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Deaths and cremations of Indian Hawkers in the Southern Riverina and

North-Eastern Victoria until 1952

Dirk HR Spennemann

Deaths and cremations of Indian Hawkers in the Southern Riverina and

North-Eastern Victoria until 1952

Dirk HR Spennemann

Albury March 2017

Deaths and cremations of Indian Hawkers in the Southern Riverina and North-Eastern Victoria until 1952

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© 2017. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication are copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention. No parts of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in existence or to be invented, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the authors, except where permitted by law. Cover: Photographs © Dirk HR Spennemann Preferred citation of this Report Spennemann, Dirk HR (2017) Deaths and cremations of Indian Hawkers in the Southern Riverina and North-Eastern Victoria until 1952. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report nº 97. Albury, NSW: Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University.

ii, 55 pp.; ISBN 978-1-86-467285-5

Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are solely the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the views of Charles Sturt University.

Contact Associate Professor Dirk HR Spennemann, MA, PhD, MICOMOS, APF Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury NSW 2640, Australia. email: [email protected]

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IntroductionIndian hawkers serviced the rural and more remote areas, selling drapery, haberdashery and sundry goods that could not readily be obtained outside towns that functioned as rural service centres. The hawkers travelled in semi-structured circuits, calling in at various farms and stations, as well as filling orders placed during previous visits.1 In many instances, while working on their own accounts, they functioned as a travelling retailing arm of town-based stores with whom they enjoyed close, near symbiotic, business relationships.2 Not surprisingly, these hawkers experienced accidents and illness while travelling, often leading to fatalities both while on the road, or death while patients in local hospitals. Many hawkers gave up their mobile retail businesses, purchased land,3 and took up farming, eventually dying of old age on their property.

This study is the first systematic survey of burials and cremations of Indian hawkers in any geographical context in Australia.4 Its geographical coverage is the Southern Riverina and North-Eastern Victoria (Figure 15). The temporal end point of the coverage of this document has been arbitrarily set to 1952, the year the last major figure of the Indian hawker community died. This compilation also augments a survey of the evidence of hawkers in the southern Riverina and northern Victoria,5 as well as an examination of the cremation rites of Hindu hawkers as they manifested themselves in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Australia.6

The emphasis of this study is on the Punjabi males that engaged in hawking, market gardening (and later also farming) as well as rural labour. Omitted in this compilation are their wives,7 inasmuch as they were Australian women as well as their Australian-born children.8

TheSourcesThe data presented in the table below have been compiled through systematic searches of digitised newspapers,9 the Victorian Government Gazette; New South Wales Government Gazette; and the state ar-chives, as well as searches of Births, Deaths and Marriages on-line databases of New South Wales10 (Figure 1) and Victoria.11 In the following compilation, the actual place of death is given as well as the location of the cremation or burial. In a number of cases the sources are silent on whether the body was cremated, or even where it was buried.12 On occasion, excerpts of the historic cemetery registers were available (Figure 2). The full documentation for each individual is provided in the relevant endnote.

The newspaper reporting of the various deaths is very patchy, ranging from in depth commen-tary as in the case of Devan Singh (1905, n° 15) or Gharne Singh (1935, n° 78) to minimal commen-tary, as in the case of Patti Singh (1909, n° 22). In addition, there are references to some deaths, which are not reported in the newspapers at all, such as Pooran Singh (1923, n° 53) and Juan Singh (1931, n° 73). The pattern of reporting seems to be, understandably, more detailed in the early days, because the topic was novel, or, as in the case of the reporting of Devan Singh’s (1905, n° 15) cremation at Albury, which was geographically widespread because it fitted into a national debate on cremation in general.13 Some of the later cremations are also reported in more depth, presumably because the papers, by and large, contained more pages and thus could use more copy. Reporting is at a minimum during World War I, when column space was limited, and reports of cremations had to compete with war news and lists of war fund donations.


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Figure 1. Sections of the death certificate of Sumar Singh (n° 40)

Figure 2. Entry for Dalale Singh Gill (n° 76) in the burial record ledger of Beechworth Cemetery


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ThenamesThe spelling of the hawkers’ names in the various newspapers needs to be read with a grain of salt. In the main, it is a phonetic representation by the correspondents and editors, and the Australian public in general, who struggled especially with the rendering of soft vowels. Examples are: Esoor Singh (n° 65) whose name is commonly rendered ‘Esser,’ or Gurmukh Singh (n° 92), whose name is commonly spelled ‘Goormac Singh.’ Where possible, names were anglicised as they better rolled off the tongue. Thus Pollah Singh (n° 53), at least in his early period, was also known as Paul Singh,14 while Harnan Singh was occasionally bastardised to Harna-man Singh15 and anglicised as Hermann Singh.16 Finally, there are names that are descriptive or play on the original names. For example, Noor Partap Singh (n° 110) was often rendered ‘Newpartapa’ but colloquially called ‘Spud’ as his name rhymed, for Australian ears, with ‘New Potato.’17 In other cases, such as that of Sakoor (Takoor) Singh (n° 25), the general appellation was more denigrating: he was also known as ‘Grubbo.’18 Where possible, the spelling of the names as listed in Table 2 has been standardised based on accepted spelling (SikhiWiki, 2014). The spelling used in the original sources as well as alternate spellings that may have been encountered, are given in the respective endnotes.

Figure 3. Certificate of Exemption from Dictation Test for Ucher Singh (possibly n° 41)

(Collector of Customs, 1912)

LocationsofdeathandburialThe locations of death of the 90 individuals covered by this study are varied. The majority of the those listed here died in hospital, either because of injury or illness during old age,19 while others died on their own farms.20 As befits the nature of their itinerant work21 many died on the circuit from natural causes while camping at a reserve22 or someone’s farm,23 or even on the road itself, such as Sham Singh (n° 82), who was found next to his hand barrow on the Moama to Echuca road, or


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Gurmukh Singh (n° 92), who was found dead in his motor truck on the Oxley Road. Others died from accidents at a camping reserve,24 or on the road.25 Special cases are Chanda Singh (n° 19, †1907), Cheri Khan (n° 26, †1910), Lal Singh (n° 63, †1929), and Patarp Singh (n° 109, †1951) who were all declared to have committed suicide, a testament to the mental health issues caused by enforced soli-tude and lack of companionship, as well as living a life on the periphery of colonial Australian society.

