December 11, 2003 Director of Programs Ms. Foundation for Women › sites › english.umd.edu ›...

December 11, 2003 Anna Wadia Director of Programs Ms. Foundation for Women 120 Wall Street, 33rd Floor New York, NY 10005 Re: Rapid Response Fund Request to the Sophia Fund to support the Local Voices—Global Visions Fellowship Program Ms. Wadia: Women in the U.S. have the potential to be an active constituency in advocating positive changes in U.S. foreign policy. They are optimistic about the ability of individuals to create change and have strong beliefs about the efficacy of both the non-profit sector and international institutions. Nonetheless, a gender gap continues to exist when it comes to such policy advocacy. American women tend to focus primarily on domestic issues, and American society perceives the realm of the foreign policy as inappropriate for women; both contribute to their lack of participation in this arena. To close that gender gap and increase the number of women involved in foreign policy advocacy, the Women’s Edge Coalition seeks funding from the Ms. Foundation for the Local Voices – Global Visions Fellowship Program. Enclosed is a proposal request of $10,000 to the Sophia Fund of the Ms. Foundation to support the fellowship program for the period June 1, 2004 – May 31, 2005. The aim of the program is to cultivate strong women leaders in local communities by bringing them to Washington, DC to receive in-depth training in all major aspects of policy advocacy. Women from low-income, immigrant and minority communities will be specifically targeted. These women will return home with the tools and the language necessary to

engage their communities in actively advocating policies that help women worldwide lift themselves and their communities out of poverty. Should you require additional information, please contact me at (202) 884-8861 or [email protected]. I look forward to hearing from you. Warm regards, Celeste Hernandez-Gerety Outreach Assistant

December 11, 2003 Anna Wadia

mailto:[email protected]

Local Voices - Global Visions Fellowship Program

Proposal to the Sophia Fund at the Ms. Foundation

December 11, 2003

Submitted To: Anna Wadia Director of Programs Ms. Foundation for Women 120 Wall Street, 33rd Floor New York, NY 10005

Submitted By: Women’s Edge Coalition 1825 Connecticut Ave. NW Suite 800 Washington, DC 20009

Ms. Foundation for Women Rapid Response Policy Fund

SUMMARY SHEET

Organization Name: Women’s Edge Coalition

Project Name: Local Voices—Global Visions Fellowship Program

Address: 1825 Connecticut Ave. Suite 600 Washington, DC 20009

Phone Number: 202-884-8795

Fax Number: 202-884-8366

Email Address: [email protected]

Website: www.womensedge.org

Contact Person: Nazlin Bhimji, Deputy Director

Executive Director: Ritu Sharma

Board Chair: Elise Fiber Smith

Amount Requested: $10,000

Project Budget: $50,000

Annual Organizational $956,000 for 2003 Budget:

Years of Operation: 5

Are you a prior Ms. No Foundation grantee?

Organization’s Calendar Year (ends December 31) Fiscal Year:

Tax Status: 501(c)(3)

Does organization Yes file 501(h) election?

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.womensedge.org/

Organization Information

The Women’s Edge Coalition advocates for international economic policies and human

rights that support women worldwide in ending poverty in their lives, communities and

nations. A bipartisan coalition, the organization was created in 1998 to advocate for the

needs of millions of women and poor people around the world left destitute and desperate by

unfair trade policies. The Women's Edge Coalition offers positive alternatives to current

policies and pushes for innovative aid programs to ensure women around the world are not

forgotten and are, in fact, given access to the trade negotiation process. In order to

successfully meet this mission, a priority of the organization is to empower women,

particularly low-income and immigrant women, to pressure the government in the United

States to meet their needs and the needs of women around the world. Until the debate on

trade includes active participation from all aspects of the community, economic policy will

benefit only a narrow few in the top segment of society.

