Debian Book BG
of 186
Transcript of Debian Book BG
Debian GNU/Linux
31 2004 . 0.3cvs
Copyright 20022004 , , , , , , , , , , Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.
I 13 3 3 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8
1 1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Debian GNU/Linux 3 3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 , . . 3.1.2 . . . . . . . 3.2 Linux 3.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2 . 3.2.3 . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
II
911 13
4 5
III
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1517 17 17 18 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 23 23 23 23
6 , 6.1 Knoppix LiveCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.1 Knoppix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.2 . . . Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Knoppix Debian CD DVD images . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Knoppix images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2 Debian images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.3 Knoppix Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.4 ISO les jigdo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISO image .jigdo .template le . . . . . . . . . ISO image .jigdo .template les . . . . . . . . 6.3 Tilix: Knoppix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Knoppix-live LiveCDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Gibraltar LiveCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
7 Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC 7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Choose The Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1 1.Congure Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.2 2.Partition a Hard Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.3 3.Initialize and Activate a Swap Partition . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.4 4.Initialize a Linux Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.5 5.Install Kernel and Driver Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.6 6.Congure Device Driver Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.7 7.Congure the host name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.8 8.Install the Base System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.9 9.Make System Bootable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.10 10.Make a Boot Floppy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.11 11.Reboot the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Debian System Conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.1 Time Zone Conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.2 Password setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.3 Apt Conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 debian-installer installer(s) 8.1 debian-installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 pgi: The Progeny Graphical Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 fai: Fully Automatic Installation for Debian GNU/Linux . . . . . . 8.4 SystemInstaller, SystemImager, SystemCongurator . . . . . . . 8.5 Replicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Debian 9.1 Debian GNU/Linux 9.2 . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.1 . . . 9.2.2 shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.3 su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 ls . . . . . . . . . 9.4 . . . . . . . . . 9.4.1 man, whatis, apropos, info. . . . . . . . . 9.4.2 info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 . . . . . 9.5.1 cd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 31 31 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 34 35 36 38 38 40 41 41 43 43 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 48
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
10 -user-friendly 10.1 Debian Desktop Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Debian Menu System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Debian Usability Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 , , 11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 locales: . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 console-cyrillic: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.1 cyr : . . . 11.5 XFree86: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5.1 XKB: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xserver-xfree86: 2
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
XF86Cong: X . . . . . . . . setxkbmap: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TrueType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TrueType . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5.3 xfs: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6.1 GNOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GTK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AbiWord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6.2 KDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6.3 Mozilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6.4 Midnight Commander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6.5 teTex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 tasksel: Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7.1 language-env: . . . . 11.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8.1 http://www.debian.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8.2 http://www.debian.org/doc 11.8.3 debian-installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8.4 apt . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Internet 12.1 PPP Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1.1 pppcong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1.2 wvdial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1.3 kppp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Ethernet Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 iptables: GNU/Linux . . . . . . . 12.3.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 57 57 57 58 59 59 60 60 63 63 63 63 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 66
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
13 13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2.1 Acer S2W 3300U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Woody Sarge 14.1 /etc/apt/sources.list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 dist-upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 grub: LILO GRUB . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 kernel-image-2.6-686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 udev: devfs udev . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 screen, less, vim: . . . . 14.7 /etc/inetd.conf : 14.8 postx: Exim Postx . . . . . . . . 14.9 ssh, dnsutils: . . . . . . . . 3
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
15 - backup 15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2.1 dd - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2.2 raw - linux raw device block device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2.3 dump - dump restore ext2/3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2.4 pcopy - large disk(partition) to disk(partition) copying tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.1 revision control systems - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /etc CVS . . . . . . . . . 15.3.2 rsync - . . . . . 15.3.3 dirvish - lesystem- rsync . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.4 backuppc - disk- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.5 bacula - network- , . . . . . . . 15.3.6 partimage - partitions- image les . . . . . . . . 15.3.7 mondo - CD- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.8 amanda - /- advanced network disk archiver 15.3.9 cdrw-taper - amanda CD-RW DVD+RW . . . . . . . . . 15.3.10multicd - CD- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.11 faubackup - lesystem- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.12 dar - , , , ssh . . . . . 15.3.13rdiff-backup - deltas- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.14 pdumpfs - lesystem- , ruby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.15storebackup - . . . . . . . . . 15.3.16ibackup - /etc, . . . . . . 15.3.17 afbackup - /- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3.18kbackup - , , multi-volume archives, . . 15.3.19cdbackup - CD-R(W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67 67 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68
IV
6971 72 73 73 75 75 75 76 77 77 77 78 78 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 80
16 16.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 dpkg, dselect apt 17.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . 17.1.2 dpkg: A medium-level package manager . . . . . 17.1.3 dselect: Debian package management frontend dselect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [A]ccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [U]pdate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [S]elect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [I]nstall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [C]ongure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [R]emove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1.4 apt: Advanced Package Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1.5 aptitude: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.1.6 synaptic: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 apt-dpkg-ref : apt dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.1 apt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.2 dpkg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.3 Debian binary packages source packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.4 dependencies - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.1 release, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.4 Downgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.5 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3.6 dpkg apt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4.1 maintainers scripts . . . . . . 18 - 18.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 debconf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19.1 Packaging - Debian ofcial maintainers way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1.1 hello hello-debhelper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80 81 81 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 88 88 89 89 89 90 92 92 95 95 96 96 96 99 99 99
19.1.2 dh-make devscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 19.1.3 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 19.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 dh-make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 debhelper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 debconf, debconf-utils, po-debconf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 devscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 debmake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 dpatch, patchutils, dh-kpatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 cdbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 cvs-buildpackage svn-buildpackage tla-buildpackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
arch-buildpackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 19.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 linda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 lintian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 debian-test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 debbugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 reportbug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 19.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 19.2 Packaging - at home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5
20 - 20.1 Local APT Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.1 apt- deb- debuild: debian binary source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sbuild: debian binary source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cvs-buildpackage: debian binary CVS . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.2 apt-build: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . apt-build . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .deb . . . . . . . . . . . . . apt-build . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.3 apt-src . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.4 pbuilder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.5 apt-fu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.6 kernel-package: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALSA NVidia kernel-package . . . . . . . . . 20.2 stow: upstream sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 21.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 . . . . . 21.4 - Debian keyring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4.1 Debian source packages - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4.2 Debian binary packages (debs) - per-deb . . . . . . . . . 21.4.3 Debian Release.gpg les - per-Archive . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 security updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 acl 22 Some Nice Hints and Tricks - Special experience 22.1 LiveCD images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1.1 dfsbuild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1.2 debix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 Debian GNU/Linux chrooted install with debootstrap . . . . . . . . 22.3 Debian GNU/Linux LVM (. root lesystem) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 Debian GNU/Linux TakeOver Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 Debian GNU/Linux x86 PXE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 Debian GNU/Linux Apple iBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 Debian GNU/Linux Sun Sparc Station or X terminal (netboot) 22.8 Debian GNU/Linux Sony Vaio SRX87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 Debian GNU/Linux Acer Tablet PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.10Debian GNU/Linux MS X-Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.11Debian/GNU Linux HP PA-RISC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.12Debian GNU/Linux SGI MIPS (netboot) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111 111 111 111 111 111 112 112 112 112 113 113 113 113 113 114 114 114 115 116
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
117 . 117 . 117 . 117 . 118 . 118 . 118 . 119 . 119 . 120 121 121 121 121 121 121 122 122 122 122 122 122 122 123 123 123 123 124 125 126 126
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.12.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.12.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.13Debian/GNU Linux AMD64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.14Debian GNU/Linux Mosix, OpenMosix . 23 , , 24 More 25 26
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
126 126 128 129 130 131 133 135 137 139
V VI
Debian
141 147
27 149 27.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 27.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 28 A 29 LTEX A 29.1 LTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 29.2 LTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3 -
151 153 153 153 154 154 155 155 155 155 156 156 157 157 157 158 158 158 159 159 159 160 160 160 161 163
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
30 CVS 30.1 CVS . . . . . . . . . 30.2 CVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.1 CVS session with project-x . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.6 . . . . 30.2.7 CVS . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2.8 (rewall) . . . . . . . 30.2.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 CVS 31 PDF, DVI, Postscript, HTML 7
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
VII VIII
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165 169171 171 172 172 172 173 173 174 174 174 174
32 GNU Free Documentation License 32.1 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . 32.2 VERBATIM COPYING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 COPYING IN QUANTITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 MODIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 COMBINING DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.6 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . 32.7 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 32.8 TRANSLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 TERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.10FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE . . . .
8
I
1
1
1.1. http://debian-book.photo-forum.net/1 , . - , CVS-, HTML, , HTML, , PDF .. , . , , , CVS , web . , , . HTTP FTP: Nightly CVS Mirror & Build Locations: N 1 http://www.debianbookbg.org2 2 http://debian-book.logos-bg.net3 3 http://minus273.mnet.bg/debian-book/4 4 ftp://ftp.uni-soa.bg/debian-book/5 cvsupdate,build,rsync,cvs cvsupdate,build,rsync cvsupdate,build cvsupdate,build 01:00 bg 04:00 bg 22:40 bg 22:40 bg
utils/ debuild.sh. , . , , , , , .
1.2. A LTEX CVS. , , , , Debian, / . , , Debian . , Debian, - . , Debian. - , , , . FIXME, . Release Debian, , -. , , , , . , Linux6 GNU/Linux7 , Linux kernel mailing list FAQ8 , , , . , :1 http://debian-book.photo-forum.net/ 6 http://www.kernel.org 7 http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html 8 http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/lkml/
3
1
http://linux-book.hit.bg9 http://linux-book.logos-bg.net10 GNU/Linux. Debian , , Debian , x86 (PC) Knoppix11 CDROM ( , -), - , - . Debian12 ( debian-history) Debian13 ( doc-debian).
1.3. Debian : Debian Reference14 The Debian Universe15 Guide to Debian GNU/Linux Desktop Survival16
9 http://linux-book.hit.bg 10 http://linux-book.logos-bg.net 11 http://www.knoppix.org 12 http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/ 13 http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ 14 http://qref.sourceforge.net/ 15 http://www.debianuniverse.com/ 16 http://www.togaware.com/linux/survivor/
4
2
Debian GNU/LinuxDebian GNU/Linux1 - , . , -, Debian GNU/Linux. , : Debian Social Contract2 , Debian Free Software Guidelines3 , Free Software4 , , , . . , , . , , , . , , , - , , . , , , .. installable upgradeable, , , , .
1 http://www.debian.org 2 http://www.debian.org/social_contract 3 http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines 4 http://www.debian.org/intro/free
5
2 Debian GNU/Linux
6
3
3.1. 3.1.1. , -. , - . - , . , . , . , , . , , . .
3.1.2. , . , . . , , (, ). , . , . , .
3.2. Linux3.2.1. , , Linux, BSD, . . - .
3.2.2. . . , . , , . Red Hat1 RPM2 , Mandrake3 . , , .1 http://www.redhat.com/ 2 http://www.rpm.org/ 3 http://www.mandrakelinux.com/
7
3
3.2.3. , Debian, : upstream sources - . debian source package - upstream sources, debian/, , ( ) debian binary packages (.debs) . upstream developer - , . upstream sources. upstream maintainer - upstream sources . , .. upstream developer. debian maintainer, debian developer - DD - debian source package - debian/ upstream sources , upstream sources, upstream developer upstream maintainer. , .. upstream developer upstream maintainer. Sponsor - debian maintainer . , debian maintainers ( http://nm.debian.org4 ). debian developers5 , . , debian maintainers, Sponsor6 - debian maintainer, upload- Debian . : http://mentors.debian.net7 . Developer Sponsorship8 Partners9 Donations10 Debian , , upstream developer debian maintainer. , Debian, , .
4 http://nm.debian.org 5 http://nm.debian.org/whoisam.php 6 http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint#Sponsor 7 http://mentors.debian.net 8 http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint#Sponsor 9 http://www.debian.org/parthners 10 http://www.debian.org/donations
8
II
9
4
, . , - . , , . , . Debian.
11
4
12
5
. , : , , , Debian GNU/Linux. Unix Unix-like : How to x the Unix conguration nightmare1 friendly Mac OS X, Unix. Debian: An Unbiased Review of Debian 3.02 , : why kde and gnomes menu situation sucks3 Make Debian better4
1 http://www.cat.org.au/maffew/cat/unix-cong.html 2 http://debianplanet.net/node.php?id=831 3 http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2002/debian-devel-200210/thrd3.html#01391 4 http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2002/debian-devel-200210/msg01400.html
13
5
14
III
15
6
, 6.1. Knoppix LiveCD6.1.1. Knoppix . . .Knoppix1 , Debian, GNU/Linux, Debian GNU/Linux, CDROM. , Debian LiveCD2 , Knoppix. - , . , LiveCD, . dfsbuild, Knoppix , LiveCD x86. Knoppix x86 PC, CDROM-, boot- CDROM, , boot- Knoppix, , CDROM-. ( ), . CDROM Debian3 , , , read-only , CDROM-, root lesystem, RamDisk, .. , . CDROM 4 . , , Knoppix LiveCD. : FAQ5 ( 6 ), , boot- , CDROM bootable network card. remote booting7 , CDROM-, bootable network card, Linux , . Knoppix , , http://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/sources/8 , Debian (.debs) i386 http://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/i386/9 . Debian . 10 debian-knoppix11 . Knoppix CDROM-, , , , ( cheatcodes12 , F2, boot: ). (root knoppix), , , . , , . knoppix :1 http://www.knoppix.net 2 http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#live-cd 3 http://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/packages.txt 4 http://www.knoppix.net/docs/ 5 http://www.knoppix.net/docs/KnoppixFaq 6 http://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/KNOPPIX-FAQ-EN.txt 7 http://www.knoppix.net/docs/index.php/FaqPXE 8 http://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/sources/ 9 http://developer.linuxtag.net/knoppix/i386/ 10 http://www.knoppix.net/forum 11 http://mailman.linuxtag.org/mailman/listinfo/debian-knoppix 12 http://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/knoppix-cheatcodes.txt
17
6 ,
$ sudo su root (sudo(8), su(1), sudoers(5) /etc/sudoers), : # passwd root , .. , , . CDROM- KNOPPIX/README_Security.txt. , , , , (.. rescue ). , , Debian: : dpkg(8), apt(8), dselect(8), aptitude(1) : sources.list(5), apt.conf(5), apt_preferences(5), deb(5), /etc/apt/ /etc/dpkg/ , /usr/share/doc// Knoppix ( ), , . , (.. web server), , . , Knoppix 3.3 knx-hdinstall - knoppix-installer. knoppix-mode - LiveCD- debian-mode, Debian, . - knoppix-mode Debian , Knoppix dpkg, , dpkg overwrite force . , http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=529713 http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=501714 , - ChangeLog Knoppix 3.3 cheatcodes knoppix-mode debian-mode.
6.1.2. . . . Debian , Debian ( ), Knoppix CDROM- knx-hdinstall http://www.freenet.org.nz/misc/knoppix-install.html15 knoppix-installer Knoppix 3.3 Install Manual16 . , , Knoppix- Debian. The Very Verbose Debian 3.0 Installation Walkthrough17 . Debian Knoppix LiveCD. bootstraping Debian Knoppix : http://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.html18 boot-oppies, Knoppix debootstrap Debian Base . Debian , , , CDs. http://www.debian.org/CD/19 . CD images HTTP FTP - jigdo, Debian Jigdo mini-HOWTO20 , vendors, CDs ( , !). Net Install bootable CD image, . CD images DVD images, jigdo21 jigdo-le. bootcd (bootcd(1)). running Debian CDROM bootcdwrite(1) . Ofcial Debian CD images debian-cd. Debian discover kudzu, . Knoppix LiveCD, , cloop, 13 http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5297 14 http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5017 15 http://www.freenet.org.nz/misc/knoppix-install.html 16 http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual 17 http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=2016 18 http://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.html 19 http://www.debian.org/CD/ 20 http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Debian-Jigdo/index.html 21 http://www.debian.org/CD/jigdo-cd/
18
6.1 Knoppix LiveCD
Debian Knoppix Klaus Knopper cloop-src cloop-utils. , , , .