The individuals considered here are both of Muslim and of Hindu / Sikh faith. The burial customs for these vary significantly: Muslims are buried, while Hindu / Sikh are cremated. Table 2 lists all hawkers in the order of their death, irrespective of faith.

Muslimburials

In the absence of dedicated Islamic burial grounds in most towns, Muslim hawkers were buried in the general community cemeteries, either in an unsectarian / non-denominational section,26 or in sections where the relevant Christian denominations allowed it to occur (Table 1).

On record are Mohammed Khan (1899, n° 6) who was buried at Wangaratta; Cheri Khan (1910, n° 26) at Tallangatta; and Hummo Khan (1945, n° 98) at Narrandera. Moota Khan (1910, n° 28), Mahomet Ali (1910, n° 29) and Hadj Sher Khan (1911, n° 30) were all interred in the Moama cemetery, with Moota Kahn buried in the Methodist portion. Buried in the ‘other denominations’ or ‘non-denominational’ sections were Kareem Bux (1899, n° 8) in the Numurkah General Cemetery and Barakeet Ali Khan (1947, n° 102) at Leeton. Boota Khan (1913, n° 33), Sahib Dad (1948, n° 105) and Junga Malik (1934, n° 77) were buried in the Wagga Wagga cemetery, with the former two known to have been interred in the general section.

Only Albury had a dedicated Muslim section, which had been set aside since September 1905.27 Alas, the dedication of that area occurred too late for the first Muslim burial to occur in Albury, that of Noor Deen (1905, n° 16). He was interred in the Methodist section of Albury’s General Cemetery, albeit at its edge.28 On the other hand, the 1931 burial of Peir Buksh (1931, n° 71), could have oc-curred in the dedicated Muslim section, but in the event took place in the section of the Albury cemetery. The grave is not located in the unsectarian section, as would be expected, but in the section reserved for ‘other denominations.’29

HinduandSikhburials

The first authorised cremation in Australia, that of the body of the Chinese Gee Ti was carried out at the Victorian Quarantine Station at Point Nepean on 11 December 1892 (Anonymous, 1892b). As Gee Ti had suffered from leprosy, the cremation occurred for public health reasons (Anonymous, 1892b). Indeed, as outlined by Justice Williams on 1 December of that year, anyone who “desired to … burn the bodies of the dead they might do so as long as they liked, providing they did it decently and without making a nuisance. They might continue to carry it on unless Parliament interfered to stop it” (Williams, cited in Anonymous, 1892a). In Victoria, formal legislation, governing the establishment and operation of crematoria, was not enacted until 1903 (Cremation Act 1903).

While the cremation of people of European extraction was slow30 due to the ongoing debate surrounding the moral and practical aspects of the practice,31 the Indian community made cremation a common, albeit ethnically and culturally distant, occurrence. As a rule, members of the Hindu and Sikh faiths, insisted on the cremation of their dead. For that, they had to obtain, on a case by case basis, the permission of the police, the relevant Colonial, and after 1901 the State, health officer and, in many cases, also the local inspector of public nuisances.


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Table 1. Muslim and Hindu / Sikh hawkers buried in community cemeteries The reference numbers refer to the listing in Table 2.

Name Year Ref nº Town Non Deno- minational

Meth-odist

Cath-olic

Pau-per ‘Strangers’

Un-known

Muslim

Mahomet Ali 1910 n° 29 Moama X ?

Peir Buksh 1931 n° 71 Albury X

Kareem Bux 1899 n° 8 Numurkah X

Noor Deen 1905 n° 16 Albury X

Farman Ali Kashmere 1916 n° 38 Wangaratta X

Boota Khan 1913 n° 33 Wagga Wagga X

Cheri Khan 1910 n° 26 Tallangatta ?

Hadj Sher Khan 1911 n° 30 Moama ?

Hummo Khan 1945 n° 98 Narrandera ?

Hyat Mahomed Khan 1937 n° 83 Moama X

Mohammed Khan 1899 n° 6 Wangaratta ?

Moota Khan 1910 n° 28 Moama X

Nana Khan 1922 n° 52 Berrigan X

Sah Boz Khan 1916 n° 37 Moama X

Barakeet Ali Khan 1947 n° 102 Leeton X

Junga Malik 1934 n° 77 Wagga Wagga ?

Allie Mohammed 1912 n° 31 Wangaratta X

Dhera Mull Vazeer Singh 1938 n° 85 Corowa X

Ruhini Tulla 1922 n° 50 Wangaratta X

Hindoo / Sikh

Jinan / Sutchar Singh 1891 n° 1 Wangaratta X

Yap Singh 1892 n° 2 Wangaratta X

Jowella Singh 1899 n° 7 Yarrawonga X

Junan Singh 1921 n° 48 Hay X

Charles Sunder Singh 1925 n° 56 Wagga Wagga X

Kido Singh 1930 n° 68 Walbundrie X

Patarp Singh 1938 n° 87 Hay X

Bishin Singh 1944 n° 95 Savernake X

Inder Singh 1944 n° 96 Wagga Wagga ?

Sahib Dad 1948 n° 105 Wagga Wagga x

Sundah Singh 1948 n° 101 Henty X

Patarp Singh 1951 n° 109 Henty X

buried, exhumed and cremated

Gundah Singh 1909 n° 24 Moulamein X

Rudda Singh 1920 n° 47 Beechworth X

Sunda Singh 1933 n° 74 Beechworth X

Dalale Singh Gill 1934 n° 76 Beechworth X


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The first confirmed cremation of an Indian hawker in the study area, was that of Boota Singh who was cremated at Pyramid Hill on 18 May 1894 (n° 3). His death was widely reported throughout south-eastern Australia (Figure 4).32 The event was described thus:

CREMATING A HINDOO HAWKER. A Hindoo hawker named Boota Singh, well known in this district, died on Friday morning at the Royal Hotel, Kerang, (says the Observer) from inflam-mation of the lungs. Dr. Austin who was attending' the deceased certified to the cause of death, and Boota Singh's compatriots immediately commenced preparations to burn the body in pursuance of the ancient rites of the Hindoo religion in order that his ashes, might be sent to India and there thrown into the sacred waters of the Ganges. On applying to Senior-constable French for leave to burn the body the Indians were referred to the Board of Public Health to whom; a wire was sent in the afternoon. A reply having been received, agreeing to the cremation, the body, which was saturated with butter, was placed on a shutter covered with a white cloth, and was put into Mr. Cadush’s buggy. The cortege then drove down past the cemetery into a position handy to some dry logs and timber. The Hindoos then; placed two logs parallel, close together, and started a fire either end of the logs. They took the body off the shutter, merely enveloped in the white cloth, and placed it on the blazing logs, with its feet towards the east, face up wards. Another log was placed on the corpse, and then more dry wood was piled on. Mr. Guy, at the request of the Hindoos, then read portion of the funeral service, and one of the Hindoos asked everyone present to throw a stick on the fire. This was done, and those present, at the instigation of the Hindoos, left the pyre; being still burning. - According to custom, the Hindoos returned next morning, and saw that the body was completely burnt (Anonymous, 1894c)

