Decision-making: Dilemmas in Policy Design – Case Study of Forest Practices
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Transcript of Decision-making: Dilemmas in Policy Design – Case Study of Forest Practices
Decision-making: Dilemmas in Policy Design – Case Study of Forest Practices 1
Artist: Holly Friesen
Today’s Agenda Midterm Decision-making
theoriesCase: 6% solution
policy design Tools - instrument
choice Configuration
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Midterm Stats
0-19
30-39
50-54
60-63
68-71
76-79
85-89
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Distribution of Midterm Grades
Frequency
Average: 64 %Mode: 66 %Median: 66 %Max: 85%Min: 34 %
Policy Cycle Model
4
Agenda-Setting
Policy Formulation
Decisionmaking
Policy Implementation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Decisionmaking
Theories: How policy makers decide
Policy Design: What kind of things they decide about – tools
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Theory I: Rational-Comprehensive Model clarify objectives, prioritize them list all alternatives assess consequences of alternatives compare alternatives choose alternative that
maximizes/optimizes objectives
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Rational-Comprehensive Model - Criticisms Assumes values can be identified and
compared pervasive conflict result: policy often made without clarifying
objectives Assumes complete information on
alternatives, consequences criticism:
▪ lack of information, understanding, time/resources result: rational approach impossible or too
costlyOctober 29, 2013 Sustainable Forest Policy 7
Theory II: IncrementalismCharles Lindblom, “The Science of Muddling Through”
no means-ends distinction alternative search limited to those closest
to status quo ignores possible consequences decision rule: “satisfice” test of good policy: agreement successive limited comparisons: trial and
error learning
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Incrementalism - critique
policies divisible errors tolerable every interest has
its watchdog
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Insights from Incrementalism Helps to explain
government drift, inertia inability to think big difficulty with long term planning vague policies that postpone conflict resolution
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D-M Theories: Conclusion
rational model – useful to aspire to, but poor account of real world
Incremental model – shows how governments not so much “stupid” but “constrained”
More feasible when context has: few actors good information stability
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Today’s Agenda decision-making
theoriesCase: 6% solution
policy design Tools - instrument
choice policy design
Tools - instrument choice
Configuration
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Categories of Forest Policy1. Allocation of “Crown” timber--
tenure 2. Pricing -- stumpage 3. Rate of harvest – allowable annual
cut (AAC)4. Land Use – zoning for different
values (logging, conservation, etc)5. Regulation of harvesting --
Forest Practices6. Emergent areas and overlaps (
energy, carbon) 13
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Incrementalism in action: The 6% Solution
Forest Practices Code: NDP government (introduced 1994; in effect
1995) Significant increase in regulation to protect
environmental values Resulted in business alarm about impact on
industry
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6% (cont) How should environment and economic
criteria be balanced? rational model: objectives, consequences,
decision▪ optimal balance between environmental and
timber objectives Reality: backward policy-making (Hoberg
2001) Cabinet directive to limit impact on AAC to 6%
no publicly available explanation or rationale
6% (cont) FPC Timber Supply
Analysis (Feb 96) stated as projection
of AAC impacts remarkable
coincidence! Answer: 6%
became policy output, not input
Remains in force today
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Apportioning 6% by value
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6% - Policy Strategy towards tradeoffs when facing harsh tradeoffs, adopt
constraints to guide decision making and implementation
advantage: certainty for industry disadvantage: arbitrariness incrementalism, not “rational”
Today’s Agenda Decision-making
theoriesCase: 6% solution
policy design Tools -
instrument choice
Configuration
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Policy Design Toolbox
Policy Instruments category Settings configuration
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Policy Instruments - Categories persuasion, education property rights spending taxation regulation
information activities
direct provision
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Regulating Forest PracticesAlternative Approaches
Approach Example from protecting riparian values
guidelines (best practices) suggest, but do not require, practices like stream buffers
technology- or practice-based regulations
30 meter no harvest zone
performance- or results-based regulations
maintain water quality within the range of natural variation
compulsory management planning requirement to develop a plan to protect riparian values
Instrument Configuration formality - guidelines or rules? transparency simplicity congruence: rule varies to match
problem
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Instrument Configuration formality - guidelines or rules? transparency simplicity congruence: rule varies to match
problem
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Riparian Protection
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design challenge: accommodating spatial diversity
Objective: congruent, but simple and clear
1. Vary the rules to account for different circumstances (Prescriptive congruence)
2. Rely on professional judgment (Professional delegation)
3. Rely on local plans (Geographical delegation)
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design challenge: accommodating spatial diversity
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congruence transparency simplicity
Prescriptive congruence
good good poor
Professional delegation
good poor good
Geographical delegation
good medium medium
New Themes
Because of the challenges on conflict resolution, policy is often made without clarifying objectives
Because of limited resources, rational decision-making is usually not feasible
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Thursday
Designing policies for protecting environmental values in BC’s forests: the case of forest practices
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Artist: Holly Friesen