DECLARATION - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/23512/13/main thesis.pdf · the...

ARCHITECTURE & LIFE PATTERNOF TRADITIONAL AREAS IN A CITY

FORCONSERVATIONAL EVALUATION :

A CASE STUDY OF PUNE

Thesis submitted for the Degree ofVTDYAVAC HASPATT (Ph. D. )

ININTERDISCIPLINARY

ARCHITECTURE & SOCIAL SCIENCES

ByPROF. ANURAG I{ASHYAP

B.Arch., A.I.I.A., M.E. (Town Planning), A.I.T.P.

Under the Guidance ofEmeritus Prof. Gopal K. Kanhere

. \A A.I.C.T.E./€:-

Ir\,/ '2- /)

'-f^K March 2oo7

o^q mtLa) , 11 *.--'fu-'

in,

PROF. GOPAL K. KANHEREB.Arch., G.D. Arch., A.R.I.B.A. (L,on),M.S. in Arch. & Planning (USA), F.I.I.A.,

. F.I.T.P.Professor EmeritusA.I.C.T.E.

March 19, 2OO7

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the work incorporated in the thesisArchitecture & Life Pattern of Traditional Areas in a City forConservational Evaluation : A Case Study of Pune" submittedby Prof. Anurag Kashyap was carried out by the candidateunder my supervision. Such material as has been obtainedfrom other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis.

Prof. Gopal K. KanhereRESEAIICH GUIDE

(2)

DECLARATION

I, Prof. Anurag Kashyap declare on oath that the referenceand literature that has been quoted in my thesis entitled arefrom original sources and are acknowledged at the appropriateplace in my research project.

Further I declare that I have not used this information forany purpose other than my research.

Place:Pune &Date: March 19.2OO7 Anurag Kashyap

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my gratitude to those who generouslyhelped me to complete my thesis successfully. I am indeedthankful to Dr A.P. Kulkarni, chairman, Local Managingcommittee and Mr Ravindra Deshpande, secretary, of theMaharshi Karve stree shikshan sanstha, pune, for their supportand permission to undertake this project. The most importantacknowledgement goes on the academic front, where -

My Guide, Emeritus Prof. Gopal Kanhere of the AIt Indiacouncil of rechnical Education (A.I.C.T.E.) who provided. me theguidance throughout this work.

The staff members of Dr Bhanuben Nanavati college ofArchitecture for women, particularly Ms sangeeta Dhote, MrKiran Nichale, Mr umesh chavan and Mr Amol Hinge for theirhelp in various activities connected with this Project.

My friend, Mr Vijay Padhye, who meticulously carried. outthe typing and editing work of this thesis and helped methroughout.

I thank God for health and his protection throughout thiswork. Praise be to His name and may this knowledge be used toHis Glory. "Om Namo Bhagawate Vasudevaya".

Anurag Kashyap

CONTENTS

CertificateAcknowledgementContents

Chapter

E

Title

INTRODUCTIONReasons for Selection

Past WorksUrgency

Scope and Limitations

METHODOLOGYF)I

Page

16-21

16

19

20

2'1,

22-32

BADHAI ALI 33-49. Introduction. History & Morphology 35. Work Activity Area & Trade 37r Typical Establishment & Household 38. Existing Land Use 39. Amenities in the Ar.ea 40. Utilities & Services 4l. Traffrc & Transportation 42. Aesthetic Survey 44. Building Typology 4E. Social & Economic Survey 45. Information through Interviews ... 47r Income & Expenditure 48. Findings & Conclusions 48

Chapter

ffiTitle Pase

BARDAN ALI 50-61. Introduction b0. History & Morphology 51. Work Activity Area & Trade 53. Typical Establishment & Household 54. Existing Land Use 54. Amenities in the Area 55. Utilities & Services 56. Traffic & Transportation Study 56. Aesthetic Survey 57. Building Typology 58. Socio-Economic Survey 59. Information through Interviews ... 60r Income & Expenditure 61. Findings & Conclusions 61

BOHRI ALI 62-76. Introduction 62

' History & Morphology of 63r Activity Area of Hardware Trading 64. Typical Establishment & Household 66. Existing Land Use 66. Amenities in the Area 67. Utilities & Services 68. Traffic & Transportation Survey ... 68. Aesthetic Survey 70. Building Typology 7I. Social & Economic Survey 72

' Information through Interviews ... 74r Income & Expenditure 75. Findings & Conclusions 75

Cone

Chapter

&DTitle

LONAR ALI. Introduction. History & Morphology. Work Activity of Lime Trading. Typical Establishment & Household. Existing Land Use. Amenities in the Area. Utilities & Services. Traffic & Transportation Studyr Aesthetic Survey. Building Typology. Social & Economic Survey. Information through Interviews ...r fncome & Expenditure. Findings & Conclusions

PAGADBAND ALI. Introduction. History & Morpholory of Study Area. Work/Activity Area of pagactj Making. Typical Establishment & Household

' Existing Land Use Survey. Amenities in the Area. Utility & Services .... Traffic & Transportation Survey ...r Aesthetic Survey. Building Typology. Social & Economic Survey. Information through Interviews ...r Income & Expenditure. Findings & Conclusions

Page

77-88

77

78

79

80

81

81

82

82

83

84

85

87

88

88

89-102

89

90

93

93

94

95

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

101

Chapter

mTitle

STATIONERY ALI. Introduction. History & Morphology. Localities having Traditional

Concentration of Stationerv Ali. Work/Activity Area

' Typical Establishment &. Land Use Survey. Amenities in the Area. Utilities & Services. Elements of City Image. Building Typology. Information through Interviewr Income & Expenditure. Findings & Conclusions

TAMBAT ALI. Introduction. History & Morphology. Mythological & Literary Background. Localities having Traditional

Concentration of Tambats. Works/Activity.r\rea. Building Typology. Land IJse Survey. Amenities in the Area. Utilities & Services. Traffic Survey. Aesthetic Survey. Elements of Cit5' Image. Building Typology. Social & Economic Survey. Information through Interviews .... Income & Expenditure. Findings & Conclusion

Page

103-117

103

105

106

LO7

109

109

110

111

t12113

rt4115

116

118-137

118

119

t20

t22L22

125

126

r27r28L29

130

130

131

133

L34

135

136

Chapter

milTitle

TAMBAKHU ALI. Introduction. History & Morphology. Historical Buildings & Monuments. Work Activity & Area of Trade

' Typical Establishment & Household. Existing Land Use. Amenities in the Area. Utility & Services ...

. Traffic & Transportation

. Aesthetic Survey

' Building Typology. Social & Economic Survey. Information through Interviews ...

' Income & Expenditure. Findings & Conclusions

Page

138-153

138

140

t4rI4Tt42r43t44145

t46t47L49

150

151

r52t52

N FINDINGS, CONCLUSION &RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY

LISTS OF PLANSChapter 3(a) Badhai Ali

1. Physical Setting2. Morphology3. Existing Land Use

4. Utility Services - 1


6. Traffic and Transportation7. Building Age & Condition8. View Points of Photographs9. Typical Building

154-178

L79-t82

Chapter 3(b) Bardan Ali1. Morphology2. Existing Land flse3. Utility Services - I4. Utility Services - 2

5. Traffic and Transportation6. Aesthetic Survey7. Building Age & Condition8. View Points of I'}hotographs9. Typical House Plan

Chapter 4(a) Bohri Ali1. Physical Setting2. Morphology3. Existing Land Use4. Utility Services5. Traffic & Transportation6. Aesthetic Survey7. Building Age & Condition8. View Points of Photographs9. Typical Building

Chapter 4(b) Lonar Ali1. Morphology2. Existing Land Use3. Utility Services - 1


5. Traffic and Transportation6. Aesthetic Survey7. Building Age & Condition8. View Points of Photographs9. Typical House Plan

Chapter 5(a) Paeadband Ali1. Physical Setting2. Morphology3. Existing Land llse4. Utility Services5. Traffic and Transportation6. Aesthetic Survey7. Building Age & Condition8. View Points of I'}hotographs

Chapter 5(b) Stationery Ali1. Physical Settinpg

2. Existing Land Use3. Utitity Services - 1


5. Traffic and Transportation6. Aesthetic Survey7. Building Age & Condition8. Typical Building Elevation

Chapter 6(.a) Tambat Ali1. Physical Setting2. Morphology3. Existing Land tlse4. Utility Services5. Traffic & Transportation6. Aesthetic Survey7. View Points of Photographs8. Typical Building Elevation

Chapter 6(b) Tambakhu Ali1. Physical Setting2. Morphology3. Existing Land IJse



6. Traffic & Transportation7. Aesthetic Survey8. Building Age & Condition9. View Points of Photographsl0.Typical Building

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Chapter 3(a) Badhai AliV-l View of 'Ramabai Mansion', a fairly well preserved

building showing original architectural characterV-2 A panoramic View of Badhai Ali in peak hoursV-3 A typical old building in Badhai AIi showing influence

of English architectureV-4 A typical Badhai Shop on the RoadV-5 A view of Gardi Wada - one of the historical buildings

in Badhai AIiV-6 View of the Water Tank in Durjan Singh's Paga

ChaBter 3(b) Bardan AliV-1 A view of a typical Bardan ShopV-2 A view of buildings of different agesV-3 View of Shri Krishna Temple to be conservedV-4 View of Hamal Talim to be conserved

Chapter 4(a) Bohri AliB-1 Typical old architectural character of old buildingB-2 Jama Mosque - a major landmark and worship place

of the Bohra CommunityB-3 Laxmi Market - a wholesale market of toys, ready-made

garments and stationeryB-4 Bhagwan Adinath Chowk - Major traffic congestion due to

Two-way trafficB-5 Saify Street - Perpendicular Parking of two wheelers

causes congestion8-6 Old architecture style of buildingB-7 Bohri Jamatkhana : Major Landmark, meeting place of the

Bohra Community, newly constructed commercial buildingcompletely covers the main building

t/1O\

Chapter 4(b) Lonar AliV-l View of a typical Lonari HouseV-2 View of Lonar Ali - As seen from Station RoadV-3 Internal view of the Lonar AIiV-4 View of the Lonari Panchayat HalIChapter 5(a) Pagadband AliP-1 Vitthal Mandir Path - One way traffic only running from

Budhwar Chowk to Moti ChowkP-2 The Road perpendicular to Vitthal Mandir Path meets at

Kenjale Chowk at Laxmi Road - No Parking AreaP-3 Pasodya Vithoba Mandir - Major Landmark, existing from

the Maratha periodP-4 Typical Building Fagade mixed land use Ground Floor

commercial and upper floor for residential

Chapter 5(b) Stationery AliV-l Stationery Ali in Peak HoursV-2 Tambdi Jogeshwari Temple in the Stationery AliV-3 Very few buildings in the Stationery AIi are old typeV-4 Pedestrian way is occupied mainly by hawkersChapter 6(a) Tambat AliV-l Activity Area in the Tambat AliV-2 Houses are residential-cum-workshopV-3 Tambat AIi in Kasba Peth : The oldest part of PuneV-4 The Twashta Kasar Sanstha's Library Building.Chapter 6(b) Tambakhu AliV-1 View of a typical building in Tambakhu AIiV-2 View of a building showing different elevation features in

Tambakhu AliV-3 Elevation of a building in Tambakhu AIi showing Persian

influence in architectural featuresV-4 A panoramic view of Tambakhu Ali in peak hours

ARCHITECTURE & LIFE PATTERNOF TRADITIONAL AREAS IN A CITY

FOR

C ONSERVATIONAL EVALUATION

A CASE STUDY OF PUNE

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Architecture is considered as the mother of arts and it has

shaped the appearances of the cities and towns aII over the

world. It is particularly noticeable in cities that developed in the

18th and 19th centuries all over India. we find a fusion ofarchitecture, urban planning, operation of socio-economic forces

that resulted in a dynamic and vibrant urban structure. To

study any one particular aspect of the architecture or all the

allied disciplines of urban planning and urban forms,

transportation, socio-economic structure, and development oftrade and commerce, wiII not, be possible unless it is done by

evaluating and recording atl the allied disciplines and the

changes that took place over a period of time.

In this study an endeavour has been made to record one ofthe important vanishing architectural and socio-economic

phenomena that is observed in all these ancient cities like pune.

We have studied the'alis' that are the earliest professional zones

ascribed to specific trade like tambat, badhai, bohri, etc. Indoing this we wiII be recording a very important architecturaland urban morphological phenomenon, which, in some cases likethe Pagadband Ali, has totally vanished.

Reasons for Selection

The selection of the city of Pune is significant because here

was the virtual capital of India for a few decades d.uring thePeshwa Rule, though the officizrl capital of Marathos was Satara.The real power rested with the peshwas and in pune.

Consequently, Pune developed very rapidly and became a model

for development of the 18th and 19th century capitals of the

Maratha sardars. We find remarkable similarity between Pune

and Indore. Vadodara and Gwalior in the distribution of the

social groups and trades around the central core.

In case of Pune, it was around

the original centre of Pune during

supporting trades got located. Thus

Kumbhar Vesh quite close bv.

the Kasba Peth which was

the Mogul time, that the

we find Tambat AIi or the

The other reason for selection of Pune was the rapidly

vanishing architectural and socio-economic structure that

supported these olis. If not recorded there would be no material

Ieft for any research about a very interesting architectural and

urban planning phenomenon.

The town planning and architectural courses that run inPune have provided some basis for collection of some random

data connected with the Ali. However, no concerted effort has

been done to analyse and provide a comprehensive picture of all

the angles of this phenomenon.

Pune, the city described as the cultural capital of

Maharashtra has a distinct social pattern of alis unlike the

neighbourhood pattern that was recommended by Sir Ebenezer

Howard for his garden city. During the Peshwa period the rulers

invited people from various areas who had specialized skills tocome and settle in Pune. As a result of this many professionals

who were not Maharashtrian came and settled in the city. alis

formed the places where these groups stayed together and

carried out their trade and commerce. Socially, economically and

culturally, they were micro units that over a period of time got

merged with the whole city's development'

Ali is a street or group of streets inhibited by people of one

community pursuing one trad"e. They have been named on the

basis of the trade that they carried out, Iike Tambat AIi, Burud

AIi, Stationery AIi, etc.

These craftsmen lived in relatively dark, shady, congested

areas. However, as the trade prospered they constructed better

houses and. the olis became identifiable. socially, the 'bara

baluted.ar'system existed, tambats, being one of the bara balute

along with kasar, jingar, otaris, etc. The very early procedure

was to provide the raw material to the kasar or the craftsman

and ask him to prepare the object that you wanted. The person

would take the object thus produced and pay in cash or kind,

usually a bagful of rice or some other grain.

As the trade expanded and more families migrated,

surrounding areas were occupied and vertical expansion took

place. Social and community related structures like marriage

halls, temples, dedicated to deities that were important to the

communities came up around these houses. This is the way the

olls have evolved over a number of years.

The construction material used by the people was mostly

timber. brick, lime mortar and stonework for the foundation.

The 1961 flood destroyed some of the structures and a new

building material in form of R.C.C. was introduced. Similarly

the building bye-Iaws, widening of the roads, open space

reservations and other kind of changes have been changing the

structure of the ali. For some of the professions Pune was the

important centre. During the 19th century there were almost

2000 people working in brass and copper trade. They lived in

Kasba, Shukrawar, Vetal, Budhwar, Ghorpade and Rasta Peth.

They included. a large number of tambats, jingars, otaris and

kasars.

Past Works

one of the best records and information was done by the

British after they took over the reigns of Pune in 1820 from the

Peshwas. This has been recorded in the gazettes of Pune, the

earliest being referred. to as the Gazetteer of the Bombay

Presidency (published in 1885).

Here we had ^ complete comprehensive record of the

history, social structure, trade practices, costs and the amount of

money that was charged for the product, etc. The number of

people who were engaged in the trade was also recorded by them.

This data and all the other information from the gazette provides

the very early picture. However, they do not have the

architectural, urban planning, aesthetics, transportation and

many other physical aspects of these areas. If the British had, in

fact, recorded the physical evidence it would have been the most

comprehensive document important for any research scholar.

My work is specially aimed at recording the architectural and aII

the physical aspects of these select olis.

Articles have been written, some limited studies have been

made and urgency has been expressed in the past about the

problems faced by these olis. As professional areas they have a

unique character. Article on Tambat AIi refers to some of these

aspects. However, covering so many alis and also trying to

provide suitable guidelines and rules and regulations for their

conservation has never been attempted.

It wiu be our endeavour to provide the procedures for

record.ing protected structures identifying architectural

conservation areas. The process of d,eclaration of such areas,

suggestions regarding development control, have been made

along with suggestions for conservation procedures for heritage

structures. For arriving at the above it was necessary for

someone to undertake a comprehensive study of a good number

of alis, if not all of them in a comprehensive fashion.

Urgency

The urgency to record was evident when more than three

fourth of the citizens of Pune were even unable to indicate the

existence of. alis like the Pagadband Ali. These and many of the

alis are on the verge of total change as a result of the tremendous

socio economic and physical changes that are taking place in the

exploding metropolis of Pune. If this study is not done in a

comprehensive fashion today, then there will be no record or

document which research scholars, architects, sociologists and

economists can refer to get authentic idea of these urban

phenomena that is ali. Today Pune is even changing from the

20th century image of a 'pensioners' paradise' and an 'educational

city'. It is now emerging as the IT capital of Maharashtra along

with numerous universities and educational institutions and

Iarge industrial establishments like Bajaj Auto and Tata Motors.

The social structure is also changing very rapidly. It is turning

into a cosmopolitan metropolis from a purely Maharashtrian

cultural capital. Consequently, there have been tremendous

architectural urban planning and other changes. This has made

it imperative that this old 18th century phenomena of alis be

recorded very urgently.

Scope and Limitations

There are many alis in the city of Pune. Considering our

objective of finding some suitable way of protecting this

architectural heritage and providing some guidelines for

planning authorities in order to maintain these urban heritage

zones, it was adequate to study about seven or eight of them. Itwould have been repetitive and too exhaustive to cover all the

alis and peths that form part of old city of Pune.

These alis have not been selected with any specific bias but

are purely representative as can be noted from the trades

covered and the geographic distribution all over the city.

To arrive at some administrative guidelines it was

necessary to record all the 13 or 14 parameters that have been

studied for all these olis. These parameters and how they are

studied has been suitably recorded in the Chapter'Methodology'.

To explain the descriptive coverage of the ali it was

necessary to have a proper study of the architectural and

physical settings aspects of these olis. That has been done under

about eight headings that have also been explained in the next

chapter. It is not our intention to cover all the socio economic

and physical problems associated with the ali including the

problem of change of profession, migration, constructional

changes, impact of transportation and impact of change of style

and social habits like the disuse of tobacco and tobacco related

products by many of the citizens.

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Preamble

As the City of Pune is rapidly urbanizing and as the old

city structure and social fabric is changing it has become

necessary to record the existing or earlier picture for any further

evaluation, reconstruction, conservation or similar other

purposes. The methodology evolved here aims at recording the

data about the alis in a comprehensive way.

As the trade practices are undergoing rapid changes

recording these changes and their impact on the socio economic

and urban architectural picture becomes most relevant. If not

recorded, it will result in total loss of an important phase in the

growth of a metropolis from a medium sized culturally important

medieval town.

Introduction

It is necessary to explain in detail the procedures adopted

for studying the various alis that were selected for the study

purposes. We have tried to cover totally eight alis that are

distributed over Pune City. There has been no specific order or

preference shown while selecting these olis. The only important

consideration has been the availability of the data, convenience

of data collection and ease of acquiring various data of plans and

other information concerning those olis. This has been explained

because there are many other alis that have not been covered forreasons of the volume of work and to some extent repetitive

nature of the findings and conclusion. This repetitive nature was

noted in the initial studies that were carried out while

developing the methodology and scope of this work. The various

data collected has been under 14 heads as described below and

illustrations and drawings covering generally nine heads that

are also listed hereinafter.

Heads for the Write-up

. Introduction

. History & Morphology

. Work Activity & Trade

. Typical Establishment & Household

. Existing Land Use

. Amenities in the Area

. Utility & Services

. Traffic & Transportation

. Aesthetic Survey

. Building Typology

r Social & Economic Survey

. Information Through Interview

. Income & Expenditure

. Findings & Conclusions

Heads for fllustrations

Physical Setting

Morphology

Existing Land Use

Utility Services

Traffic & Transportation

Aesthetic 'S.r"rr"y

I Building Age & Condition

' Typical Elevation & Details

. Photographs.

As the heads for the write-up and for the illustrations will

ind.icate that we have tried to be as comprehensive and relevant

to the objective of our study. It was possible to cover other kind

of additional data but that was not pertinent to our study.

Explanation will be given for each of the write-up and

illustration heads in the subsequent part of this Chapter.

Introduction

Introduction will cover the kind of activity, surrounding

location and the gradual changes and evolution of the profession.

It will also cover any relationship that may exist between one Ali

and the other. Introduction plays the role of acquainting the

reader about the role of the AIi in the broad framework of the

city.

Historv & Morphology

History and morphology indicates clearly when aparticular AIi was established in the city. It also covers the

persons responsible for establishing it. For example, Tambakhu

AIi was established in the Peshwa regime in the year 1725. The

history part records the earlier trade practices and production.

For example, tobacco was used during the Peshwa time for fiIling

the chillim or huhkahs. It wiII also record how the

transformation has taken place like the snuff making in the

Tambakhu Ali. Where possible we have recorded the number of

people employed in the earlier time and indicated the sources of

raw materials as in the case of Tambakhu Ali raw tobacco was

brought from Nipani and Belgaum.

If there are any historical buildings and monuments, those

are recorded under this head.

Work Activity & Trade

This covers how the various processes connected with the

trade were carried out in the earlier time and the kind of

involvement of certain communities. The process and the tools, ifneeded, are covered in this part. For example, the process of

preparing snuff which includes burning and grinding of tobacco

and treating the powder for various perfumes and other special

materials is noted along with the role of the Maratha community

which was involved in this trade from the earliest time. The

change in the community's role like from the Marathas to

Gujaratis in Tambakhu AIi is also recorded.

Tynical Establishment & Household

Here the description is given of typical buildings,

construction materials, elevational aspects, rear part of the

buildings and its usage, etc. Various architectural influences

which are noticeable in the style of the building are recorded. Ifany special requirements exist in the building for manufacturing

processes, etc. those are also identified. It was common for most

of the traders to conduct the professional activity on the ground

floor and to have the residences on the upper floor. Such

observations have been noted.

Existins Land Use

Here the land use for the area which is generally identified

as the area of the AIi has been recorded. In doing this there have

been limitations because Ali is a notional area which is in the

mind of the mental image of the city for the citizens. unlike

municipal wards there are no clear cut boundaries which are

marked on any map or documents. In spite of these limitations

we have attempted to identifr the area and indicate the break'up

and the percentage of the residential, commercial, residential-

cum-commercial, open spaces, public and the road area.

Amenities in the Area

These wiII cover schools, public meeting places, police

stations, post offices, theatres, temples, telephone booths, banks,

public conveniences, etc. In this part the descriptions, the

Iocations and the surroundings are described to further clarifr

the amenities.

Utility & Services

This will cover drainage lines, water supply lines,

electricity supply lines and sub-stations, storm water drainage,

etc.


In recording the traffic and transportation picture of the

Ali effort has been made to clearly indicate the kind of changes

that have taken places for various reasons. These include

changes made as per the development plan or as in the case of

Tambakhu Ali the changes in the width of the road because of

encroachment done by the shopkeepers.