The Women’s Edge Coalition, its members, and concerned citizens work together to

increase U.S. investment in women and girls, and the poorest people in the world. The

Coalition organizes and educates Americans through the Women’s Edge Coalition Grassroots

Action Network on how to communicate effectively to their neighbors, the local press and

members of Congress. The organization also researches and develops improved economic

and trade policies that reduce poverty, illiteracy, illness and violence in developing countries.

And, the Women’s Edge Coalition is committed to building strong partnerships with

Local Voices--Global Visions Fellowship Project Page 1

organizations in developing countries to inform its advocacy, monitor the impact of U.S.

trade policies in their respective countries, and educate U.S. policy makers and media.

Problem Statement

In our increasingly globalized world, the “international” sphere is beginning to collide with

the “domestic” sphere, and women are at ground zero. More and more, decisions made in

the international arena are affecting the daily lives of women worldwide, including where

they work, the food they feed their families, and the quality of healthcare available to them.

As a world leader, the United States has an enormous impact on the poor, especially through

international trade, where it plays a powerful role in negotiating many of the most

influential trade agreements. Since women compose the vast majority of the world’s poor,

they are particularly vulnerable to the unintended negative consequences that can arise from

those agreements. But the voices of these women continue to be absent from the negotiating

tables. Citizens in the U.S. are in a unique position to help ensure that U.S. trade policies

live up to their potential to help women worldwide lift themselves, their families, and their

communities out of poverty. The Women’s Edge Coalition believes that women in particular

have the potential to be a powerful and passionate force in advocating positive changes in

U.S. foreign policy.

Research has shown that women as a group are passionate about international issues

and believe in their ability as individuals to effect positive global change. A recent poll by

the Aspen Institute’s “A Woman’s Lens on Global Issues” project found that the majority of

women in the United States believe the U.S. must take an active role in international affairs,


and “express confidence that we [the U.S.] can make a difference on the global stage”

(Belden Russonello & Stewart, 2). Seventy-two percent of women polled “believe that

individuals can make a difference in addressing the world’s problems” (31). Without

educating themselves on the issues, however, women do have a tendency to be overwhelmed

by the complexity of international affairs. In recent focus groups, the Women’s Edge

Coalition found that although U.S. women “have a very high general awareness of women’s

plight in the developing world,” they are acutely aware that they “know little about the

process of determining international trade policy” (MacWilliams, Robinson, & Partners,

24).

Women also show a particularly strong belief in the efficacy of the non-profit sector

to help create positive change. Eighty-eight percent of women felt that “non-profit

organizations working to help people overseas” make a “positive contribution to making the

world peaceful and healthy” (19). Compare this statistic with the 67 percent who thought

the U.S. President was making a positive contribution, or even the 79 percent who felt the

same about religious institutions and churches.

While research clearly shows, then, that women have enormous potential to use their

passion about international issues to create positive changes in U.S. foreign policy, why have

they not realized this potential? Part of the reason seems to stem from “the myth of women

as guardians of the home” (UNDP, 25) and their tendency to focus on the issues that hit

closer to that home. Rachel Kyte, Senior Advisor on Gender for the World Conservation

Union, notes that U.S. women “have so focused their energy on equity and justice battles at


home that they have not had one spare minute to make their voices heard internationally”

(MacDonald, 26). Although research by organizations like the Women’s Foreign Policy

Group (WFPG) is beginning to show that “women leaders are emerging in all sectors of the

international affairs field” (WFPG, Introduction), the vast majority of women still appear to

be disengaged from the world of foreign policy.

A societal perception of international affairs as appropriate only to men has also

contributed to women’s unrealized potential in the realm of foreign policy advocacy. The

political arenas of defense, finance, and foreign policy have been “traditionally seen as ‘men’s

affairs’ or ‘hard politics,’” (UNDP, 25), discouraging and even disallowing women from

participating in those arenas. Even on the level of local activism, one researcher notes that

“socially defined gender expectations help to channel community activism towards ‘gender

appropriate’ issues, such as family and children’s concerns for women, and structural

resources such as jobs for men” (Martin, 333). As McGlen and Sarkees point out in their

book on women and foreign policy, “Many women have been deterred from even

considering a career in foreign affairs by the general stereotypes of this as a career unsuitable

for women” (McGlen, 46). Women’s Edge Coalition co-founder Ritu Sharma echoes those

sentiments. “Women’s involvement in foreign policy is still very limited,” she says, “When it

comes to political activism, women still focus on traditional issues like education and

healthcare. Foreign policy continues to be a subject that most women leave to ‘the boys’”

(Interview with Ritu Sharma).


