Decision Support and assessment tools for environmental...
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Decision Support
and Assessment
Tools for Climate
Change
UMTCC 8Stelios Grafakos
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Climate change action planning
process and its key components
Source: UNFCC (2011)
ASSESSMENT
PLANNINGMONITORING AND
EVALUATION
IMPLEMENTATION
EX-ANTE
EX-POST
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Climate Change Planning Cycle
Assessment
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Adaptation assessment
challenges and characteristics
• Uncertainty
• Co-Benefits
• Inclusion
– Equity
U
I CoB
UNFCC, 2011
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Decision Support and
Assessment Tools for Climate
Change
• Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
• Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)
• Multiple Criteria Analysis (MCA)
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Multiple Criteria
Analysis (MCA)
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Structural
elements of MCA
• Multiple Alternatives
(at least two)
• Multiple – and often
conflicting- Criteria
• Policy makers or
multiple stakeholders -
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MCA: Climate
related issues
• NAPAs and NAMAs
• TNAs
• Adaptation benefits
• Assessment of climate
abatement
technologies
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ObjectiveRank
Cost
Safety
Comfort
2
Alternative
#2Alterntive
#1
$13,000 $10,000
2 6
Low- 2.5ft leg room- 5.5ft head room- hard seats
Moderate- 3ft leg room- 6ft head room- hard seats
Alternative
#3Alternative
#4
$12,000 $11,000
6 6
High- 3.5ft leg room- 6ft head room- hard seats
Low- 2.5ft leg room- 5.5ft head room- hard seats
($)
(# of airbags)
1
(Index)
2
3
0
1
Is it worth $1,000 for ½ ft of leg room?
This is the Framework
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Objectives & decision-making
• Establishes the structure• Ask: What is important? • Separates people from the problem,
issues from emotions• Categorize (Environment, Economic & Social)
Action 2
•Actions
•Alternatives
•Options
Indicator
• Predictive• Specific• Understandable• Practical (available resources)
Action 1 Action 3
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What is Multiple Criteria Analysis?
Uses a set of evaluation criteria
Integrates the perspectives of different stakeholders
Aids the assessment of different policies, measures, or options
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MCA Case Study
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MCA:Main steps
Define Alternatives
Define criteria/objectives
Quantify impacts or
assign scores
Normalize scores
Weight evaluation criteria
Rank options
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MCA Main Steps
Stakeholder Participation
Identify options / actions
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MCA: Identification of Actions
Flood
wall
Flood wall
with green
area
Green
area (for
water
retention
)
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MCA Main Steps
Stakeholder Participation
Define criteria/ objectiv
es
Identify options / actions
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MCA: Define Criteria and IndicatorsCriteria Indicators Flood wall Flood wall
with green area
Green area
Cost Total cost
(million $)
Effectiveness Risk reduction(---/+++)
Flexibility Level of adaptiveness (1-5)
Co-benefits Green public space (km2)
Implementation
Ease of implementation(---/+++)
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MCA Main Steps
Experts involvement
Quantify
impacts/ Assign scores
Define criteria/ objectiv
es
Identify options / actions
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MCA: Scoring
Criteria Indicators Flood wall Flood wall with green area
Green area
Cost Total cost
(million $) 40 25 20
Effectiveness Risk reduction(---/+++) +++ ++ +
Flexibility Level of adaptiveness (1-5)
2 3 4
Co-benefits Green public space (km2) 1 7,5 10
Implementation
Ease of implementation(---/+++)
- -- ---
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MCA Main Steps
Normalise
scores
Quantify
impacts/ Assign scores
Define criteria/ objectiv
es
Identify options / actions
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MCA: Scoring
Criteria Indicators Flood wall Flood wall with green area
Green area
Cost Total cost
(million $) 40 25 20
Effectiveness Risk reduction(---/+++)
+++ ++ +
Flexibility Level of adaptiveness (1-5)
2 3 4
Co-benefits Green public space (km2) 1 7,5 10
Implementation
Ease of implementation(---/+++)
- -- ---
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MCA: Normalise scores
Criteria Indicators Flood wall Flood wall with green area
Green area
Cost Total cost
(million $) 40 25 20
Criteria Indicators Flood wall Flood wall with green area
Green area
Cost Total cost
(million $) 0 0,75 1
𝑥 =max − 25
𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑚𝑖𝑛=
40−25
40−20=0,75
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Normalised Scores
Criteria Flood wall Flood wall with green area
Green area
Cost 0 0.75 1
Effectiveness 1 0.67 0.33
Flexibility 0 0.5 1
Co-benefits 0 1 0.5
Implementation
0.67 0.33 0
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MCA Main Steps
Stakeholder Participation
Weight evaluati
on criteria
Normalise
scores
Quantify
impacts/ Assign scores
Define criteria/ objectiv
es
Identify options / actions
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Methods for Evaluation Criteria Weighting
Pairwise comparisons
Assigning 100 points among the criteria (direct)
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MCA: Weighting of Evaluation Criteria
Rank Criteria Weight
1 Cost 0.36
Effectiveness 0.36
2 Implementation 0.16
3 Flexibility 0.06
Co-benefits 0.06
1.00
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Weighted Summation
Weight of
the criterion
Normalized
Score
Weighted
Sum
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MCA Main Steps
Rank options
Weight evaluati
on criteria
Normalise
scores
Quantify
impacts/ Assign scores
Define criteria/ objectiv
es
Identify options / actions
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MCA: Ranking of Actions
0.57
CriteriaGreen Area
Weight of the
criterion
Normalized
score
Weigh of the
criterion x
Normalized
Score
Cost 0.36 1 0.36
Effectiveness 0.36 0.33 0.12
Implementation
0.16 0 0
Flexibility 0.06 1 0.06
Co-benefits 0.06 0.5 0.03
Weighted Sum
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Ranking of Actions
0,65
0,57
0,52
Flood WallGreen AreaFlood Wall With Green
Area
0.65
0.57
0.52
Flood Wall With Green Area
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Weighting of criteria
• How more important is x criterion than the y criterion? (pairwise)
• Assign 100 points to criteria based on their relative importance (direct)
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Dealing with uncertainty
• Different type of
uncertainties
• Sensitivity analysis
• Scenario analysis
• Adaptive Management
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Opportunities
• Allows multiple perspectives – views
• Incorporates different measurement scales
• Provides transparency and structure
• Triggers discussionbetween stakeholders
• Knowledge generation
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Challenges
• High degree of
subjectivity
• Difficult to reach
consensus on
weights of criteria
• Risk of double
counting
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Choice?Alternatives
Costs and benefits
monetized?