The adequacy or the inadequacy of various junctions and

chowks is discussed. The kind of traffic including bus routes, etc.

is discussed. Existence of footpaths, condition of the road and

volumetric survey where possible, has been recorded. These

cover vehicles such as two-wheelers, bicycles, jeeps, cars,

rickshaws, handcarts, buses, trucks, etc.

Aesthetic Survey

There are various aesthetic survey techniques available for

conducting aesthetic survey in urban areas. Of these the Kevin

Lynch Technique which is most suitable for recording and a

comparison has been used for carrying out the aesthetic survey.

The topics covered under this methodology are as follows:

1. Paths

- that deal with the major roads, minor roads, Ianes, pedestrian

pathways, etc. which are used by people and vehicles for

movement in that zone.

2. Nodes

Crossings of the roads, chowks and other similar points

junctions where the traffic and pedestrians meet are described

the nodes in this technique.

3. Districts

An area which has uniform visual and functional character

is described as a district or a visual district for aesthetic analysis.

Usually, most of the olis form a district because of architectural

and functional homogeneity.

or

as

4. Landmarks

Landmarks constitute the visually and. culturally

significant structures, monuments, etc. which are used as

reference points by the citizens to indicate the locations of their

residences or buildings. Temples, churches, mosques, other

important public buildings, etc. come under this category.

Building Typoloey

This covers the nature of the structure, construction

techniques, the materials used, lighting and ventilation adopted

(like Chowk) etc. in order to properly understand the building

typology which was typical for that trade. For example, the

Bohri Ali residences had big basements where they stored the big

inventories which were not possible to be displayed or kept in the

ground floor shops. In the renovation of some of the old Bohri Aliarea structures old cannon balls were found in large quantities.

These were meant to be supplied for the Peshwa army. Where

possible, the age and the conditions of buildings are also covered

along with special features like balconies, internal staircases,

ventilation shafts, jalis, etc.

Social & Economic Survey

It is necessary to record the socio economic history and

evolution of these alis to the extent it is possible under the

present circumstances. Some of the activities or trades like the

Pagadband Ali have totally disappeared from their original

locations. Even such cases effort has been made to collect from

old residents and old professionals to reconstruct a correct

picture. The usual changes in the trade or profession which

occur because of the demand and supply as well as the change in

style, etc. are covered under this heading. Some idea of the

income of a typical worker has been provided based on collected

data.

lnformation through lnterviews

Here, effort has been made to interview both the traders

and the workers. However, it has not always been possible to

cover every type of traders and workers in these professions.

Various problems connected with the location including

congestion, pollution and services like water supply and

drainage, etc. were discussed and responses recorded. The idea

was to give some glimpse of the actual people involved in the

trade.

lncome & Expenditure

This covers the amount of expenditure both for new

infrastructure and for maintenance, etc. which is incurred by the

Iocal authorities. It is not possible because of the notional

boundaries of the alis to have exact financial expenditure under

the various heads. This would have been possible only for a

municipal ward. However, a technique of a ratio proportion has

been applied to arrive at some statistically correct fi.nancial

picture for these olls.

Findings & Conclusions

These cover problems of congestion and pollution, general

living conditions, condition of roads and parking problems.

Provision of traffic signals or otherwise is also discussed. Land

use picture indicating the availability of open spaces etc.,

problem of hoardings and overhead electrical wires, overall

architectural characters and building typology is covered here.

Physical Settine

Physical setting shows on a map of the city the location of

the AIi.

Morphology

Morphology will show in relation to the old core boundary

the locations of earlier and later professional areas associated

with that trade.

Existins Land Use

Here, detailed land use map is given recording the

residential, commercial, residential-cum-commercial, open

spaces, public areas, roads, etc. for the Ali.

Utility & Services

Again, a detailed map is given recording the services like

drainage lines, water lines, etc.


A detailed map indicating the major roads, parking areas,

etc. is shown.

Aesthetic Survey

The visual observations are recorded on a map indicating

the various aesthetic characteristics which are covered in the

aesthetic survev.

Buildine Age & Condition

This gives the age and condition picture for the area under

survey.

Tvpical Elevation & Details

These are done to record the rapidly vanishing

architectural picture of the earlier buildings. Plans, elevations

and sections and other details where necessary are recorded on

this sheet.

Photographs

Photographs are also t:rken to visually record the visual

characteristics of the area for future reference.

Definitions

Heritage: Because the word "heritage" is associated with

so many things nowadays, and because the concept of "heritage"

is at the core of everything that we do in conservation, here we

offer a simple definition. Heritage is "

whatever you want to preserve for the next generations".

As such, it may cover natural, built, Iiving or intangible aspects

as heritage of the society.

A heritage or historical site embraces not only itsphysical structure, but also the human context and local

historical conditions in which it was created, built or inhabited.

The environmental setting is likewise an essential part of the

heritage site.

Heritage presentation is the carefully planned public

explanation or discussion of a heritage or historical site. Its

communication med.ium can range from a text panel, to live

guides to a complex Virtual Reality application, but it should in

every case provide information about the site that would be

unavailable through visual inspection alone.

Public interpretation is the arrangement of information

about a particular heritage or historical site into a meaningful

sequence or narrative. Public interpretation should strive to

contextualize the significance of the site for the visitor, not

merely present disconnected statistics, dates or technical terms.

CHAPTER 3

(A) BADHAI ALI

Introduction

Pune "Punya Nagari" as it is rightly called is one of the

most blessed and outstanding city of India. . A copper plate

inscription of 973 A.D. reveals that the name of town was

"Punya-Vishaya" or "Punak-Vishaya" during the regime of

"Rashtrakoots" of Deccan Plateau. The archiological relics prove

that Pune was established as township in the Sth century. In

medieval times there were two principal capitals of India, Delhi

and Pune being headquarters of the Mughals and the Marathas

respectively.

Resuming the political scenario of the 16th century

Shahajiraje Bhosale's contribution to the development of Pune

City was the most remarkable, who gave special attention to

Pune's development by appointing his trusted minister Dadoji

Konddeo as Administrator of Pune region. After 1625 Shahaji

Iived in Pune and encouraged planned inhabitations, like Kasba,

Shaniwar, Somwar and Raviwar Peths, other peths Budhwar

and Shukrawar were added as extensions by the Peshwas during

their period.

AII these peths were divided into smaller areas as per the

trade of the residents, such as Lohar Ali, Bohri AIi, Pangul Ali,

Badhai AIi. etc.

There are many traditional professions that had evolved in

Pune as an important city of the Peshwas. Many professions

were encouraged by the Peshwas or their noblemen to come and

settle in the City of Pune as a community to practise their

profession. One of the professions is that of carpenters or

'badhais' who have settled in Badhai AIi, Iocated in the Raviwar

Peth. This is one of those professions that have maintained

continuity even in a modern scenario. The potters who make the

pots for plants or water containers have an assured existence in

the Kumbhar Ves area in Pune. This is unlike the Pagadband

AIi that has totally disappeared and is replaced by the electrical

shops.

Carpenters as a profession in Pune are one such survival.

Carpenters were needed during the Peshwai Pune for

construction and maintenance of the magnificent wadas and

temples built by the rich and the famous. The typical Maratha

architecture depends a lot on the tiled and wooden roofs, the

carved wooden ceilings and the suru shaped pillars. The

floorings were also supported by wooden members. Badhais and

other experts carved very beautiful wooden ornamentation for

the Maratha wadas and existed in large numbers in the 18th and

19th centuries Pune.

Even today, the common man's needs have sustained the

carpenters. Today's major articles are ladders, small wooden

toys, decorative stands, wooden shelves, etc. They are basically

for the consumption of the lower income groups, because the rich

and the young are today interested in branded furniture from the

departmental stores.

The working of the carpenters is carried out in the front or

the rear of the house and the ware is displayed and sold in the

front or on the roads itself. It is observed that manv of the

younger generation carpenters have now scattered away from the

traditional area. They are also under pressure to shift because of

lack of expansion area. It is also noted that they have not

adopted modern technolory and consequently the products are

not acceptable to the quality conscious younger generation.

There are no unions or organisations to coordinate and protect

this profession. The encroachments on the road and the old style

working conditions along with social pressures have reduced the

scope of these traditional carpenters.

Badhai Ali

Badhai AIi has been in existence as a part of Raviwar Peth,

which was established by Mahajan Vyavahare Joshi in the

regime of Bajirao Peshwa. It is formed along the street dividing

Raviwar Peth, Shukrawar Peth and Budhwar Peth which is now

known as 'Maulana Abdul Kalam Road, in Gaothan area of Pune

city. These carpenters are distinguishable from their name also,

as they have "Badhai' as t;heir surnames, to indicate their

ancestral livelihood.

Badhais came to Pune 200 years ago from Jalna district in

the Nizams State and from Burhanpur, now in Madhya Pradesh.

They belong to "Pardesi" community from North India. There

were about 25 families of Badhais in this AIi, among which only

a few of them are practising this trade in the same area.

History & Morpholosy

During the Peshwa period in 1734 Bajirao Peshwa - Iestablished Raviwar and Shukrawar peths and "Badhai Ali"came into existence. During this period the main residents of

this Ali was Gardi communit;y, who served as personal guards

and palace guards for the Peshwas. The other residents were

Badhais.

In 1820 the Britishers defeated Bajirao Pethwa - II and

established a permanent cantonment area for army in the

eastern part of the city. As carpenters were among the main

craffsmen required for the construction work of the cantonment

area, the original Badhai AIi came into existence exclusively for

the Badhai community. Gardi community left the area after the

defeat of the Peshwas, their residences were occupied by the

Badhais.

The shifting fortunes of the Peshwas saw the shift of a

community like Gardis who were no longer needed by the

British. Lacking the employment they moved elsewhere, whereas

the Badhais were needed by the British in large numbers

because the British built a large number of structures in the

Cantonment areas and their construction technique was

dependent on wooden tiled roofs, wooden flooring, and wooden

doors and windows along with wooden furniture. This

encouraged the Badhai community.

Today Badhai AIi comprises of a few carpentry shops as all

the other carpentry shops have been displaced, their number is

so less that the original name "Badhai AIi'' is known to a very

few people. Some part of the Ali is now having major cloth shops

owned by Sindhi and Marwadi communities. This part of the AIi

is now a days known as "Kapad Ganj". The reason behind this

partial displacement was the importance of Bohri Ali, i.e. Saifee

Street got as the major trading and market street over the years

after independence. This is an interesting example of urban

morphological changes that have occurred because of the

changing socio economic conditions as well as political factors.

The initial shift was of the Gardi community away from this area

and later on the partial shifting of Badhais and replacement by

Kapad Ganj.

Today "Badhai AIi" is bounded by Laxmi Road on its North

M:li.:za Galib Road on its south, Bohri AIi, i.e. Subhan Shah Road

on its west and Perdeshi Road on its east. The area starts from

Paithankar Chowk turning at Chimanlal Chowk and culminates

at Bhagwan Adinath Chowk.

Work Activity Area & Trade

The carpenters in Badhai AIi use their shop, i.e. shop front

on the roadside and part of the household area for making

products and selling them to customers.

These carpenters make different articles such as furniture,

ladders, and railings for households and some decorative objects.

The wood used for making these articles is of various types

such as Burma teak, Red teak, Deodar, Plywood, etc. The wood

is bought from the timber market. The hardware required for

the articles is bought from Bohri shops in Bohri AIi. The

common tools used for making these articles are hammers, saws,

vices, chisels, pliers, etc.

Due to Iack of adequate space and modern equipment,

trade area of these people is limited to certain class only i.e.

people of surrounding rural area that come to the city for their

weekly or monthly shopping of household items required for their

agricultural farms.

Thus by working for about 8 to 10 hours a day these

carpenters earn about Rs. 100 to Rs. 250 as net profit.

Depending upon their monthly income they can be divided in

middle class, poor and very poor class. There is hardly any

family foom this community belonging to the upper class.

Tvnical Establishment & Household

Badhai Ali consists of some old type buildings. These

buildings show influences of both Maratha style s weII as British

style. The fusion of both these styles presents the viewer a

visual treat in Architectural Detailing. The other buildings are

modern with R.C.C. frame structure. Facades of some old

buildings are changed, giving them a contemporary architectural

Iook.

AII buildings in the Badhai Ali are connected to each other

by common walls in between two adjoining structures, thus

opening exists only to front and rear side of structure. Most of

the structures have a central courtyard or series of courts,

depending upon the area of household. These courts act s buffer

between different spaces and serve as ventilation and light

shafts for the central core of these houses.

Most of the buildings in the Badhai AIi are three to four

storied. The front part of ground floor is used for commercial

purpose, whereas the upper part is for residential purposes.

The structural members of the buildings are wooden and

the walls are constructed in bricks. These buildings have

cantilevered. wooden balconies that provide shade to the

verandah in front of the shops.

The architectural design or development is not unique

because there was no such need for carrying out this profession.

Existing Land Use

Badhai Ah covers an area of about 0.79 HA. Most of the

structures in this area are used for residential and commercial

purpose. On ground floor, front part of every structure facing

road is used as commercial purpose. The rear part of the same

floor is used purely for residential purpose. In some structures

first floor is used for amenities like clinics and beauty parlours.

'There are very few public places like some old shrines and

temples.

As the area comes under Gaothan area, there is hardly any

open space lefb, except few central open to sky courts inindividual households.

Thus over the years ch:rnges in the land use pattern has

taken place as original Badhai Dwellers have been displaced and

their shops have been bought by the wealthy traders.

The analysis of land use is as given below:

Land Use Area in HA % of the AreaResidential

Commercial

Resi/Commercial

Open space

Pubic

Road

0.254

0.00

0.31

0.093

0.029

0.109

31.95

0.00

38.99

11.69

3.64

13.73

Total 0.795 LOO%'


The residents of Badhai AIi are benefited by the following

amenities, some of which are parts of Badhai AIi while others are

situated in its vicinitv.

Schools

There are three schools providing primary and secondary

education in three different mediums.

Jawahar English Medium High School on Northern part

i.e. on Laxmi Road.

Maulana Azad Primary School (P.M.C. School), a school

with Urdu medium.

Agrawal Hindi School near Chimanlal School on the

southern corner of Badhai Ali. This school is a part of "Agrasen

Bhawan". This school is having a capacity of b00 students.

Dispe nsarie s/Hospitals

A health clinic run by Dr sathe is situated on the northern

end of Badhai AIi, i.e. in the Pardesi Square. The clinic is having

a capacity of twelve beds.

Post Offrce

A post office is situated on subhansha Road that serves the

Bohri Ali, the Badhai Ali and the Tambakhu AIi.

Bank

There are two banks in the vicinity.

one is Muslim cooperative Bank on saifee street and the

other is Dena Bank on Subhansha Road.

Market

There are two markets near

Market" near Chimanlal square and

behind the Tambakhu AIi.

Telephone Booth

Badhai ali, one is "Manish

the other is "Laxmi Market"

There are three telephone booths with I.S.D. and S.T.D.

facilities and local telephone calls. These booths are situated on

Maulana Abdul Kalam Road.

Religious Buildings

There are two Hindu temples: the "Narmadeshwar

Mandir" on Maulana Abdul Kalam Road and the "Someshwara

Mandir" on Someshwar Road.

There is a mosque at the junction of Maulana Abdul Kalam

Road and the Laxmi Road.

Public Toilet

There is a public urinal situated near the Chimanlal Square.

Utility & Services

The following service lines are observed in the Badhai Ali:

Drainage Lines

The drainage lines are laid underground parallel to the

road. They run along the right hand side of the road when the

Iines start from the Bhagwan Adinath Chowk. At the turningi.e. at Chimanlal Chowk the lines run centrally along Maulana

Abdul Kalam Road. As the road width has changed over the

years, the centre of the road width has shifted. Therefore. the

drainage line has shifted slightly to the right hand side as itapproaches the end, i.e. Pardeshi Chowk.

There is no manhole provided in the drainage line from

Bhag,wan Adinath Chowk to Chimanlal Chowk. Further, on

Maulana Abdul Kalam Road manholes are provided at frequent

intervals.

Water Supply Lines

Water supply lines are laid underground and along the

road. They run parallel to the sides of the road.

Electric Supply Lines

Electric supply lines for the street lights run underground

and parallel to the road sides.

Electric supply lines running overhead are provided for

buildings. They run very close to the upper floors of the buildings

at some points. Therefore, they may prove dangerous to the

residents staying on the upper floors.

Storm Water Drain

There are inadequate numbers of storm water drain points.

Due to heavy load of storm water unkempt roads they always chock.


The road width in Badhai Ali changes from 30 feet to 25

feet due to heavy encroachment of the road area by the

shopkeepers. Further the parking provided on both sides

reduces the effective road width to about 10 to 15 feet, which is

highly inadequate for two way traffic playing on it. This leads to

congestion and frequent traffic jams.

Saifee Street being a relatively major road has heavy traffic

plying on it. This heavy traffic, which includes trucks and buses,

frequently blocks the outgoing traffic from Badhai Ali at Bhagwan

Adinath Chowk which is the main cause for traffi.c jams.

Due to haphazard growth of Badhai ali, there is an acute

angle created at the junction of Chimanlal Chowk. Further, the

two branch roads connecting to Maulana Abdul Kalam Road

have inadequate distance between their junction points. All

these facts make the turning of the vehicles very difficult.

Most of the carpenters in Badhai Ali use the road area in

front of their shops for temporarily keeping the raw material or

for some work activity. This further aggravates the problem of

congestion and traffic jam.

There are no footpaths for the pedestrians. Even though

the traffic load is high, the road surface is satisfactory and it ismade of tar.

Following table shows the analysis of the traffic volume

survey at Chimanlal Chowk.

Sr.No.

Description Nos./hr.

PCUFactor

PCU o/o ofTotalPCU

1

2

3

Two Wheelers

Cycles

Jeep, Car,Rickshaw

Handcart

Bus, Truck

420

230

300

10

6

0.5

0.5

1.0

6.0

3.0

2IO

115

300

60

18

29.87

16.36

42.67

8.53

2.56

4

5

Asthetic Survey

For studying architectural aesthetics in Badhai Ali we

have studied several structures, which are built about 100 years

ago, and are in good condition. Intricate carving, detailing ofdoors, windows, railings, balconies play major role in definingthe facades ofthese structures.

The aesthetics survey of Badhai Au is carried out by"Kevin Lynch technique". The aesthetic elements should be

considered with respect to the following points:

Path

The major path/road of this area is Maulana Abdul KalamRoad, which itself is Badhai Ali. The minor paths are notpresent in this Ali.

Node

The two major nodes in this area are chimanlal chowkand Bhagwan Adinath chowk. At Bhagwan Adinath chowk,subhansha Road crosses the Tambakhu Ali Road at Chimanlalchowk, Maulana Abdul Kalam Road crosses Tambakhu AliRoad.

District

As Badhai Ali is formed along 150 mt long part of MaulanaAbdul Kalam Road. It cannot be categorized as individualdistrict, but it can be easily distinguished from the Badhai shops

in this Ali. Thus Badhai AIi is a small distinguishable part of thedistrict covering Budhwar and Raviwar peth.

Landmark

There are two major landmarks on both ends of Badhai AIi.

On northern side in Bhagwan Adinath Chowk there is a

magnificent tall wooden bui8lding painted in flesh pink colour.

The building is about 60 years old and is used for residential and

commercial purpose.

On southern side in Pardeshi Chowk there is a Shiva

shrine known as Narmadeshwar Mandir which is about 100

years old.

Buildinq Typology

All buildings in Badhai AIi are connected with adjoining

structures by common walls, thus opening to front and rear side

of structure. Most of them have a central court yards. These

courtyards act as multiple activity space and serve as light and

ventilation shaft for the central core of these buildings.

Most of these buildings are above 60 years and are three to

four storied. Front part of the ground floor is used for

commercial purpose whereas the upper part is for residentialpurpose.

The structural members of these buildings are wooden and

the walls are 18" to 24" thick brick walls in lime mortar. These

buildings have cantilevered wooden balconies on front road side.


Badhai Ali, from the time of its formation, has considered

of carpenters from a variety of castes and religion. People were

attracted towards Badhai AIi due to the employment

opportunities it provided.

character.

Therefore it had ^ mixed social

Even if we cannot pinpoint a definite way or style of livingfor the people in Badhai Ali, there is certainly one thing common

at least in the life style of carpenters, that is, they are all poor,

working hard to make both ends meet.

Today a carpenter having his own shop with two or three

assistants can earn about Rs. 7000/- to 8,000/- per month. This

sum gets divided amongst himself and his subordinates leaving

his own cut of around Rs. 3000/- per month. Carpenters working

on daily wages can earn at the most Rs. 2000/- per month.

Due to their poor economic condition many shop owner

carpenters are selling their shops to wealthy traders and the

traders are exploiting the central location of these shops. There

are very few carpenters left in Badhai Ali. Each of these

carpenters is doing his business in a rented shop. They are

staying somewhere else.

Many people in the area, whose ancestors were carpenters

have changed their profession. They are turning towards safer

jobs like working in an industry or working in an office, etc.

The principal reason behind this is the ban imposed on

wood cutting by the Government. Due to this the wooden

furniture and artifacts have become costly and the consumers are

using less and less wooden furniture. The carpenters' mainearnings are depending on the sale of petty items like ladders,

wooden decorative objects, etc. They are becoming less and less

interested in their profession.

All these things are slowly changing the character of

Badhai Ali. once a home of carpenters, it is slowly turning into"Kapad Gunj" - a cloth market. There are chances that in some

years there will not be any carpenters left in Badhai Ali.

This might be a welcoming change as they are realising the

importance of education. They have to be educated to get a good

job. Their living conditions might improve in some years.

There will only be one negative point, that is, their rich

history wiII be lost in time.

Information through Interviews

The following people, staying in Badhai Ali were

interviewed,

1. Mr Chandrakant Motilal Badhai (carpenter in Badhai AIi)

2. Mr Ashok Pimpalgaonkar (resident of Gardiwada)

3. Mr Sanjay Dhawale

4. Mr Sandeep Pardeshi.

The interviews have shown that the people staying inBadhai Ali are conscious about the history behind their locality.

They also provided information about the historical buildings inthe locality.

But they are unhappy about the state it is progressing to.

The traffic congestion and pollution has made their lifemiserable. Even though the water supply is nearly adequate, itspurity is doubtful.

The problems in Badhai Ali have made the people staying

there irritated. The population of the original residents is

decreasing. Their houses are bought by wealthy traders and

given on rent to the poor people. Today, majority of residentialpopulation is from economically weaker section who cannot

afford to pay for less congested and less polluted environment.

Even though the commercial importance of the Ali is

increasing, given a choice the people residing there would be

happy to leave the pace for a better environment.

lncome & Expenditure

Total income of Pune city is Rs. 29,8b8 lac. It consists of

33% income spent on establishment and 670/o (Rs. 20001 lac) on

infrastructural develop ment.

Badhai AIi forms a part of Ward No. LzB. The totalexpenditure allotted to each ward is Rs. 161.26 lac. out of this

15% (Rs. 24.19 lac) amount is used for various utility services,

civic amenities, D.P. proposal implementation, maintenance ofroad, etc.

Findinss & Conclusions

1. The area is highly congested and polluted.

2. The effective width of the road is very much reduced due to

parking on both sides of the road. Therefore, there are

frequent traffic jams.

The area needs good parking facility.

No pedestrian walkways are provided in front of the shops.