Usually the cremation occurred on the same day of the death and at the location or nearest community where the death occurred. Exceptions to this are three deaths that occurred in the vicinity of Albury and where the bodies were brought for cremation at Albury’s unsectarian burial ground off Wagga Road (now Jelbart Park), which had been dedicated for that purpose in September 1905.33 These were Atchar Singh (1917, n° 41), who died at Gerogery; Tarum (‘Narra’) Singh (1918, n° 44), who died at Kergunyah; and Naran Singh (1933, n° 75), who died at Dederang. This attests to the significance of Albury as a rural service centre and to the relevance that the unsectarian burial ground had to the Indian community of the region.

In some cases, the deceased were buried by the authorities, but later, with permission, ex-humed and cremated according to Hindu custom. Examples for this are Gundah Singh (1909, n° 24), Salah Singh (1910, n° 27), Rudda Singh (1920, n° 47), Sunda Singh (1933, n° 74), and Dalale Singh Gill (1934, n° 76). By and large, the cremation sites went unmarked. In the case of the unsectarian burial ground in Albury (Figure 14), some grave markers existed in 1939, but had been removed by the mid 1960s.34 A few of the deceased Hindu or Sikh hawkers, however, were not cremated, but buried in Christian sections of local cemeteries. These where Charles Sunder Singh (n° 56), who was interred in the Roman Catholic section of the Wagga Wagga cemetery in 1925; Patarp Singh (n° 87), who was buried in the Methodist section of the Hay cemetery in 1938; Gungah Singh (n° 100), who was buried in the Corowa cemetery; Inder Singh (n° 96), whose final resting place is in the Wagga Wagga cemetery; and Sundah Singh (n° 101) and Patarp Singh (n° 109) whose remains were interred in the Henty Cemetery.


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Figure 4. Spatial distribution of the newspaper coverage of the cremation of Boota Singh in 1894.

Even though cremated, some of the deceased have contemporary grave markers, such as Sunda Singh (n° 74; Figure 11), Dalale Sing Gill (n° 76, Figure 12), while others have been afforded commemorative bronze plaques in more recent years, such as Pollah Singh (n° 53, Figure 13) at Corryong and Sundah Singh (n° 101) and Patarp Singh (n° 109) in the Henty Cemetery.35

Almost all accounts mention that the burnt human remains in the ashes and especially the teeth were retrieved to be sent to the relatives back in India, so that they, in due course, could commit them to the Ganges. The disposal of the rest of the ashes, both charcoal and human bone, is often not mentioned.


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AgestructureWe have age at death stated for fourth fifths (81.3%) of the deceased hawkers listed. This allows us to examine the data in different ways. For example, the Immigration Restriction Act 1901) limited the opportunities for Indian hawkers to recruit relatives to enter the trade. Even though they were British subjects, they too had to submit to the arbitrary and discriminating dictation test.36 This is well reflected in the distribution of the ages the Indian hawkers had at the time the act was passed (Figure 5). Only a very small number was in the age cohorts below 25 years (i.e. born after 1875). These were presumably children of hawkers admitted before 1901. This is further confirmed by the observation, that the ages of about 180 persons applying for hawking licences in the Redfern Police Court on 11 January 1898 ranged from 21 to 50 years, with the majority being 25 to 35 years old.37

The greatest influx of Indian hawkers occurred in the mid to late 1890s. Considering the dis-tribution of the year of birth in five-year cohorts (Figure 5), about half (49.3%) were in the 20 to 30 year cohort, with a bit more than a quarter (27.8%) in the 35 and 40 year cohort. This is hardly surprising as both can be considered the prime working age of men.

Figure 5. Year of birth of the Indian hawkers listed in this compilation (n=86).38

The average age at death of all Indian hawkers is 61.1±17.9 years (n=55). This compares well with the average for Australian males in 1920, which is 61.9±15.8 years (n=21,607).39 The difference is not significant given the huge discrepancy in sample sizes. The distribution of the age at death, however, shows a bi-polar distribution (Figure 6), with a distinct drop in the 55 year old class. The distribution is even more skewed once we deduct those who died from accidents and those who committed suicide.40 Now the number of deaths rises strongly from the 55 to the 60 year age class. Indeed, the average age at death of the hawkers dying from natural causes is 63.2±18.0 years (n=59), while the average age for those dying from other causes is 50.4±14.1 years (n=12).

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1835 1845 1850 1855 1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885


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Figure 6. Age at death of the Indian hawkers listed in this compilation (n=82).41

There are, however, some recorded discrepancies in ages at death. For example, Devan (‘Dingh’) Singh (n° 15) who died in 1905 was reportedly either 35 or 40 years of age (see relevant entry in Table 2). Similar discrepancies have been recorded for Jundar (‘Gundar’) Singh (n° 21 ) (30 / 33 years) and Naran Singh (n° 75) (57 / 59 years), while the discrepancies are larger for Shenak Singh (n° 79) (80 / 88 years) and even larger for Gundah Singh (n° 24) (45 / 58 years). While the majority of these discrepancies only occur in the written and/or archival record, on occasion there are other manifestations. Examples are Sunda Singh (n° 74) where the records state him to be 77 years of age at death, but the grave marker claims him to be 88 years of age (Figure 11), and Dalale Singh Gill (n° 76), where the cemetery register noted him to be 64 years old, yet the grave marker states 68 (Figure 12).

Figure 7. Cause of death of the Indian hawkers over time (n=100).42

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Suicide

Accident

Natural

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950

Suicide

Accident

Natural


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Figure 8. Correlation of year of death and age at death of the Indian hawkers listed in this compilation (n=90).