19
6 ,
6.2. Knoppix Debian CD DVD images6.2.1. Knoppix images http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/22 - . http://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/index-en.html23 - download. http://www.knopper.net/download/knoppix/24 - Knoppix binary source packages.
6.2.2. Debian images http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/25 - CD . http://www.debian.org/distrib/cd26 - CD iso images. ftp://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/27 - CD images Stable Releases ftp, rsync, jigdo ( x86 CD images, intl bandwidth local storage). rsync -avz cdimage.debian.org::debian-cd/ ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian/28 ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian-unofcial/29 - CD DVD images Stable, Testing Unstable ftp, rsync, jigdo x86 ( , intl bandwidth local storage).
6.2.3. Knoppix Debian - Debian Knoppix : Images: ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-cd/30 - Debian mirror ftp://ftp.uni-soa.bg/cd-images/31 - - Knoppix Debian images . rsync -auv debian.ludost.net::cd-images/linux/ - - Knoppix Debian images . jigdo-lite ftp://debian.ludost.net/debian-jigdo/..jigdo - jigdo32 les images . Binary Source Packages - /etc/apt/sources.list. utils/home/ : ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org33 ftp://ftp.uni-soa.bg34 http://debian.ludost.net35 Debian images: Debian , - , netinst36 Debian Base Knoppix LiveCD knx-hdinstall knoppix-installer37 debootstrap38 . 39 Debian40 Knoppix41 .22 http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/ 23 http://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/index-en.html 24 http://www.knopper.net/download/knoppix/ 25 http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/ 26 http://www.debian.org/distrib/cd 27 ftp://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/ 28 ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian/ 29 ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian-unofcial/ 30 ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-cd/ 31 ftp://ftp.uni-soa.bg/cd-images/ 32 http://atterer.net/jigdo/ 33 ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org 34 ftp://ftp.uni-soa.bg 35 http://debian.ludost.net 36 http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst 37 http://www.knoppix.net/docs/index.php/KnoppixInstaller 38 http://www.inittab.de/manuals/debootstrap.html 39 http://www.knoppix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6785 40 http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/ 41 http://www.knoppix.net/docs/
20
6.2 Knoppix Debian CD DVD images
CD-, , Debian mirrors. CD images, , , , , , CDROM , . , Debian Knoppix , CD- , , . - CD-, , CDs.
6.2.4. ISO les jigdo ISO ( - ) .debs ISO les , .. .jigdo .template les. : rsync -avz cdimage.debian.org::debian-cd/ rsync -avz us.cdimage.debian.org::jigdo-area/ rsync -avz non-us.cdimage.debian.org::debian-jigdo/ ISO jigdo les, rsync mirrors.kernel.org. debian-cd/ : jigdo-area/ .jigdo .template les. jigdo/ -> jigdo/ ISO les.
# rsync -avz mirrors.kernel.org::debian-cd/ drwxrwxr-x 4096 2003/12/02 16:49:56 jigdo-area drwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/01/15 09:47:59 jigdo-area/3.0_r0 ... drwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/12/02 16:49:56 jigdo-area/3.0_r2 drwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/12/04 12:20:13 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo drwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/12/02 16:51:22 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa -rw-r--r-454 2003/11/27 02:23:38 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/MD5SUMS -rw-r--r-32791 2003/11/27 02:14:19 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1.jigdo -rw-r--r-14515668 2003/11/27 02:15:17 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1.templ -rw-r--r-39198 2003/11/27 02:15:38 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1_NONUS.j -rw-r--r-14640001 2003/11/27 02:15:41 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1_NONU ... ... drwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/03/24 07:43:53 jigdo drwxr-xr-x 4096 2003/03/24 05:21:57 jigdo/ia64 -rw-r--r-607846400 2003/03/24 05:08:06 jigdo/ia64/debian-30r1-ia64-binary-1.iso ... lrwxrwxrwx 11 2003/03/24 05:20:29 alpha -> jigdo/alpha lrwxrwxrwx 9 2003/03/24 05:20:32 arm -> jigdo/arm lrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 05:20:37 hppa -> jigdo/hppa lrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/21 07:14:47 i386 -> jigdo/i386 lrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 05:20:45 ia64 -> jigdo/ia64 lrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 05:54:13 m68k -> jigdo/m68k lrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 05:54:16 mips -> jigdo/mips lrwxrwxrwx 12 2003/03/24 08:29:08 mipsel -> jigdo/mipsel lrwxrwxrwx 13 2003/03/24 08:29:13 powerpc -> jigdo/powerpc lrwxrwxrwx 10 2003/03/24 08:29:19 s390 -> jigdo/s390 lrwxrwxrwx 12 2003/03/24 08:29:23 source -> jigdo/source lrwxrwxrwx 11 2003/03/24 08:29:27 sparc -> jigdo/sparc , ISO .jigdo le , .template le . ISO image .jigdo .template le
.jigdo : # jigdo-lite ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian-unofcial/sid/jigdo/sid-i386-1.j .jigdo jigdo-lite: # jigdo-lite sid-i386-1.jigdo : 21
6 ,
If you already have a previous version of the CD you are downloading, jigdo can re-use les on the old CD that are also present in the new image, and you do not need to download them again. Mount the old CD ROM and enter the path it is mounted under (e.g. /mnt/cdrom). Alternatively, just press enter if you want to start downloading the remaining les. Files to scan: , CDROM-, ISO-: # mount -o loop /path/to/le.iso /mnt/loop1 .template ( ) .jigdo -. , .template . : If you already have a previous version of the CD you are downloading, jigdo can re-use les on the old CD that are also present in the new image, and you do not need to download them again. Mount the old CD ROM and enter the path it is mounted under (e.g. /mnt/cdrom). Alternatively, just press enter if you want to start downloading the remaining les. You can also enter a single digit from the list below to select the respective entry for scanning: 1: /mnt/loop1 2: /mnt/loop2 Files to scan: , Enter. FTP/HTTP Debian, .. debian/ debian-non-US/ binary .debs source packages, checksum : Debian mirror: ftp.bg.debian.org/debian/ Debian non-US mirror: ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US/ ISO image. - jigdo-lite(1) . rsync(1), online ISO- . .tmp (.. rsync .tmp): # rsync rsync://server.org/path/binary-i386-1.iso binary-i386-1.iso ISO image .jigdo .template les .jigdo .template utils/desync.sh, 1GB. ( CD 1 Sarge Alpha): cd debian-cd-unofcial/sarge/jigdo/ jigdo-lite sarge-alpha-1.jigdo jigdo-lite , .template ( .jigdo, [Image], Template= , ): Not downloading .template le - sarge-alpha-1.template already present debian/ debian-non-US/ , alpha, - jigdo-lite , :
jigdo-lite . : ----------------------------------------------------------------4 les not found in previous pass, trying alternative download locations: --14:39:42-- ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/debian-superseded/aOK458Q62Cmdpj2HW1ObrQ => debian-20031230-i386-binary-2.iso.tmpdir/ftp.fsn.hu/pub/debian-superseded/ fallback servers42 . .42 http://lists.debian.org/debian-cd/2003/debian-cd-200312/msg00157.html
22
6.3 Tilix: Knoppix
debian debian-non-US - jigdo-lite . rsync ISO image . : http://www.debian.org/CD/jigdo-cd/#faq43 http://atterer.net/jigdo/44
6.3. Tilix: KnoppixTilix45 ftp://ftp.uni-soa.bg/cd-images/linux/tilix/46
6.4. Knoppix-live LiveCDs Knoppix LiveCD-, .. knoppix ;-) Gnoppix47 - KDE GNOME. Knoppix MiB Privacy Edition48 ClusterKnoppix49 Custom Debian Knoppix50 - Knoppix image. knoppix-customize51 - Knoppix image.