The fact that women’s voices continue to be absent from foreign policy debate,

despite their strong opinions on international issues, has very serious implications on both

the national and global levels, since it leads to a dangerous imbalance in U.S. policies.

Women in the U.S. have the potential to provide a voice for poor women at the negotiating

tables of international trade agreements. Trade has been touted—especially by the current

administration—as the best way to alleviate poverty worldwide, but if women are not

mobilized to take action, these policies will fail to live up to that promise. Without

including women, U.S. policies will remain one-sided, reflecting the gender gap in foreign

policy attitudes found by many researchers. Although the most documented gap has

consisted of the fact that women are more likely to oppose the use of force than men

(Shapiro, 50), differences have also been discovered in other areas of foreign policy.

Women tend more than men to favor economic assistance to other countries

(Adamson, 13), and their reasons for supporting such assistance differ from men’s. Women

“demonstrate more interest in helping poor nations,” while men tend to “push the emphasis

toward trade and away from the poor” (Belden Russonello & Stewart, 24). Even within trade

policy, though, women seem to see the issues from a different perspective. Speaking at a

recent Women’s Edge Coalition member event, national political pollster Celinda Lake

noted, for example, that her research was beginning to show that “women feel there are ways

to influence and impact the global economy to make it better serve people’s needs;” whereas,

“men tend to believe that it is impossible to regulate the global economy.”


The gender gap also appears

in opinions on the efficacy of

international institutions, with

women believing more strongly

than men in their importance. For

example, 69 percent of women

agree with the view that “global

problems make it necessary for the

U.S. to work closely with other countries through institutions like the UN,” compared with

61 percent of men (Belden Russonello & Stewart, 12). Although both sexes tend to favor

cooperation and working within multilateral institutions, the chart above illustrates that

women have a consistently stronger opinion about the importance of working with the

international community (17).

Above and beyond differences in policy preferences, however, there is evidence that

suggests that women not only have different beliefs on international issues, but the ways in

which they approach the issues are different. In their recent study of women in international

affairs professions, the Women’s Foreign Policy Group found that 68 percent of the women

surveyed said they had a “different work approach from men, emphasizing skills like

consensus building and cooperation in the work place” (WFPG, “Perceptions”). The women

surveyed also seemed to have what WFPG called a “moral motivation” for involving

themselves in international affairs. One of the respondents, for example, described her


involvement in the following way: "I think that leadership skills also entail a deep sense of

humanity and a recognition that while you are taking risks, the consequences are beyond

your own personal losses, that … [what you do] affects many people's lives” (WFPG,

“Executive Summary”).

Additionally, although arguments about women’s “unique” nature have historically

been used as a tool to keep them away from foreign policy issues, shifting global priorities

have caused those same to surface in favor of women’s involvement in the international

arena. In their article on women as international negotiators, Hunt and Posa point out that

“Women have proven time and again their unique ability to bridge seemingly

insurmountable divides” in the realm of international negotiations, calling women “the most

powerful voices for moderation in times of conflict” (Hunt, 1). The reason for this, Hunt

and Sosa believe, stems from the different life experiences of women and men. As they put it,

“While most men come to the negotiating table directly from the war room and battlefield,

women usually arrive straight out of civil activism and—take a deep breath—family care”

(Hunt, 1).