In addition to individual variation in age, there appear to be more systemic influences at work. Figure 9 provides the frequency distribution of the terminal digit of a person’s age at death. There is no biological reason that adults with the terminal digit 1’ in their age (i.e. aged 21, 31, 41, 51, etc.) should die more frequently than, say, those with a terminal digit of ‘6’ (i.e. aged 26, 36, 46, 56 etc.). Statistically, all digits have the same probability (10%) of being represented in a population (Figure 9). Yet, the two distributions (observed vs expected) are statically very significantly different (𝜒2=37.905, df=9, p<0.0001). The population of Punjabi men dying in the Southern Riverina and north-eastern Victoria shows disproportionately (26.2%) more men with a ‘round’ age of death (40, 50, 60 etc.) which is statistically significant (P<0.001), as are the percentage deviations for life ages ending on ‘5’ and ‘2’.

Figure 9. Frequency distribution of the terminal digits of person’s age at death (n=88)

y = 0.9003x - 1670.9R² = 0.62055

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


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Similar disproportions have been noted among the grave markers of Roman legionnaires, which were interpreted as lack of numeracy skills and also as a lack of documentation of genuine birth records.43 It is probable that the discrepancies among the Punjabi men are less likely caused by a lack of numeracy skills but more by a lack of need to know one’s age during adulthood, as well as cultural reasons of age rounding.44 This is modulated by the fact that Punjabi men in Australia had a less close contact with their Anglo-Celtic host community, and that they ‘kept to themselves’ (i.e. were marginalised by mainstream colonial society). Consequently, unless the Punjabi men self-nom-inated their ages or age estimates at the time of admission to a hospital, for example, the ages given in the death certificates are the views of those who registered the deaths, based on mere approxima-tions as well as any general information.

In view of the latter discussion, some of the previous comments on the age structure need to be read cum grano salis.

Figure 10. Pollah Singh (n° 53), with customers inspecting his wares in his van, in the Upper Murray

area. Isar Singh is holding the reigns. (Photograph Gabriel Knight, ca 1901-1909. Source: State Library of Victoria, H87.52/172).


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Figure 11. Grave marker for Sunda Singh (n° 74) at

the Beechworth Cemetery. Figure 12. Grave marker for Dalale Singh Gill (n°

76) at the Beechworth Cemetery.

Figure 13. Cenotaph of Pollah Singh (n° 53) at the Corryong Cemetery. Note the modern brass plaque.


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Figure 14. Area of the unsectarian burial ground in Albury as seen from the south.

Table 2. Chronology of deaths and cremations of Indian Hawkers in the wider Albury Region until 1950.

Date Deceased Age Location of Death Location of Burial Cremated Note

n° 1. 1891, Jul 8 Jinan / Sutchar Singh 30 Yellow Creek Wangaratta? unknown 45

n° 2. 1892, Jul 25 Yap Singh Wangaratta Wangaratta buried 46

n° 3. 1894, May 18 Boota Singh 28 Pyramid Hill Pyramid Hill yes 47

n° 4. 1898, Jan 12 [name not stated] Mooroopna Shepparton yes 48

n° 5. 1898, Jul 14 Lanna Singh 45 Mooroopna Mooroopna yes 49

n° 6. 1899, Jul 2 Mohammed Khan 50 Oxley Flats Wangaratta buried 50

n° 7. 1899, Jul 24 Jow Alla Singh 30 Yarrawonga unknown unknown 51

n° 8. 1899, Dec 10 Kareem Bux 27 Numurkah Numurkah buried 52

n° 9. 1899 Kema Singh 42 Kerang unknown unknown 53

n° 10. 1901, Dec 9 Braham Singh Balranald Balranald ? unknown 54

n° 11. 1902, Oct 11 Googa Singh Temora Temora yes 55

n° 12. 1903, Mar 23 Big Davis Singh 60 Kyabram unknown unknown 56

n° 13. 1904, Jun 6 Falla Khan 64 Chiltern Chiltern buried 57

n° 14. 1905, Jul 29 Sunt Singh 46 Wangaratta Wangaratta yes 58

n° 15. 1905, Jul 18 Devan (‘Dingh’) Singh 35 (40) Albury Albury yes 59

n° 16. 1905, Aug 24 Noor Deen 35 Albury Albury no 60

n° 17. 1905, Nov 25 Sunda Singh 35 Hay West Hay yes 61

n° 18. 1907, Sep Cushla Singh Mooroopna Mooroopna yes 62

n° 19. 1907, Apr 7 Chanda(h) Singh ca 50 Temora Temora yes 63

n° 20. 1907, Jul 15 Mehan Rushen The Rock Lockhart unknown 64

n° 21. 1907, Aug 3 Jundar (‘Gundar’) Singh 30 (33) Albury Albury yes 65

n° 22. 1908, Aug 19 Patti Singh Deniliquin North Deniliquin yes 66

n° 23. 1908, Sep 21 Narrain Singh 40 Mooroopna Mooroopna yes 67

n° 24. 1909, Nov 26 Gundah Singh 45 (58) Moulamein Moulamein yes 68

n° 25. 1910, Feb 10 Sunder ‘Takoor’ Singh 32 Mooroopna Shepparton yes 69

n° 26. 1910, May 9 Cheri Khan ‘old’ Tallangatta Ck Tallangatta no 70

n° 27. 1910, Jul 7 Salah Singh 52 Cobram Cobram yes 71

n° 28. 1910, Sep 18 Moota Khan Moama Moama buried 72

n° 29. 1910, Sep 18 Mahomet Ali 68 Moama Moama buried 73

n° 30. 1911, late Hadji M Sher Khan Moama Moama? unknown 74


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n° 31. 1912, Nov 29 Allie Mohammed 45 Wangaratta Wangaratta buried 75