YESCBA
NO
Costs monetized,
benefits quantified?
YESCEA
NO
Impacts not monetized
but quantified?
YESMCA
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Tools Technical
Capacity
Data Needs Time Cost $ Participant
Requirements
CBA
CEA
MCA
= Low Requirements ; = Medium Requirements
= High Requirements; = Very High Requirements
Comparison of Tools Requirements
Source: UN-HABITAT
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What is MCA?
“It is a transparent
process which seeks
to take explicit into
account multiple
criteria in helping
individuals or groups
to evaluate different
actions and explore
decision problems that
matters”
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Thank You
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Sources & Literature• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2002), A
Guide to the Climate Change Convention and its Kyoto Protocol.
• UNFCCC (2012), Assessing the costs and benefits of adaptation options: An
overview of approaches,
http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/knowledge_resources_and
_publications/application/pdf/2011_nwp_costs_benefits_adaptation.pdf
• Haque, A., Grafakos, S., and Huijsman, M., (2011), Assessment of adaptation
measures against flooding in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Environment and
Urbanization Vol. 24 (1),1:17
• Grafakos, S. and Olivotto, V., (2012), Choosing the right adaptation assessment
method, ICLEI resilient cities congress, http://resilient-
cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-
cities/files/Resilient_Cities_2012/Program_Updates/Grafakos_and_Olivotto.pdf
• ECA (2011), Shaping climate resilient development,
http://www.clintonglobalinitiative.org/media/Shaping_Climate_Resilent_Development.
• Siemens, (2010), Sustainable urban infrastructure: A London edition - a view to 2025
• Siemens, (2007), Sustainable Urban Infrastructure,
http://www.siemens.com/responsibility/pool/stakeholder/sustainable_cities_nur_e.pdf
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Additional sources• www.mca4climate.info : Multi-Criteria Analysis for climate change: developing guidance for sound
climate policy planning (UNEP)
• http://unfccc.int/ttclear/pdf/TNA%20HB%20version%2028May2010.pdf: Technology needs
assessment for climate change
• Yahaya, Sani, Ahmad, Noordin. and Abdalla, Rania Fadlallah (2009), “Multi criteria analysis for
flood vulnerable areas in Hadejia- Jama’ Are river basin, Nigeria”, European Journal of Scientific
Research, Vol 42, No. 1, pages 71- 83.
• Grafakos, S., Flamos, A., Oikonomou V., Zevgolis, D. (2010). Multi Criteria Analysis weighting
methodology to incorporate stakeholders’ preferences in energy and climate policy interactions,
International Journal of Energy Sector Management, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 434-461
• Ensenado, E., M., and Grafakos, S., (in press). Multiple Criteria Analysis in Low-Carbon Urban
Development: A Review of Applications from Low and Middle Income Countries. Edited van
Rooijen, K. Edelenbos, J. and van Dijk, M.P. Forthcoming in Unfolding City Governance in
Complex Environments Book Chapter. Publisher: Practical Action
• Cinelli, M., Coles, S. R., and Kirwan, K., (2014), Analysis of the potentials of multi criteria decision
analysis methods to conduct sustainability assessment, Ecological Indicators, 46, 138–148,
doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.06.011
• Munaretto, S., Siciliano, G., Turvani, M.E., (2014), Integrating adaptive governance and
participatory multicriteria methods: a framework for climate adaptation governance. Ecology and
Society, doi: 10.5751/ES-06381-190274
• Kubal, C., Haase, D., Meyer, V. and Scheuer S. (2009), “Integrated urban flood risk assessment –
adapting a multicriteria approach to a city”, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol 9,
November, pages 1881-189
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CLIMACT Prio: a decision
support tool for CLIMate ACTions
Prioritization
UMTCC 5, 17th of June 2014,
Stelios Grafakos,
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“From wish list...to short
list”
Prioritization
or
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Relevant for
• Planning for Climate
Change – (UN Habitat)
• Technology Needs
Assessments (UNDP)
• MCA 4 climate (UNEP)
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What?
• Prioritization Decision Support Tool
• Process oriented
• Integrated
• Participatory
• Discussion - learning tool
• Excel based
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Who?
– Municipalities,
– Urban planners and
managers,
– Donor agencies
– Local communities
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Where? Applications
• Research and advisory (e.g.study in Dhaka)
• Capacity building andTraining of professionals in Climate Change (e.g. UMTCC, IUTC – UN Habitat, IDB)
• Education – Masters course, postgraduate courses
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CLIMACT Prio: Objectives
Support decisions
Enhance Stakeholders’
engagement
Facilitate Learning and
Stimulate Knowledge
generation
Data gathering
Perform a Multi Criteria
Assessment (MCA)
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CLIMACT Prio: Steps1) Identify CC related
sectors
2) Identify actions
3) Define evaluation criteria
4) Score of actions
5) Weight of criteria
6) Obtain results
7) Sensitivity Analysis
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Thank You