Decolonization and Independence
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Decolonization and Independence
Independence struggles, 1919-1960s
• Post World War I nationalisms
• Post world war colonial order
• British Commonwealth (1926)
• Colonial subjects and nationalist sentiment
• Post World War II colonial order
• Routes to independence:
– 1) negotiated independence 2) civil war
– 3) incomplete independence
Nationalist movements: India, 1915-1960s (Pattern 1: negotiated independence)
• Gandhi and satyagraha
• Amritsar massacre (1919)
• Boycott and swaraj
• Salt March
• internal divides
• Pakistan and partition
• post-independence challenges
Nationalist movements: China and the Communist Revolution
(Pattern 2: civil war)
• 1911: end of the Qing: Sun Yat-sen and the Guomindang Party
• post World War I issues and May Fourth Movement and the 1920s
• Chiang Kai-shek
• Mao Zedong and the rise of the Communist Party
Mao Zedong
Middle East: PalestinePattern 3: incomplete independence
• Balfour Declaration, 1917
• Mandate system• UN vote for partition• 1948 war and refugee
problem
Nationalist movements: African patterns
• Differences between British and French colonial policies
• Early nationalist movements– Julius Nyerere (Tanzani)– Nkrumah (Ghana)
• Post-World War II patterns
• Negritude movement
South Africa
• Native Land Act, 1913• 1948 self-governing• Apartheid• African National
Congress