5. overhead electrical wires are a big nuisance. They create

visual obstructions as well as create possibilities ofaccidents.

3.

4.

6.

7.

There are no traffic signals provided in the area.

the percentage of open spaces is very much less. The rearportion of the buildings gets light from very narrow ductsor narrow passages.

ventilation to the inner portions of houses is very poor,

because of congestion of buildings.

8.

9. The area provides some

architectural point of the

dilapidated condition. The

architectural character.

very good buildings from

view. But they are in a

area provides an interesting

CHAPTER 3

(B) BARDAN ALI

Introduction

Many of the alis of pune have a history of socialtransformation or changes in the land use taking place because

of social, economic or political considerations. The gard.js ofBadhai Ali left that area after the fall of the peshwa rule because

of the lack of political patronage and employment. The change inBardan Ali was because of the shift of some of the land uses

including the main market which necessitated the hamals or thelabourers to shift to a newer area.

The people engaged in the Bardan trad,e effectivelyreplaced the hamols' residences. In the development plan ofPune the main grain market and other trades were shifted toGultekdi area from this zorte and consequently the hamalsshifted their residences also to newer areas.

one more factor responsible for the urban morphological

changes is the economic factor of land values. The land values inthe core areas all over the city are gradually rising and otherforms of traders are replacing the shifted grain, oil and othermarkets in this area. As in the case of items like agriculturaltools, ropes, jailis, screens, pipes, etc. which are purchased by thevisiting agriculturists from the surrounding small towns, thebardans (gunny bags) are also purchased by the outsideagriculturists for shipping of their products, etc.

It is also observed that traditional trades were carried. outby specific communities and though a few people from other

communities started doing business the major trade was usually

controlled by that social group. It is observed that even big

traders like the diamond trade in Mumbai is also controlled by

communities like Rajasthanis or Marwaris, etc. This helps in the

organization of trade contacts and solving of any financial

disputes, etc. and hence this system has continued for many

generations. This is also the case with trades in the Badhai Alior Bardan AIi.

Bhavani Peth ward was created in L767 A.D. by Nana

Phadanavis in the regime of Madhavrao Peshwa and later on MrDeshmukh constructed Bhavani temple in this ward and so itwas named as Bhavani Peth. This ward was founded withintention to accommodate wholesale traders and theirwarehouses.

Bardan Ali is located in Bhavani Peth ward to the north of

Bhavani Peth Road. It is east-west lane joining Mang Chowki

Road, which is situated to west and Dane Ali, which is situated

to the east.

Previously, part of the Bardan AIi from Mang Chowki Road

to Palkhi Vithoba Road was known as Hamal Ali. Later on

Bardan or gunny bag traders purchased road side premises from

Hamals and established Bardan shops, so it is now known as

Bardan AIi. Bardan Ali is spread over an area of about 1.003 Ha.


Most of the people in the trade of gunny bags are Lohana

people.

/tr 1\

They migrated from Kachcha Region of Gujarat about a

hundred years ago.

There are diverse views about the origin of Lohanas. A few

ofthem are:

They are descendants of Lava, son of Lord Rama.

There were two brothers named Lakho and Damo. They

came to Dhangra in Kathiawad region of Gujarat. Lohanas are

descendent of Lakho.

Originally they were Rathod Rajputs. Raja Jaychand of

Kanouj harassed these people so they rebelled against him. They

prayed God Varuna to save them from him. God Varuna created

iron fort for their shelter and they won the war. After 21 days

the fort vanished and from that time they adopted Luhana as

their name instead of Rathod.

As per Sir A.M.T. Jackson, word Luhana formed from word

Lawan (salt) as they were previously trading in salt.

As per Mr Burton, Lohans are resident of Luhanpur in

Multan (Sindh), now in Pakistan.

Though there is a difference of opinion about the origin of

Lohanas, it seems they were original rajputs and rulers. They

came to Gujarat in about fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and

settled there as cultivators and traders. They migrated from

Gujarat during famine. Lohanas have strong community feeling.

They have Panchayat within the community. They settle their

social disputes through it. There are 2 to 12 members in the

Panchayat and there is no presidential post.

It is significant to note that in many of the traditional

trad.ers in Pune, the Panchayats help in reducing the need for

legal actions. Social problems are solved in this manner.

Work Activity Area of Bardan Tradins

The word bardan means old gunny bags. There are three

types of gunny bags, vrz. kiltan bags, bardan bags and cement

bags. There are about 150 hawkers or casual labourers in the

city. They collect old gunny bags from merchants, mills,

factories, etc. The price at which the bags are purchased is

settled at the time of transaction and purchase is made entirely

by paying immediate cash. New bags are imported from Kolkata

in West Bengal.

The old bags are properly cleaned, repaired and stored. As

there is no sufficient place for cleaning and repairing of bags,

each shopkeeper uses front road side for this activity. OnIy very

few dealers have their own godown but they are located in

outskirt of city, mostly in Kondhwa.

The market for old gunny bags both local and outside of the

city. About 6o0/o of goods are sold in neighbouring district of

Satara and Ahmednagar. Most of the consumer outside the

district are cultivators. They bags are transported outside the

city by means of truck. The dealing is in cash. Internal

transportation is by bullock-carts, handcarts, tempo-rickshaws,

etc. Most of the local consumers are dealers in gur or grain.

The market for new gunny bags and kiltan are local

industries. Industries utilize about 7O% of sale of new bags for

packing.

Each dealer requires about 4 to 5 labourers for cleaning,

stitching, repairing, sorting and cutting of bags. There is a

Iabour union that fixes wages of labourers.

The trade is more before Diwali and in summer season.

This is due to fact that major consumers of bardan are

cultivators and hence more business in harvesting period.

Tvpical Establishment & Household

As most of the portion of Bardan AIi was Hamal Ali

previously and was occupied by Hamal labourers so most of the

structures in this lane are Kachha, semi pucca structures built

with wooden frames, bricks, mud walls, G.I. sheet roofing, and

very few are two storied. However, some old buildings are

replaced by R.C.C. structures four storeys high. Most of the old

buildings do not have plinth. There is no architectural

decoration on front fagade.

Front of ground floor structure is used for commercial and

rest of the structure and upper: floor are used for residence.

Existins Land Use

The extent of influence of Bardan Ali is found to be 1.003

Ha. Road fronting part of ground floor is in use of commercial

activities such as Bardan shops, grocery shops, oil merchants,

rope merchants and the rest of the structure is used for

residential use. The shops include wholesale as well as retail

shops.

Rapid changes in land use are taking place. Previously

there were negligible commercial activities on this lane. After

shifting of main Market Yard to Gultekdi area, most of the

Hamals have sold their houses on higher prices and have taken

shelter in slum areas.

The approximate land use analysis is as below:

Sr.No. Land Use Area o/o of Total Area

1. Commercial

2. Residential

0.245 24.5

0.452 45.2

3. Public/semi-public 0.124 I2.4

4. Transportation 0.182 1,8.2

TotaI 1.003 100.00

It will be seen that the area is deficient in open spaces and

amenities.


It is seen from the analysis of existing land use that this

area lacks in amenities such as Primary School, Hospital, etc.

However the following Primary School are in near vicinity

of the lane.

1. Muncipal Primary School at Burud Bridge.

2. Shantabai Ladkat Primary School.

3. Primary School near Kamgar Maidan.

These primary schools can meet requirement of area in

future too.

There are hospitals such as Kotnis Hospital, Tilak Ayurved

Hospital, Municipal Hospital near this area.

Post Office is located on Laxmi Road to the North of this

area.

Banking facilities are available in Bhavani Peth area i.e.

on Bhavani Peth Road, Dane AIi.

Utilities & Services

During the survey it was found that 2Ocm.dia and 15cm.

dia municipal waterlines passes through the road. Water supply

is regular and suffrcient.

There is also 1.5m wide sewer line laid underground which

collects the sewerage and runs from Mang Chowki road to Dane

Ali i.e. from west to east, that has an additional 1.2m sewer line

strengthening it. Storm water drains are provided at a longer

distance and they are not maintained and cleaned regularly

which causes flooding of road occasionally.

Traffic & Transportation Study

As per analysis of existing land use about 18.20% area is

covered by road. The existing road width of the lane varies from

6 meter to 12 meter. The road surface is quite satisfactory.

Due to increasing commercial activities on this road, there

is increase in traffic. Autorickshaws, cars, jeeps and trucks

account for major part of the traffic. Generally traffic is smooth.

However at peak hours there is traffic congestion and this is

added by perpendicular parking, Ioading unloading operation,

bottlenecks in road, maneuvering of heavy vehicles for turning, etc.

The analysis of traffic volume survey of Bardan AIi is as

given below.

Sr.No. Description PCU PCU o/o ofFactor total PCU

No. ofVehicles

204

168

1

2

Two wheeler

Jeep, Car,

Rickshaws

Cycles

Bus, Trucks

Bullock-carts

TOTAL

90

6

48

516

0.5

1.0

0.5

3.0

6.0

LO2

168

45

18

288

62r

16.42

27.O5

7.25

2.O9

46.38

100

3

4

5

Aesthetic Survey

As Bardan AIi was previously Hamal Ali, accommodating

hamal labourers, most of the structures in this area are very

simple and old. They are mostly ground floor structures and

poorly ventilated. Buildings which are used for social activities

such as Hamal Talim, Ram temple are deserved to be conserved.

Aesthetic survey is carried out by using Kevin Lynch technique.

Paths: The major path of this area is Bardan Ali which

joins Mang chowky road and Dane Ali. There are some minor

paths joining bardan ali with different roads .

Nodes: Three major nodes one at junction of Bardan AIi

and Dane Ali, second at the junction of Bardan Ali with Palkhi

Vithoba Road and third at the junction of Bardan Ali with Mang

Chowkv Road. There are four minor nodes.

District: The whole Bardan AIi forms one major district.

/E,'\

Land mark: Ram mandir and Hamal talim are major land

marks, while Mosque is minor land mark in the area.

Buildine Typoloey

The structures along the Ali are row housing type and are

one or two storey high load bearing wooden framed structures.

Generally stairs are provided at the back portion of the building.

The inner hall has wooden column supports. They have storage

tanks at ground level. Sanitary blocks are provided at the back

or in open courtyards. These Buildings get ventilation and access

from front road only. Few of the structures get ventilation from

inner court-yard. or rear lane.

Age and condition of the structure: Most of the structures

in the Bardan AIi are old structures which are more than ninety

years old. In most of the structures front portion is in commercial

use and rest of the portion is in residential use. Age of the

structures ranges from ten years to a hundred years. But

majority of structures are more than 60 years old.

Most of the structures are built using wooden frame, mud

wall, galvanized iron sheet roofing. Flooring in most of the house

is hard murrum flooring and a few have Shahabad stone flooring.

Analysis of Building age is given below:

Age of building (years) Percentage

Above 90

Above 60

Above 30

Below 30

Under construction

72.8

9.40

2.80

12.80

2.20

Socio-Economic Survey

Lohana people have

Region). Their home tongue

and Hindi.

migrated from Gujarat (Kutch

is Gujarati, but they speak Marathi

These people are thrifty, hospitable and hard working.

Lohana people were originally cultivators but now they are

traders, money lenders and dealers in Bardan. Presently there

are about 400 to 450 families of Lohana spread in different parts

of the city.

Lohana people are united socially. They have also formed

a trust which runs a library zrnd constructed a community haII.

A trust building is located in Bhavani Peth.

Some of Bardan traders reside in Bardan Ali and some in

nearby localities. They are worshipers of "Alandel Mata", a

goddess and also Hindu Gods. Gunny bags are collected by

merchants from hawkers and then bags are properly cleaned ,

repaired and stored. The road side space is used for these

purpose. On an average four to five labourers a1:e required. The

economic condition of dwellers is very good. The income ranges

//tr 6\

from Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 30,000 per month. Trading in this

profession is generally in cash.

There is a lot of competition in market. Recent recession in

overall economy had affected the trade. In comparison to

previous years, the trade this year was about 60%. Most of the

traders are from third to fourth generation and revealed that at

Ieast one member of the family will continue the trade.

As per details available from census record of Ward No.

108 and proportionate of Bardan Ali, it is concluded that -

Area of Bardan AIi is 1.003 Ha.

Present population is 628 persons.


The persons interviewed are:

Mr Shankarlal Laddaram Thakkar (Bardan Shop)

M/s Balaji Traders, 1265 Bhawani Peth, Pune.

Mr Ramakant Andekar (Corporator)

L265 Bhawani Peth. Pune.

Mr Paresh Thakkar (Bardan Shop)

M/s Kanji Deoji Thakkar, 1203 Bhawani Peth, Pune.

The following information is revealed through interviews:

There is traffi.c congestion at peak hours particularly due

to the parking of vehicles and loading and unloading of trucks.

Water supply and drainage facilities are good and sufficient.

Turnover in business is reducing day by day. Some of the

families are doing the same business for four generations and

some of the family members belonging to younger generation are

1.

2.

3.

/ar\\

diverting in various professions as construction, trading inplastic articles, etc.

Income & Expenditure

Total income of Pune City is Rs. 29,8b8 lac, out of which

33% is spent on establishment and 67% on infrastructure

development and maintenance of 124 wards of the city. Bardan

AIi is located in ward No. 108. out of the total expenditure ofeach ward, i.e. Rs. 16I.29lac, iSOo/o amount (Rs. 48.38 lac) is used

for various utility services, civic amenities, D.P. proposals

implementation, maintenance of roads, etc.


1. Hamal Talim, Shri Krishna Temple are land marks and

need to be conserved.

2. There are bottlenecks on road and parking as well as

stopping of vehicles, for loading and unloading causes

traffic congestion.

3. The area totally lacks in amenities as open spaces.

4. Light and ventilation in the inner part of the houses is very

poor. t5. Area needs redevelopment.

CHAPTER 4

(A) BOHRr ALr

lntroduction

Bohris are a trading community and they were encouraged

by the Peshwas to settle and to do trade in this area. This was

residue to ensure a regular supply to the armies of the peshwas

and their noble. Bohris had a good connection to the port town ofsurat, Broach, etc. in Gujarat, because they hailed from GujaratState. They could obtain various materials from these ports likeimported sword blades from Portugal or from the French andBritish traders. They also obtained small cannons, Iatest d"esigns

of guns and decorative material like mirrors, Iamps, etc.

Bohris could move through the Moghul rured Gujarat to

the Maratha ruled Pune very easily and bring various supplies

including gun powder, cannon balls of cast iron, etc. This tradehelped them to flourish. Later on they diversified in trade ofpapers, ropes, paints, wax and notebooks, etc. As pune hasgrown the demand for building related materials, tools, pipes,

fittings, etc. has multiplied. The peshwa rule end,ed in 1g1g.

Consequently, the Bohris shifted their original trade in militarysupplies to construction and agriculture related products likepaints, pipes, nettings, fittings, etc.

Today there are many places in pune where there arehardware shops, but the main trad.e and wholesale transactionsin the hardware products and even notebooks and account books

take place in the Bohri AIi.

Unlike the grain market or the vegetable market whichinvolve a very large scale movement of good.s and load.ing andunloading activity, the Bohri AIi trade did not generate heavytraffic. Thus it was not shifted to outer areas like the GultekdiMarket area. In the development of city land use congestion,

parking demand, storage of goods, aII create different need.s and

result in relocation. Bohri Ali has escaped the shifting thoughthe roads do need widening. Bohri AIi is a major trad,e area inthe Pune city and is very important in the morphological study ofthe city.

Bohri Ali has been in existance as part of Raviwar peth

and shukrawar Peth of the Pune city for the last 27o yearc.Bohri AIi forms today with a part of Raviwar peth andshukrawar Peth which is in the congested Gaothan area of thePune City.

Bohri Ali spreads over an area of about 2.42 lF,a. The

extent of Bohri AIi is from sonya Maruti chowk to Lal Bahadurshastri Chowk. The area is surround.ed. by Laxmi Road to North,Mfuza Galibm Road to south, Badhai Ali to East and. Kavi HonajiBala Path to West.

History & Morphoosy

Today's Bohri Ali comprises of major part of Raviwar peth

and small parts of shukrawar peth. The earlier name ofRaviwar Peth was Malkapur and it was established by MalikAmber.

During that period Raviwar peth comprised of rr2Brahmin houses, 6b wani houses, Bb shimpi houses, 45 sutarhouses, 34 Teli houses, 1g4 Tamboli houses and others. In all

there were about bl3 houses. Later in r76E the number ofhouses rose to about 1BB4 and in 1gg1 houses. Today,s Bohricommunity is residing in at Bohri Ali since peshwe RuIe. Theyare immigrants from Gujarat and are believed. to be partlydescendants of refugees from persia and Arabia who settled inGujarat about 1087 on account of a religious d.ispute, and arepartly of Hindu converts of the Brahmin and vania castes. Theyhave come to Pune as traders from Bombay since theestablishment of the British power. since peshwa rule till todaythe Bohri community is trading in ink, paper, cotton thread, silk,wax cloth, jute, raw jute, stitching items, iron utensils, tin boxes,

iron and steel, etc. Thus Bohri Ati has a historical background ofabout 270 years.

Bohri's Jamat Khana

Bohri's Jamat Khana is a meeting place of Bohri Mahomedans inRaviwar Peth. It was built about 1zB0 by subscription at a costof Rs. 16,000. The building has been enlarged from time to timeand improved at a great cost. It was large and filled four sides ofa spacious quadrangle. The courtyard was entered by a massivedoor with a well carved wooden roof and in the middle of the yardwas a large cistern or Haud with a central fountain. on the leftwas a large hall with plain square wooden pillars used fordinners on public feast days. To the right was the mosque, thebigger building in the mosque rose four storeys high with steepstairs in the walls. However, the Bohra Jamat Khana is rebuiltand there stands a totally new structure. This is one of thelandmark in this area. Aesthetically it could have been moreimpressive if open space available in the surrounding.

@noa,

Jama Mosque

Jama Mosque, the chief worship place of Muslim community inthe city was built about 1839, by public subscription. since then

additions have been made from time to time. The mosque

consists of a large stone hall 18m x 9m with a dome. The back

wall has a niche with operation a step against it and is covered

with texts from the holy Kuran. The yard in front of the mosque

is used for Muslim social religious meetings. This provides at

Ieast some open space for the community.

Activity Area of Hardware Tradins

The chief market for hardware in Pune is located in Bohri

Ali. In this trade particularly there is no sharp difference

between the wholesale and the retail trade. The shops in Bohri

Ali do wholesale business in addition to dealing directly with the

Iocal consumers. The commodities sold consist chiefly of iron

sheets, galvanized iron sheets, iron bars, angles, joints and wires,

piping and sanitary fittings, Iocks, paints, varnishes linseed oil,

etc. These shops also deal in cement and other minor building

materials. The bigger shopkeepers make their purchases direct

from the manufacturers of iron and steel and the smaller ones

from the Mumbai market and occasionally also from the bigger

shops in Pune.

As hardware is a relatively costlier group of commodities,

the stock of individual dealers ranges in value between Rs.

10,000 and Rs. 2,00,000. The bigger shopkeepers have

warehousing arrangement for keeping considerable quantities ofhardware.

The demand for hardware is brisk during the fair season,

which is favourable for building construction and it is duII d.uring

the monsoon.

Typical Establishment & Household

The structures are mostly of typical old types with ground

floor under commercial use and upper floors under residentialuse.

Most of the old structures are of load bearing type

constructed with timber frame, consist of rulai (beam) and lugs

(columns).

Earlier timber structures have decoration in the Marathastyle whereas newer ones have British influence. Decoration ofbuildings, i.e. building fagade is decorated with wooden carving.

Existing Land Use

The area under the influence of Bohri Ali is about 2.42 }j,a.The ground floor of structures facing the road is in the use ofcommercial activities, such as hardware shops, paints and

varnishes shops, a few jewelry shops, construction materialshops, electrical shops, hosiery shops, etc. The rear part and theupper floors of structures are mostly under residential use. The

shopping is of general type and also wholesale type.

Nowadays there is a change of land use taking place.

Because of heavy congested area and much more pollution richpeople are going outside for living and hence they are using theupper floors of shops as godowns.

The approximate land use analysis is given below:

Sr.No. Land Use Area inHa.

%ofTotaIArea

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

CommerciaVRe side ntialResidential

Amenities

Transportation

Open Spaces

Total:

r.32

0.268

0.182

0.46

0.19

2.42

54.54

11.08

7.50

19.00

7.85

100.00

Basically from the view point of town planning this area is

congested and lacks open spaces and amenities.


Amenities like school, hospital, post office, bank, etc. whichare in and around the Bohri AIi are given below:

There is a school, viz. Nutan samarth vidyalaya, upto 7th

standard (i.e. primary school) on Kavi Honaji Bala Road whichhas strength of about 400 students.

The other primary and high school running in AgrasenBhavan, is very near to Bohri Ali and can meet the requirementin future too.

There is a municipal hospital on plot No. b29 near sonyaMaruti Chowk and also there are four private practicing doctors,

dispensaries in the Bohri Ati. In addition to this, Kotnis Hospitalis situated very near to this area. AII these above facilities canmeet the health requirement of this area.

There is a post office, and also Dena Bank which aresituated in Laxmi Narayan Market. Besides, there is a union

Bank of India branch and a Muslim cooperative Bank branch inthis area.

After surveying this area we found that there are Bbcm

and 45cm municipal water lines which pass underground alongthe road. There is also a g0cm sewer line laid undergroundwhich collects the sewage from each house and runs from LaIBahadur Shastri chowk to sonya Maruti Chowk. It is revealedfrom the people's interviews that water supply is sufficient inthis area.

The overhead electric lines create nuisance for the dwellerswho live in the upper floors. The electric line runs very close tostructures which also creates difficulty for shop owners torenovate shopping fagade.

storm water drains are provided at very Iong distance,about 75-90m and are insufficient to d.rain out the storm water.The drains are not maintained correctly, they always remainchocked and cannot drain out storm water.

There is only one location point of fire hydrant on saifuStreet which alone cannot fulfill the requirement of firefightingfor the whole area.

The road area as per existing land use survey is aboutr9.oo%. The existing road width ranges from 7.6m to 10.6m.The road surface is also quite satisfactory.

Due to heavy commercial activities in this area, there is aheavy traffic congestion, road sid.e perpendicular parking,

loading and unloading operations, rack of respect for trafficregulations, particularly in the Bhagwan Adinath chowk wherethe Saify Street which is a two-way in spite of very lesser widthi.e. about 6m, crosses the subhansha Road. In this chowk thereis heavy traffic congestion. The road side perpendicular parkingcreates bottlenecks in transportation network and is the majortraffic hazard. There is also irregular variation in road width.There is another vehicle which causes congestion and delaying oftraffic is hand-cart, which moves slowly and blocks the followingvehicles. same case is with buses. There is no bus bay on themain road of Bohri Ali and when bus stops the following traffic isalso blocked, causing the delaying of traffic and ultimatelvresulting in congestion of traffic.

we observed the tendency of some of the shop owners thatthey parked their own vehicles or at least a hand-cart in front oftheir shops and block the area, so that while loading andunloading they could utilize that area by removing their ownvehicles. This creates major problem to outsiders who d.o not findany free area to park their vehicles.

some shopkeepers utilize the road area in front of theirshops for cutting of pipes, steel jalies because their shops are toosmall which also creates the congestion of traffic.

There are no pedestrian lanes such as footpaths along theroad, so they use the main traffic lane, which creates diffrculty inmaneuvering the vehicles, Ieading to congestion of traffic.

