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![Page 1: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?
![Page 2: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
• Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian tribe riding into Rome in 476 A.D. It’s quite a shock.”
![Page 3: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
• Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian tribe riding into Rome in 476 A.D. It’s quite a shock.”
• 3 questions to complicate things– When did the Roman Empire Fall?– Why did the Roman Empire Fall?– Did the Roman Empire Fall?
![Page 4: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
When Did It Fall?
• What dates did you find?
![Page 5: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
When Did It Fall?
• What dates did you find?• Canonical Date: 476• Why did we do this exercise?
![Page 7: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? An Overview
• A Big Question• What Theories Did You Find?
![Page 8: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? An Overview
• A Big Question• What Theories Did You Find?– External Threat and Internal Weakness– Rise of Christianity– Barbarians– Economic Factors– Overexpansion– Inevitable Decline– Lead Poisoning– Immorality and Moral Degeneracy
![Page 10: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Internal Disintegration
• Forces of Internal Decay– End of Expansion– Ineffective/Contested Leadership– Economic Stagnation– Military Problems
![Page 11: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Internal Disintegration
• Forces of Internal Decay– End of Expansion– Ineffective/Contested Leadership– Economic Stagnation– Military Problems
• Gibbon’s Traditional Theory: Christianity
![Page 12: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Internal Disintegration
• Forces of Internal Decay– End of Expansion– Ineffective/Contested Leadership– Economic Stagnation– Military Problems
• Gibbon’s Traditional Theory: Christianity• Why the West?– Less Defensible– More Barbarized Army– Less Wealth
![Page 13: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Internal Disintegration
• Forces of Internal Decay• Gibbon’s Traditional Theory: Christianity• Why the West?• Depopulation– Evidence– Origins– Effects
![Page 14: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Barbarian Pressure
• Who were the Barbarian Invaders?– Traditional Definition– These Barbarians– Myths about Barbarians• Myth: Enemies of Civilization• Myth: Suddenly Arrive• Myth: Hordes• Join ‘em don’t beat ‘em
![Page 15: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Barbarian Pressure
• Who were the Barbarian Invaders?• Barbarizing the Roman Army
![Page 16: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Barbarian Pressure
• Who were the Barbarian Invaders?• Barbarizing the Roman Army• Visigoths
Adrianople in 378
![Page 17: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Vandals
Anglo-Saxons
Franks
Huns
Alemanni
Burgundians
Marcomanni
Lombards
Because of mistreatment by Roman officials, the Visigoths rebel and destroy an entire Roman army at Adrianople in 378.
378
VisigothsHadrianopleX
![Page 18: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Anglo-Saxons
Franks
Visigoths
Marcomanni
In 410, the Visigoths sack Rome. At the same time, a general in Britain named Constantine declares himself emperor. The legions of Britain go with him, never to return. Declining revenues from the turmoil cause more legions to disband.
Vandals
Alemanni
BurgundiansLombards
409-410
Huns
![Page 19: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Anglo-Saxons
Franks
Visigoths
Alemanni
Burgundians
Vandals
417
Marcomanni
Lombards
Huns
The Roman government makes a deal with the Visigoths, letting them settle in Gaul if they will destroy the Vandals. The Visigoths defeat the Vandals and drive them to the southern tip of Spain. Declining revenues from the turmoil cause more legions to disband.
![Page 20: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Barbarian Pressure
• Who were the Barbarian Invaders?• Barbarizing the Roman Army• Visigoths• Attila the Hun
![Page 21: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Anglo-Saxons
Franks
Visigoths
Alemanni
Burgundians
Vandals
417
Marcomanni
Lombards
Huns
![Page 22: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Barbarian Pressure
• Who were the Barbarian Invaders?• Barbarizing the Roman Army• Visigoths• Attila the Hun• Vandals
![Page 24: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Anglo-Saxons
Franks
Marcomanni
Huns
Alemanni
BurgundiansLombards
455-476
Visigoths
Ostrogoths
The Vandals in North Africa build a navy & raid across the Mediterranean, even sacking Rome in 455. By now Imperial defenses are virtually non-existent in the West as various tribes move in to claim territories for themselves. Meanwhile, emperors are rapidly set up & toppled as the empire comes crashing down. In 476, a Germanic general, Odovacer, replaces the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus & sets up his own kingdom of Italy.
Vandals
![Page 25: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Barbarian Pressure
• Who were the Barbarian Invaders?• Barbarizing the Roman Army• Visigoths• Attila the Hun• Vandals• Odoacer
![Page 26: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
480 C.E.
By 480, the only remnant of Roman power in the West is that of the Gallo-Roman ruler, Syagrius. In 486, he will fall to the rising power of the Franks, thus removing the alst shred of Roman authority in the West.
![Page 27: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
500 C.E.
By 500 the Franks have eliminated the last vestige of Roman power in the West.
![Page 28: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Barbarian Pressure
• Aftermath– Barbarian Kingdoms
![Page 29: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Why Did It Fall? Barbarian Pressure
• Aftermath– Barbarian Kingdoms– Transformation– Begs the question…
![Page 30: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Did the Roman Empire Fall?
![Page 31: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Did it Fall?
• Framework of Late Antiquity– Dominant Paradigm: Decline and Fall– New School: Upheaval and Transformation
![Page 32: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Did it Fall?
• Framework of Late Antiquity (200-600)– Dominant Paradigm: Decline and Fall– New School: Upheaval and Transformation
• Vehicles for Continuity– Eastern Roman Empire!– Christian Church– Barbarians Themselves
![Page 33: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Did it Fall?
• Framework of Late Antiquity (200-600)– Dominant Paradigm: Decline and Fall– New School: Upheaval and Transformation
• Vehicles for Continuity• Still, some kind of break– Catastrophists– Examples of Rupture– Prime Example: Fate of Rome
![Page 34: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Population of Rome
• Vandals cut off Grain Supply• 5 BC: 800,000-1,000,000
![Page 35: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Population of Rome
• Vandals cut off Grain Supply• 5 BC: 800,000-1,000,000• 310s: 600,000
![Page 36: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Population of Rome
• Vandals cut off Grain Supply• 5 BC: 800,000-1,000,000• 310s: 600,000• 419: 300,000-500,000
![Page 37: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Population of Rome
• Vandals cut off Grain Supply• 5 BC: 800,000-1,000,000• 310s: 600,000• 419: 300,000-500,000• 590: 150,000 Max
![Page 38: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Population of Rome
• Vandals cut off Grain Supply• 5 BC: 800,000-1,000,000• 310s: 600,000• 419: 300,000-500,000• 590: 150,000 Max• 800: 30,000 Max
![Page 39: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?. Introduction Oliver Stone: “You have to understand what it was like to be a Roman empire and to find some barbarian.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cc05503460f949878be/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Did it Fall?
• Framework of Late Antiquity (200-600)– Dominant Paradigm: Decline and Fall– New School: Upheaval and Transformation
• Vehicles for Continuity• Still, some kind of break• Value of Continuists• Split of Greco-Roman World