n° 32. 1913, Apr Buttera Bishen Singh 43 Lower Temora unknown unknown 76

n° 33. 1913, May 9 Boota Khan Burrandana Wagga Wagga buried 77

n° 34. 1914, Apr 11 Lubba Singh Hay Hay yes 78

n° 35. 1915, Aug 29 Bishin Singh Moulamein Moulamein yes 79

n° 36. 1915, Sep 11 Easter Singh 55 Gowandardie South Violet Town yes 80

n° 37. 1916, Mar 12 Shah Boz Khan 37 Echuca Moama buried 81

n° 38. 1916, Aug 10 Farman Ali Kashmere 63 Wangaratta Wangaratta buried 82

n° 39. 1916, Nov 30 Joallah Singh 32 Euroa Branjee, Euroa yes 83

n° 40. 1917, Mar 17 Sumar Singh 60 Albury Albury yes 84

n° 41. 1917, Aug 21 Atchar Singh 50 Gerogery Albury yes 85

n° 42. 1917, Oct 13 Jebbah ‘Charlie’ Singh 48 Mooroopna Mooroopna yes 86

n° 43. 1918, Apr Taram Singh 60 Albury Albury ? 87

n° 44. 1918, May 2 Naran Singh 47 Kergunyah Albury yes 88

n° 45. 1918 Cham Singh 75 Wahgunyah unknown unknown 89

n° 46. 1920, Jan 13 Harnam Singh 57 Wangaratta Wangaratta yes 90

n° 47. 1920, Feb 12 Rudda Singh 60 Beechworth Beechworth yes 91

n° 48. 1921, 2 Jun Junan Singh Hay Hay buried 92

n° 49. 1922, May 31 Jula Singh 60 Temora Temora yes 93

n° 50. 1922, 18 Oct Ruhini Tulla 60 Glenrowan Wangaratta buried 94

n° 51. 1922, Jul 1 Suda Singh 78 Temora Temora yes 95

n° 52. 1922, Feb 18 Nana Khan 55 Barooga Berrigan buried 96

n° 53. 1923, Jun 24 Pollah Singh 65 Corryong Corryong yes 97

n° 54. 1923, Ap 2 Pooran Singh 45 Albury Albury yes 98

n° 55. 1925 Neeham Singh 48 Moulamein unknown unknown 99

n° 56. 1925, Feb 7 Charles Sunder Singh 52 Urangeline Wagga Wagga buried 100

n° 57. 1925, Feb 14 Sundah Singh 60 Pleasant Hills Henty yes 101

n° 58. 1925, Jun 27 Parpapa Singh 73 Tallangatta Tallangatta yes 102

n° 59. 1925, Jul 30 Charm Singh 70 Chiltern Chiltern yes 103

n° 60. 1925, Jun 27 Lienah (‘Leona’) Singh Balranald Balranald yes 104

n° 61. 1926, Apr 30 Buddah (Bhagwan) Singh 80 Echuca Echuca yes 105

n° 62. 1928 unknown Albury Albury yes 106

n° 63. 1929, Jan 25 Lal Singh 58 Moulamein Moulamein yes 107

n° 64. 1929, Feb 7 Atta Singh 90 Beechworth Beechworth buried 108

n° 65. 1929, Feb 17 Esoor Singh 52 Pulletop Pulletop unknown 109

n° 66. 1930, Jan 24 Goudet Singh 60 Wangaratta Wangaratta yes 110

n° 67. 1930, May 8 Son Mull Savernake Savernake unknown 111

n° 68. 1930, Sep 23 Kido (‘Dookie’) Singh 65 Walbundrie Walbundrie buried 112

n° 69. 1930, May 25 Herman Singh Melbourne Melbourne(?) unknown 113

n° 70. 1931, May 19 Booth Singh 70 Numurkah Numurkah yes 114

n° 71. 1931, Jan 1 Peir Buksh 88 Albury Albury buried 115

n° 72. 1931 Carlo Singh 74 Balranald unknown unknown 116

n° 73. 1931 Juan Singh 66 Hay unknown unknown 117

n° 74. 1933, Feb 21 Sunda Singh 77 Beechworth Beechworth yes 118

n° 75. 1933, Aug 18 Naran Singh 57 (59) Dederang Albury yes 119

n° 76. 1934, Feb Dalale Singh Gill 64 (69) Beechworth Beechworth yes 120

n° 77. 1934, Apr 28 Junga Malik 100 Pulletop Wagga Wagga buried 121

n° 78. 1935, Jan 23 Gharne Singh 64 Brookdale Brookdale yes 122


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n° 79. 1935, Aug Shenak Singh 80 (88) Finley Finley yes 123

n° 80. 1935, Aug 14 Argon (‘Johnnie’) Singh 72 Gundagai Gundagai unknown 124

n° 81. 1935, Dec 27 Hamel (Ameer) Singh 102 Albury Albury yes 125

n° 82. 1936, Jul 24 Sham Singh 80 Moama Moama yes 126

n° 83. 1937, Jul 6 Hyat Mahomed Khan 69 Echuca Moama buried 127

n° 84. 1937, Oct 26 Darah Singh 75 Laceby Wangaratta yes 128

n° 85. 1938, Apr 20 Dhera Mull Vazeer Singh 65 Corowa unknown buried 129

n° 86. 1938, Apr 16 Kissin Singh Sundoo 63 Deniliquin Deniliquin yes 130

n° 87. 1938, May 16 Partap Singh 75 South Hay Hay buried 131

n° 88. 1939, May 12 James Hashantallie 79 Echuca Moama ? buried 132

n° 89. 1939, Jun 25 Rur (‘Rule’) Singh 72 Albury Albury yes 133

n° 90. 1940, Jan PooNoo SIngh Mooroopna Euroa yes 134

n° 91. 1940, Oct 13 David Singh 80 Bondo nr Tumut unknown unknown 135

n° 92. 1941, Sep 3 Gurmukh Singh 72 Oxley Wangaratta yes 136

n° 93. 1941 Far Ali Khan 86 Echuca Echuca? unknown 137

n° 94. 1942, May 1 Carem Singh 72 Henty Henty cremated 138

n° 95. 1944, Apr 13 Bishin Singh 78 Savernake Savernake buried 139

n° 96. 1944, May 17 Inder Singh 74 Wagga Wagga Wagga Wagga buried 140

n° 97. 1944, May 16 Rutten Singh 90+ Albury Albury yes 141

n° 98. 1945, Jun 26 Hummo Khan Narrandera Narrandera buried 142

n° 99. 1945, Jun mid Paul Singh 78 Benalla Benalla buried 143

n° 100. 1946, Mar 12 Gungah Singh 94 Berrigan Corowa buried 144

n° 101. 1947, Dec 12 Sundah Singh 67 Henty Henty buried 145

n° 102. 1947, May 18 Baraket Ali Khan 61 Leeton unknown unknown 146

n° 103. 1947, Oct 10 Mokkam Marm Deen 64 Beechworth Beechworth buried 147

n° 104. 1948, Jan 24 Gourdit Singh 90 Wangaratta North Wangaratta yes 148

n° 105. 1948, Apr 9 Sahib Dad 90 Wagga Wagga Wagga Wagga buried 149

n° 106. 1949, Mar 11 Powan Singh 79 Beechworth Beechworth buried 150

n° 107. 1949, Sep 17 Besant Singh 81 Beechworth Beechworth buried 151

n° 108. 1951, Apr 4 Herman Singh 81 Shepparton Melbourne yes 152

n° 109. 1951, Sep 29 Partap Singh 82 Henty Henty buried 153

n° 110. 1952, Jun Noor Patarp Singh Wangaratta Melbourne yes 154

n° 111. unknown Sundah Singh Gundowring Rd Myrtleford yes 155


—18—

Figure 15. Location of places mentioned in the text.