6.5. Gibraltar LiveCD LiveCDs, -. http://www.gibraltar.at52 . Debian router/rewall CDROM, .. LiveCD. -, RAM . ISO http://mirrors.ludost.net/cd-images/linux/gibraltar53 ). Debian LiveCD. gibraltar-bootsupport. /etc /var , . master copy live lesystem CDROM. - (.. bootable CDROMs).
6.6. Debian Debian , . http://www.debian.org/News/2003/2003010254 . Test Drive, Hewlett-Packard (HP) Debian GNU/Linux. , Debian GNU/Linux HP - - Alpha, PA-RISC, IA-32 IA-64 ( Debian GNU/Linux x86 PC). , , .
43 http://www.debian.org/CD/jigdo-cd/#faq 44 http://atterer.net/jigdo/ 45 http://tilix.slaveinostudios.com 46 ftp://ftp.uni-soa.bg/cd-images/linux/tilix/ 47 http://www.gnoppix.org 48 http://www.bouissou.net/knoppix-mib/doc-html/Knoppix-Mib.html 49 http://bofh.be/clusterknoppix/ 50 http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue87/sunil.html 51 http://download.linuxtag.org/knoppix/knoppix-customize/ANNOUNCE.txt 52 http://www.gibraltar.at 53 http://mirrors.ludost.net/cd-images/linux/gibraltar 54 http://www.debian.org/News/2003/20030102
23
6 ,
24
7
Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC , . , Debian x86 CD-ROM Knoppix (/usr/local/bin/knx-hdinstall). CD-ROM Debian GNU/Linux Woody x86 PC. - , Debian.
7.1. CD-ROM- : BIOS- (Basic Input/Output System) Press DEL to enter Setup. Delete , BIOS. (IBM,Dell,HP .) - . F1 F2, . Enter ( ). BIOS- BIOS FEATURES SETUP ( ). Boot Sequence , , . CD-ROM- ( First Booting Device CD-ROM). CD-ROM Debian Woody CD-ROM Esc, SAVE AND EXIT SETUP. Y(es) Enter. CD-ROM . CD-ROM boot: . Enter Debian kernel () 2.2.20 ( ). - 2.4 boot: bf24 ( F3 F1 F10). 2.4, , boot: bf24. Enter , .
7.2. Choose The Language . [en] (English). : Choose language Variant English(United States) Release Notes. Enter :-) Debian GNU/Linux. . .
7.3. Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu "" Enter. , ;-). ( Enter): 25
7 Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC
7.3.1. 1.Congure Keyboard qwerty/us
7.3.2. 2.Partition a Hard DriveSelect Disk Drive IDE - /dev/hda. /dev/sda - , SCSI . , Enter. Debian. LILO Limitations Enter Note on additional space for the ReiserFS Journal Enter . . . cfdisk. CFDISK fdisk DOS - ? fdisk, - cfdisk - fdisk. , (partition table) . Enter /. , , 20GB ( Windows C: D:) cfdisk 2.11u Disk Drive: /dev/hda Size:20560412672 bytes Heads:255 Sectors per Track:63 Cylinders:2499 Flags Part. Type FS(File System) Type [Lablel] Boot Primary Win95 FAT32 Primary Win95 FAT32 [Bootable] [Delete] [Help] [Maximize] [Print] [Quit] [Type] [Units] [Write]
Name hda1 hda2
Size(MB) 6259.45 14295.56
, , . - [Help] cfdisk. , , PC- GNU/Linux - Primary () ( cfdisk -). ( GNU/Linux , Debian , . Partition a Hard Drive .) - 20GB Windows. . . Debian ( Windows, .. ;-) ) (Free Space cfdisk) - Windows, GNU/Linux swap ( RAM , -, ). (Name cfdisk) hda2. hda2 cfdisk [Delete] ( , Free Space; , ; [Delete] , [Write] cfdisk. [Quit], .) , . , - 14295.56MB. : Windows - Free Space- cfdisk [New]. MB , 9000MB. 9000 Enter. [Type] . (FS), cfdisk (). Press any key to continue . : Enter lesystem type:82. , . - 82, Linux - ext2. Windows, - 0B ( B). . Debian - Free Space, [New], - 5000MB, [Type] - 82. swap - [New], ( 100-200MB ), [Type] 83. cfdisk. , [Write] , , . [Write] Do you want (to) write the partition table to disk? Yes, . [Quit] :
7.3.3. 3.Initialize and Activate a Swap PartitionScan for Bad Blocks No, . 26
7.3 Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu
Are you sure? Yes
7.3.4. 4.Initialize a Linux PartitionChoose Filesystem Type , ext2 ;-) Select Partition , cfdisk. - /dev/hda3:Linux native Scan for Bad Blocks? swap-a. Are you sure? Yes ;-) : Mount as the Root Filesystem? Yes
7.3.5. 5.Install Kernel and Driver ModulesFound a Debian CD-ROM Yes .
7.3.6. 6.Congure Device Driver ModulesNote about loaded drivers Enter Select Category Exit(Finished. Return to previous menu)
7.3.7. 7.Congure the host nameChoose the Hostname hostname. debian.
7.3.8. 8.Install the Base SystemSelect Installation Media cdrom:CD-ROM drive . . . CD-ROM : Select CD-ROM drive , Enter. : Please insert the CD-ROM Enter : Mount failed CD-ROM (! Debian Woody CD-ROM !). Enter . Install the Base System , CD-ROM . Select Archive path Enter . . . - , Base System-a. , Installation Main Menu.
7.3.9. 9.Make System BootableSelect Archive path /dev/hda:Install LILO in MBR. Other bootable partitions Include all into the menu. , . Securing LILO Enter 27
7 Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC
7.3.10. 10.Make a Boot Floppy? , Debian- . Change Disk , (! , !) Enter. Enter Problem Enter. . Installation Main Menu.
7.3.11. 11.Reboot the System . Reboot the system? CD-ROM-, Yes. Reboot. . . LILO Boot Menu-. (OS) . Linux Enter. . . .
7.4. Debian System CongurationEnter
7.4.1. Time Zone CongurationIs the hardware clock set to GMT? OS - No, . . . What area do you live in? None of the above FIXME: - Select a city or time zone: UTC. FIXME. 2h GMT, /, GMT+2. , , daylight saving time ( ) . , , ;-)
7.4.2. Password setupShall I enable md5 passwords? Yes Shall I enable shadow passwords? Yes Enter a password for root: root ( - a; - // / ) Re-enter password to verify: . Shall I create a normal user account now? , root ( root irc , ) Enter a username for your account: . Enter a username for your account: " ". . . , - Enter. Enter a password for the new user: . . . . . . . . . Debian System Conguration. Shall I remove the pcmcia packages Yes ( , pcmcia , - ) Do you want to use a PPP connection to install the system? No 28
7.4 Debian System Conguration
7.4.3. Apt CongurationChoose the method apt should use to access the Debian archives cdrom. CD-ROM- . Enter CD-ROM device le: Enter. : Scan another CD . . . . , No. Debian , Yes , . Add another apt source? No. -, apt-setup, copy&paste ;-) Use security updates from security.debain.org? No. - . Debian System Conguration. Run tasksel? No Run dselect? No Do you want to continue? Yes Do you want to erase any previously downloaded deb les? Yes Press enter to continue Enter. exim: I can do some. . . bla bla. . . Enter. exim, 5 Enter. - . . . Thank you for choosing Debian Debian Woody :). root "", . : , root: # shutdown -r now Ctrl+Alt+Del. : # shutdown -h now shutdown(8). : $ man
29
7 Debian GNU/Linux Woody CD-ROM x86 PC
30
8
debian-installer installer(s)8.1. debian-installer Woody 3.0 boot-oppies, Sarge ( - ) debian-installer. CVS cvs.debian.org1 . http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/2 . hardware autodetecting, , . , - , .. , , , (text, dialog, debconf, slang, gtk .), hardware autodetecting , kudzu, discover .. Sarge.
