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DEBORAH LONGORIA
Psychology of Exceptional Children
Dr. Michael Wiebe
Texas Woman’s University
September 10, 2010
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HISTORY OF THE EVENTS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION
34 B.C to 2002 A.D.
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34 B.C.
Imperial Rome was under the control of Augustus.
The deaf Quintus Pedius is taught to paint.
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130 – 200A.D.
Galen offered medical treatment, much of it
founded on Hippocratic dictums.
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4TH CENTURY A.D.
The rise of monasticism.
1st hospices are established for the blind.
384 A.D. Aristotle’s philosophy required the
derogatory view of exceptional persons.
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533 A.D.*
The Code of Justinian.
Corpus Juris Civilis compiled all laws allowing or
denying rights and responsibilities to the different
grades of handicap.
Legal mandates describe and classify disabled
persons in great detail.
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1247 A.D.
The 6th and 13th centuries saw the implementation
of asylums.
1247 – St Mary’s of Bethlehem was the first asylum
established in London.
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1500 A.D.
Height of the Renaissance period.
Marginal improvements for handicapped persons
appear.
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1550 A.D.
Gironimo Cardano develops the first form of
Braille.
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1578 A.D.
Pedro Ponce de Leon undertakes the first
authenticated education of handicapped persons.
He worked in Benedictine monasteries in Spain
teaching the deaf children of wealthy families.
His was the first formal, systematic instruction of
the disabled.
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1620 A.D.
Jean Pablo Bonet writes what is essentially the first
book on Special Education, Simplification of the
Letters of the Alphabet and a Method of Teaching
Deaf Mutes to Speak.
He continued DeLeon’s work .
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1623 A. D.
Sir Kenelm Digby travels to Spain with King
Charles I. He meets Bonet’s student Luis de Valesco.
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1630 A.D.
St. Vincent de Paul established the first men’s
asylum in Paris – Bicetre.
St. Vincent established the first women’s asylum in
Paris - Salpetriere.
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1644 A.D.
Digby writes Treatise on the Nature of Bodies, a
recitation of DeLeon and Bonet’s work.
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1662 A.D.
The Royal Society of London was established ,
receiving their charter.
The Society inspires philosophical inquiry into the
nature of language and the teaching of deaf – blind
individuals.
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1676 A.D.
St. Mary’s of Bethlehem re-established after the
“Great Fire” in London.
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1690 A.D.
John Locke publishes his essay, “An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding”.
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1694 A.D.
John Conrad Ammon is the first to focus on speech
and language development. He believed speech was
the “only means for the expression of language”.
He wrote Surdus Loqueno (The Talking Deafman).
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1700 A.D.*
Ammon publishes “Dissertatio de loquela”.
Legal mandates denied equal rights to disabled
citizens.
Theological canons excluded disabled persons from
church membership.
Mid 1700’s, Britain and Europe turned for the 1st
time to systematic instruction of disabled persons.
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1720 A.D.
Daniel DeFoe writes The History of the Life and
Surprising Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell, an
expose’ of the problems of deaf people.
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1749 A.D.
Denis Diderot publishes his study on blind people.
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1760 A.D.
Abbe’ Charles Michel de l’Epee founds a school for
deaf persons in Paris.
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1784 A.D.
Valentin Hauy establishes a school for the blind in
Paris.
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1791 A.D.
The first British school for the blind opens.
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1793 A.D.
Philippe Pinel intervenes in cases pertaining to the
insane at Bicetre.
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1825 A.D.
Public hospitals for the insane are opened in
Britain.
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1826 A.D.
G. M. A. Ferrus opens a school for the mentally
handicapped at Bicetre.
Winzer (1993)
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1840 A. D. *
Rhode Island establishes compulsory education.
Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1841 A.D.
The first school for the mentally retarded opens in
Paris.
Winzer (1993)
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1846 A.D.*
Britain opens it’s first public school for the
mentally retarded.
Massachusetts establishes compulsory schooling.
Childbook (2010)
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1890 A.D.
Jean Pablo Bonet’s work translated into English and
popular in England.
Winzer (1993)
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1918 A.D.*
All states within the United States mandate compulsory
education.
Although there are some laws in effect, disabled
children are routinely excluded from public school.
Pardine (2002); Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1922 A.D.