1–Albury, 2–Balranald, 3–Barooga near Berrigan, 4–Beechworth, 5–Benalla, 6–Berrigan, 7–Berrigan, 8–Bondo near Tumut, 9–Branjee, 10–Chiltern, 11–Cobram, 12–Corowa, 13–Corryong, 14–Dederang, 15–Deniliquin, 16–Deniliquin North, 17–Echuca, 18–Euroa, 19–

Finley, 20–Gerogery, 21–Gundagai, 22–Hay, 23–Hay South, 24–Hay West, 25–Henty, 26–Kerang, 27–Kergunyah, 28–Leeton, 29–Lockhart, 30–Lower Temora, 31–Moama, 32–Mooroopna, 33–Moulamein, 34–Myrtleford, 35–Numurkah, 36–Oxley, 37–Oxley Flats, Millewa, 38–Pleasant Hills, 39–Pulletop near Wagga Wagga, 40–Savernake, 41–Shepparton, 42–Tallangatta, 43–Tallangatta Creek, 44–

Temora, 45–The Rock, 46–Urangeline, 47–Wagga Wagga, 48–Walbundrie, 49–Wangaratta, 50–Yellow Creek, near Wangaratta.

AcknowledgmentsI am indebted to Deanna Duffy (Spatial Area Network, Charles Sturt University, Albury) for the data plot that forms the basis of Figure 15 as well as for Figure 4. The following kindly responded to requests for information on the location of selected hawkers’ burials in various cemeteries: Anita Bartlett (Moama Cemetery Research Officer); Leo Coyle (Walbundrie); Wendy Cunningham (Nu-murkah Wunghnu Cemetery Trust); Margaret Houlihan (Federation Council, Corowa); Bronwyn Jacka (Violet Town Cemetery Trust); Sarah Jones (Assets/Mapping Officer, Lockhart Shire, Lock-hart); Leanne Mark (Berrigan Shire Council); Neil Martin (Temora Family History Group); Therese Murphy (Hay Shire Council); Jan Parker (Yarrawonga and District Cemetery Trust); Clive Polking-horne (Griffith Genealogical and Historical Society); Heather Rendle (Echuca Cemetery Trust); Wendy Senti (Leeton Family and Local Historical Society); Peter Seymour (Wangaratta Cemetery, Rural City of Wangaratta); Terry Walsh (Beechworth Cemetery Trust) and Shane Wilkinson (Wangaratta Cemetery, Rural City of Wangaratta). Their kind assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

Balranald

Benalla

Wagga Wagga

Albury

Hay

39


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Endnotes

1. (Laidlaw, 2009; Spennemann, in prep.-b).—For classification of hawking in terms of other itiner-ant professions, see (Gonzalez, Spennemann, & Allan, 2017).

2. (Spennemann, in prep.-b).3. (Spennemann, subm.).4. This document was initially conceptualised as a

background study in support of an assessment of the history and management of the ‘unsectarian burial ground’ in Albury, the first formally gazet-ted Indian cremation ground in New South Wales (Spennemann, in prep.-d).—see also (Spennemann, in prep.-b).

5. See Spennemann (2017).—See also Spennemann(subm.).

6. See Spennemann (in prep.-a, in prep.-d).7. Examples are Dinah Rhoda Sher Khan, daughter

of Alfred Morgan and Mary Ann (neé Williams),who died aged 38 at Echuca in 1931 (Vic BDM13811/1931); and Emily Jane Sheer Khan, whodied in 1919, aged 60, also at Echuca (Vic BDM6493/1919).

8. Examples of children are Naby Bux Berdda (Bud-der) Deen, child of Naby Meera Bux and AliceEmma née Campbell, who died aged 8 months atNumurkah in 1909 (Vic BDM birth 21811/1909;death 10045/1909). Another child, Zarm Deen,was born in 1914 (Vic BDM 15313/1914).A Myrtle Nabi Bux (Buksh).—† late 1903.—Fa-ther Nabi Bux; mother Alice (NSW BDM14633/1903).— Myrtle Nabi Bux was buried inthe cemetery of Cummergunja Cummergunja Ab-original Mission (Bartlett, 2017b)—No infor-mation of the 1903 death of anyone named ‘Bux’in the Moama area can be found in the newspapersof the day. At the time of writing it is unclearwhether Myrtle Nabi Bux is another child of thepreviously named couple.Another example is Gouhl Mohammed Deen, sonof Khir (Khair) Deen and Ada Rose née Bur-roughs, who died, aged 2 months, at Euroa in in1910 (Vic BDM birth 27118/1910; death12565/1910).—Rose Burroughs, daughter ofThomas Burrows and Kate née Jenkins (*CliftonHill 1884 † Brunswick East 1960)(Vic BDM1885/1960) had married Khir (Khair) Deen in1906 (Vic BDM 8024/1906). Khir (Khair) Deen(*ca 1863) died in Brunswick East in 1948 (VicBDM 10100/1948).—Other offspring of thesame marriage were Albert Rupert (* 1907 Shep-parton) and registered by a racist larrikin clerk as‘Newbebe’ [sic] (Vic BDM 26609/1907; †Bruns-wick East Vic BDM 19443/1962), Cusshe(‘Kushee’) Mohammed who died aged 20 in EastMelbourne (Vic BDM birth 10525/1909; death2429/1930); Gouhl Mahommed’s twin brotherAmeen (Vic BDM 27121/1910); Aisha (Vic BDM2253/1915) and Marion Rita (Vic BDM29297/1916.

Umber Khan.—† 1937 Echuca (Vic BDM 18046/1937).—Father Galam Hayder Khan; mother Mary Eliz (Witney) (Vic BDM 18046/1937). The Victorian BDM (18046/1937) does not state the age. According to reconstructed cemetery records this was one month old child — Also known as B. Amba Khan (reconstructed cemetery records) (Rendle, 2017).—Buried on 14 October 1937 in an unmarked grave in the Meth-odist section (grave 4–5L) of the Moama general cemetery (Rendle, 2017). The father Galam Hay-der Khan , died at Gunbower in 1938.