All of these differences between women and men—in policy preferences, work styles

and life experiences—make it critical that women’s voices be added to the debates on

international issues. Any government policy that is made by an unrepresentative sample of

citizens will be necessarily unrepresentative, and women’s lack of participation in foreign

policy advocacy results in an unbalanced representation of the U.S. public’s opinion on

international issues. Consequently, elected representatives make decisions based on distorted


perceptions of what their constituents do or do not support, leading them to make policies

that do not accurately reflect the values and beliefs of the majority of Americans.

U.S. foreign policies have the potential for both positive and negative consequences,

but without women’s voices to balance men's, those policies are not likely to meet the needs

of the global poor or U.S. women. McGlen and Sarkees note that “in an increasingly

interdependent world…the persons responsible for the development and implementation of

a country’s foreign policy have seen their power magnified” (McGlen, 1). If those persons

only represent one half of the population, it is all too likely that their magnified power will

fail to work on behalf of poor women and toward a better vision of the world.

Project to be Funded: Local Voices—Global Visions Fellowship Program

We know that it will take the inclusion of women’s voices to create compassionate and

effective U.S. foreign policies, but how do we break social barriers in order to involve more

women in advocating such policies? The Women’s Edge Coalition believes the answer lies in

mobilizing and empowering women on a grassroots level. Every day, women around the

country are seeing the changes that globalization and international trade bring to their

communities. Especially for low-income women and families, globalization has ceased to be

just an abstract concept, and has become an everyday reality. The Women’s Edge Coalition

believes that educating local communities about the connections between the events in their

lives and the system of international trade will provide the key to successful organizing

around globalization. But this mobilization cannot happen without strong, local women

leaders.


Local leaders know better than anyone the issues that can engage the women in their

communities, but they often lack the training to turn that engagement into effective

advocacy. They also face the challenge of dealing with a public that is woefully uninformed

about foreign policy issues. A recent poll showed, for example, that on average, Americans

believe that 23 percent of the federal budget is spent on foreign aid (Bostrom, 22), while the

actual figure is less than one percent. Overcoming these types of mistaken assumptions in

their communities requires local leaders to be highly informed on foreign policy issues.

These leaders need information, tools, and training in order to mobilize women on a

local level to act as voices not only for their own communities, but for their sisters in

developing countries. To this end, the Women’s Edge Coalition proposes the Local Voices—

Global Visions Fellowship Program, a year-long intensive fellowship that will train local

women leaders to mobilize their own communities and to see the connections between their

lives and the lives of women worldwide.

The Local Voices—Global Visions Fellowship is a component of the larger Look

FIRST (Full Impact Review and Screening of Trade) Campaign. The campaign was

developed by the Women’s Edge Coalition to present an alternative vision of how the

United States could negotiate new trade policies while considering the potential positive and

negative impacts of trade on poor women worldwide. As a part of the campaign, the

Women’s Edge Coalition worked with a group of trade lawyers and economists to develop a

tool called the Trade Impact Review (TIR). This tool would allow negotiators to analyze the

impacts of an agreement on poor women—including their access to clean water, healthcare,


and education—before signing it. Provisions with negative impacts could then be removed or

re-designed, or parallel development programs (such as the re-training of workers) could be

created to mitigate those negative effects. As a grassroots training tool to accompany the

TIR, the Women’s Edge Coalition also developed the Community Impact Review to help

local activists connect global trade policies to their own communities.

The Look FIRST Campaign is a multiple-year effort that includes research in

developing countries, legislation in the U.S. Congress, media, advocacy, and grassroots

community involvement. The Local Voices—Global Visions Fellowship will bolster

grassroots involvement by training local leaders and creating a ripple effect. The Fellowship

will provide these activists with the tools to effectively advocate positive changes in U.S.

policies—tools they can then take home and share with others in their communities.