8.2. pgi: The Progeny Graphical Installer 3 , pgi. alioth.debian.org/projects/pgi4 . Progeny5 Debian 3.0 Woody i386 installer images, PGI6 1.0.1 ( ). ISO image ( bg mirror7 ) , hardware autodetection . , apt Debian CD, HTTP FTP mirror .. 8 , PGI 0.9.6. , : Creating Debian Installers with PGI9 The Discover Hardware Detection System10 , Debian discover; autoinstall: Progeny Debian auto-installation system autoinstall-i386: Progeny Debian auto-installation system i386-specic les
8.3. fai: Fully Automatic Installation for Debian GNU/Linux 111 cvs.debian.org 2 http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/ 3 http://hackers.progeny.com/pgi/ 4 alioth.debian.org/projects/pgi 5 http://www.progeny.com 6 http://archive.progeny.com/progeny/pgi/ 7 http://mirrors.ludost.net/cd-images/linux/debian/pgi/ 8 http://hackers.progeny.com/pgi/screenshots/ 9 http://hackers.progeny.com/pgi/guide.html 10 http://hackers.progeny.com/discover/doc/guide.html 11 http://www.informatik.uni-koeln.de/fai/
31
8 debian-installer installer(s)
fai FAI , Debian . Beowulf cluster, rendering farm, web server farm linux classroom. large-scale linux FAI. Debian GNU/Linux, , - ( ) kickstart Red Hat, yast alice SuSE, lui IBM Jumpstart Solaris.
8.4. SystemInstaller, SystemImager, SystemConguratorsysteminstaller Creates Linux distribution images from a set of packages SystemInstaller creates Linux distribution images from a set of packages and specication les. Working in conjunction with SystemImager and SystemCongurator, these images can then be installed to machines throughout your cluster/network. As a side-effect, it can be used as a tool for building chroot environments for many package based distributions. Further details can be found at http://systeminstaller.sourceforge.net12 and http://sisuite.org13 . systemimager-common SystemImager ramdisk for client nodes SystemImager is a set of utilities for installing GNU/Linux images to clients machines over the network. Images are stored in at les on the server, making updates easy. rsync is used for transfers, making updates efcient. http://www.systemimager.org/download/14 systemcongurator Unied Conguration API for Linux Installation Provides an API for various installation and conguration processes that are otherwise inconsistent between the many Linux distributions, and the many architectures they run on. For example, you can congure the bootloader on a system in a general way - you dont need to know anything about the particular boot loader on the system. You can update the network settings of a system, without knowing the distribution or the format of its network conguration les.
8.5. Replicatorreplicator: . nfs-root rsync, replicator , , . , , - . , Debian Base (.. Debian).
12 http://systeminstaller.sourceforge.net 13 http://sisuite.org 14 http://www.systemimager.org/download/
32
9
Debian9.1. Debian GNU/Linux , , , . , "bootstrap loader boot-sector ( ). Boot- , . 512 . Boot CD. bootstrap- boot-, , . , GNU/Linux, LILO (LInux LOader). Debian LILO. LILO - grub ( ). boot- GNU/Linux , LILO, "rst stage boot loader ( )". "second stage boot loader ( )". . Linux, ( /vmlinuz).FIXME! . . , , , /sbin/init. init(8) man-. : $ man 8 init $ man init /sbin/init, ( , 2.4.x) /etc/init, /bin/init. , /bin/sh. /bin/sh , , : "No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.". , , LILO: LILO: Linux init=/bin/bash /sbin/init, /bin/bash, (shell) . , ( ). - , ( /proc . : mount /proc /sbin/init , , :-). init /etc/inittab , rc . () ( , , , ) . , (runlevels), : , , . /etc/inittab: # # # # Runlevel 0 is Runlevel 1 is Runlevels 2-5 Runlevel 6 is halt. ( ) single-user. ( ) are multi-user. ( ) reboot. ( )
, /etc/inittab, : id::initdefault: 33
9 Debian
"" 1, 2, 3, 4 5. . -. , root- , . . , , , . Debian- , runlevel 2 ( ). /etc/rc2.d/, ( man ln(1)) /etc/init.d/. /etc/init.d/ rc . /etc/rc.d/. , , /etc/rc2.d/. , , /usr/src/linux/init/main.c ( ).
9.2. 9.2.1. Debain-, , , . Debian , login prompt, : Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable shodan tty1 shodan login: - (-, ), , , XWindow (kdm, gdm xdm). , : Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable shodan tty1 shodan login:manchev Password: , Debian prompt, : manchev@shodan:~$ , , , Debian , , . - , , . , , . , . , , , . : manchev@shodan:~$logout , : Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable shodan tty1 shodan login: , shutdown. , , Linux , 30 . , , .
9.2.2. shutdown shutdown(8) . shutdown ( ) , . . , shutdown(8) SIGTERM . , ( , , ). - shutdown(8) init(8), runlevel(8), runlevel 1. (FIXME: ) , , : 34
9.2
-r , , shutdown . -h . , . , shutdown time . "now shutdown . - shutdown, : : manchev@shodan:~$shutdown now -h : manchev@shodan:~$shutdown now -r , : manchev@shodan:~$shutdown now -r bash: shutdown: command not found Bash (FIXME: Bourne C shell) , . , /sbin , . ( ), : shutdown: you must be root to do that! . . : root, , ? su(1). superuser, .
9.2.3. su , su . , , su , root. " , . , , (FIXME: DOLLAR)PATH /bin:/usr/bin super user, /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin. c" , . : super user shutdown(8), su(1) shutdown(8) a superuser. : manchev@shodan:~$su Password: root, . : shodan:~# $ #. $ root #. shutdown(8): shodan:~#shutdown now -h Broadcast message from root (tty1) The system is going down for system halt NOW! INIT: Switching to runlevel: 0 INIT: Sending processes the TERM signal INIT: Sending processes the KILL signal Stopping periodic command scheduler: cron. Stopping initernet superserver: inetd. Stopping OpenBSD Secure Shell server: sshd. Saving the System Clock time to the Hardware Clock... Hardware Clock updated to Tue Aug 19 13:23:37 EEST 2003. Stopping deferred execution scheduler: atd. Stopping kernel log daemon: klogd. Stopping system log daemon: syslogd. 35
9 Debian
Sending all processes the TERM signal... done. Sending all processes the KILL signal... done. Saving random seed... done. Unmounting remote lesystems... done. Deconguring network interfaces.... done. Deactivating swap... done. Unmounting local lesystems... mount: proc already mounted done. ushing ide devices: hda hdc Power down. , , . : manchev@shodan:~$su -c "shutdown now -h" Password: , (FIXME: sudo). , halt(8), reboot(8) poweroff(8). . halt(8). halt(8) runlevel(8) 0 6 ( ) Debian shutdown -h ( shutdown -r, reboot(8)). halt(8) shutdown -h. - sysvinit halt(8) . shutdown(8) - / - . , , Debian GNU/Linux.