The analysis of traffic volume survey of subhansha Road isas given below:

Sr.No. Description PCU PCUFactor

No. ofVehicles

%tototalPCUer hour

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Two wheeler

Bicycles

Jeep, Car,

Rickshaw

Bus, Truck

Hand-cart

480

290

320

10

t7

0.5

0.5

1.0

3.0

6.0

240

r45

320

30

ro2

28.67

17.32

38.24

3.58

12.198

Aesthetic Survey

Talking about aesthetics in Bohri Ali, we have seen many astructure in a very good condition over after such a long period.

Buildings that are used for social activities such as Juma Mosque

are deserved to be conserved. The buitdings that are mainlyplanned for mix land use (residential + commercial) are ofcourtyard type planning a central courtyard serving as

ventilation source for deeper rooms. Details of buildings i.e.

doors and windows, cornices, shading d.evices, railings, etc. play amajor role in aesthetical part as a good and decorated elements,

even a road is straight forward but the irregular fagade of each

shop creates a visual hierarchy while passing through a road.

According to Kevin Lynch the aesthetic survey is carriedout.

Path:The major path in this area is the subhansha Road

which runs from Lal Bahadur shastri chowk to sonya MarutiChowk.

The major paths are saifr street, Kavi Honaji Bala Road.,

etc.

District: The whole Bohri AIi has its uniquecharacteristics, i.e. hardware trading activities are done in thisarea and the one prime community, the Bohra Mahomedans

resides in this area, hence it is like a district in the old core of thePune City.

Landmark: Juma Mosque which is the prime worshipplace of the Bohra Mahomedans has great historical and

religious background. The other place which is the meeting place

of the Bohra community, i.e. Jamat Khana also has the same

importance as the landmark.

Edge: Since there is no river, nallah, etc. there is no edge

in this area.

The structure along the Bohri Ali is of row housing type

and is built in two, three and four stories. They get light ofventilation only from street or from the rear side or courtyard,

the structures are touching each other and thus there is no scope

for side light and ventilation. Most of the structures have onlv

one access road.

Age and condition of Structures: The structures are

mostly of typical old types with ground floor under commercial

use and the upper floors under residential use. The age of thestructures ranges from 20 years to g0 years, but majority ofstructures have the age above 60 years.

Most of the old structures are of load bearing type,

constructed with timber frame, consist of rulai (beam), Iugs

(columns), seesum, sflg, deodar, etc. are used as major timbermaterial. The walls are made of burnt brick masonry and

thickness of the wall varies from 45cm to 22.Ecm from ground

floor to top floor. Ground floors are partly renovated, thinkingabout the commercial aspect. Earlier timber structures have

decoration in the Maratha stSrle whereas the newer ones have

British influence. Some of the old structures are aesthetically as

well as structurally sound and deserve to be conserved.

The analysis of building age is as given below:

Age of Buildings Percentage

Above 90

Above 60

Above 30

Below 30

Under construction

76.25

3.75

8.00

11.50

0.50


The main community which resides in the Bohri Ali isBohra Mahomedan. They are immigrants from Gujarat. They

are believed to be partly descendants of refugees from Persia and

Arabia who settled in Gujarat about 1087 on account of a

religious dispute and partly Hindu converts of Brahmin and

vania castes. They have come to Pune as traders from Mumbai

since the establishment of British power. Their home tongue is

Gujarati and with others they speak Hindustani and Marathi.They are generally active and well made but are wanting in

strength and robustness. Their features are regular and clear,the colour olive, and the expression gentle and shrewd. Theman's dress consists of a white oval shaped turban, a long whitecoat falling to the knee, a waist coat, a long shirt and a pair ofloose trousers. The woman's dress is a red or a dark blue cotton

or silk scarf called 'odna', a backless bodice called 'angia' or'kanchli' and a cotton or silk petticoat. on going out theysurround themselves in a large striped cotton or silk robe thatcovers the whole body except a small gauze opening for the eyes.

Bohras are considered honourable traders and have a highname for honest dealing.

They have a well organized body and a strong class feeling.

the head of their sect, who is known as the Munah saheb. has

his headquarters at surat. They perform marriage and other

ceremonies, settle minor social disputes and refer difficult cases

for the decision of the lead Mullah at Surat.

Bohras have their own shops in the Bohri Ali, whichmainly consist of hardware shops, paint shops, etc. The economic

condition of dwellers is very good. The income of shop owners

ranges from Rs. 20,000 per month to

Rs. 7,500 per month, of big hardware and paint traders to theother small shops, respectively.

The dwellers are either owners of shops, employed in shops

or working in other areas and their income level is also

satisfactory.

In accordance with the details available from the census

record of Ward No. 123 and the proportionate area of Bohri Ali, itis concluded that -

Area of Bohri Ali is 2.42 Ha and

Present population is 2,880 persons.

The persons interviewed are -1. Mr Muhammad Ismail (Glassware Shop)

336 Raviwar Peth, Pune

2. Mr Humimuddin (Paint Shop)

282 Raviwar Peth, Pune

3. Mr Chandrashekhar Sarnaik

Priest in the Ram Mandir and Shani Mandir.

4. Mr Daudbhai Abdul AIi (Hardware Shop)

I57I Raviwar Peth, Pune.

The following information is revealed from the interviews:

Jamat Khana is the place where Bohra people gather

together on feast days and it is also a place of worship.

There is a big problem of traffic congestion and is a

common thing on the subhanshah Road, particularry atBhagwan Adinath chowk. since the subhansha Road became a

PMT bus route the problem of traffic congestion increased.

tremendously. when a bus stops the whole following poses a bigproblem to maneuver the vehicles. For loading and. unloading

operations there is no space to stand the vehicle.

water supply is sufficient to this area, but the fire hydrantIocations are less.

In olden days Bohri AIi was famous for the ironware such

as ghameli, taLsa, etc. As the time changes shops dealing in

hardware, building construction material, paint, etc. have

increased.


Total income of the Pune City is Rs. 80,488 lac, of which33% is spent on establishment and G7%o (Rs. 20,898 lac) on

infrastructure development and maintenance for 124 wards ofthe city.

Bohri Ali forms part of Municipal Ward No. 128. Out of

the total expenditure for each ward, i.e. Rs. 164.b0 lac, B0% (Rs.

49.35 lac) amount is used fbr various utility services, civic

amenities, D.P. proposal implementation, Nalla training and

cleaning, maintenance of road, etc.


1. The area is highly congested and is densely populated.

2. There are bottlenecks on road and perpendicular parking

which reduces the width of the road.

3. Parking areas are insufficient.

4. There are no pedestrian walkways in front of the shops.

5. The area is totally devoid of open spaces and internal

narrow passages which act as the main source of light and

ventilation.

6. Light and ventilation to the inner houses is very poor,

because of smaller courtvards.

7. Overhead electrical wires are a big nuisance.

/t-7 E\

8. There is a lack of respect for traffic regulations,particularly at Bhagwan Adinath Chowk.

The area is worth conserving as a precinct.

The architectural character and transition of architectureis very interesting in this area.

9.

10.

CHAPTER 4

(B) LONAR ALr

fntroduction

Lonaris belong to a very old profession, related to the

building industry like the Badhai or carpenters. For the lastfifty years the use of timber in the form of pillars, beams, arches,

windows and doors is steadily declining because of substitutionand extreme cost of teak wood. However, lime trade and the

associated coal trade has not suffered as a result of the declining

use in the building construction. About 70 years back most of the

brick and stone walls as well as plastering of the walls was done

in quality lime mortar. This cr:eated the need for ghanis or millswhere the lime was converted into material suitable forconstruction. The burning of lime stones is the first step in the

final product which is used for plaster or for mortar. CoaI was

needed by these kilns and hence stored and traded in coal along

with lime in manv cases.

The manufacture of cement as a factory made standardproduct reduced the use of lime. This reduction in the use

continued for a number of years. Today lime is hardly used. inthe construction activity, unless it is required for restoration ofold buildings or some such special use. Brick work, plastering

and flooring, aII are done with cement concrete or cement.

The lonaras were lucky because in spite of the decline inuse in the construction industry, demand by industry forproducts that require lime as a raw material has increased. This

increase in demand by the industry has sustained the lonari

trade. Land use changes along with the factory manufacture ofmost raw materials related to industry is transforming thelocational needs of the traditional trades. At present at leastlonari trade is well sustained and may continue in the samelocation for some time. But in the future these traders may haveto shift to the outskirts like the shifting of the Market yard atGultekdi.

The older buildings in the Lonar AIi have a typicalcharacter of the brick and timber architecture prevalent in theIate 19th and early 20th centuries. This architecture needs to bepreserved as a heritage just as some of the other areas that havebeen identified as heritage zones or heritage precincts. They canbecome tourist attractions in the future.

Raviwar Peth was founded by Mr Mahajan vyavahariJoshi in the regime of Balaji Bajirao peshwa. This ward waspreviously known as Malkapur and was established by MatikAmbar, the able minister of Nizamshah. From its found.ationRaviwar Peth has always been a traders, ward and businesscentre.

Lonar Ali is located in northern portion of Raviwar peth.

It is north-south lane joining station Ro9ad. and Laxmi Road. Itis bounded on north by station Road., on south by Laxmi Road,on east by Guru Nanak Path and on the west by Juni Bhaji Ali.

Lonaris or lime burners have been in pune for more than100 years. They are cement makers, husbandmen and labourers.It seems that they were original Maratha people and as theyadopted profession of coal maker and lime burners. their

lno\

separate caste was established. In sanskrit they are calledsaumik that means salt makers. It seems that at one time theywere salt makers and hence they are called lonaries (Lauan insanskrit means salt). In Belgaum District of Karnataka someLonaris are still in trading of salt. However, most of the Lonarisare lime burners or coal makers. In Mahabharat, the holy bookof Hindus' one finds the mention of Lonaries who were cited in itas coal makers. Hence it seems that their main occupation wascoal makers.

Lonari people have surnames like Chorge, Dhone,Danagekar, Rakshe, Bondre, Karche, Tambe, zad,ge, Nandurkar.etc.

Though lime is sold at shops located. in different parts ofthe city, lime is produced in lime kiln. previously lime kilnswere located in shivaji Nagar area, then they were shifted toParvati Area. Presently they are located in vitthalwadi Area ofPune.

Raw material required for making lime is lime nodules.Lime nodules are imported from Karnataka State.

Lime is sold in shops located in different parts of the citywhile lime is produced in lime kiln located in vitthalwadi area ofPune. There are about 1b to 20 lime kilns.

Lime kiln is round and is about 2.b m in diameter and 1.0m high with a side hole at the bottom. At the bottom of the kiln alayer of charcoal is placed. After allowing them to burn B or 4days, the contents of the kiln are taken out through the hole at

the bottom. The lime is separated from charcoal and is ready for

sale. It requires simple tools such as spades, iron strips, sieves,

tins, rubbish scraper, etc.

Most of the lime is consumed by industries, particularly

chemical industries. Some of the consuming industries itself are

Iocated in Vitthalwadi and very less, about IOyo, is consumed in

domestic market, particularly for lime - mortar. Lime - mortar

is prepared with the help of mechanical mixer, called Ghanis.

There are about 1O Ghanrs located in the lime-kiln area.

Labour work in lime kiln and the Ghanis is given on an ad hoc

basis. Each kiln requires about three or four labourers and each

Ghani requires about two labourers.

Trading is more in winter season particularly from Dassera

to Diwali and is slack is rainy season. However, seasonality does

not affect demand of lime by industries.


Most of the structures in Lonar AIi are old structures

which are more than 100 years old and they are semi-pucca and

pucca type. The structures are built with wooden frame workgenerally, two storey high. Part of the ground floor is used for

commercial activity and the rest of the structure is used forresidence. Facades of few of old wooden structures are decorated.

with wooden carving. Some of the structures are built in stone

and lime mortar.

A few of the old structures are replaced by reinforced

concrete structures.

Existins Land Use

The extent of influence of Lonar ali is found to be 2.245Ha.

Road fronting part of ground floor is in the use of commercial

activities such as lime shop, medical shop, grocery stores, paint

shops, goldsmith shop. The rear part and the upper floors of

structures are used for residence.

Rapid changes in land use are taking place. To utilise the

commercial potential of road, old structures are pulled down and

replaced by reinforced concrete structure with shops at ground

floor.


Sr.No. Land Use Area in Ha. %o of Area

1.

2.

3.

4.

C om merciaVRe side ntial

Residential

Public/Semi-public

Transportation

TotaI:

0.5200

0.8484

0.4100

0.4666

2.2450

23.2%

37.7%

t8.3o/o

20.8%

roo%

It will be seen from the above that this area is deficient in

open spaces.


There are two primary schools in the influence area of the

lane. One is run by the IVIunicipal Corporation and named

Kamala Nehru Vidyalalaya. The other primary school is under

construction. There is also a Gujarati High School located on the

Station Road and just in front of the northern end of the lane.

These primary school can meet the requirement of the area

in future too.

There is a big hospital, Tilak Ayurved Hospital, which is

very near to this area. There are also a few dispensaries of

private practicing doctors. These can meet the health

requirement of the area.

A post office is situated on Laxmi Road which is to the

south of the lane. Banking facilities are also available in the

vicinity on the Station Road and Laxmi Road.


During the survey it was found that 1b cm and 2.5 cm dia

municipal water lines pass through the road. It is revealed inthe interview that water supply is regular and sufficient.

There is also 1.20 m wide sewer line laid underground

which collects sewage and runs from Laxmi Road to stationRoad. Storm water drains are provided at regular interval and

there is rare flooding except in case of heavy rains in rainyseason.

Traffic & Transportation Study

As per analysis of existing land use about ZA.B% area iscovered by roads. The existing road width of the lane is varyingfrom 6 m to 15 m. The road surface is quite satisfactory.

Due to increasing commercial activities on this road, thereis increase in traffic. Increase is also due to use of this lane as

bypass from the station Road and Laxmi Road and vice versa.

Generally traffrc is smooth. However, at peak hours,

particularly in the morning and evening there is trafficcongestion. The factors leading to traffic congestion are road side

perpendicular parking on both sides of the road, stopping ofvehicles for loading and unloading operation, bottlenecks in the

road, etc.

The analysis of traffic volume survey of Lonar AIi is as

given below:

Sr.No. Description PCU PCUFactor

No. ofvehicles

Vo ofTotalPCUr hour

1.

2.

3.

4.

Two wheeler

Jeep, Car,

Rickshaw

Bicycles

Bus, Truck

Total

678

528

168

10

0.5

1.0

0.5

3.0

339

528

84

30

981

34.56

53.82

8.56

3.06

100.00

Aesthetic Survey

we have seen some of the structures which are in verygood condition even after such a long period. Buildings whichare used for social activities such as Lonari panchayat HaIl,Bahucharaji Devi temple, Jain Temple, are deserved to be

conserved. Most of the buildings are planned with courtyard. typeof planning in which a central courtyard served as ventilationsource for deeper rooms. some of the old wooden framed.

buildings have decorative fagade with delicate carving in wood.

Road is zigzag, as one passes through the lane it creates visualbeauty.

Aesthetic survey is carried out using Kevin Lynchtechnique.

Paths: The major path in this area is Lonar Ali which joinsDaruwalla Bridge Road and Ganesh peth Road. some are minorpaths joining Lonar Ali with different road.s such as the pathjoining Juni Bhaji Ali with Lonar AIi, the path joining Lonar AIiand Ganesh Peth Road.

Nodes: Two major nodes, one at the junction of the lanewith Daruwalla Bridge Road and the other at the junction of theIane with Ganesh Peth road, are observed. Ten minor nodes are

observed.

District: The whole Lonar Ali forms one major d.istrict.

Land Marks: Lonari panchayat HalI, shri KrishnaTemple and Bahucharaji Devi remple are major land marks inthis area. Jain Temple, Hanuman Temple, shitaladevi rempleare minor land marks in this area.

Edges: There are no edges in this area.

Buildine Typolosy

The structures along Lonar AIi are row housing types andtwo or three stories high. They get light and ventilation from thefront street. A few structures get ventilation from either innercourtyard or the rear street. Most of the structures have onlvone access road.

Age and condition of the structures: structures inLonar AIi are old structures which are more than 100 years old..

Front portion of the ground floor is in commercial use and therest is under residential use. Age of structure ranges from b

years to 100 years, but majority of the structures are more than90 years ofage.

Most of the structures are load bearing type, built withwooden frame work. walls of the structures are of burnt brickand lime mortar and in a few cases stones and lime mortarfagade of the structure is decorated. with wooden carving.Balconies of the old structure have decorative iron grills.

Analysis of building age is given below:

Age of Building Percentage

Above 90

Above 60

Above 30

Below 30

78.13

0

6.87

13.75

r.25Under Construction

Lonari people are Maratha people. Their mother tongue isMarathi, however, they speak Hindi well. These people arehardworking, quiet and hospitable. Lonari people wereoriginally coal makers and lime burners but now a few of themare cultivators, goldsmiths and service class persons.

Lonari people are united socially. They are spread indifferent locations, however, their major concentration is in

Lonar Ali. They have formed "panchayat,,. They setile most oftheir social disputes through the panchayat. They worship allHindu Gods. Their family deity is Khandoba. They celebrate allthe festivals of Hindus. They have also constructed thePanchayat Hall in Lonar AIi, which is also used as marriage hall.

while arranging marriage they believe in horoscopematching.

Lime kilns and Ghanis are located in vitthalwadi andLonar AIi. Lime is brought from vitthalwadi on either bicycle orin auto-rickshaw, their trading, retail or wholesale, is strictly oncash basis. Transportation cost is born by the buyer.

The economical condition of dwellers is not so good. Theincome of dwellers ranges between Rs. 2000 and Rs. 10,000 permonth.

It was revealed in the interview that income is much lessdue to the following factors:

1. By invention of cement as bonding material in constructionof houses, domestic consumption of lime has decreased..

2. Lime imported from other states is much cheaper thanlime produced in pune because the raw material, Iimenodules, are not availabre locally and are not availableanywhere in Maharashtra, they need to be imported fromKarnataka and as such due to transportation cost the limemanufactured in pune is costly.

3. They have no suffrcient space for rime kiln, Ghani andstorage of lime.

Some of the establishments dealing with lime are about 60

to 100 years old. Now present traders are from the third to the

fourth generation. Most of the traders are hopeful that their

successor will continue this profession.

As per the details available from the record of Ward No.

106 and the proportionate of Lonar Ali, it is concluded that -

Area of Lonar AIi is 2.245 Ha, and

Present Population is 1542 persons.


The persons interviewed are:

1. Mr Balasaheb Dnyanoba Nandurkar (Lime Shop),

737 Raviwar Peth. Pune

2. Mr Ravindra Hemraj Danagekar (Goldsmith),

797 Raviwar Peth. Pune

3. Mr Sakharam Ramchandra Zadge (Lime Shop),

855 Raviwar Peth. Pune.

The following information is revealed through the

interviews:

Lonari people are socially united. They have "Panchayat"

which settles their social disputes.

There is traffic congestion at peak hour, particularly due to

road side parking, Ioading-unloading operations and at turning

due to narrow width.

Water supply and drainage facilities are adequate and

good. Trading is reducing day by day and taxes are increasing

and will survive only if raw material is made available at

cheaper rate.

Some of the families are doing the same business for the

fourth generation. However, some of the family members,

particularly of younger generation, are attracted towards other

occupations such as goldsmith, service, etc.


Total income of Pune City is Rs. 29,853 lac, of which 33% is

spent on establishment and 67Yo on infrastructure development

and maintenance of I24 wards of the city.

Lonar Ali is located in Ward No. 106. Out of the total

expenditure of each ward, i.e. Rs. 131.29 lac, approximately 30%

amount (Rs. 48.38 lac) is use'd for various utility services, civic

amenities, D.P. proposals implementation, maintenance of road, etc.


1. Lonari Panchayat HaIl, Shrikrishna Temple, Bahucharaji

Devi Temple, Shitala Mata Temple, Jain Temple are the

land marks which need to be conserved. AIso some of the

buildings have fagade beautifully decorated, they also need

to be conserved.

2. There are bottlenecks on roads. Traffic discipline,

particularly about parking, needs to be enforced.

3. Area lacks in the amenity of open space and parking.

4. The houses are poorly lighted and ventilated.

5. Part of the area needs conservation and part needs

redevelopment.

CHAPTER 5

(A) PAGADBANDALI

fntroduction

It made headlines in Mumbai and Pune when a Puneri

Pagadband made a vermillion and golden 'pheta' for Prince

Charles on his second wedding in the year 2005. This was being

presented by the tiffinwallas of Mumbai who were visited by the

Prince.

Wearing a padgi and even until 1950 a cap was very usual

for all communities. Most of our leaders like Ranade, Gokhale,

Nehru, Sawarkar, all wore different types of pagdis or caps.

Since every community had a different type of pagdi or turban

there was a great demand to prepare such turbans, pagdis or

caps. Even the colour of the silk of a pagdi indicated the

profession of the wearer. It was socially inappropriate to leave

the house without a cap or a turban upto 1930-1940 in India.

Today only in the rural areas this custom is still followed.

Awarding or presenting a pagdi with the 'Shirpech' or thejewelled ornament on the pagdi was considered a very big honour

in the olden days. AIso exchanging t}'e pagdis was considered a

great act of friendship. Handing over one's pagdi to the invader

was considered an act of submission. Pagdi had in other words

great social importance and :l place of pride in the society. Itprovided a protection from the harsh sun and could conceal the

helmet if necessary. Jiretop or helmet was worn under an

ornamental turban even by Chhatrapati Shivaji on many

occasions.

All the above history indicates the importance of the pagd,i

or turban makers' profession to the citizen of any Indian city.Pune, the city of Peshwas is still famous for its peshwai puneri

Pagdi which is presented to aII the important visitors to this city.It is still considered a present feat even for a king.

Pune is the second most important city in Maharashtra.The city is distinctly divided into the older half, where the

Iocalities have been named after the days of the week likeSomwar Peth, Mangalwar Peth, Budhwar peth, etc.

The area considered for formulating redevelopment scheme

forms the part of Budhwar Peth which is a congested. Gavthan

area of Pune city. Pagadband Ali is part of this Budhwar peth.

The extent of Pagadband Ali is from Budhwar chowk toMoti chowk. The area is surounded by Laxmi Road to southShivaji Road to West and Bagade Road to the east.

The Pagadband AIi is spread over an area about 2.64 }Ja.and is one of the small alis. It is connected with a profession ofturban makers which is quite a small profession.


Pagadband AIi comprises parts of Budhwar peth. Buttoday, the name Pagadband AIi is obsolete. In olden days,

particularly in the Peshwai period the pagad,i had a great

importance. In that period different types of pagad,les clearlyindicated the profession which one pursued and one's level ordesignation. while honouring the noble's achievements thepagadi had great importance.

About 150 years back (rs50 A.D.) there were about rE to 2oreputed shops of. pagadi making. There are various types ofpagadis made in these shops like the Maharashtrian, Gujarati,Rajasthani pagdi. Equipment required in the trade consisted ofpairs of scissors, needles, threads and cardboards, etc. The rawmaterial used were silk and cotton cloth, and gold and silverthread or lace stitching was done by hand. In inferior kinds ofturbans linen was used. The work was done mainly by men,though women were occasionally employed to do the roughstitching.

