanata�

Stainforthiaapertura�Rutherfordoidesrotundata�Uvigerinasen?cosa�Globobulim

inaaffinis�

Chilostomellaovoidea

Nonionellinalabradorica�

NonionellaglobosaOridorsalisum

bonatus�Elphidium

ba?alis*Reophaxm

icaceous*ReophaxspPlanktonicforam

iniferstests�

August,20115342m

normalsedim

entsiteA

ggluOnatedtaxa

Fursenkoina(?)sp.Planktonicforam

iniferstests�

Foraminiferalassem

blageatophiuroidsiteisthesameasthosefrom

lowerbathyaldepth(2000~3500m

).→

foraminiferahadbeendislocatedfrom

lowerbathyaltoabyssaldepthsw

ithturbidite→pioneerspecies(Kitazato1995)

erefoundinsurfacesedimentaDeroneyear

August,20125348m

ophiuroidmound

site(aueroneyear))

*Saccam

minaspp.

*Tecnitellasp.*Recurvoidessubglobosus*Trochm

amminaglobigeriniform

isNocalcareoustaxa

Naturallaboratorygivescasestudiestosolve

anthropogenicdisturbances!!

• Sedimentdisturbancesà

manganesenodule

claimarea(hum

animpacts)

• CalcareousfaunabelowCCD

àocean

acidificaOon(globalchanges)

Somerecom

mendaO

ons

@N

eed4D(spaceandO

me)conO

nentalmarginresearches:

possibilitytofindnewhabitatsduetohighlyvariablegeologic

sexngs.ConO

nentalmarginecosystem

sshouldgetinfluencesfrom

humanacO

viOes.Butsom

edifficulO

esforresearch.BecauseconO

nentalmarginsshouldbelongtoEEZofcoastalcountries.

@M

oreunderstandingofBiodiversityofeukaryoOcand

prokaryoOcm

icro-organismsatstrongchem

oclinesites@M

oremobilem

onitoringthanfixedmonitoring

@N

eedmorem

onitoringwithm

ulO-plak

orms,m

ulO-sensors,

mulO

-networksbym

ulO-countries

ThankyouforyourkindaJenO

on