9.3. ls , , . ls(1). Linux. , (list ls, ) . ls(1) . : manchev@shodan:~$ls manchev@shodan:~$ , . . , ls(1) , "/". manchev@shodan:~$ls / bin cdrom etc home boot dev oppy initrd lib lost+found mnt proc root-n tmp opt root sbin usr var
-. ls(1) . . , Debian. , ls(1) . . , . /home. : manchev@shodan:~$ls /home manchev manchev@shodan:~$ . , Debian. , root, , , root home, . root ls / -. , home. , . mail, . , ls(1) . , Debian. F". : manchev@shodan:~$ls -F / bin/ cdrom/ etc/ home/ boot/ dev/ oppy/ initrd/ lib/ lost+found 36 mnt/ proc/ root-n* tmp/ opt/ root/ sbin/ usr/ var/
9.3 ls
. F" ls(1) , . "/" , "*" , "@" (FIXME: symlinks/hard links ) , -" " FIFO (FIXME: FIFO ). , . ls() l - . : manchev@shodan:~$ls -l / total 100 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 9 root root drwxr-xr-x 49 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxrwsr-x 3 root staff drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 5 root root drwx-----2 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root dr-xr-xr-x 34 root root drwxr-xr-x 9 root root -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxrwxrwt 5 root root drwxr-xr-x 12 root root drwxr-xr-x 13 root root
4096 Aug 17 18:19 bin 4096 Aug 19 08:53 boot 4096 Aug 17 17:37 cdrom 24576 Aug 19 18:25 dev 4096 Aug 19 19:38 etc 4096 Aug 17 17:37 oppy 4096 Aug 19 19:38 home 4096 Aug 17 17:37 initrd 4096 Aug 17 22:14 lib 16384 Aug 17 16:32 lost+found 4096 Feb 8 2002 mnt 4096 Aug 17 17:37 opt 0 Aug 19 18:25 proc 4096 Aug 19 20:12 root 0 Aug 18 19:18 root-n 4096 Aug 17 18:19 sbin 4096 Aug 19 20:11 tmp 4096 Aug 18 00:07 usr 4096 Aug 17 17:37 var
"total ". , . 1024 , ls(1). - : , , , , . -, , .. , ls(1) e h". , . , , - , KB, MB GB ( ), - . ls(1), l" h". : manchev@shodan:~$ls -l -h total 100K drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 9 root root drwxr-xr-x 49 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxrwsr-x 3 root staff drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 5 root root drwx-----2 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root dr-xr-xr-x 34 root root drwxr-xr-x 9 root root -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root drwxrwxrwt 5 root root drwxr-xr-x 12 root root drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4.0K 4.0K 4.0K 24K 4.0K 4.0K 4.0K 4.0K 4.0K 16K 4.0K 4.0K 0 4.0K 0 4.0K 4.0K 4.0K 4.0K Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Feb Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug 17 19 17 19 19 17 19 17 17 17 8 17 19 19 18 17 19 18 17 18:19 bin 08:53 boot 17:37 cdrom 18:25 dev 19:38 etc 17:37 oppy 19:38 home 17:37 initrd 22:14 lib 16:32 lost+found 2002 mnt 17:37 opt 18:25 proc 20:12 root 19:18 root-n 18:19 sbin 20:11 tmp 00:07 usr 17:37 var
. ls(1), Debian , . , "ls -l -h" "ls -lh". ls() . . , , , . . Debian , . , , . , . , . , , ls(1). dir(1). Debian ( ). , ls(1) dir(1) , . 37
9 Debian
- Debian, ls(1). . : 1. ls, Linux dir 2. dir DOS "dir -la" .
9.4. 9.4.1. man, whatis, apropos, info. . .man(1) - Debian. man , , . - man(1) (, ..) . , man(1) . Debian cat(1). manchev@shodan:~$man cat man(1) cat (FIXME: , man cat(1) less(2): 1. cat ""; 2. less PageUp, PageDown) , : Reformatting cat(1), please wait... CAT(1) User Commands NAME cat - concatenate les and print on the standard output SYNOPSIS cat [OPTION] [FILE]... DESCRIPTION Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonblank output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number --More-CAT(1)
man ( - ), man(1) , "--More--". , man , . , : space, Enter, q, man (FIXME: more, ref- ) : man(1) , . man(1) , , (, - cat(1)). , . : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. shell-a ( kernel-a) , ( /dev) ( , root) kernel-a
, man(1) , . , man(1) . man(1) , . : 38
9.4
man [__] _ man(1) , . , : manchev@shodan:~$ man 1 cat , cat(1) shell . , ( 2) : manchev@shodan:~$ man 2 cat No manual entry for cat in section 2 See "man 7 undocumented" for help when manual pages are not available. , man(1), . , , clear, curses ( , ). , man clear ( ) clear. clear(1) , . whatis(1). man cat -. , NAME , (cat) . , whatis(1) , . whatis(1) , , . clear whatis, : manchev@shodan:~$whatis clear clear (1) - clear the terminal window clear (3ncurses) - clear all or part of a curses window , - clear(1) - clear , man(1) . , , , : manchev@shodan:~$man 3 clear , . , : , , , man(1)? , . apropos(1). , MP3 , home MP3 player. whatis(1). apropos(1): manchev@shodan:~$apropos mp3 cdda2mp3 (1) - extract audio CD audio tracks and encode them , . , whatis(1). : manchev@shodan:~$man cdda2mp3 cdda2mp3(1). player- : manchev@shodan:~$apropos player xmms (1) - an audio player for X. xlsfonts (1x) - server font list displayer for X xprop (1x) - property displayer for X xwud (1x) - image displayer for X , . , , . , apropos(1) "player" "displayer". , , "(exact ). : manchev@shodan:~$apropos -e player xmms (1) - an audio player for X. -. , , ", apropos . , info. GNU "info , "info reader (FIXME:)". info : $ info info 39
9 Debian
FIXME: info, , "" info .. man : man(1), whatis(1) apropos(1) , . xmms, apropos -e player : player: nothing appropriate , apt-cache search player, player- Debian. , - .
9.4.2. info , info(1). Info . GNU Info , , - Info. info(1) . man(1) , : manchev@shodan:~$ info info
, "info info" File: info, Node: Top, Next: Getting Started, Up: (dir) Info: An Introduction ********************* Info is a program, which you are using now, for reading documentation of computer programs. The GNU Project distributes most of its on-line manuals in the Info format, so you need a program called "Info reader" to read the manuals. One of such programs you are using now. If you are new to Info and want to learn how to use it, type the command h now. It brings you to a programmed instruction sequence. To learn advanced Info commands, type n twice. This brings you to Info for Experts, skipping over the Getting Started chapter. * Menu: * Getting Started:: Getting started using an Info reader. * Advanced Info:: Advanced commands within Info. * Creating an Info File:: How to make your own Info le. --zz-Info: (info.gz)Top, 24 lines --Top----*** Tags out of Date ***------------Welcome to Info version 4.6. Type ? for help, m for menu item. Info (nodes), . ( ) node. node-, , . , , info . node "Top"( ), "Getting started". , info "n"(next - ) "p"(previous - ). "n" "Getting started". , "Next" "Advanced Info Prev "Top , "Getting started". "p "Top". , , - . , "--All----" "--Top----". "PageUp" "PageDown". space backspace, , ( ) . ( "n" "p"), info , . "* Menu:". "* Menu:" . ( "Top") , : * * * * Menu: Getting Started:: Advanced Info:: Creating an Info File:: Getting started using an Info reader. Advanced commands within Info. How to make your own Info le.
. ( Tab - ) Enter. , - . "m . : Menu item: , Enter , . : 40
9.5
, Tab . , "get" Tab, info "Getting Started". , info , ; Ctrl-g. , , node- "u . info(1). , , info , . info(1) (info info). , -, man(1), info(1). - -.
9.5. ls(1) Debian. . (), pwd(1). , . : manchev@shodan:~$ pwd /home/manchev manchev@shodan:~$ , , . man(1) pwd(1) , "--version" "--help". : manchev@shodan:~$ pwd --help -bash: pwd: --: invalid option pwd: usage: pwd [-PL] manchev@shodan:~$ "--help" pwd(1). , "--version". , shell- bash(1) pwd(1), man. bash, man . , info (info bash) pwd. , pwd bash : P" L . , . cd.
9.5.1. cdcd , ( ). cd , home . . manchev@shodan:~$ manchev@shodan:/$ / manchev@shodan:/$ manchev@shodan:~$ /home/manchev manchev@shodan:~$ cd / pwd cd pwd
cd pwd. . : manchev@shodan:/$ cd manchev@shodan:/$ cd /home/manchev , . cd . , , P" L pwd(1). , cd man bash info bash, cd shell-. "" , bash prompt- , . cd /home, a: 41
9 Debian
manchev@shodan:/home$ , pwd(1) . , . , , script ( shell-) -. , Debian , prompt- , . , , , (/home/manchev) prompt- , . -" . . cd, : . ? , /home, /home/manchev : manchev@shodan:/home$ cd /home/manchev manchev@shodan:/home$ cd manchev , "/"( ) , . , , /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers/linux . cd , , ( ) ( ). manchev backup, : manchev@shodan:/home$ cd manchev manchev@shodan:~$ cd backup : manchev@shodan:/home$ cd manchev/backup -" , Debian. , /etc ( backup). , : manchev@shodan:/etc$ cd manchev@shodan:~$ cd backup : manchev@shodan:/etc$ cd /home/manchev/backup -" cd: manchev@shodan:/etc$ cd ~/backup , cd backup .