In 1937, there were 12 concerns engaged in the making ofturbans of these, nine were in Budhwar peth, two in shukrawarPeth and one in Kasba Peth. These were small establishmentsand served also as shops to sell. The average monthly productionof each of the two concerns sampled for survey was 800 turbanscosting approximately Rs. 900 each, and the monthly profits ofeach concern came roughly to Rs. 45 each. Most of the materialsrequired were bought locally.

Recording the existence and extent of pagadband Ali is byfar the most important step in the changing social andmorphological environment of pune City.

Most of today's generation will be even unaware thatbarely five decades ago people of pune knew this area asPagadband AIi. Today, it is * memory for a few families andpeople who carried out that profession.

Being a very important element of the men,s dress code theskill of a Pagadband was also admired and a few shops and a fewfamilies were specially favoured by the customers.

Decline of the profession is in itself a rare occurrence. Buttotal decline of a profession or a trade is very rare. This is whathas happened to Pagadbands and pagadband Ali and hence itsstudy is of significance in urban evolution.

In olden days Pagadband Ali was mainly a cloth andturban market. Slowly this cloth market was shifted to LaxmiRoad and the turban shops declined in number. The place ofcloth market was taken over firstly by few electric shops. Slowly,the market grew in the city and nowadays majority of shops are

of electric and electronic equipment. The other types of shops inthis area are footwear shops, cycle shops, cloth shops, twofabrication workshops, two perfume and Agarbatti shops, etc.

Today we do not have any record of this important gradualtransition fro Pagadband cloth shops to the electrical andelectronic shops. If someone had done this recording it wouldhavebeenofgreatinterestforurbanmorphology*.-.D.'"re

/'-YPasodya Vithoba Mandir ,{fri t;'*r; r'r

'l(\__"This is the Hindu Religious place. In olden days trrffi{SgMandir was the major lanclmark of the area were people

gathered for bhajan and kirt<tn. The surrounding area of thetemple is utilised for selling of pasodya that is Ghongad.i(woollen blankets). so the place is known as pasodya vithobaMandir. Although the temple is situated centrally in the road itis preserved because of cultural and heritage value. pasodya orsimple woollen blankets was a major accessory for the common

man in the city.

Most of the commercial area is scattered along both sides ofPagadband Ali and there are about 100 to 12b small and big

shops. The shops today mainly comprise of electrical appliances,cloths, footwear, etc.

Work/Activity Area of Paeadi Makine

Nowadays there are no turban (pasadi) making shops. Butin 1937, there were Lz concerns engaged in the making ofturbans. of these, nine were in Budhwar, two in shukrawar andone in Kasba. These were small establishments and served also

as shops to sell. The equipme.nt required in the trade consisted

of pairs of scissors, needles, threads and card board.s, etc. Theraw materials used were silk and cotton cloth, and gold and

silver threads or lace. stitching was done by hand,. In theinferior kinds of turbans linen was used. The work was done bymen though women were occasionally employed to do roughstitching.

Most of the materials required were bought locally but forspecial work material from far was utilised.

Earlier the procurement process for the raw material was

also quite elaborate. chinese silk was specially brought alongwith jari made specially for the tussels or Zilmirya from Surat.Rajasthani minakars and Kwadan workers prepared theShirpech for the turbans.

The structures along Pagadband AIi are like raw house

type. They get light and ventilation from front street and rearside. some old structures are built with typical courtyardplanning so that it can serve as ventilation (light and air) source

for deeper rooms. The plinth height of structure is about 0.6 m.

Most of the structure has only one access road.

Existins Land Use

The area under the influence of Pagadband AIi is about

2.64 }:a. The road facing part of structures are in the use ofcommercial activities such as electric and electronic appliances,

shops, cloth shops, footwear, perfume and Agarbatti shops,

fabrication workshops, etc. The shopping is of retain as well as

wholesale types.

The rear part and upper floors of structure are mostly

under residential use.

Nowadays there is change of land use taking place.

Because of congested area and much more pollution, rich people

are moving out from this part of the city and hence they are

using the upper floor of shops as godown.


Sr.No. Land use Area in ha. %6 of totalarea

1

2

3

4

o

CommerciaVReside ntial

Residential

Amenities

Transportation

Open Space

1.48

0.30

o.22

0.38

o.26

56.06

11.36

8.33

14.40

9.85

Total 2.64 100


The Bharat High school is situated on all Prarthana samaj

Road and estabhished in 1922. The school is up to L2th Stand.ard.

The approximate strength of the school is about 1000. Another

nursery school is run by the Bhandarkar Saaj Mandir. There is a

union Bank located on Prarthana samaj Road. The BhandarkarSamaj Mandir is a meeting place of the Bhandarkar Samaj

(community). Every sunday there are social and cultural

activities of this community. Another community is the Namdeo

shimpi community. Their Samaj Mandir is situated in front of

Bharat High School. Activities are going on every Sunday and

on holidays in this Samaj Mandir of Namdeo Shimpi community.

Utility & Services

After surveying this area there is a 35cm municipal linepassing underground through Pagadband Ali. Along this water

line three fire hydrants are provided at a distance of about BOm

for fire fighting purpose. There is a municipal sewer line 91cm

running parallel to the road and connected to the main sewer

Iine at Moti chowk along passing Bagade Road. Manholes are

provided at a distance of 30m. other facilities like storm water

drain, dust-bin, public urinals are not proper.

The overhead electric lines create nuisance for the dwellers

who live in upper floors. The electric lines run very close to

structures which also creates difficulty for shop owners to

renovate shopping fagade. There is also a underground

telephone line running parallel to road.

The existing road width ranges from 4 to 8m. Due to heavy

commercial activity in this area, there is heavy traffi.c congestion.

The main reason for traffic congestion is road side perpendicular

parking, loading and unloading. The road from Budhwar chowkto Moti Chowk is of one way traffic. Prarthana samaj Road is of5.5m width. This road is less traffic volume. The road side

parking creates bottlenecks in transportation network and is the

main traffic hazard.

The road area as per existing land use survey is about

r4.4%.

Hand cart is the other vehicle which causes congestion and

delaying of traffic, which moves slowly and blocks the following

vehicles. Another reason of traffic jam is due to tempo which is

used for loading and unloading activities in this area.

We observed the tendency of some of the shop owners that

they parked their own vehicles or at least a hand cart in front of

their shops and block the area, so that while loading and

unloading operation they can utilize that area by removing theirown vehicles. This creates major problem to outsiders who do

not find any free area to park their vehicle.

There are no pedestrian lanes such as foot path along the

road, so they use the main traffic lane, which creates difficulty inmaneuvering the vehicles which also leads the congestion of

traffic.

Sr.No. Description No. of PCUvehicles/hr Factor

PCU Yo toTotalPCU

I2

3

Two wheelers

Cycles

Jeep, Cars,

Rickshaws

Tempo

Hand Carts

585

500

490

40

3

0.5

0.5

1.0

3.0

6.0

293

250

490

I20

18

25.O2

2I.35

41.85

ro.25

L.54

4

5

Total ILTI 100.00

Aesthetic Survey

The old houses are of brick and timber construction.Traditional and colonial woodwork exists in the area. Talkingabout aesthetics in Pagadband Ali, we have seen some ofstructures which are in a very good condition even after such along period. The buildings which are mainly planned for mixIand use (residential and commercial) are of courtyard. typeplanning, a central courtyard serving as light and ventilationsource for deeper rooms.

According to Kevin Lynch technique the aesthetic survey iscarried out.

Path: The major path i' this area is the vitthal MandirPath which runs from Budhwar Chowk to Moti Chowk.

The minor paths are Prarthana samaj Road, cholkhan AIiPath. etc.

Node: The two major nodes Budhwar Chowk and MotiChowk are well known in this area. At Budhwar Chowk, VitthalMandir Road crosses the Shivaji Road and at Moti Chowk,

Vitthal Mandir Path crosses the Bagade Road.

Landmark: The Pasodya Vithoba Mandir kis the major

Iandmark of the Pagadband Ali area and it is renovated from

time to time.

There are two main structures that is Maruti Mandir and

Vitthal Mandir which are historically important and require to

be conserved. There are few timber framed structures

constructed in about L92O to 1925 which are aestheticallv

pleasant and beautiful to look at.

The Pasodya Vithoba Mandir

and has been renovated from time

importance.

Buldine Typology

the Pagadband AIi area

time and is of aesthetic

of

to

Age and condition of structure: The structures are mostly

of typical old pattern with ground floor under commercial use

and the upper floors for residential use. The age of the

structures range from 15 to 90 years. The old structures are load

bearing type, constructed with timber framed structure. Brick

work is used extensively within the timber frame. Timber

material used is Shisam, Sag and Deodar. The walls are made

up of patterned bricks with pointing or plastering on the exterior.

Many of them are in a dilapidated condition.


Above 90

Above 60

Below 30

Under Construction

77.75

5.05

13.56

3.87


The economic condition of the dwellers is quite good.

Majority of the cloth market is shifted to Laxmi Road and the

shops have been replaced with electrical and electronic

appliances shops. Most of the new shop owners are not

Maharashtrians but are Sindhis, Sardarjis, Gujaratis, etc.

Sardarjis and Sindhis are the communities which are

dominant in the electrical business, whereas the earlier

Pagadbands were mostly Maharashtrians. This also indicates

both a shift in the ownership of the shops and the displacement

of the original Maharashtrian traders and craftsmen.

The income of shop owners is as follows:

Nature of Business Approx. MonthlyIncome

1. Electricals and electronic shops

2. Cloth shops

3. Perfume and Agarbatti shops

4. Other shops

Rs. 50,000 to 75,000

Rs. 20,000 to 30,000

Rs. 10,000 to 15,000

Rs. 5,000 to 10,000

The dwellers are either employed in the shops or are

working in other area. Their income level is also satisfactory. As

per the details available from the census record of ward L22 and,

the proportionate area of the Pagadband AIi, it is concluded

that-

Area of Pagadband Ali is 2.64 ha.

2677 persons.Present population is =


A few people were interviewed in the Budhwar Peth-

Pagadband Ati area. They clezrrly indicated that the profession of

Pagadi has been discontinued near the Vitthal Mandir for the

past twenty years. This is primarily because of lack of demand

for any kind of head gear.

The major problem faced by the residents and shopkeepers

is of congestion. They told us that in the peak hours of the day,

i.e. 9.00 am to 12.00 noon and from 5.00 pm to 7.00 pm there is a

heavy traffic on the road and great congestion. It also creates

problem of noise pollution, air pollution, etc. Because of

insufficient width of road there is a problem of loading and

unloading of goods. Here it needs to be mentioned that when

this road served as Pagadband AIi it was primarily a pedestrian

road and hence the new use of electrical and electronic shops has

created the problem. There is sufficient water supply of 135 litresper day, but because of low pressure of water, water does not rise

on the upper floors of the building. One of the owners

interviewed indicated that the business also gets affected

because of the discontinuity of electric supply. There is a regular

load shedding of two to three hours everyday. In aII four people,

namely, Mr Yadav, Mr Patil, Mr Deshmukh and Mr Raut, were

interviewed.


Total income of Pune City is generally around Rs. 80,488

Iac, of which 33% is spent on establishment and 67Yo (Rs. 20,893

Iac) on infrastructural development and maintenance for L24

wards of the City, i.e. Rs. 164.50 lac per ward.

Pagadband Ali forms part of Municipal Ward No. 122. Out

of total expenditure per ward, i.e. Rs. 164.50 lac 3O%o (Rs. 49.35

Iac) is used for various utility services, civic amenities,

development proposal implementation, NaIa training and

cleaning, maintenance of road, etc.


1. The area is highly congested and densely populated.

2. There are bottlenecks on the road and parking of various

vehicles reduces the road width which is available for

movement of vehicles.

3. No dedicated parking area is available in this part of the

city.

4. The area is totally devoid of open spaces, trees and

vegetation.

5. Internal narrow passages in the building act as main

sources of light and ventilation.

6. Light and ventilation to inner part of the houses is very

poor because the width of the plot is very narrow.

7. Services are inadequate. Water is supplied only two hours

in the morning and two hours in the evening.

8. Overhead electrical wires are a big nuisance and also mar

the aesthetics.

CHAPTER 5

(B) STATIONERY ALI

Introduction

The social life in a typical Indian city revolved around two

important aspects of life, the religious aspect of life and the

worldly or that of the vocation. The vocational training and life

was almost always hereditary. The sons and daughters carried

on the duties and acquired the skills from their parents. The

wife of a blacksmith would attend to the "bhata" (bellows),

whereas the daughters would do it when they were bigger. The

sons helped the fathers in the heavier jobs and works such as

hammering on t}re "airan" (anvil).

Today's need for formal vocational training did not exist in

the traditional Indian town or village because the family did that

job for the next generation. It was indeed rare for a member

from one profession or trade to switch to something totally new.

The only change would be in a parallel or allied profession. For

example, a coppersmith's son, if he were skilled in making

engraved dishes, would upgrade himself to work in silver as a

silversmith.

The various survey data presented covers information that

is gathered over a long period of time and because of the recent

rapid social economic and physical changes in the City of Pune

many observations are already not existing or are likely tovanish or change by the time this document is finalised.

Because of the changes in the development control rules

and introduction of Transfer of Development Rights (T.D.R.) etc.

many old olis and. Peths have undergone major changes in their

physical form. Also the industrial growth has changed the

employment structure.

Pune was the administrative seat of power during the

Peshwa period, however, after the British rule its character

changed from administration to Pensioners' Town and an

ed.ucational centre. This is evident by the excellent schools,

Nutan Marathi vidyalaya, etc. and colleges like Fergusson

College, S.P. College, Wadia College, etc.

Pune today is a well-known education centre. AII the

educational articles, books, stationery needed for the students for

their studies are available at Stationery Ali (Appa Balwant

Chowk) area. We get all the above material required for the

study everywhere in the city. But the main place where you get

books for schools and colleges is Appa Balwant Chowk.

Appa Balwant Chowk has long history of its development.

The Appa Balwant Chowk name was given to the area after the

Iate freedom fighter Balwant Vasudeo Phadke. About 70 years

ago Appa Balwant Chowk (A.B.C.) was an important commercial

area. AII variety shops like those of grocery, clothes, daily needs,

etc. were located there. But soon they were gone and they

started running bakeries. Within a few years the bakeries were

also closed, as there was not rnuch scope for that business. Later

shops such as printing presses, booksellers started locating here.

But in a few years the printing presses also declined. Now there

are onl5r two or three printing presses and rest of all the shops

are of book-sellers, articles of stationery, etc. This evolved the

Stationerv AIi of Pune and was named as such by Pune citizens

who named, areas after some profession. However, this name did

not become popular like Tambat Ali, Dane Ali, etc'

History & Mornholoey

History

As Pune has for long been a centre of education there was a

stable and growing demand of the services of printing, stamp

making and book binding est:rblishments. The industry in Pune

is quite old and its beginning goes back to the last century.

In Pune the stationery stores are located aII over the city.

But the main street of stationery lies between Appa Balwant

chowk and Budhwar chowk and also the nearby areas. This

area is accessible from two roads namely, Bajirao Road and

Shivaji Road. Both are today one-way roads. There is no special

aesthetic appeal to this area. But there are two major

Iandmarks in this area, namely "Gramdevata Tambadi

Jogeshwari Mata" and "Shrimant Dagdushet Halwai Ganapati".

Budhwar Ward, approximately 450 mtrs. by 390 mtrs. with

an area of 1,70,000 sq.mtrs. and approximately 6100 people, is

Iocated in the heart of Pune City.

Though the printing press or book binding and other

stationery trades are relatively modern, the structures in which

they were located were until recently those built around 1870 to

1910 and were thus vintage residential structures with shops or

trade areas on the ground floor.

Morphology

Budhwar Ward was founded by the Emperor Aurangzeb in

1690 and was first called Mahujabad. It was afterwards peopled

by Govind shivaram Khasagivala in the time of the Fourth

Peshwa Mad.havrao BalIaI (176I-L772). It is the most peopled

part of the city and has several retail shops. The street was once

very narrow but of Iate many important roads have been

widened.. This has changed many buildings and views of this

area. But it had an intimate scale and human proposition to its

architecture until recent years.

Localities having Traditional Concentration of Stationerlr

Ali

Locality

Th9 main work of stationery concerns printing,

bookbinding, etc. The size of the different establishments and

their mechanical equipment differed to a very large extent.

According to census of establishments there were in all 59

printing presses in the city and a total of Il47 persons were

engaged in them. Of these 16 were in Sadashiv Peth, 10 in

Budhwar, 9 in Shaniwar Peth, 2 each in Shivajinagar, Ganj Peth

and Vetal Peth and one each in Bhavani Peth, Rasta Peth, Nihal

Peth and Vetal Peth.

The whole establishment has been divided into groups on

the basis of the numbers employed in each. The first group

included presses which emp.loyed more than 35 workers each.

The second group included establishments that employed

between 10 and 35 workers each and the third group concern

employing less than 10 workers.

According to census of establishments there were 16

establishments of bookbinders and rulers in the city and 58

people were engaged in them. Of these 6 each were in Budhwar

Peth

Peth

Shaniwar Peth and one each in Sadashiv Peth, Kasba

Nana Peth.

Pune has two markets for the sale of stationery, one in

Budhwar Peth main street and other in the Bohri AIi or Aditwar

main street. These shops seII a mixture of stationery, cutlery

and haberdashery. The business was formerly wholly in the

hands of Bohri but of late a number of Brahmins have opened

stationery and haberdashery shops being easy to manage and

requiring very little training. The binding business, printing

work, setting of papers and other printing equipment was located

in the Stationery AIi area. The bookshops even specialising in

Iaw, medical and engineering, have emerged today in this area.

Locational and traded professional specialisation has shifted over

the years in this zorte.

Work/Activity Area

The main function of these commercial concerns is

printing, stamp making, bookbinding, ruling, etc. the size of the

different establishments and their mechanical equipment

differed to a very large extent. Book stores and other shops have

all recently shifted in this area.

The mechanical equiprnent consists of cylinder printing

machines and treadles, cutting machines, stitching and

perforating machines, etc. The power used to run machines is

electricity. Some of the machines are hand operated. The raw

materials used are paper, ink, type (metal), stationery and

binding materials, etc. Paper is the largest single item of

expenditure and the next comes ink.

and

and

The ruling and the book binding industry is a specialised

branch of the printing industry. The work of this branch is that

of ruling blank papers and repairing old books and binding newly

printed books. Apart from this marriage invitations, leaflets,

posters, etc. are printed here.

The raw materials used in stamp making are rubber,

which is mainly imported from Madhya Pradesh. Plaster of

Paris, whiting and wooden plates are available IocaIIy.

The process of stamp making consists of the following

steps:

1. Composing: Firstly the required words are chosen and

arranged. (This is now changing rapidly.)

Fitting in plates: The composed words are fitted in

plates of the required shape and size. The shapes

commonly used are circular and rectangular. The plates

are also called as moulds which are made up of plaster of

Paris and whiting.

Drying: The moulds are allowed to dry for one to two

minutes in electric Bhatti.

Pressing of rubber: The rubber is pressed on dry plates

and the stamp is ready.

The minimum space required for rubber stamp

manufacturing is 2.lm x 2.hn. These activities are carried out

on the ground floor. The press or workshop is located in the rear

and the sales area is on the road.

2.

3.

4.

The main work carried out in this area is that of binding of

books, registers, stamp making and printing and book selling'

The road. wid.ening is carried out on one side of street that is on

the side where there is temple of Mata Jogeshwari. So most of

the buildings on this side are new. Some of them are on

ownership basis and some on rental basis. On ground floor the

shops are provid.ed and on upper floors there is residence. The

shops consists of roughly two parts, the front part consists of

counter and racks for keeping books and other stationery

material and rear part acts as store along with mezzanitte floor.

Open areas in the rear are also used as work areas.

The shops on the other side were mostly old structures.

These shops are on rental basis and also consists of two

functional parts as in new shops and are with or without

mezzanine floors. This is also the case of the stamp making,

binding and printing press. The arrangement is that the front

part of shop is used for business dealings and the rear part for

actual working. This is the overall picture of typical

establishments in this area. The book stores have their storage

located in the rear.

Land Use Survey

It is seen that there is mixed land use, i.e. commercial on

ground floor and residential on upper floor. Purely commercial

use of land is verv little.

Parking for four wheelers is provided at corner of Budhwar

Chowk and parking for two-wheelers is on street parking

alternately on each side.

There is only one primilry school named "Nutan Marathi

vid.yalaya". The main attraction of this area is "Mata

Jogeshwari Mandir". There are two entertainment centres,

Prabhat cinema and Ratan Cinema, each at one chowk, Appa

Balawant chowk and Budhwar chowk. There is no park,

playground or open space provided in this area'

Description Percentage

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Residential use

Mixed use

Commercial use

Public use

Road

Total

30

40

10

4

16

100


AII types of amenities like education, health and

commercial shops and entertainment centres exist in this area.

There is one primary school named "Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya".

In this area no big hospital exists but health facility is

provided by four clinics and three medical stores. The more well

known temple of "Shri Tambadi Jogeshwari" is situated here and

one temple of Venkateshwar is also in this area. The social and

commercial facilities are provided by one bus stop provided by

Pune Municipal Transport. There are three grocery shops. As

the main function of this street is provided stationery facility,

this is fulfilled by 17 general and stationery shops, 57 book stalls,

27 stamp makers, printing presses, binding shops and small

scale industries. Along with this basic function the other in

general need.s are fulfiIled by 15 electrical and electronics shops,

four Xerox and typing centres, nine lottery stalls, three pan

shops, three bakeries and one milk dairy. One laundry and three

cloth shops, six restaurants and three dining halls, three hair

dressers, two glass d.epots, three shoe shops, four tailoring shops,

two newspaper agencies, two painter's shops, two music

instruments shop and one oil depot. For financial transaction

which is required for smooth working of business there are two

banks in this area. The nearby post office is in the back side of

shaniwar wada. In both the Appa Balwant Chowk and the

Budhwar Chowk there are two cinema theatres, Prabhat and

Ratan, respectively.


(a) Water Supply: The water is supplied by P.M.C. Water

Supply Department. the water is supplied through private as

well as public taps. In this area water is supplied by two

systems. Some area has continuous supply and. some area has

intermittent supply as per P.M.C. water supply department

schedule. The supply is through pipes of diameter of 15cm and

7.5cm. For domestic purpose the standard demand is 135

Itrs/capitalday and for commercial purpose the standard demand

is 45 ltrs/capita/day. Since there is mix use, i.e. residential and

commercial in this area the standard demand is about 180

Itrs/capitalday. The water supplied actually by P.M.C. is more

than the demand.

(b) Drainage and Sewerage: For collection of dry refuse,

M.M.C. has provided two dry refuse collection tanks. But it is

observed that these two tanks are insufficient and the sewage

from this area is collected through underground sewer lines

under gravity. Hence, no pumping is required. Suffi'cient

numbers of inspection chambers at junctions, on straight roads

at regular intervals are provided for inspection, cleaning and

repair purpose.

(c) Electricity: The electricity is supplied by M.S.E.B' to

this area. This area is provided with good quality of street

tighting with both side distribution spacing about 30 metres

apart.

Elements of Citv Imase

Element Major Minor

1. Path

2. Nodes

3. Landmark

4. District

5. Edge

Path: The road connecting Shivaji Road and Bajirao Road

named Nakalakar Bhonde Road is major path. The Shivaji Road

and Bajirao Road are the two minor paths in this area.

Edge: There is no well defined edge in this area.