9. The research was greatly facilitated by theNational Library of Australia’s digital historicnewspaper archive accessible through the Trovedatabase (National Library of Australia, 2016).Search terms used were ‘death / burial / crema-tion / cremated / pyre’, ‘hawker/s,’ ‘burial / cem-etery,’ ‘Sikh / Singh / Hindoo / Hindu / Buddhist/ Indian / Afghan,’ as well ‘Riverina’ and specificplace names. Once names of deceased hawkerswere identified, they were followed up with addi-tional in-depth searching on the name and namevariations.One of the limitations of the Trove search engineis that the searchable data are only as good as thequality of the input. On occasion the print qualityof the original newspaper paper is weak, thusproviding insufficient contrast, or the type usedwas dirty (a common issue is that the counters ofthe letters were filled in with paper and ink grime).Consequently, the optical character recognitiondoes either not work at all returning gibberish, orreturn erroneous misspelt or misinterpreted re-sults. While much of this has been manually cor-rected by readers, this tends to hold true only formetropolitan papers for which there is a higher de-mand.

10. For the data base see NSW Justice (2017).11. The Victorian register was searched for family

names both in the ‘Family Name’ and the ‘GivenName’ fields. Each record was opened up to ex-tract the location of registration and the place ofdeath (which are not included on the summaryscreen).—For the database see Victoria Justiceand Regulation (2017).

12. In addition to the individuals included in the list,there is reference to two additional hawkers killedin the Albury area, namely a hawker driving twowhite horses, reputedly killed on the road at Jin-dera gap, northwest of Albury (D. Martin, 1981, p.181); and a hawker driving an early chain-driventruck, reputedly killed in Wymah Gap (D. Martin,1981, p. 181). No independent verification couldbe found. As on other occasions Martin has beenshown to be a less than reliable source, theseclaims need to be read cum grano salis.

13. See Spennemann (in prep.-d).14. See Anonymous (1901h).15. See Anonymous (1919c).


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16. See Anonymous (1901h).17. See Anonymous (1952c).18. See Anonymous (1910bl).19. Among those who died in hospital were: n° 11–n°

18, n° 21–n° 23, n° 27, n° 43, n° 46–n° 51, n° 60–n° 61, n° 66, n° 69–n° 72, n° 74, n° 76, n° 87–n°89, n° 96, and n° 97.Health care was significant tothe hawkers and a plethora of instances has beendocumented where hawkers appear on the dona-tion lists to hospital funds, often with multiple do-nations at different localities (e.g. Anonymous,1910v, 1911a, 1912a, 1921a, 1924d, 1925h;Anonymous, 1932b, 1934g; Dowling, 1908, 1910).

20. Among those who died on their own farms were:n° 35, n° 55–n° 58, n° 78, n° 80–n° 81, n° 85, n°94, n° 95, and n° 100–n° 101.

21. For the classification of hawkers in the context ofother itinerant workers, see Gonzalez et al. (2017).

22. Among those who died while camping at a gazet-ted camping or travelling stock reserve were: n°20, n° 25, n° 32, and n° 75.

23. Among those who died while camping on some-one’s farm were: n° 6, n° 39– n° 40, n° 68 and n°79.

24. Among those who died from accidents at a camp-ing reserve were: n° 6, n° 24.

25. Among those who died from accidents on theroad were: n° 34, n° 44, n° 53, and n° 65.

26. Also called the ‘general section’ in some cemeter-ies, such as Henty and Wagga Wagga.

27. See Spennemann (in prep.-c) for details.28. Now ‘Pioneer Cemetery,’ Waugh Road.29. The rationale, as far as it can be ascertained, is dis-

cussed is the study of the Hindu cemetery at (now)Jelbart Park, Albury, which was set aside as a re-serve at the same time. See Spennemann (in prep.-c) for details.

30. The first European to be cremated in Melbournewas Elizabeth I Henniker on 19 March 1895(Anonymous, 1895a), while the first cremation ina dedicated crematorium space in Victoria did notoccur until 13 April 1905 (Anonymous, 1905e).

31. See Cooke (1991) for New South Wales; see alsoNicol (2003, 2005).

32. A 290 word long account was originally producedin the Kerang Observer, subsequently cited by theBendigo Independent (Anonymous, 1894c) and theNewcastle Morning Herald (Anonymous, 1894m),Mount Alexander Mail (Anonymous, 1894b), BarrierMiner (Anonymous, 1894d), Express and Telegraph(Adelaide) (Anonymous, 1894j), with unspecifiedattribution (‘local paper’) (Anonymous, 1894e,1894f, 1894g, 1894h), reprinted without attribu-tion (Anonymous, 1894k, 1894l); produced as ex-tracts in various form: 64 words (Anonymous,1894i); different extract 55 words (Anonymous,1894a), 61 words Age (Anonymous, 1894p) quotesand references text from the Age (Anonymous,1894q) quotes text from the Age verbatim(Anonymous, 1894r, 1894s, 1894t, 1894ad,

1894ac, 1894ab, 1894af), 55 words (Anonymous, 1894y), 47 words (Anonymous, 1894x), 35 words (Anonymous, 1894u), 34 words (Anonymous, 1894w); and a short notices 19 words (Anonymous, 1894z, 1894aa); 16 words (Anonymous, 1894n, 1894ae) 12 words (Anonymous, 1894v); and 9 words (Anonymous, 1894o).

33. Spennemann (in prep.-c).34. Spennemann (in prep.-c).35. See Conroy (2008) and Aplin (2008).36. The following extract from a contemporary news-

paper illustrates this nicely: “Putarb Singh, aHindu, who is well known in the district of Tall-angatta (Vic.), has been agitating for some time forthe admission into Australia of his brother, Cur-rum Singh, whom he describes as ‘a British sub-ject, living at Lahore.’ The applicant’s solicitor hasbeen informed by the Department of External Af-fairs ‘that the man cannot be admitted into theCommonwealth unless he passes the dictation testprescribed by the Immigration Restriction Act,which may be applied in any European language,at the discretion of the officer” (Anonymous,1911g).

37. Anonymous (1898a).38. The year of birth data have been rounded to the

closest five-year interval.39. The comparison draws on the data for male deaths

in single ages for year 1920 (Knibbs, 1921, p. 119),using only ages 28 and up, which conforms withthe rounding used for the hawker data.