42
10
-user-friendly friendly, .
10.1. Debian Desktop ProjectDebian Desktop Project1 Debian, Debian, - desktop . # apt-get install desktop-base # dpkg -L desktop-base
10.2. Debian Menu System , maintainers : upstream, debian specic , . menu shell C++. . Menu packages2 Debian Menu Manual3 Debian Menu Sub-policy4 Debian Menu System5 - Debian Menu System. Enrico Zini 6 , . Desktop Menu Specication7 for desktop entries, Debian menu information . - provides update-menus(1L) functions for some applications The intent of this package is to streamline the menus (like the fvwm2 ones) in debian. For this purpose, menu provides an update-menus(1L) command, that will read all installed menu les (as provided by other packages in /usr/lib/menu), and run the frontents for various window-managers in /etc/menu-methods to create startup les for the window managers (or pdmenu(1)). The user and system admin can easily override the menu les on a by-user or by-system bases. FIXME: -. . . , , /usr/share/doc/menu/ pdmenu8 , Debian pdmenu. pdmenu(1) apteryx9 , apt-get(8) apt-cache(8) pdmenu(1). apteryx apt-get(8) apt-cache(8) apt-iselect10 . http://www.engelschall.com/sw/iselect/11 ( iselect) apt-iselect . 1 http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-desktop/ 2 http://packages.debian.org/menu 3 http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu.html/ 4 http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu-policy/ 5 http://phys251.phy.olemiss.edu/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/ 6 http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-0304/msg00800.html 7 http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/menu/draft/menu-spec/menu-spec.html 8 http://www.kitenet.net/programs/pdmenu/ 9 http://www.internetlab.org/apteryx/ 10 http://www.rot13.org/~dpavlin/apt-iselect.html 11 http://www.engelschall.com/sw/iselect/
43
10 -user-friendly
10.3. Debian Usability ResearchDebian Usability Research12 - Debian13 Debian. : package metadata: , package searching browsing, debian package subsets - - usability bug reports Debian Package Manager brainstorming session14 . . - Debian. , , , http://packages.debian.org15 . Erich Schubert, 16 Package Browser17 , Debian . . Package Browser data sets aptitude. Debian Package Tags18 . debtags synaptic-debtags
12 http://deb-usability.alioth.debian.org/ 13 http://www.debian.org 14 http://deb-usability.alioth.debian.org/pkgman-brainstorm.html 15 http://packages.debian.org 16 http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-0303/msg01371.html 17 http://debian.vitavonni.de/packagebrowser/ 18 http://deb-usability.alioth.debian.org/debtags/
44
11
, , 11.1. 1 2 . [email protected] . , , # apt-cache search bulgarian , . console-cyrillic language-env. : # apt-get source console-cyrillic language-env e , . , (, , ) , , , . , , , , . , , , , , Debian, - . , , , , , . , , , / Unicode4 , , , . http://lists.zadnik.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/debian5 , Debian , . . debian-{l10n|user}-bulgarian , .. , . , , , , , , . Debian GNU/Linux Woody, . , . , , 6 Linux-BG.org7 . /, , bglinux8 9 . bglinux , .1 http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/ 2 http://www.debian.org/doc/ 3 http://lists.debian.org/debian-i18n/ 4 http://www.unicode.org 5 http://lists.zadnik.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/debian 6 http://www.linux-bg.org/cgi-bin/y/index.pl?page=article&id=advices&cmd=cat&cid=cyr 7 http://www.Linux-BG.org/ 8 http://lml.bas.bg/~anton/linux/bglinux.html 9 http://lml.bas.bg/~anton/
45
11 , ,
11.2. . , (qwerty/us). - . 3.0 tasksel, . .
11.3. locales: locales (CD1) debconf bg_BG, . locales # dpkg-recongure locales . ( , /etc/locale.gen, .) , , bg_BG. /etc/environment, PAM-10 pam_env11 . , PAM /etc/pam.d/ , . /etc/locale.alias : bulgarian bg_BG.CP1251
10 http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/ 11 http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/pam-6.html#ss6.5
46
11.4 console-cyrillic:
11.4. console-cyrillic: console-cyrillic (CD2). , : Choose the keyboard layout Bulgarian phonetic Bulgarian BDS How to toggle between Cyrillic and Latin letters Alt+Shift What is your encoding? CP1251 ( UTF-8) Do you want to setup Cyrillic on the console at boot-time? Yes
11.4.1. cyr : , cyr(1), cyr --help --save, ~/.cyr_defaults. cyr . , , cyr 2> /dev/null ~/.bash_prole (login) . (2> /dev/null X, xterm gnome-terminal.)
47
11 , ,
11.5. XFree86: 11.5.1. XKB: XKB X: The XKB Conguration Guide12 ( XFree86 4.3) How to further enhance XKB conguration13 ( XFree86 4.3) An Unreliable Guide to XKB conguration14 ( Doug Palmer15 ) X Keyboard Extension16 ( 17 )
xserver-xfree86: xserver-xfree86 : Please select your keyboard layout XkbLayout bg Please select your keyboard variant XkbVariant phonetic bds Please select your keyboard options XkbOptions grp:shift_toggle grp:ctrl_shift_toggle grp:caps_toggle grp:ctrl_alt_toggle grp:alt_shift_toggle grp:menu_toggle , Option, /etc/X11/xkb/rules/xfree86.lst.
XF86Cong: X /etc/X11/XF86Cong-4, InputDevice ### BEGIN DEBCONF SECTION . : Section .. "InputDevice" .. Option "XkbLayout" Option "XkbVariant" Option "XkbOptions" EndSection
"bg" "phonetic" "grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll"
. XFree86 4.3 -, - , (layouts). - XkbLayout XkbVariant, . # Option "XkbLayout" "us,bg,bg" Option "XkbVariant" ",phonetic,bds" # Option "XkbLayout" "us,bg" Option "XkbVariant" ",phonetic"12 http://www.xfree86.org/current/XKB-Cong.html 13 http://www.xfree86.org/current/XKB-Enhancing.html 14 http://www.charvolant.org/~doug/xkb/html/index.html 15 http://www.charvolant.org/~doug/ 16 http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/other/xkb/ 17 http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/
48
11.5 XFree86:
setxkbmap: setxkbmap(1) . : / Alt: # setxkbmap bg phonetic_enhanced grp:toggle,grp_led:scroll / Alt: # setxkbmap bg bds_enhanced grp:toggle,grp_led:scroll ( , XFree86 4.3 - , -.) X , . ~/.xsession ( ~/.xinitrc ~/.xsession) . , display manager-, xdm, kdm gdm . , ( , ): # setxkbmap [ [ [ [ -layout XkbLayout ] -variant XkbVariant ] -option XkbOptions ] -compat XkbCompat ]
kxkb, xxkbd . , : # touch /usr/lib/X11/locale/microsoft-cp1251/Compose , .