Distinct: District is area with a separate atmosphere.

they are recognisable by common character identity and may be

used as exterior reference if visible from outside.

District name when thematic unity does not establish

striking contacts with other parts of the city then traditional

association of name can play such part. The whole stationery

street represents the district itself. The common characters of

this area are stamp making, printing, book binding and

stationery shops.

Landmark: Landmarks are points of reference. They are

external as well as physical objects as building, etc.

In this area, there are two main landmarks:

1. Gramdevata Shri Tambadi Jogeshwari Mandir

2. Shrimant Dagadushet Halwai Ganapati Mandir.

Nodes: Nodes are the points of strategic spot into which

an observer can enter, there are intensive foci nodes which are

primarily functional.

Theoretically, every ordinary street crossing is a node but

generally it is not sufficiently prominent to the image as more

than incidental crossing of the path the image cannot carry to

many nodal centre.

A strong physical form is not always necessary for a node.

In this area there are

Balwant Chowk and Budhwar

nodes.

Buildine Typoloev

two major nodes, namely Appa

Chowk. And there are four minor

Most of the buildings in Stationery Ali are on ownership

basis. Very few buildings in this area of old type. Majority of

new buildings are of R.C.C. and brick work.

The old buildings were constructed with teak wood

columns and beams. Brick walls with cement mortar were used

as partition walls. The roofing rvvas tited country style. The new

buildings are constructed with R.C.C. frame and brick walls with

cement mortar as partition walls. The old buildings are

congested.ly placed. Nowadays the new style of construction has

apartment flats on upper floor and commercial shops on the

ground. floor. The building typology is clearer by the table given

below:


Above 90 15

Above 60 25

Above 30 10

Below 30 45

Under Construction 5

TOTAL 1OO

Information through Interview

Persons interviewed from the following shops:

1. V.K. Samak & Co.

2. Venus Book Stall

3. Maharashtra Boo.k Depot

4. Naro Appaji Godbole.

. As the street is main stationery street, the traffic is heavy

causing air pollution and noise pollution.

. Pedestrian way is on only one side causing problem of

pedestrians on the other side.

Pedestrian way is occupied mainly by the hawkers (book

sellers) causing problem for the pedestrians and parking.

Adequate toilets are not provided in the area.

This street connects two one ways and also this street

represents main stationery area in the City. So there is

heavy traffic and road widening is required more often,

hence in the road widening some people have already lost

their land.

Though road widening is carried out the present width of

the road is not sufficient to carry the traffic and parking on

the street further reduces the width of the road.

The shops are taken on rented basis. The shopkeepers

have their residence away from the shops and anywhere in

the city.

Due to loading and unloading congestion occurs.

Adequate water supply of about 240 ltrs capacity is

provided.

Some of the activities have now shifted or have stopped

completely.


The total expenditure of P.M.C. for the Pune City,

according to 1997-98 financial budget was Rs. 350 crore. Out of

this Rs. 150 crore is provided for the development works in the

city, like road widening, renovation of road, road maintenance,

repairing of water supply lines, etc. There are a total 124 wards

under P.M.C. Hence the expenditure

ward is found out as:

for development for each

Expenditure for one ward Total ExpenditureNo. of wards

Rs. 150 crore124

Rs. O.242 crore

Rs. 24,19,354.84

The study area that is Stationery Ali is a part of Ward No.

124. The area occupied by study area is around 2b% of the wardarea. So area-wise the expenditure on study area by P.M.C. is

also equal to 25% of the expenditure of the total ward.

Expenditure for study area

area occupied by study area

Expenditure for ward x %

Rs. 24,L9,354.84 x 0.25

Rs. 30,24,193.55.

1.


As this street is mainly stationery area in the city, there is

heavy inflow of traffic in this area. The temple ofGramdevata Tambadi Jogeshwari is also one of the

attraction for citizens. Hence there is traffic congestion on

this street.

The parking for two-wheelers is provided on street parking

alternately, which also restricts the road area used fortraffic.

The footpath is occupied by the street booksellers whichcreates problem for pedestrians.

2.

3.

4- As there is a very heavy traffic flow on this street itproduces heavy sound pollution and air pollution (to thepedestrians and also to the shopkeepers).

5. Public toilets provided are inadequate.

6. Printing and book shops are a highly profit making andvery flourishing business.

7. As the topography of the area is low compared to the otherarea, during rainy season all the water gets collected on

the street, but after some time it gets out throughmanholes which are provided at regular intervals.

8. The entire area is the central part of the old city.

9. some commercial use is in the form of roadside shopping.

10. Area is predominant with mixed land use in the form ofresidential and commercial. etc.

11. Lack ofrecreational open space.

12. Vegetable market is not zrvailable.

13. other shops which include medicar, Xerox, grocery andrestaurants exist.

CHAPTER 6

(A) TAMBAT ALI

Introduction

Pune City has been referred to as Queen of Deccan by

many visitors. It is also known as the cultural capital ofMaharashtra. It has evolved over a long period of time and ithas the unique distinction of having a rock cut cave temple ofshiva, known as Pataleshwar. This temple is located now rightin the middle of the City. The later development was basically inthe Kasba Peth area, which was the earliest development along

the river MuIa.

During the period of Peshwas who established their seat ofpower in Pune around 1730 A.D., they invited people from

different areas and practicing different professions to come

forward and settle in Pune. They were to start their business

and profession providing all the activities needed for a capital

city.

These neighbourhoods where people from one profession

settled and carried out their activities were called as 'alis'. The

settlers were offered land at concessional rates and this was the

pattern of patronage followed in aII the princely capital all over

India. Ali is a street or a group of streets inhibited by people ofone particular community, which carried out professions likepottery, coppersmithy, carpentry, etc. These neighbourhoods or

alis are named according to the professions, which were carriedout in that area. Tambat Ali, where brass and. copper vessels

were manufactured. Burud Ali, where basket weavers reside

and carry on their trade, etc.

History & Morpholoev

Hundreds of artisans and craftsmen who carry on the rich

tradition of our culture, Iive in the ali. They work in the ground

floor area or in the partly open and partly covered rear portion of

their residence. To an outsider these residences may appear

congested and non-conductive to the creative process of the

craftsmen. But best artifacts and objects were created in these

alis. The need for a modern environment for better output is

weII understood for mechanical production of a modern plant.

However, for a traditional craftsman with his simple tools a

homely environment was appropriate.

Tambats are part of an age old social system known as

'Bara Balutedars'. These are craftsmen working and dealing in

utensils of copper,bronze, brass, etc. Copper is known as'tamba'

in Marathi from which the name 'Tambat AIi' has evolved. The

Bara Balutedars were supposed to cater to the needs of the

urban society.

In the early period the system was based on barter where

people would exchange goods for goods or goods for services. Ifsomeone wants to get a copper vessel then he would go to the

Kasar or coppersmith and provide the old material. The Kasar

would then prepare the utensil by adding any new metal ifnecessary as per the need of the patron. The person would take

the utensil and give the Kasar a bagful of grains as

remuneration. The age old system has not changed as yet,

except that the remuneration is paid in money. People go to the

/1 10\

shop, give the old away and take the new ones. Valuable

antiques and artistic artifacts of copper, brass, etc. were lost

through melting.

The Tambat, previously known as Kasar (derived from

'Kansya' which means bronze) is considered a son of

Vishwakarma (the creator of the earth and mythological

architect) having also the name'Twashta', whose other sons were

Maitha (the carpenter), Manu (the blacksmith), Daivadnya (the

goldsmith) and Patharvat (the sculptor).

Mythological & Literary Background

On invitation of the Peshwas the Tambats came some 400

years ogo, when Pune was being established as their

administrative headquarters. The Tambats came from regions

like Thane, Colaba, Ratnagir:i, etc. Before the Tambats this

neighbourhood was occupied partly by Brahmins and jewelers.

The initial arrival of the Tambats attracted the new arrivals to

this area and thus the Tamb:rt Ali was formed. This area was

also used at the time for the stables of the Peshwas' horses.

Initially there were about 200 Tambats in the Tambat AIi

who had their residences and work places in the same premises.

The practice continues even today and can be referred to as the

living heritage of this City. This profession saw a boom uptill as

Iate as the start of this century. The inl'ention of stainless steel

and plastic has spelled a decline of this profession. The neglected

profession is now seeing a revival and new interest in items like

'Ghangal'(water vessel) used for interior decoration in modern

houses, hotels, etc.

/'1 .rn\

The earlier residences of the Tambats were not built as per

their requirements. This made them cumbersome to operate,

hence they purchased new plots and built houses which were

suitable for them. Later on, increasing family size and the

business made the available space inadequate and the need for

new work place was felt. This was amply taken care of by

extending the existing structure. But this was not possible later

due to lack of funds and lack of space. The nature of extension

became temporary and more open to the sky. Growing family

created pressure on available space. The houses then encroached

on their verandahs, the front and the back open spaces, and in

some cases even on the roads. This incremental growth has led

to formation of an interesting mosaic of open spaces interlinking

roads and work places. These places can be very organic,

aesthetic and vernacular in stvle.

The 1961 floods destroyed many of the brick structures

along the river bank. R.C.C. was used in some places instead of

Ioad bearing walls and timber. This created new building

facades which are different in character and contrast with the

brick and timber structure. There are road widening lines in this

area which have been implernented in any newly constructed

building. This widening, along with the heights, proportions of

doorways and windows in the new structures, are discordant

with the character of the precincts. It is the human proportioned

scale of the earlier buildings that gives them that intimate touch

which is missing in the new R.C.C. structures.

/1 c)1\

Localities having Traditional concentration of rambats

Locality:

The Tambats today reside in Tambat Ali in Kasba Peth.

This is easily accessible from Shaniwar Wada through

Yadnyawalkya Ashram Road and by subsidiary roads from

Kasba Ganapati. This lies just before Pawale Chowk, a very wellknown Chowk in Kasba Peth.

Most of the Tambats today are residing in Tambat AIi inKasba Peth. It is the oldest part of Pune. Even during the

earlier period many professional craftsmen came and settled

around the Shaniwar Wada and hence in Kasba Peth many

craftsmen like Tambats, Kumbhars reside. OId descriptions and

records make interesting reading even today.

Brass and copper workers number 2320 mostly live in the

Kasba Peth, Shukrawar Peth, Vetal Peth, Budhwar Peth,

Ghorpade Peth and Rasta Peth. This number includes

approximately 810 tambats or makers of large articles, b00

jingars (connected with horses), 50 casters and 960 Kasars. The

hereditary copper brass and beII metal workers in Pune, the

Tambats, Jingars, Otaris and Kasars are all quite easy going

people, who speak colloquial Marathi and mostly live in single

storeyed houses.

Works/Activity Area

The tools which are required for the Tambat in making the

utensils are simple and very fundamental.

Jingars (brass casters) have sixteen main tools and

appliances: an airan (anvil), four kharuais (bar anvils), four

hatoudas (hammers), a sandsi (a pair of tongs), two pairs of

scissors together, five yearly renewed kansis (files), a shagda

(vice), bhatas (a pair of bellows), a karuol (saw), a sandhan (an

iron bar) with one end smoothed to serve or an anvil, a randha

(flat iron rasper), 15 cm x 1.2 cm with one end bent and

sharpened used for scraping and polishing pots.

A samta (porer), a gaj (a 60 cm scale), a square iron tray on

tas, a palm leaf fan or hadpano used in fanning the five worth %

d and two or three crucible catchers or chyaks. The chyak is an

iron ring about 90 cm round with two long iron bars fastened at

equal distances apart. Over the ends of these bars a second ring

about 50 cm across is passed and moved up and down the bars so

as to increase or reduce the space above the base ring. In

working the chyak the base ring is lowered into the furnace so as

to surround down the bar till the crucible is tightly pressed

between the bone and can be drawn out of the furnace.

Process:

The process of making utensils is as follows:

In making brass, beII metal or ltase and white metal or

pancharasi, the alloy is melted in a pit about 90 cm round and

120 cm or 150 cm deep. At the bottom of the pit a bellows tube is

firmly fixed and over the bellows tube are laid three or four flat

bottomed dome topped crucibles or pots about 45 cm high and a

30 cm round. The crucible which is called n1,u,s, is made by brass

makers themselves of powdered broken china, flint and ashes.

After putting some borax or sauag into the crucibles to serve as a

flux, if brass is to be made, they are filled with broken pieces of

copper and zinc and with closed by an air-tight plug. Charecur,

/1cra\

dried cow dung cakes and wood are neaped over the crucibles.

The fire is lighted and with the help of the bellows is blown to awhile heat. The men know the time generally four to five hours,

which the alloy takes to form. When the metal is ready each

crucible is grasped in the chyak and lifted out of the furnace. ontaking it out the side of the crucible is bored by the point of a nail

and the molten metal flows into shallow clay trough where it isleft to cool. When cool the solid mass is dragged from the trough

by a sandsi (pair of tongs), Iaid on the'dagad' (stone) and beaten

to the required thinness. To form metal sheets, whether local or

imported into the required shapes, the sheet is laid on the floor

and the workman traces on it with a pair or compasses the pieces

required for the upper and the under parts of the vessels to be

made and cuts out the two pieces with scissors or with a chisel.

The metal is then softened in the fire and hammered and again

softened and again hammered. The alternate hammering and

heating being repeated three or four times tilI it is beaten into

shape. The two pieces are then soldered with brass, borax or

sauag and chloride of ammonia called 'nausagar'. The men work

in groups (bands) of five or six dividing the labour, some make

the rough outline of the shape, other shapes the neck, a third set

from the lower pieces, fourth solder the shaped pieces and a fifthpolish the whole. AII the polish which the Tambats give is arough scrubbing with a mixture of powdered charcoal and

tamarind pulp, followed by beating with a small hammer tiII the

whole surface is covered with hammer marks on facets. This lastprocess gives that typical sound and the quality to this area.

Articles:

The main articles which are made bv the Tambat are as

follows:

Traditionally, copper and brass articles made in Pune can

be arranged under fourteen groups, those used in the kitchen,

those used in eating and drinking, those used in storing and

carrying water, articles used in serving betel, musical

instruments, measures, lamps, dishes and vessels used inworship, images, peasant jewelry, toilet requisites, appliances

used in the drinking hall but not for eating or drinking,

miscellaneous ware and toys.

Today, only a few of the above varieties are manufactured

because of lack of demand.

Buildine Tvpoloey

As Tambat AIi is the oldest part of Pune City, the area is

congested. Some of the houses in this area are residential-cum-

workshop. The old buildings were constructed in teak wood

column and mud walls, mud floors, etc. The khano system of

bays was used in the construction. Balconies and sajjas are also

present. The front area adjoining the road is mainly used as

working area which comprises of two parts. First, the area

where the melting process takes place, and the second, space

where hammering or shaping process of utensil takes place. The

optimum space required for one workshop with simple tools is

about 450 cm x 600 cm with a minimum of 24O cm x 300 cm. Aminimum of three people work per workshop, mostly from the

same family. The room next to working area is used for sitting

and cooking activities respectively. Usually, sleeping area is on

the first floor. The staircase leading to the first floor is from

working area or the open space which is at the back side.

The other type of buildings was 'wad,a'type where the

dwelling units were constructed around a central open space

with a verandah separating the dwelling unit and open space.

The central open space in addition to providing light and

ventilation, houses the common amenities like water storage and

adjoining washing place was used as a working area.

The introduction of R.C.C. material after the 1961 floods

did not change the facades of the buildings as the masking did

not change and the details like grills, doors, verandahs, etc. did

not change.

The builders using the most popular style of construction,

apartments, flats, on entirely new fagade and materials is

introduced in this area. This is the contrast to the existing style

of construction and Iiving style. This style of construction is not

suitable for the current working platform of residence and

workshop. Also influx of other people of this area may oppose

the workshops as the noise level is high. The R.C.C. also is not

sound absorbing hence it may also increase the decibel levels of

the area. R.C.C. was not an environmentally sensitive and

pleasing structure like the one in mud, timber and bricks.

Land Use Survey

As it is seen that there is mixed land use, i.e. residential

and commercial in this area. This is the congested, and older

part of the city. It is seen that there are about 36 shops of

various kinds in this locality mainly of mixed uses. There is very

little purely commercial use in this area. This area has littleaesthetic viewpoints.

The main occupation of these people is making articles of

copper. So it causes nuisance of sound to the adjoining

residential areas.

There is only one primary school in this area. There are no

bus stops provided for the passengers. There is only one library

and four temples in this area. No organized open space or

garden is provided in this area.

Existing Land Use Percentage

Residential

Mixed

Commercial

Public

Open

Road

32.O

28.0

5.0

13.5

7.5

14.o

Total 100.0


In Tambat ali area there is only primary school that isRajmata Jijabai Primary School and one library of the Tambat

people, called Twashta Kasar Sanstha Library which is also run

by the Tambat Samaj. For the health of public there are four

clinics and one proposed Chandak Hospital which is under

construction. For the worship and prayer there are four mandirs

(temples) in Tambat ali which are as follows: Shri Gurudev Datta

Mandir, Shri Kalika Devi Mandir, Shri Ganesh Mandir and Shri

/ 1 0.r\

Hanuman Mandir. For the day to day needs of the people

various shops exist such as one flour mill, one laundry, two

bakeries, two cloth shops, three electrical and electronics shops,

five grocery shops, two wheeler repair shops, one hair cutting

saloon, one dairy, one photo studio, five building material shops,

one telephone booth, three tailoring shops, one metal utensil

shop, three medical stores, two bicycle shops and one glass

trader.


(a) Water Supply:

Water supply for domestic means is supplied by the Pune

Municipal Corporation. Source of water supply is through

private tap. The diameter of pipe is 15cm and 7.5cm. For

domestic purpose the standard requirement is about 135

lit/capitalday, but the water supplied by P.M.C. is 2lO

Iit/capita/day. The water supply by P.M.C. in morning is 5.00 am

to 10.00 am and in the evening it is 5.00 pm to 10.00 pm. and is

adequate.

(b) Drainage & Sewerage:

P.M.C. has provided two dry refuse containers for

collection of dry refuse. The sewage of the area is carried out by

underground sewer line which is provided by P.M.C. There are

122 inspection chambers provided at regular interval. Finally

the sewage is treated in sewage treatment plant.

(c) Electricity:

The electric supply to the area is done by Maharashtra

State Electricity Board. M.S.E.B.) Substation is located in Kasba

Peth. There are L2 MVA distributor transformers and the

capacity of the substation is 22 kV x 11 kV.

(d) Telephone:

There are adequate telephone connections in this area.

The cables are provided underground. Private lines and

coverage of mobile exist.

Traffic Survey

Parking: There is no parking space available in Tambat

AIi. The place where the Tambat Haud was located, has now

been demolished and that space has been used for parking. But

the space is not sufficient for parking. So the parking is done by

every individual in front of his or her house.

Traffic: There are mainly five modes of traffic. These are

autorickshaws, two wheelers, bicycles, trucks and cars. The

main mode is two wheeler and bicycle; autorickshaws, cars,

trucks standing in descending order. Bus facility is not available

in this area.

Traffic Count for I Hour

Particulars No. ofVehicles

Equivalency ConversionFactor to PCU

1. Two wheeler

2. Bicycle

3. Autorickshaw

4. Car

5. Truck

206

LT4

100

6

2

0.5

0.5

1.0

1

3

103

57

100

6

6

Total: 272

Pedestrian Way: The flow of the pedestrian is normal inthis area. Beside one main street there are four pathway for the

pedestrians. There are no footpaths provided for pedestrian in

this area and hence there is no safety to the pedestrians.

Aesthetic Survey

Different methods are used for aesthetic survev. We have

used Kevin Lynch method.

Kevin Lynch had found out that major and minor elements

of image formation are Path. Edge, District, Nodes and

Landmarks. While surveying these elements should be

considered.

Elements of City Imase

Element Major Minor

1. Path

2. Nodes

3. Landmark

4. District

5. Edge

Path: Tambat Haud Path is the major path in this area

and there are other minor paths in this area.

Edge: There is no river frontage in this area.

District: District is an area with a separate atmosphere.

The areas are recognizable by common character, visual identity

and may be used as exterior reference if visible from outside.

Minor District is named when thematic unity does not establish

striking contracts with other parts of the city. In such cases

traditional association of name can play such part. By this

definition the whole Tambat Ati itself represents the district.

Landmark: Landmarks are points of reference. They are

external as well as physical objects as building etc. In this area

there are two main landmarks, viz..

. Twashta Kasar Shri Kalika Devi Mandir

. Twashta Kasar Samaj Library.

Nodes: Nodes are the points or strategic spots into which

an observer can enter. These are intensive foci of activitv and

are primarily functional.

In theory every ordinary street crossing is node but

generally it is not of sufficient prominence to be a node as more

than incidental crossing cannot be considered nodal center. A

strong physical form is not always necessary for nodes. InTambat Ali there are six such nodes based on the activitv

pattern.

Buildine Tvpoloey

The old buildings were constructed with teak wood

columns, brick walls with mud mortar and mud floor, etc.

Balcony and Chajjos are used extensively.

The other type of buildings were 'utada'type, where the

dwelling units were constructed around a central open space

with verandah separating the dwelling unit and open space. The

central open space in addition to providing light and ventilation

is used for water storage tank and as washing place.

After the 1961 flood a new construction material was

introduced: R.C.C. The new material hardly brought new

building form, but was responsible for different spanning than

the 'Khan' and hence bigger rooms were possible. The

introduction of this material did not much change the facades of

the buildings as the brick work did not change and also the detail

like grill, doors, windows, etc. were not altered much.

Most recently in Pune the lucrative property prices are

tempting the owners to sell their properties. The builders are

using the most popular style of construction, i.e. 'apartment'

flats. This is resulting in an entirely new fagade and, a different

plan and materials are introduced in this area. This is incontrast to the existing style of construction and living style.

This new type of construction is not suitable for the current

working style and needs of residents.

The arrangement of a residence and workshop functioning

together in a low one storey structure is lost in a block of flats.

The R.C.C. construction is also not sound absorbing and hence

there is the problem of noise that remains unsolved.


Above 90

Above 60Above 30

Below 30

8.0

2t.550.017.5

3.0Under Construction


Social Survey

The lack of buyers from urban area and resulting general

financial crunch has affected the people socially and economically

and hence these people have come together to form a 'sanstha,

named as Twashta Kasar Sanstha. This sanstha has not been

really formed to do anything to improve the economic status ofthis community, but has done some remarkable work in social

area.

It is a tradition to pay half yearly taxes to the ,Mata, (the

Kasar Kali Mata). This had enabled the reconstruction of temple

and has provided the area with an import;ant religious landmark.This also provides space for small social functions. The sanstha

has also constructed a library for the benefi.t of poor and needy.

There is also a study haII for 25 students as the noise level inthis area is intolerably high.

Along with this group the sanstha arranges many other

social and cultural activities like blood donation camp, free

education to the needy, medical camp, Anath Mahila Fund, etc.

This area is generally a socially viable unit of the citywhich functions as a part of ther whole.

Economic Survey

The Tambats are artisans and craftsmen. These people d.o

not know much about business. The old system of the buyerbringing the material and paying for the labour has not changed

much. Due to this limitation there is no elaborate system ofagents and middlemen buying the finished goods and selling

//'t .) c)\

them in the market. AIso this system keeps the craftsmendependent in terms of cash for capital investment. Due to this,these people do not buy raw material for themselves and prepare

the goods on their own. The demands of the major wholesale

buyer is of extreme importance and all the work is done in returnof meager labour charges. As the design is done as per the buyer

and this has made the household industry a declining industry.It is seen that the average income per family which is totallydependent on this work is about Rs. 80,000 annually. The

marketing system and lack of capital has kept the community

generally in economic stagnation.