Components of the Fellowship

In order to help them mobilize their communities, the Local Voices—Global Visions

Fellowship will provide local leaders with intensive training in five areas: issues, advocacy,

outreach, media, and leadership. Over the course of ten months, fellows will spend two

months each with four key staff members at the Women’s Edge Coalition, developing the

skills they will need to become effective voices for poor women worldwide. They will also

spend time throughout their fellowships with Executive Director Ritu Sharma. Fellows will

spend the last two months synthesizing the information they have learned and designing

strategies, with the help of Women’s Edge Coalition staff, for mobilizing their communities

around the Look FIRST Campaign and international trade. This will include conducting


Community Impact Reviews for their home cities or counties, collecting background

information on their Congressional representatives (key votes, committees on which they

serve, etc.), and making or renewing connections with groups in their communities.

The goal of the fellowship program, however, is not only to advance the policy goals

of the Women’s Edge Coalition, but to provide support to emerging women leaders in the

realm of foreign policy advocacy. Research overwhelmingly demonstrates the importance of

mentors in the careers of successful people in a variety of sectors; but as one scholar notes,

while “mentors have been identified as an important factor in the career success of men,

[they] may be even more critical to the career success of women” (Burke, 2). In order to

provide opportunities for mentorship, the Local Voices—Global Visions Fellowship Program

will incorporate weekly “mentor meetings” into the fellows’ schedules, providing them with

a forum to address career issues and the chance to learn from the experiences of the

Women’s Edge Coalition staff members with whom they are working.

Issues

The first thing an effective advocate needs is

to be well-informed about the issues. The

Local Voices—Global Visions fellows will

spend two months working with the Director

of the Global Trade Program, Marceline

White, to develop an intimate knowledge of

Marceline White Director of the Global Trade Program

Marceline has written about many aspects of women and trade, most recently authoring “GATS and Women” for Foreign Policy in Focus. She previously held positions at the Sierra Club, the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, and is currently the board chair of the Fair Trade Federation. Marceline received her Master’s in Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh’s Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, and her Bachelor’s degree in Journalism from the University of Missouri-Columbia.


how international trade policies can affect the lives of poor women both in the U.S. and in

developing countries. Fellows will learn the processes by which trade agreements are

negotiated at the bilateral and multilateral levels, as well as in the World Trade Organization

(WTO). Along with Marceline, they will work with Women’s Edge Coalition partners in

developing countries to conduct research on the effects of trade agreements on the poor.

Fellows will also attend coalition meetings with other organizations (such as the

International Gender and Trade Network) and gain first-hand experience in the benefits and

challenges of working in a coalition.

Advocacy

After equipping themselves with knowledge

about international trade and its effects on

poor women worldwide, fellows will learn how

to educate key policy-makers on the

importance of considering these effects when

making policies. Working with Legislative

Director Nora O’Connell, fellows will be

exposed to the everyday processes and

challenges of working with Members of

Congress and their staffers. Fellows will attend co

key Women’s Edge Coalition issues, as well as br

with congressional staff. Learning the characteris

Nora O’Connell Legislative Director

Prior to joining the Women’s Edge Coalition, Nora was an independent consultant working with international, national and community-based nonprofits on gender, policy and capacity-building. She was Deputy Campaign Manager for Chellie Pingree’s U.S. Senate campaign in Maine; headed the Women and Economy Program at the Center for Policy Alternatives in Washington, D.C.; and worked at a communications consulting firm and several community-based organizations providing services and advocacy for California communities. Nora is a graduate of UC Berkeley in Psychology and Ethnic Studies.

mmittee hearings on Capital Hill involving

iefings held by other NGO’s and meetings

tics of effective advocacy is a critical step


from knowledge to action. Through exposure to the complexities of policy and politics on

Capital Hill, fellows will gain a deeper understanding of what it takes to move a bill or

amendment through Congress.

Media

Any effective policy advocate, in addition to

knowing how to maneuver Capital Hill, must

also know how to maneuver the world of the

media. Working with Communications

Director Ana Rahona, fellows will learn the

importance of building and maintaining close

relationships with members of the press in all f

online news networks. They will learn the bas

importance of being prepared to provide the pre

the spur-of-the-moment.