11.5.2. X, : Fonts in XFree8618 , XFree8619 XFree86 Font De-uglication HOWTO20 , X microsoft-cp1251, , windows-1251 , . . X , xed 10x20 . windows-1251 w-, w-xed w-10x20 . c- , X iso10646-1. (alias-, ) xlsfonts21 : $ xlsfonts | grep ^w *.alias /etc/X11/fonts. , xfd22 : $ xfd -fn w-10x20 xfontsel23 . , 24 ( X iso10646-1), $ xfd -fn "xfontsel -print" , (FIXME: .)18 http://www.xfree86.org/current/fonts.html 19 http://www.xfree86.org/ 20 http://feenix.burgiss.net/ldp/fdu/ 21 http://www.xfree86.org/current/xlsfonts.1.html 22 http://www.xfree86.org/current/xfd.1.html 23 http://www.xfree86.org/current/xfontsel.1.html 24 http://www.unicode.org/
49
11 , ,
- : xfonts-base xfonts-cronyx-{cp125125 ,koi8r26 }-{{7527 ,10028 }dpi,misc29 } xfonts-bolkhov30 -{cp1251,koi8r}-{75dpi,misc} scalable-cyrfonts-x11 scalable-terminus msttcorefonts
, , Brace Expansion31 Basic Shell Features32 Bash33 . , Bash, . TrueType , . : X . X (X core fonts). , , X RENDER34 XFree8635 . FreeType36 . . X Xft, 2 - FontCong37 . Xft . ( - FontCong , 3.0 , Xft1.) : (anti-aliasing, X ), - ( Lucida Sans 14 -b&h-lucida-medium-r-normal-sans-14-100-100-100-p-80-iso10646-1) Xft. - - ( KDE2 GNOME2) . TrueType . X FreeType, XTT, - . TrueType TrueType , windows-1251. , iso8859-1. . 1. 2. 3. 4. TrueType ttmkfdir *.ttf . $ ttmkfdir - .scale . 5. *.ttf /usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType. , . 6. .scale /etc/X11/fonts/TrueType. , . 7. : # update-fonts-scale TrueType # update-fonts-dir TrueType25 http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-cronyx-cp1251-75dpi 26 http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-cronyx-koi8r-75dpi 27 http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-cronyx-75dpi 28 http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-cronyx-100dpi 29 http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-cronyx-misc 30 http://packages.debian.org/xfonts-bolkhov-75dpi 31 http://www.gnu.org/manual/bash-2.05a/html_chapter/bashref_3.html#SEC27 32 http://www.gnu.org/manual/bash-2.05a/html_chapter/bashref_3.html 33 http://www.gnu.org/manual/bash-2.05a/ 34 http://keithp.com/~keithp/talks/ 35 http://www.xfree86.org/ 36 http://www.FreeType.org/ 37 http://fontcong.org/
50
11.5 XFree86:
X xfs, /usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType catalogue /etc/X11/fs/cong. xfs-xtt /etc/X11/fs-xtt/cong. , # /etc/init.d/xfs reload xfs-xtt: # /etc/init.d/xfs-xtt reload , Files /etc/X11/XF86Cong-4 , ( ): ### END DEBCONF SECTION /usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType . Xft . FontCong, 3.0, TrueType *.ttf ~/.fonts. Xft. XFree86 Font De-uglication HOWTO38 . - /etc/X11/XftCong: match edit any size > 8 any size < 15 antialias = false;
8 15 .
11.5.3. xfs: , xfs xfs-xtt, 39 . o xfs. - , /etc/X11/XF86Cong-4, ( ) ### END DEBCONF SECTION : Section "Files" FontPath EndSection "Files" "unix:/7100" # xfs port
38 http://feenix.burgiss.net/ldp/fdu/ 39 https://listman.redhat.com/pipermail/roswell-list/2001-September/001816.html
51
11 , ,
11.6. 11.6.1. GNOMEGTK GTK ( GNOME) /etc/gtk/gtkrc.bg. AbiWord 40 41 . TrueType , , msttcorefonts. TrueType . 1. /usr/share/AbiSuite/fonts/CP1251. , . 2. *.ttf , , ( ): # ln -s /usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType/*.ttf . 3. ( ttmkfdir ): # ttmkfdir | grep microsoft-cp1251$ > fonts.list # (wc -l fonts.list; cat fonts.list) > fonts.scale # mkfontdir 4. , : # ttftool -e print CP1251. 5. : # ttfadmin.sh /usr/share/AbiSuite/fonts/CP1251 CP1251 CP1251 AbiWord .t42, .afm .u2g. 6. ( . , LANG=bg_BG.) AbiWord, LANG bg_BG.CP1251. , bg_BG. bg_BG.CP1251 -, bg_BG.CP1251. , : . /etc/environment LANG=bg_BG LANG=bg_BG.CP1251. ~/.bash_prole export LANG=bg_BG.CP1251 . /usr/local/bin/abi : #!/bin/sh LANG=bg_BG.CP1251 exec abiword ~/.bash_prole alias abi=LANG=bg_BG.CP1251 abiword , Shortcut. 7. X xfs , -, Abiword X , Modify Unix Font Path Preferences Schemes Preferences, Tools.40 http://linux-bulgaria.org/lug-bg-list/archive/2003/Jan/0260.html 41 http://danchev.fccf.net/
52
11.6
GDM /etc/init.d/gdm : LANG=bg_BG export LANG /etc/locale.alias bulgarian bg_BG.CP1251
/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf : DefaultLocale=bg_BG SystemMenu=true Use24Clock=true
11.6.2. KDE KDE Qt ( KDE42 ) . , . , http://lists.zadnik.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo43 . KDE : ( 44 ): Kontrol panel Personalization Country & language Charset windows-1251. Kontrol panel Look & feel Fonts windows-1251. windows-1251, UTF-8, , Unicode , .. : # dpkg-recongure locales ( debconf) bg_BG CP1251, UTF-8 .. , /usr/sbin/locale-gen /etc/locale.gen. , .. KDE Qt. (Display Manager- kdm wdm 45 .)
11.6.3. Mozilla FreeType2 , , /etc/X11/XftCong. , libfreetype6. : , . Sarge ( Woody) , mozilla-xft. /etc/mozilla/prefs.js FreeType2, /usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType. font.antialias.min - , .
11.6.4. Midnight Commander mc, Options, Display Bits Full 8 bit input Full 8 bit output.
11.6.5. teTexA teTeX LTEX 2942 http://www.kde.org 43 http://lists.zadnik.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo 44 http://www.linux-bg.org/cgi-bin/y/index.pl?page=article&id=advices&key=343148460 45 http://linux-bulgaria.org/lug-bg-list/archive/2002/Aug/0211.html
53
11 , ,
11.7. tasksel: Debian , , . # tasksel , . ( , 3.0.) desktop environment Cyrillic environment. , , , . . . . language-env, .
11.7.1. language-env: language-env (CD2, Cyrillic environment tasksel), -, .. , . . $ set-language-env . , , $ set-language-env -r . , console-cyrillic XKB , , . , locales .
54
11.8 . . .
11.8. . . .11.8.1. http://www.debian.org 2003 , Debian GNU/Linux46 . , 47 "" 48 . : cvs -d :pserver:[email protected]:/cvs/webwml login cvs -d :pserver:[email protected]:/cvs/webwml checkout webwml/bulgarian : , , , , cvs checkout : http://www.debian.org/devel/website/49 http://www.debian.org/devel/website/translating50 http://www.debian.org/devel/website/stats/bg.html51 : 52 ( - rkrastev at obs dot bg ; write access cvs.debian.org53 ). , - .
11.8.2. http://www.debian.org/doc : Maint Guide 54 - APT-HOWTO55 - .
11.8.3. debian-installerFIXME: , ;-)
11.8.4. apt , , - , Debian, . , Debian , , Debian, - GNU/Linux, - () - 12 000 debian - . ( ) , Debian (from scratch) . : ", . . . . . . , , , , Advanced. . . Professional. . . ". , , . ( ), - . , :46 http://www.debian.org 47 http://www.bg.debian.org/intro/cn.bg.html#setting 48 http://www.debian.org/intro/free 49 http://www.debian.org/devel/website/ 50 http://www.debian.org/devel/website/translating 51 http://www.debian.org/devel/website/stats/bg.html 52 http://www.debian.org/devel/website/translation_coordinators 53 http://cvs.debian.org 54 http://debian.gabrovo.com/docs/maint-guide/ 55 http://danchev.fccf.net/docs/linux/apt-howto-bg/
55
11 , ,
bgtex-v2, teTex tetex Debian . , FIXME: http://bgdebian.sourceforge.net/56 unofcial bg repository? - ofcial Debian maintainers
56 http://bgdebian.sourceforge.net/
56
12
InternetFIXME: Debian GNU/Linux Internet Server1 . Guide to IP Layer Network Administration with Linux2 Linux, iproute. Trafc Control HOWTO3 Linux.
12.1. PPP Internet12.1.1. pppcong pppcong(8), CDROM : # apt-cdrom add pppcong. # apt-get update && apt-get install pppcong root : # pppcong root , : $ su . , prompt $ (- , ), # root. pppcong : Main Menu bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla Create Create a connection Change Change a connection Delete Delete a connection Quit Exit this utility Create, . 1.Provider name