The Council for Exceptional Children is organized as a
major professional organization for Special Education
teachers.
Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1930 A.D.
Child guidance and counseling services begin.
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1931 A.D.
Bradley Home was established as the first psychiatric
hospital for children in East Providence, Rhode Island.
Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1933 A.D.
Parents began to form Special Education advocacy
groups having a great effect on educational
legislation.
Pardine (2002)
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1947 A.D.
The American Association on Mental Deficiency is
formed. They hold their first convention.
Learning RX (2010)
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1950 A.D.
Special Education becomes an identifiable part of the
urban public school system in nearly every school district.
Also in the 1950’s the United Cerebral Palsy Association,
the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and John F. Kennedy’s
Panel on Mental Retardation are formed
The National Association for Retarded Citizens is formed.
It is later renamed ARC/USA.
Learning RX (2010); Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1951 A.D.
The first institute for research on exceptional children is
started at the University of Illinois.
The phrases “slow learner” and “learning disability” are
coined.
Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1954 A.D.*
Brown vs. the Board of Education confirms equal
protection under the law for minorities, effectively
providing the same protection for handicapped
individuals.
Pardine (2002)
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1960 A.D.
Special Education instructors teach students in a
continuum of settings that include hospitals, schools,
specialized day schools, and special classes in public
schools.
Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1963 A.D.
The Association for Children with Learning
Disabilities established.
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1964 A.D. *
The Civil Rights Act is specifically aimed at desegregating
schools.
Childbook (2010)
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1965 A.D. *
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act
(ESEA) forms Head Start, establishes free lunches,
and special education mandates.
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1971 A.D. *
The Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children
(PARC) files a class action law suit against the
Commonwealth. All children ages 6 through 21 are
provided free public education in the least restrictive
alternative.
Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1973 A.D. *
The Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination of
persons involved in programs receiving federal
financial assistance.
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1975 A.D.*
On November 29th, the “Education for all Handicapped Children
Act (Public Law 94-142) is passed.
The law became effective in October 1977.
The law protected the rights of individuals needs and improving
the results for infants, toddlers, children and youth with
disabilities and their families. Individual Education Plans are
instituted.
The law became the foundation for federal funding of Special Ed.
Learning Rx (2010); Pardine (2002)
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1980 A.D.
The Regular Education Institute (REI) attempts to
return responsibility of special education to
neighborhood schools.
Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1982 A.D. *
The Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson
Central School District vs. Rawley decision of the
Supreme Court clarified the level of services
afforded students with special needs. Services were
expected to provide “some benefit” to students.
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1983 A.D. *
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act is
expanded to include parent training.
The law also established information centers at the
state level.
Learning Rx (2010)
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1986 A.D.
Early intervention programs for infants and
educational services for pre-schoolers are added.
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1990’S A.D. *
The Education for all Handicapped Children Act is re-named
IDEA and services are expanded.
IDEA requires public schools to provide free appropriate public
education for all children regardless of physical handicap;
mental retardation; speech, vision, or language problems;
emotional or behavioral problems; and other learning disorders.
“Least restrictive environment” is also mandated.
Learning Rx (2010); Pardine (2002)
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1990’S A.D.
The 1990’s also included the full inclusion movement
seeking all education to be in the regular classroom
setting with a single, unified and responsive education
system.
Ackerman, Jaeger, Smith (2002)
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1997 A.D. *
IDEA is re-authorized and kept in force.
Pardine (2002)
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2002 A.D.*
President George Bush appoints a 21 member panel, The
President’s Commission on Excellence in Special
Education”. No teachers are included on the panel.
“No Child Left Behind” is instituted..
Pardine (2002); Childbook (2010)
* legislative and judicial events
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REFERENCES
Ackerman, P., Jaeger, R., Smith, A. (2002) The History of Special Education.
Education Encyclopedia. Farmington Hills, Michigan, The Gale Group.
Major Events in American Education. www.childbook.com 2010, retrieved
09/0602010.
Pardine, Priscilla (Spring 2002) The History of Special Education.
Rethinking Schools, 16(3).
The History of Special Education – the Grassroots Advocacy.
www.learningrx.com 2010, retrieved 09/03/2010.
Winzer, Margret (1993) The History of Special Education: from Isolation to
Integration. Washington D.C., Gallaudet University.