This has made the younger generation to search for the

new types of employments. some of them have started runningautorickshaws, some have started the business of auto-electricals

and many have found permanent jobs in the industry where thiscommunity is preferred in jobs pertaining to casting, moulding

and sheet bending or pressing.

This has increased the economic life style of the community

but has reduced the available work force.


Observations made

In Tambat Ali besides the people of the Tambat samaj,

there are people of different castes with different traditions. The

decline is due to less demand of the product of brass and

introduction of stainless steel and plastics. So, the new

generation shifts towards other employment avenues.

The new generation is not ready to carry on theirtraditional occupation as it is a hard work, Iess income and no

new sources for their upliftment.

As there was lack of education among the people, most of

them were cheated by the businessmen from other communities

such as Gujarathis, Sindhis and Marwadis. So the new

generation is trying to educate themselves.

At present the people are unable to start new business due

to poor economic conditions and hence they have to work as per

the order of the businessmen.

As the plinth height of houses is very low, at the time of

floods the water enters the house.

The houses are very small, i.e. of two rooms, the first room

and the open space is used for workshop and the second one is for

kitchen.

Initially, the volume and flow of traffic was less, so the

houses were constructed touching one other and congested, but

due to increase in population and the flow of traffic some change

is needed.

One of the persons interviewed told that if the government

arranged an exhibition of their articles that could give them

profit, they would really participate in it and continue to work

and prosper.


The total expenditure of Pune Municipal Corporation for

the city according to 1997-98 financial budget was Rs. B5o crore.

This has been taken as an example. out of this Rs. 1b0 crore is

/-t.lE\

provided for the development works in the city like road

widening, renovation of road, road maintenance, repairing of

water supply lines and sewer lines, etc. There are a total I24wards under P.M.C. Hence the expenditure for development for

each ward is found out as:

Expenditure for one ward = Total Expenditure

No. of wards

Findings & Conclusion

1. As the area is near Mula-Mutha river and the entire area

is sloping towards North and the East, during heavy

rainfall the water enters the houses. Hence the plinths

should be constructed high in the future.

2. High noise level is another problem of this area. A general

complaint of loss of hearing is found. The new building

materials are not helping in solving this problem. Sound

absorbing new materials should be tried out to reduce the

noise pollution without changing the appearance and

character of the structures.

A good amount of other amenities are found in and around

the area including a municipal school and a clinic. The

basic commercial needs like bakery, general store, repair

shops, etc. are found in the vicinity.

The presence of alternative wide roads is a blessing and

comparatively a very low amount of traffi.c is still flowing

on these roads. Mostly the people living in this area leave

this area in the morning and they are coming back in the

event, which represents the major traffic. There is no bus

3.

4.

5.

route through this area although there is one located

nearby.

The overall encroachment on the limited open space is amajor problem. Lack of vehicular access to each building is

another. This has led to utilizing large road areas for

parking and as of now this is not a major problem.

However, with the increased ownership of two-wheelers

and four-wheelers in Pune, congestion problem or parking

problem is likely to arise in this area.

A lack of initiative in bringing in funds and new designs to

maintain an even keel in the business is posing a problem

for survival of this profession.

The character of the precinct should be maintained,

considering that this has a tourist potential.

6.

7.

/'t .)4\

CHAPTER 6

(B) TAMBAKHU ALI

Introduction

Tobacco as a product had a wide usage and governmental

patronage in the past. Many of the noble families had their own

special requirements and flavours for the hukkahs or the hubble-

bubble pipes which were offered in their household. This was

determined by the tastes of the noble. Use of hukkah was very

popular in the Moghul and Rajput courts in the north and hence

it became a practice among the Marathas and the Peshwas. Itinvolves many objects and products as weII as rituals. To be

offered the smoke of the hukkah was treated as a symbol of

friendship.

AII this created the necessary demand and the need of

people engaged in the manufacture of the hukkah-tobacco

mixture, tobacco mix for the snuff as well as tobacco in other

form.

Tobacco was also used in the pan or beetle leaves or only as

a flavoured product for chewing. The last two uses of tobacco as

snuff and for chewing still continue among the weaker section of

the society. However, due to the knowledge of the side effects of

tobacco in any form, as well as the factor of time required for

preparation of hukkah or chillim their use has almost vanished

among the elite. Use of hukkah involves elaborate preparation,

considerable time, and assistance. There is a need of an

attendant to look after the coal fi.re, the change of water, the

mixing of the tobacco, etc. There are no nobles with time and

attendants to enjoy the hukkah..

The advent of machine made cigarettes and mass produced

bidis has also reduced the market for local tobacco products.

These are basically made in factories or in big workshops. The

market for tobacco products which are custom made still exist to

a limited extent. Poona Snuff with special flavours was famous

all over the State of Maharashtra. Today the market is

shrinking because of the clear health hazard associated with the

prolonged use of tobacco.

A day may come when tobacco and tobacco products will no

Ionger be demand. Thus this is one Ali and trade which has

clearly lived its time and could close up and area used for other

products. Socially it is necessary to identify such trades by the

researcher and recommendations made well in advance

regarding the alternative activities and the professional training

required for it. The town planners and urban designers have to

think of the alternative land uses which can be located in such

changing zones.

How the conservational aspect needs to be handled is aquestion for the urban designers. One of the .suggestions is toput such products and the production techniques, etc. in a crafts

and traditional profession museum which can be located in an

appropriate part of the city. Pagadband Ali will be the other AIiwhich has to be recreated in such a museum.

Tambakhu AIi has been in existence for the past 250 years

approximately. It is formed along the street dividing Shukrawar

Peth and Budhwar Peth.

Tambakhu AIi is surrounded by Subhansha Road, on its

East, Mirza Galib Road on its South, Traxrni Road on its North

and Bhutkar Road on its West. This AIi stretches from Bhagwan

Adinath Chowk to Thakurdas Chowk. It also has Honaji Bala

Street in its vicinity. The Tambakhu Ali crosses Bohri Ali toform Bhagwan Adinath Chowk. So it is close to the Bohri AIi.

Even though it is known as Tambakhu Ali, the main

profession here was processing tobacco. It has changed into snuff

making. Today there are very few establishments remaining

that are purely into snuff making. The other have been

displaced and some have converted their snuff making trade into

grocery shops.

History & Morphology

Tambakhu AIi was established in the Peshwa regime in

1725. At that time tobacco was used for filling Chillims or

Hukkahs, as stated earlier. The workers in this trade were

mainly Marathas.

But for the last sixty years, i.e. from 1937-38 the main

profession of tobacco making has been converted into snuff

making. The traders get more and more profi.t by directly selling

the processed product. At earlier times there were in all 13

establishments. Among them the well known trading families

were Malpani, Shah, Vitekar, Pathare and Renavikar.

There were in all 300 persons employed in these

establishments. The main raw material tobacco was brought

from Nipani and Belgaum and the sales were distributed aII over

Maharashtra and parts of Hyderabad.

Today there are only four establishments remaining thatare purely into snuff making. The others have been displaced

and some have converted their snuff making shops into grocery

shops.

Historical Buildings & Monuments

Harihar Mandir

This temple was built in 1944 by one of the wealthiest

traders in the snuff making business. Mr Pranlal Balkisan

Malpani. The temple has a Shitling, representing the fusion of

Vishnu, Shankar and Brahma (trimurti).

Mhalsakant Mandir or Khandoba Mandir

This temple was constructed in 1906 on the occasion of

Vijaya Dashmi in Vanvase Wada. The owner was one Mr Vishnu

Balvant Bhave and the temple is still in possession of Mr

Grahanarayan Raghunath Bhave, the grandson. This temple is

situated on the Honaji BaIa Path which starts from Tambakhu

Ali.

Work Activity & Area of Trade

Tambakhu AIi has been in existence for about 250 years.

From around 1937-38 the main profession has been converted

into snuff making and selling. Some of shops are located in

Budhwar Peth and Raviwar Peth.

Today snuff making process is not done in or around the

shop area. The shop is used only for trading and storage of snuff.

As the actual snuff making process is displaced, it has taken

with it all the workers community, i.e. Maratha community. The

wealthier Gujarati community has taken over the actual trade.

The process involved in preparing snuff is burning and

grinding tobacco and treating the powder with various perfumes.

The main raw material required, i.e. tobacco is imported from

Nipani of Belgaum. The sales of the processed product, i.e. snuff

is distributed in all over Maharashtra and parts of Hyderabad.

The traders are doing wholesale as weII as retail trade.

They do wholesale business and also deal with local customers.

The profit margin is very large'. Due to this reason, the Gujarati

community was attracted towards this business. Some of the

traders also sell grocery along with snuff and tobacco.


Tambakhu AIi consists of many old buildings. These

buildings are constructed in wood, with cantilevered balconies.

These buildings are three or four storeys high. The front part of

the ground floor is used for commercial purposes. The rear part

is used for storage.

The buildings have considerable British and Maratha

influence but they also show traces of Persian style. This has

been the influence of Bohri Ali. The continuity of the building

fagades is broken in between by some newer structures that are

constructed in R.C.C.

The upper residential floors have a continuous cantilevered

balcony which also serves as passage to the various rooms. Some

small traders have their houses on the floors directly above their

shops. Wealthier traders have bought the whole building and

have given the ground floor shops on rent to small traders.

Existing Land Use

The area under the influence of Tambakhu Ali is about

0.96 Ha. The ground floor areas facing the road are under

commercial use as it becomes easier for loading and unloading.

As the time goes by, the shopkeepers in Tambakhu Ali are

changing their trade of selling only tobacco or snuff. Today some

of them are also selling grocery, cutlery, stationery, etc. Most of

the buildings are under the ownership of wealthy Gujarati

traders. They have their shops on the ground floor. The upper

floors that are used for residential purpose, are given on rent,

while the owners themselves are staying elsewhere in a less

congested and less polluted area.

Some of the shop areas are used as telephone booths.

Some parts of the upper floors are in use as godowns. Two of the

plot areas, namely 1532 and 1533 are used for constructing a

temple, i.e. Harihar Mandir which is the only public area in

Tambakhu Ali.

The approximate land use analysis is given below:

Land Use Area in Ha % Total area

Residential

Commercial

Re sidentiaVCommercial

Open space

Public

Road

0.235

0.00

0.35

o.024

0.029

o.t2

31.01%

0.00

46.r7

3.t6%

3.82%

r5.83%


The following amenities are present in and around Tambakhu

AIi:

School

There are no schools in Tambakhu Ali, but Agrawal Hindi

School, near Badhai Ali, serves the residents in Tambakhu AIi.

It is a primary and high school with a capacity of 500 students.

Police Station

A police station is situated at the western end of Tambakhu Ali,

i.e. in Eknath Kashinath Thakurdas Chowk.

Theatre

A theatre called as Nityanand Theatre is situated on Honaji BaIa

Road.

Temples

There are two Hindu temples in and around Tambakhu AIi. One

Harihar Mandir forms a part of Tambakhu AIi. The other

Mhalsakant Mandir is near to Tambakhu Ali, situated on Honaji

BaIa Road.

Telephone Booths

There are two telephone booths present on the street along which

Tambakhu Ali has formed. They both have the facilities of STD,

ISD and local telephone calls.

Bank

There are two banks in the vicinity of Tambakhu AIi. One of the

banks, Muslim Cooperative Bank is on Saifee Street and the

other bank, Dena Bank, is on Subhansha Road.

Post Offrce

One post office is present on Subhansha Road. It serves the area

of Tambakhu AIi, Badhai AIi and Bohri Ali and the area

surrounding these olis.

Public Toilet

There is one public urinal situated on the junction of Honaji Bala

Road and Tambakhu Ali.

Utilitv & Services

The following services lines are observed in Tambakhu AIi.

Drainage Lines

The drainage lines are laid underground along the roads. They

are located at the centre of the road width. The drainage lines

are provided with manholes at, equal distance. The drainage line

starts from Eknath Kashinath Thakurdas Chowk and at the end

gets connected to the line running along Saifee Street. The slope

is from West to East.

Water Supply Lines

The water supply lines are laid underground and along the road.

They run parallel to the sides of the road.

Electric Supply Lines

The electric supply lines for the buildings run overhead from pole

to pole. At certain points they happen to be very close to the

upper floor residences. Therefore, there is a possibility of

accidents.

The electric supply lines for the street lights run underground.

Storm Water Drain

Storm water drains are very few. Their number is inadequate.

Most of the storm water drains are choked up due to the entry of

large amount of garbage. AII these drain points are needed to be

cleaned at frequent intervals.


The road width in Tambakhu Ali has not remained continuous

over the years. The width changes from 6m to 7 .6m and at some

points 5.8m. This has happened because of the encroachment

done by the shopkeepers.

The parking is provided on both the sides of the road. Therefore,

the effective road width decrerases to about 3 to 4.5m. which is

highly undesirable. Further the road is two-way road. So there

is a problem of frequent traffic jams.

The two junctions or Chowlzs at both the ends of Tambakhu Aliface frequent problem of traffic jams. The roads meeting at these

junctions are all two way roads and having parking on both

sides, even if their width is not sufficient to handle this kind of

traffic load. Therefore, they have become a source of nuisance to

the pedestrians.

The roads are also used by PMT buses as well as trucks and

tempos. Due to congestion and limited road width they have to

drive very slowly. Therefore, there is traffic blockade happening

everyday.

Even though the traffic load is high, the road surface is insatisfactory condition. It is made up of tar.

There are no foot paths provided for the pedestrians. AII the

pedestrians use roads. This causes increase in the congestion.

The analysis of traffic volume surveys at Eknath Kashinath

Thakurdas Chowk or junction is given below:

Description No./hr PCUFactor

PCU o/o tototalPCU

Two Wheelers

Bicycles

Jeep, Car, Rickshaw

Hand-cart

Bus, Truck

435

260

290

8

8

0.5

0.5

1.0

6.0

3.0

2t7

130

290

48

24

30.60

18.33

40.90

6.00

3.38

Aesthetic Survey

Talking about aesthetics in Tambakhu Ali, we have seen many

structures. Some of them are built about 150 years ago. Many of

them are in a good condition. Some of the old buildings are

converted into new commercial shops and rear side of shops for

storage purpose. The buildings are mainly planned for mix land

use, i.e. ground floor for the commercial purpose and the firstfloor for the residential purpose.

The details of the buildings, like doors, windows and galleries are

well designed, which play major role in enhancing the aesthetics.

The road is somewhat wide and straight forward but the

irregular shape of each shop creates a visual hierarchy while

passing through the road.

The aesthetic survey of Tambakhu Ali is carried out, according to

Sir Kevin Lynch technique. Therefore, the aesthetic elements

should be considered with respect to the following points:

Path

The major path in this area is Subhansha Road which runs from

Lal Bahadur Shastri Chowk to Sonva Maruti Chowk.

The minor paths are Saifee Street and Honaji Bala Road.

Node

The two major external chowks are Eknath thakurdas Chowk on

west side and Bhagwan Adinath Chowk on east side. Tambakhu

AIi is situated in between these two chowks.

It also has Honaji BaIa Road in its vicinity.

District

The whole Tambakhu AIi has its unique characteristics, i.e. the

traders are doing tobacco business. Today tobacco trading has

been converted into snuff trading. The ready made snuff is

stored in shops and store rooms. Hence it is like district in the

old core of the Pune Citv.

Landmark

There are two Hindu temples in and around Tambakhu AIi. One

Harihar Mandir forms a part of Tambakhu Ali. The other

Mhalsakant Mandir is near to Tambakhu AIi, situated on Honaji

BaIa Road.

A public toilet is situated on the junction of Honaji Bala Road

and Tambakhu Ali.

There are also two telephone booths present on the street along

which Tambakhu Ali has formed. These booths have facilities of

STD, ISD and local telephone calls.

A theatre called as Nityanand Theatre is situated on Honaji BaIa

Road.

Buildine Typology

Tambakhu AIi consists of many old buildings. These buildings

are constructed in wood, with cantilevered balconies. The

buildings are built in two, three or four storeys. They get light

ventilation from the front street. The ground floor is used for

commercial purpose whereas upper floors are used for residential

purpose. The ground floor shops have extended verandahs in the

front. The rear part is used for storage purpose.

The buildings have British and Maratha touch but some of them

also show traces of Persian style. The continuity of the building

fagades is broken in between by some new structures, which are

constructed in R.C.C.

The most of the old structures are of load bearing type. They are

constructed with timber frame and consist of Tulai (beam), lugs

(columns) of Sheesum, sag, etc. that are used as major structural

,/1 / (l\

members. The walls are made of burnt brick masonry. The

thickness of wall varies from top to bottom. AIso the upper

residential floors have a continuous balcony which also serve as a

passage to the various rooms. The rich traders have bought the

whole building and have given the ground floor shops on rent to

small traders.

Some of the buildings are aesthetically good and strong. The

analysis of building age is given below:


Above 90

Above 60

Above 30

Below 30

Under construction

19.57

30.43

2L.73

28.46

0.00


From the time of its formation, Tambakhu AIi has been in the

control of traders from wealthy Gujarati community. These

people are thorough professionals and very tactical. With their

shrewd thinking, they have increased their business by leaps and

bounds.

They are friendly but sweet talkers, a quality which is very

helpful in their profession.

Being part of the city centr€r, Tambakhu Ali, with about 260

years of history behind it, has become very congested today. The

same trader who was staying on the upper floor of the shop, is

giving it on rent and staying elsewhere, where there is less

/1 Er|\

congestion and pollution and traffic. Thus Tambakhu Ali has

turned into a work place for him.

Today the traders have changed their main product tambakhu to

snuff due to high profit margins. An average snuff trader can

earn about Rs. 20,000 per month with his own cut at around Rs.

10,000 to Rs. 12,000 per month. Further, some traders have also

started selling grocery which has turned their business into a

more profitable one.

Even though there has been campaign all around the world

against the use of tobacco, people still use it. Therefore,

Tambakhu AIi will remain in erxistence for vears to come.


The following people staying in Tambakhu Ali were interviewed:

Mr Trimbakdas Malpani (Snuff trader)

Mr Jagannath Agrawal (Snuff factory owner)

Mr Vishnu Balwant Bhave (Trustee of Mhalsakant

Mandir)

Mr Chimanbhai Mehta (Snuff trader).

The people interviewed are mainly traders. They are happy

about the location of their place of business, as over the years the

commercial importance of the locality has risen considerably.

As the majority of traders' families are staying elsewhere the

problems are not of much concern to them. The traders complain

about the traffic jams and congestion as it creates difficulties in

their business hours.

1.

2.

3.

4.

//1 tr 1\

They are overall happy about the services like water supply and

drainage.


Total income of the Pune City is Rs. 29,853 lac. 33% of the

income is spent on establishment and 67%o (Rs. 2,000 lac) on

infrastructure development and maintenance of I24 wards of the

city.

Tambakhu AIi forms a part of Municipal Ward No. 123. Each

ward is allotted Rs. 161.29 lac. Out of thts L2.5o/o (Rs. 20.15 lac)

is used for various utility services, civic amenities, D.P. proposal

implementation, NaIIa cleaning and maintenance of roads, etc.


1. High congestion and pollution has made the living

conditions in Tambakhu Ali miserable.

2. Parking on both sides of roads has considerably reduced

the effective road width. This has given rise to frequent

traffi.c jams.

3. There are no traffic signals at the junctions of the road.

The two way traffic on the roads has made crossing of the

roads very difficult.

4. The parking facility in the area is insuffrcient.

5. Absence of foot paths in front of shops has made the

shopping activity very problematic.

6. The area is devoid of open space. The rear sides of the

buildings depend on very narrow backside pathways for

tight and ventilation.

7.

8.

overhead electrical lines are a big nuisance and present a

constant danger.

some of the buildings present architectural characters thatare worth preserving. From the architectural point of

view, the area has a very good potential for conserving as a

historical precinct.

CHAPTER 7

FINDINGS, CONCLUSION &

RECOMMENDATIONS

The exercise of studying the various olis was to arrive at

some findings and conclusion that would help in suggestions and

recommendations for conserving these areas in a meaningful

way. The other objective was to record the architectural, urban

planning, transportation, amenities, socio-economic and all

similar aspects of these olis and to arrive at some findings and

observations that would be useful both for future researchers and

scholars as well as in making suggestions for conservation, etc.

1. The study has shown that Pune which is a historic city was

settled on the basis of alis that were connected with

different professions b1' the Peshwas. There are a few

exceptions like Stationery AIi, which was established much

Iater, but the people accustomed to nominating

professional areas as 'alis', termed stationery part of Pune

as Stationery AIi. This may be somewhat similar to the

Marathi language used of affix 'kar' for describing 'Natak-

kar', 'Kosh-kar', etc. which was extended to modern

newspaper like 'Sakal'by describing its founder editor N.B.

Parulekar as 'Sakal-kar'. This also shows a social

acceptance of a profession as part of Pune's economic and

cultural pattern. Such practice was prevalent up to early

part of the 20th century, after which no such new alis have

been nominated by the people of Pune.

2.

There does not appear to be any authority to assign

the name to a speciftc 'ali'at governmental, municipal or

any other semi-government organization. The names are

purely a public response. Similarly, their geographic areas

were also not demarcated by any competent authority, but

are generally notional and are a product of a mental image

about the area in the minds of the public. So, it is observed

that it is the people who, over the years, have identified

some street or streets limiting it to a zone that was

referred to as Tambat Ali, Tambakhu AIi, Bardan Ali, etc.

Beyond this common man oriented nomination and

demarcation process there is no evidence to indicate any

other way in which the'alis' came into existence. As such

no observations or findings could be made regarding the

process of nomination or notional demarcation.

It is observed that the growth of alis connected with

different professions or trade was steady during the early

period. However, after 1818, i.e. the fall of the Peshwas,

the growth obviously of both Pune and the olis was very

limited. At a later date, the Cantonment area and the civil

lines connected to it saw a gradual growth much more than

in the old city. This was because the new rulers, i.e. the

British, basically stayed in the Cantonment area and they

had funds that promoted the growth of commerce in the

civil lines. One finds that the entire jewelry lane came into

existence in the civil line parallel to Mahatma Gandhi

Road ('Main Street'), though there was the old area of

Sonya Maruti Chowk in Raviwar Peth known for gold and

jewelry establishments.

3.

Most of the alis have a limited utility and

significance today in terms of commerce or trade in the

traditional profession and hence their growth has been

limited or non-existent. Some of the olis connected with

trades like turban making, Iike Pagadband Ali, are totally

vanished, if not physically, from the mental image of the

society. Consequently, no younger generation individual

from Pune wiII be able to point out where the Pagadband

Ali existed barely fifty years ago. This is partly due to the

social change that has totally eliminated the use of

'pagadis' or 'topis' of different styles that were a very

common male attire.

The bara balutedar and the barter system associated with

it and the attachment of these balutedars to the Sardar

families no longer exist. The change was significant in

Pune which had a large number of Sardar families. The

Sardars, like the Rajas and Maharajas, lost their

properties and titles as a.Iso grants in the seventies.

The floods of 1961 changed the growth pattern of Pune

city. It also had an impact on the growth of the ali. Some

of the affected ali residents preferred to shift to new

settlement areas like Gokhale Nagar, Market Yard, etc.

The construction technique also changed from timber

and brick to the newlv introduced R.C.C. construction.