Outreach

Beyond becoming informed about the issues

effectively to Congressional offices, fellows will

their communities. Their time spent with Di

Myers is where the ripple effect starts. With B

messages effectively to a grassroots audience, an

action on international trade issues in a variety

Ana Rahona, Communications Director

Ana leads all Women’s Edge Coalition communications activities. Before joining the Women’s Edge Coalition, she was a Senior Account Supervisor at Hill and Knowlton in New York City and a Senior Account Executive at an “Internet Alley” PR firm, Mindstorm, in New York City. She holds a BA in Sociology and Spanish from the University of Florida where she graduated with honors.

orms of media, from newspaper to radio to

ics of writing press releases, as well as the

ss with relevant and accurate information on

and learning how to communicate them

learn how to teach those skills to others in

rector of Outreach and Membership Beth

eth, fellows will learn how to communicate

d how to mobilize local constituents to take

of ways. To practice effective and accessible


messaging, fellows will write action alerts for

the Women’s Edge Coalition membership,

explaining important issues and urging

members to take action by calling Members of

Congress, writing letters to the editor, or

signing online petitions. Fellows will also gain

experience in grassroots training. They will

attend various trainings with Beth, both in

Washington, DC and in other cities, learning

in

w

F

s

L

T

a

s

s

s

m

Beth Myers Director of Outreach & Membership

Beth Myers is an experienced communityorganizer who has been educating andempowering citizens to challenge the statusquo for the last ten years. Beth has worked forU.S. Sen. Bill Bradley (D-NJ) and theNational Organization for Women (NOW),where she organized women’s vote projects inthree elections and was lead organizer in asuccessful national campaign to confrontchallenges to women’s rights. Beth alsoworked with Parents, Families, and Friends ofLesbians and Gays, where she focused oneducating local citizens to advocate saferschools. Beth is a graduate of GeorgeWashington University in PoliticalCommunications.

how to educate local groups on the effects of

ternational trade agreements on women worldwide. At the end of the two months, fellows

ill plan and conduct their own training using the tools and techniques they have learned.

ellows will also take part in strategy sessions with Beth and other Women’s Edge Coalition

taff members, learning guidelines for effective outreach strategies.

eadership

o encourage Local Voices—Global Visions fellows to pursue careers in foreign policy

dvocacy, and to expose them to the management realm of policy advocacy, they will spend a

ignificant amount of time with Executive Director Ritu Sharma. Fellows will attend strategy

essions, staff meetings, and (where possible) management meetings between Ritu and the

taff, learning the key aspects of effective long-term planning and the importance of

aintaining an overall vision for the organization. They will also, however, learn about the


day-to-day tasks involved in management.

Throughout their time at the Women’s Edge

Coalition, fellows will be exposed to the

logistics of running a non-profit advocacy

organization, including the financial and legal

concerns inherent in non-profit work.

A Matching Vision: The Ms. Foundation and the Local Voices—Global Visions Project

As an organization founded by a young woman

of color (Ritu Sharma is a first generation

American of East Indian heritage), the Women’s

young women from diverse backgrounds. The

Program will be no exception. The Coalitio

applications for the program from local groups

country, especially those serving low-income or i

fellows will also be exposed to a method of pol

which particular policies affect people differently

Conclusion

As globalization and international trade advance

world will continue to be on the front lines. Trad

of poverty, but without including women—th

Ritu Sharma Executive Director

Ritu Sharma is a leading voice oninternational women’s development andUnited States foreign policy. Her research andadvocacy have raised awareness in the U.S.government of the significant impact womenhave on economics in developing countries.Ritu serves on several prominent boards,including InterAction, U.S. GlobalLeadership Campaign, Basic EducationCoalition, and Global InterdependenceInitiative of the Aspen Institute. She wasrecently nominated for the Perdita HustonHuman Rights Award 2003. Ritu holds aBachelor’s Degree in International Economicsfrom Georgetown University's School ofForeign Service and a Master’s of PublicHealth from Johns Hopkins University.