It is observed that the morphology of the ali is also not of

great significance as there have been limited changes or no

major shifts in their locations. This was partly due to the

fact that they were located mostly in the congested areas

4.

5.

/1 tre\

6.

and had limited scope of lateral growth. It is observed that

some areas that were occupied by some other profession

that became redundant after the arrival of the British were

occupied by new professionals and were named accordingly

Iike the Badhai AIi. The only signifi.cant change is the

change because of the new construction technique that is

changing the architectural quality of these areas. This is

of concern to conservationists or heritage experts.

Work or Activity Area: The usual work or activity area

was also complementary to related professions and the

environment. There appears to be a cooperative approach

among the residents because they carried out the same

profession. The structures were similar, their plans were

similar and their appearances were harmonious to one

another until the introduction of R.C.C. The usual

distribution of the work areas was the manufacturing and

workshop on the ground floor that was tailored to the

needs ofthe profession. The upper floor or the rear area of

the building was usually for residential purposes. Some of

the pollution problems did not bother the residents because

again of the similarity of professions. The tambats created

a lot of noise because of constant hammering that was

necessary for producing the copper vessels. However, no

one complained because everybody was doing the same

thing and at the same time. These can be said to be some

of the advantages of location and development of single

trades in a zone.

The land use surveys reveal that these areas are not much

different from the other areas of the citv that constitute the

7.

/1 rt-7\

congested or core area. The percentages vary marginally

within a narrow range for different land uses. Generally

the residential and the mixed use area constitute the

largest component of the land use, whereas the commercial

and open spaces occupy the lowest portion. The open space

percentage is far below 10 per cent that is normally

recommended as the minimum for any area of the city.

The public use areas appear to be adequate. Purely

commercial areas were always limited because people

stayed and carried out the trade in the same premises that

constituted to mixed land use. The table below indicates

these percentages:

Residential

Mixed

Commercial

Public

Open

Roads

30 to 40%

10 to 30%

3 to 5o/o

I0 to 15%

3to7%

12 to l4o/o

8. Establishment and Household: With the rapidly

changing life style the housing pattern, the building plans

of the 'ali' have become, to some extent, redundant and

many of the younger generation are shifting out from these

areas to new residential zones. The traditional areas had

storage areas for keeping the raw material. These also

have become redundant in many cases because of the new

trade practices. They are no recycled as additional

residential areas or used as godowns.

Optimum space requirement for one worker was

generally 1.5 metres x 2.0 metres for most craftsmen, as

/'t Eo\

10.

they worked in groups and had common storage area in the

rear.

9. Amenities: The amenities provided in these areas are

very limited unlike in the developed parts or newly

planned city neighbourhoods. We find that there are

primary schools, some clinics or small hospitals, some

religious structures or temples that constitute the

amenities.

Utilities and Services: The water supply in these areas

is just adequate, but cannot be considered up to the urban

norms. This is because the structures are old and the

pipelines are also old. Drainage system is also inadequate

because of the age factor. Storm water drainage is almost

non-existent in many cases, resulting in flooding during

the monsoon. Telephone services appear to be satisfactory.

Traffic: There are basically five modes of traffic that are

adopted and are noted in our surveys. They are bicycles,

two-wheelers, auto-rickshaws, cars, tempos and trucks.

The survey barely indicates that the dominant mode of

transport is in the first three categories, namely, bicycles,

two-wheelers and auto-rickshaws. Pedestrian traffic is

quite high though the footpaths appear to be inadequate.

Currently, parking for all kinds of vehicles is posing a

major problem for the narrow roads of these olis.

Aesthetic Survey: Kevin Lynch technique was adopted

for studying the various ali areas. This has revealed that

these parts of the city are similar to the other parts in most

respects. There are no outstanding landmarks or nodes

11.

12.

13.

that have developed consequent to the existence of these

alis.

Building Typology: The old buildings were constructed

with teak wood columns, brick walls with mud mortar and

mud floor, etc. Balcony and chhajjas are present.

The other type of buildings were 'wada' type where

the dwelling units were constructed around a central open

space with verandah separating the dwelling unit and open

space. The central open space in addition to providing

Iight and ventilation was used for water storage tank and

as washing place and was common in all olis.

After the 1961 flood. a new construction material

was introduced, i.e. R.C.C. The new building material did

not bring any new building form in the initial stages. Itwas basically used as a substitute for timber that had

already become rare and expensive. It only altered the

spanning of the internal rooms and it was possible to

reduce the number of columns that were required in a

building. The fagade of the building were not materially

changed during the early period. Basically, the

proportions, the details like the grills, jalis, wooden doors

and windows, were used in the same designs or the old

material was reused.

Recently, the rise in the property of the core area is

tempting the traditional craftsmen and professionals to sell

the property to the builders who construct apartment type

of tenements with an entirely new fagade and material

that is changing the character of the area. This is in

t4.

contrast to the existing style of construction and the living

style of the older generation. For example, R.C.C. is not

sound absorbing, Iike timber and mud and brick

construction of the older houses.

Social & Economic Survey:

Social Survey: The usual lack of buyers from the

new urban areas and the resulting financial crunch for

buying the raw materials has hampered most of the people

from the alis, economically and socially. They seem to

have partially overcome the problem by forming'sonsthe,s'

or cooperatives like the Twashta Kasar Sanstha in the

Tambat AIi. Such organizations do some financial work

but are basically connected with social activity. People

belonging to the ali usually collects some voluntary

donations that are used for reconstruction of temples or

buildings of libraries and community halls for the benefit

of students belonging to that community. There may be

other groups that carry out other social work Iike blood

donation camps, medical camps, helping the widows, etc.

Economic Survelr: The economic survey reveals that

most of the alis are stagnant or growing very slowly, except

for alis like the Bohri AIi which are doing booming

business. The old system of the buyers bringing the

material and paying for the labour has not changed in

many olis like the Tambat Ali. As a result, the finished

goods are not produced in large numbers by the craftsmen,

neither do they have the necessary marketing apparatus

that is needed for successful business. This svstem that

15.

has existed for generations keeps the craftsmen devoid of

huge capital required for big ventures or big investments.

Because of the dependence of the traditional

craftsmen or the traders or the buyers as weII as the

problems of acquiring the raw material, many of the

handicraft related alis ate declining. The average income

per family is about 25,000 to 30,000 per annum. This has

encouraged the younger generation to search for new

avenues of profession. Some have joined the big auto

industries, some are working as auto-rickshaw operators,

etc.

Information through Interviews:

The information collected through the interviews

generally indicated the physical, socio-economic and other

issues that affected the community. Most of the

observations made on the basis of the interviews seem to

be of very similar nature and are summarized below:

The people in the profession like Tambats, Bardan,

Badhai, Tambakhu, etc. Younger generation is opting to

increasingly join other professions. This disturbs the older

generation that has carried out these vocations for many

generations.

The shift in the employment of the younger

generation has also created a migration pattern of the

younger generation moving out of the ali areas and opting

to stay in the other part of the city.

The younger generation represented that there was

no adequate work available in their traditional occupation,

secondly, it involved hard work and less income, as well as

Iess social prestige and hence the shift.

Because of lack of education among the traditional

crafbsmen and because of lack of entrepreneurship among

these workers the trade has been captured by Gujaratis,

Sindhis and Marwaris, who, it is felt, have exploited them.

At present the traditional craftsmen who live hand to

mouth are unable to start new businesses and mostlv have

to work as per the orders of the businessmen.

In terms of infrastructure the houses are old, they

require a lot of maintenance and put additional financial

burden on the ali residents. Also, the plinth height,

because of filling on the road, has reduced considerably in

most of the olis. Consequently, there is a flooding problem

during the monsoons for all the olis.

The roads and the lanes forming part of the ali were

adequate up to the middle of the 20th century. They are

increasingly congested and are creating parking and traffic

flow problem in all the ali areas.

One of the suggestions was a desire for governmental

active participation in promoting their trade, or providing

some marketing and ot,her infrastructure, also arranging

exhibitions of their products.

The residents also indicated that they were in need

of more amenities and open spaces in these ali areas. Lack

T6.

of open spaces or playgrounds for the younger generation

was pointed out by the residents.

Income & Expenditure:

This basically evalued the expenditure made by the

Pune Municipal Corporation for that area. This

expenditure was for purposes like road widening, drainage

and water supply, road and other maintenance, etc. It isobserved that this expenditure is generally on the same

pattern and with the same percentage as other

surrounding parts of the ali.

There is no separate tax or income associated with

any of the alis. The income is basically from the municipal

taxes including octroi.

Recommendations & Suggestions:

It is observed that ali has a micro-regional value as

an entity forming part of the city core. OnIy in some cases

they have remained relevant to the current needs of the

city and society, for example, Bohri AIi that has remained

relevant.

The protection of heritage structures, their analysis,

etc. was exclusively the work of art historians,

archeologists, etc. Such relations changed after the sixties,

i.e. two decades after the war. Earlier than that, the so-

called the vernacular architecture was not part of protected

cultural heritage. OnIy historic, monumental structures of

great architectural merits were considered suitable for

protection. Today, all over Europe and America traditional

L7.

cores of the city are considered very important for purposes

of conservation and as heritage zones that attract tourism.

Today, many institutions are involved in the function

of expert assessment and training people to be capable of

assessing good archit;ectural heritage areas. The

administrative aspect is also being covered in some of the

places. Lastly, good amount of executing the

recommendations has been learned in the Western

countries. However, in India all the three aspects, namely,

expertise, administration and execution are wanting. In

India, the whole idea is still to get social acceptance

includ.ing realization by the society that this is something

that needs to be maintained for the current and future

generations.

One of the explanations given that appears logical, is

the lack of funds and the urgency to attend other

infrastructural and essential needs of the society like water

supply, drainage and erlectricity. This has made it not

possible for the average citizen to think of culture and

heritage when they are busy struggling for very existence.

18. New approach based on sustainable planning:

After the hypothesis of Schumacher suggesting

'small is beautiful' for urban and other areas, the idea that

architectural heritage only qualifies high quality structure

has been modified. It is recognised that it is important to

protect traditional professional areas with simple

architecture. Schumacher based his ideas on the

Gandhian principles of self-sufficiency and limiting the

excessive dependence on high-end technology, sustainable

development, refers to some of these aspects.

As a part of the global changes a different role of

architectural and urban heritage has developed in both the

developing and developed nations. The earlier academic

aim to protect only ther most artistic has fundamentally

changed. The demand for integration of built heritage into

the modern urban fabrics by suitable adoption of new

technology has been accepted universally.

In the last three decades, in the developed world the

role of architectural heritage as the most influential

heritage has been changing systematically from symbolic

and ideological to more and more actual parts of town. For

sustainable planning of human settlement and for social

sanity it is now realized that it is important part of

development strategy to renew the built heritage of urban

areas and bring them to be part ofcurrent urban structure.

Such planning and development demands new

evaluation technique, trained personnel, administrative

procedure and the implementation machinery and

executing authorities that are absent at the moment. We

are suggested remedies for some of these problems based

on foreign experience in Appendix'A'.

UNESCO is supposed to be giving guidelines for

conservation and international care of cultural heritage.

However, the ideas and theory suggested by them only

pertains to very important monuments.

The important suggested criteria forselection have to be based not only on aestheticaspects, but also on the contribution made interms of history of technology, political, cultural,economic and social development. It may bepointed out that the Badhai AIi that was occupiedoriginally by the Gardis changed its usagebecause of political reasons, resulting in theshifting of the Gardi community.

National, regional and local authoritieshave a duty to encourage the most appropriateuse of the protected heritage areas. This isnecessary for economic, commercial andresidential purposes. This encouragement to findnew uses commensurate with the present dayneeds of the society is very important.

It is important for the development of thetourist industry on a long term basis to have anintegral, architectural, social and cultural bias inthe conservation to achieve dvnamic urbandevelopment.

Pressures of commercialization and socio-cultural uniformity in most of the urban areas isrecognised as a negative part in the modernurban living. You have the same McDonald, Wal-Mart, Lee Jeans, \ran Hausen outlets in all thecities. What we require is recognizing the varietythat exists in developing countries, which is lostin the European and American towns.

Cultural heritage should have adequateidentification in the development of urbanenvironment and should be considered as animportant part of the development policy of a cityin the preparation of the development plan.

THE RECYCLING OF THE EXISTINGBUILDINGS SHOULD BE DONE TAKINGINTO CONSIDERATION THE FINANCIALVIABILITY AND ALSO ON THE BASIS OFEXPERT GUIDANCE. THIS TRAINING OFEXPERTS IS ALSO IMPORTANT NEED OFTHE FUTURE.

19.

Architectural heritage should prove the regional,

local or individual specifics and quality so as a part ofcommon town memory and also as an important part of

real living quality.

For the preservation of regional, cultural identity,

identification of architectural and settlement specifics

should be indispensable. They should form part of acreative management and development strategy.

Architectural heritage should represent special

cultural, social and symbolic values for local communities

and for individual citizens.

Value of architectural heritage should be measured

in a real term taking into consideration the ecological and

investment criteria regarding the possibilities of its

protection and preservation.

Special attention should be paid and researches

encouraged to obtain the best selection of the heritage

zones. The quality of the dwelling envitonment is

increasingly going to depend on traditional anchors of the

society like the alis, that have a socio-cultural identity.

Problems that need to be solved:

It is easy to theorize and suggest conseryation and

restoration measures and to maintain architectural

heritage. Preserved old architecture has become an

important commodity for owners and investors in some

cities like New York and London. However, it seems thatsuch values have academic importance and architectural

conservation is the last demand on the owners. The

financial efficiency is the clue to the realization of

preservation for the owners, users, investors and even

politicians who have to decide the use of public money for

protections. They are also under pressure from the owners

and from the society if it purely has academic values. It isobvious, therefore, that builders, investors, politicians and

owners have to become the important partners along with

conservationists in working out a strategy of management

for architectural heritage zones Iike olis.

In the West, 'recycling fund' has been recommended

as one of the repayable grants to be given to needy owners

to achieve recycling of old heritage property. It has become

very common in most of the cities that developing new

housing has become synonymous with pulling down the old

structures and putting up completely modern structures.

This has to be re-evaluated. AII good old structures,

architectural fagade, composition, materials, etc. need to be

preserved. In this way the social fabric and the continuity

of socio-cultural and architectural heritage would be

achieved.

It is important to recognize the problem of uniformity

and monotony, described as concrete jungle pervading our

old cities. This uniformity is resulting in visual, social and

cultural pollution of the city. It is necessary to create

awareness, an element of prestige in associating or staying

in heritage zones of the city.

The new uniform architecture was destroying the

recognizable architectural landscape of the city. The new

architecture enabled higher density, higher sanitary level

of dwelling, but decreased the cultural and individualqualities. The question remains whether we must protect

the buildings only because of their author or because of

their applicability to new uses or are they worthless

because it does not create new'architectural' quality.

20. Related Recomrnendations:

FinaIIy, the new development and conservation for

the future should indicate the quality that is desired to be

preserved, maintaining the existing values of cultural and

architectural heritage.

The design and plan should be important and valued

based on inter-disciplinary judgment establishing the

relation between cultural, historical, symbolic and

applicable criteria.

The new architectural heritage must create a quality

Iiving place and it should be ecologically and

environmentally friendly. It should discourage high

density, monotonous standardized development.

Our architectural heritage is a unique resource and

represent irreplaceable expression of the richness and

diversity of our past. Structures and places can over a

time acquire character and special interest through their

intrinsic quality, continued existence and familiarity.

Built heritage consists also of the everyday works of

21..

craftsmen. In the changing world scenario these

structures are also acquiring importance.

Sympathetic maintenance, adoption and reuse can

allow the architectural heritage to yield aesthetic,

environmental and economic benefits even where the

original use may no longer be viable. This should be noted

particularly in case of ali like areas that can be brought

under different use. The creative challenge is to find

appropriate ways to satisfy the requirement of a structure

to be safe and yet brought into viable use. In case of many

structures, individually the qualities or architectural

merits may be limited, but collectively the whole street

frontage has an integrated character that provides the

aesthetic strength. This needs to be preserved.

OId buildings can perform and sometimes better the

new ones in terms of durability and flexibility of their

material or their adaptability in use. The most appropriate

intervention tends to be low-key and can be financially

economical. Specialized conservation technique to prolong

the existence of structure should rely on the original

construction technique and material.

Sociological Importance:

Structures in heritage area can be read as historic

evidence just like written documents or reports of the past

in understanding the past conditions and behaviour of the

society. They can sometimes indicate the changes that

have taken place in the society. Social history is revealed

by structures such as houses with workshops in the front,

houses with stables and servants' entrances in the rear and

also by existence of wells and small community 'hauds' or

water tanks in the ali areas. These spots provided

opportunity for social interaction for the women folk of the

community. There are personal history and events of the

past that leave their mark on places, whether these be

residential structures, shops or temples. The evidence

provided by surviving structures should be carefully

examined for clues to understanding the history. Even the

names of structures like the Khunya Muralidhar temple

provide the history.

Cultural tourism is increasing and playing a

significant part in the development of the tourist economy.

In India, because of our vast number of heritage sites of

international significance like the Taj Mahal, the Sun

Temple of Konark, the temples complex of Khajuraho, etc.

adequate importance is not given to environmentally

significant yet architecturally not so dramatic urban sites.

For cultural tourism these smaller sites provide good

attraction for tourists who are interested in not visiting

heavily frequented sites like the Taj. Many people can get

meaningful employment in this sector of tourism if local

history, Iocal crafts and local historic settlement patterns

like the alis are effectively marketed.

Sociological Importance :

Structures in heritage area can be read as historic

evidence just like written documents or reports of the past

in understanding the past conditions and behaviour of the

society. They can sometimes indicate the changes that

22.

/1 ?r)\

have taken place in the society. Social history is revealed

by structures such as houses with workshops in the front,

houses with stables and servants'entrances in the rear and

also by existence of wells and small community 'hauds' or

water tanks in the ali areas. These spots provided

opportunity for social interaction for the women folk of the

community. There are personal history and events of the

past that leave their mark on places, whether these be

residential structures, shops or temples. The evidence

provided by surviving structures should be carefully

examined for clues to understanding the history. Even the

names of structures like t}:,e Khunya Muralidhar temple

provide the history.

Cultural tourism is increasing and playing a

significant part in the development of the tourist economy.

In India, because of our vast number of heritage sites of

international significance like the Taj Mahal, the Sun

Temple of Konark, the temples complex of Khajuraho, etc.

adequate importance is not given to environmentally

significant yet architecturally not so dramatic urban sites.

For cultural tourism these smaller sites provide good

attraction for tourists who are interested in not visiting

heavily frequented sites like the Taj. Many people can get

meaningful employment; in this sector of tourism if local

history, local crafts and local historic settlement patterns

Iike the alis are effectively marketed.

Specific inferences that could be related to our study are

noted below.

/1 nct\

The social significance of some of the findings of the study

is listed here.

1. That the city and city sectors of Pune developed on a

social stratification, based on the traditionalprofessions. This trend of development and carrying

out profession in specific areas, though diminished, is

still prevalent in some professions like the potters,

coppersmiths, etc.

2. That the changes in socio-economic needs created

situations for some of the professions resulting ingradual shifts and replacement of an ali or sector by

another single profession. For example, shifting of

the Pagadband AIi and replacement by the electrical

shopping zorte.

3. The changes in the socio economic cond.itions and the

redundancy of a profession are sometimes a result of

political situation. For example, the Gardi

community in Pune that had settled in Gardi Ali,

shifted after the conquest of the British and was

replaced by Badhai AIi.

4. Some of the changes in the ali are due totechnological or technical advancement as in the case

of the reduction in the demands of lime caused by

introduction of cement concrete. The impact isvisible on the Lonari AIi.

5. The health awareness of the society and the

resulting health standards have impacted some

zones like the reduction of Tambakhu Ali.

6. Bara Balutedars or the barter system relating with italong with the elimination of nobles or sardars who

supported them have also impacted traditionalprofessions.

8. Cultural changes that have resulted in

of the people have also affected some

Pagadband AIi.

7. Socio-economically some olis like

have significance and importance

profession of hardware and hence

continued and is flourishins.

the Bohri AIi stillin the trade and

their existence is

the costumes

olis like the

23.

9. Industrialisation and related growth has also affected

some olzs like the Lonari Ali. Tambat AIi. etc.

Suggestions for Management:

On the basis of the study carried out it was felt that

a management authority with some specific role isnecessary. This needed authority and its scope forms part

of the findings and recommendations of this work.

A management entity needs to be created for the

purpose of development and management of the heritage

areas. Its function is -To prepare and submit a management plan for the

heritage area to the municipality;

To assist units of local government, regional

planning organization and other non-profit

(i)

(ii)

(1ntr\

organizations in implementing the approved

management plan. This may be achieved by carrying

out programmes and projects that recognize, protect

and enhance important resource values within the

heritage area.

(iir) Establishing and maintaining interpretive exhibits

and programmes about the heritage areas. In case of

Pune City it could be in the Office of the Heritage

Committee located in Vishrambaug Wada.

(iv) Developing recreational and educational opportunity

in the heritage area and to increase public awareness

and appreciation <>f alis, historical and scenic zones

and cultural resources ofthe heritage areas.

(v) Protecting and restoring historic sites and buildings

within the alis and heritage areas that are consistent

with the heritage committee recommendations. Also

to ensure that clear and consistent signs identi$'ing

points of public access, types of interests are posted

throughout the heritage area.

(vi) Promoting a wide range of partnership among

government, organizations and individuals to further

the purpose of heritage area, along withconsideration of the interest of private property

owners.

In order to facilitate the preparation and

implementation of the management plan it is necessary to

conduct meetings open to the public at least semi-annually

to submit annual report to the municipality in which the

(1 '7 C\

24.

management entity receives municipal fund, clearly

indicating the expenses incurred and grants received

during the year.

The authority created for this purpose may grant to

non-profit organizations or individuals for heritage related

work. They may also enter into a cooperative agreement or

provide technical assistance to other interested parties.

They may also hire and compensate staff that shall include

individuals with expertise in heritage protection.

Suggested Funding for the Projects

It is suggested that apart from the Governmental

and municipal funds that may be made available for

conservation and related work for architecturally and

historically important buildings, funds can be made

available by approaching private industrialists and trusts.

Funds can also be generated by way of heritage

Iottery as has been done in the UK and some of the

European countries.

They can obtain money or services from any source

other than the state and the central government and

obtain goods and services for heritage work. The

management plan should include comprehensive policies,

strategies and recommendations for conservation, funding,

management and development of the heritage area.

It should take into consideration the existing

municipal, state and other development plan. It should

describe the actions that private and other organizations

t1r7n\

have agreed to take to protect the heritage area. It is

necessary to create an inventory of historical, cultural and

other heritage areas that should be preserved.

A time based approval or disapproval programme

should. be provided to the local authority along with the

rules and regulations for any changes or modifications to

be done for structures within the heritage area.

The Urban Development Department shall approve

the list prepared by the Heritage Committee and also

instruct the municipality accordingly.

It is suggested that the authority should shoulder

the responsibility to communicate the significance and

meaning of heritage sites to the general public. They

should recognize that public presentation along with

multidisciplinary research and physical conservation is an

essential part of the preservation. It may also be noted

that tourist authority, private firms and even international

tourists organizations invest in expensive and

technologically advanced presentation systems as a spur to

visitor development. These can be taken advantage of in

making the public aware of their heritage.

trtrtr

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