Edge Coalition actively seeks to empower

Local Voices—Global Visions Fellowship

n will actively solicit nominations and

who serve diverse communities across the

mmigrant areas. Throughout the program,

icy analysis which emphasizes the ways in

based on gender, class, and race.

into the 21st century, women around the

e has the potential to help lift millions out

e majority of the world’s poor—at the


negotiating tables, trade will surely fail to reach that potential. The Women’s Edge

Coalition, through the Look FIRST Campaign, has developed a plan to make trade work for

poor women. But in order to be successful, we need strong advocates on the local level

pushing their representatives to implement this plan. Research has shown that women have

the passion and the potential to be those advocates, and the Local Voices—Global Visions

Fellowship Program will help develop that potential. Together, the Ms. Foundation and the

Women’s Edge Coalition can help train the women leaders who will serve as beacons of light

in the fight against global poverty.


To

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Local V

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P

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Budget for the period: June 1, 2004 – M

ay 31, 2005

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Fellow’s Salary &

Benefits

$30,000 $8,000

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$1000

Office Supplies &

Equipment

$2,250 $1000

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Local Voices - G

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Appendix A

Works Consulted

Adamson, David M., Nancy Belden, Julie DaVanzo, and Sally Patterson. (2000). How Americans View World Population Issues: A Survey of Public Opinion. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

Belden Russonello & Stewart. (2000). Connecting Women in the U.S. And Global Issues. [Poll]. Commissioned by A Women’s Lens on Global Issues, a project of the Aspen Institute.

Bostrom, Meg. (1999). Public Attitudes Toward Foreign Affairs. The Frameworks Institute. Washington, DC.

Bunch, Charlotte. (1996). Through Women’s Eyes: Global Forces Facing Women in the 21st Century. Look at the World Through Women’s Eyes: Plenary Speeches from the NGO Forum on Women, Beijing ‘95, Eva Friedlander (ed.), New York: Women Ink.

Burke, Ronald J. and Carol A. McKeen. (1996). Gender Effects in Mentoring Relationships. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 11(5).

Hunt, Swanee and Cristina Posa. (2001). Women Waging Peace. Foreign Policy, 124, 38-48. Retrieved October 7, 2003 from EBSCO Masterfile Database.

MacDonald, Mia (ed.). (1998). A Woman’s Lens: Defining an Agenda for Global Issues. [Symposium Report]. Sponsored by the Los Angeles Women’s Foundation and A Women’s Lens on Global Issues, a Project of the Aspen Institute. New York: Press Production, Inc.

MacWilliams, Robinson, & Partners. (2001). Waking a Sleeping Giant: American Women’s Views on Fair Trade: Focus group analysis and strategic recommendations. [Focus Group]. Commissioned by Women’s Edge Coalition.

Martin, Deborah G. (2002). Constructing the ‘Neighborhood Sphere’: Gender and Community Organizing. Gender, Place, and Culture, 9(4), 333-350.

McGlen, Nancy E. and Meredith Reid Sarkees. (1993). Women in Foreign Policy: The Insiders. New York: Routledge.

Ritu Sharma, personal interview, November 12, 2003.

Shapiro, Robert Y., and Harpreet Mahajan. (1986). Gender Differences in Policy Preferences: A Summary of Trends From the 1960s to the 1980s. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50 (1), 42-61

Local Voices - Global Visions Fellowship Project Works Consulted

United States Information Agency (USIA), Office of Research and Media Reaction. (1994). A World View of Women: Social, Political and Economic Attitudes. Washington, DC.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2000). Women’s Political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century Challenges.

Women’s Foreign Policy Group. (1998?). “The Status of Women in International Affairs Professions.” [Research Report]. Retrieved November 15, 2003: http://www.wfpg.org/research.html

Local Voices - Global Visions Fellowship Project Works Consulted

December 11, 2003 Director of Programs Ms. Foundation for Women › sites › english.umd.edu ›...

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