40. Note that the total numbers do not correlate withthe number of cases given in the text and in end-notes 24 and 25. This is caused by the fact that thereporting of the known deaths not always statesthe age at death.

41. The age at data have been rounded to the closestfive-year interval.

42. The age at death data have been rounded to theclosest five-year interval.—Seven cases where thenature of the death is unknown are omitted.

43. See Duncan-Jones (1977); Kunow (1983); Pricop(2014).

44. This aspect is explored elsewhere in more detail (Spennemann, 2017b).

45. JINAN SINGH.—*ca 1861, † 8 Jul 1891 at YellowCreek near Wangaratta (Victoria BDM1891/12664)(Anonymous, 1891b).—On recordas Jinda Singh (Anonymous, 1891b), Jinan Singh(Victoria BDM 1891/12664), Sutchar Singh(Anonymous, 1891a); Juida Sing ((WangarattaCemetery Ledger, Seymour, 2017).—Drownedwhile crossing Yellow Creek at dusk en route fromTarrawingee to Wangaratta (Anonymous, 1891b,1891c).—Was accompanied by his brother and athird hawker (Anonymous, 1891c).—When hisbody re-floated on 10 August 1891 and could berecovered, police found in his clothes £12 13/9 innotes and silver and a receipt for £15 which hadbeen sent by money order to India (Anonymous,


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1891a).—The papers carry no information on the nature and location of his burial.—A Juida Sing is on record as buried in an unmarked grave the Strangers Section (grave 34c) of Wangaratta Cem-etery in 10 August 1891 (Wangaratta Cemetery Ledger, Seymour, 2017).

46. YAP SINGH.—† ca 25 Jul 1892 Wangaratta.— on record as buried in an unmarked grave the Strangers Section (grave 34n) of Wangaratta Cem-etery on 26 Jul 1892 (Wangaratta Cemetery Ledger, Seymour, 2017).— The newspapers of the day are silent on the nature of the burial or crema-tion. No information can be found in the Victorian Government Gazette (Victorian Government, 2017).

47. BOOTA SINGH.—*ca 1866, † 18 May 1894 at Royal Hotel, Kerang (Anonymous, 1894d) (Victoria BDM 1894/6309).—died of ‘inflammation of the lungs’ (tuberculosis?) (Anonymous, 1894d).—cremated in an open space past the Kerang ceme-tery, with ready access to wood (Anonymous, 1894d, 1894b, 1894c, 1894j).—Estate auctioned off on 29 June 1894, comprised of 2 horses, wag-onette and ‘general hawker’s goods’ (Yeo, Taverner, & Others, 1894).

48. Name not stated.† 12 Jan 1898.—Died of con-sumption at Mooroopna hospital.—cremated on the bank of the Goulburn River, near the Shep-parton Cemetery. Multiple newspaper references but no details on the individual (Anonymous, 1898d, 1898e, 1898g, 1898f, 1898h, 1898j).

49. LANNA SINGH.—*ca 1853, † 14 July 1898 Mooroopna (Victoria BDM 1898/3969).—left the hospital was found dead in the Goulburn River; the inquest presumed that he committed su-icide having drowned himself (Anonymous, 1898b).—Remains cremated on 22 July 1898 at the junction of the Broken River with the Goul-burn River, near Mooroopna (Anonymous, 1898b).

50. MOHAMMED KHAN.—*ca 1849, † 30 June 1899 Oxley Flats /Milewa (Vic BDM 11520/1899).—married.—Age reported as 38 (Vic BDM 11520/1899); 50 years.—also on record as ‘Ma-homed’ Kahn (Anonymous, 1899q).—Working in the Wangaratta area (Anonymous, 1899o) with a van and a two-horse team (Anonymous, 1899e).—died of carbon monoxide poisoning in his van (Anonymous, 1899e, 1899o, 1899q) while camp-ing at a Mr James Smith’s property at Oxley Flats (Anonymous, 1899e).—The official address of his business, according to signage on his van, was 289 Exhibition Street, Melbourne (Anonymous, 1899o, 1899q).—Taken to Wangaratta for post mortem (Anonymous, 1899e); buried at Wangaratta Cemetery as the first Muslim buried there (Anonymous, 1899a); ceremony officiated by Abdullah Miyan (described as a priest) and Rahim Buksh (described as ‘an educated Indian’) (Anonymous, 1899a, 1899t).—“There was much cer-emony at the grave, and the unusual nature of it, to Chris-tian eyes, attracted a large number of onlookers” (Anonymous, 1899a).—The death was widely re-ported (Anonymous, 1899b, 1899e, 1899h, 1899i, 1899j, 1899k, 1899n, 1899o, 1899r, 1899q,

1899t).—Died intestate, application made to have estate to be administered by the firm Khuda Buksh Rahim Buksh (Indian merchants) as credi-tors of Mohammed Khan (Webb, 1899a, 1899b); administration handed to curator of the estates of deceased persons (T.F Bride, 1900).—In view of an advertisement of August 1896 (“buggy, 4-wheel, traveller's, with hood, horse and harness, wanted. 289 Exhibition-St”) (Anonymous, 1896c) it is likely that Khan, or another hawker, com-menced trading at that time.

51. JOW ALLA SINGH.—*ca 1869, † 24 July 1899 Yar-rawonga (Victoria BDM 1899/11703).—Jowalla Singh to be tried for assault at the Violet Town Police Court (Anonymous, 1899l) with case dis-missed at trial, Eileen Deen acting on his behalf (Anonymous, 1899s).—No further information can be found in the newspapers. According to cemetery record, buried in the non-denomina-tional section of Yarrawonga Cemetery (grave 5N, no grave marker)(Parker, 2017).

52. KAREEM BUX.—*ca 1872, † 10 December 1899 Numurkah Hospital (Victoria BDM 1899/15462).—Reputedly kicked by horse in sta-ble at Kaarimba; was found in stable but left there for several hours; died from wounds at Numurkah Hospital without regaining consciousness (Anonymous, 1899f); in retrospect, the circum-stances of his death as described in the papers of the day (Anonymous, 1899f) appear suspicious; buried at Numurkah cemetery, service accompa-nied to 25 to 30 countrymen (Anonymous, 1899f).—The death was widely reported (Anonymous, 1899d, 1899c, 1899f, 1899m); even in German language papers in South Australia (Anonymous, 1899g).—Kareem Bux was buried in the ‘Other Denominations’ section in the Nu-murkah General Cemetery (grave 486) (Cunningham, 2017).—Estate sold by auction on 23 February 1900, comprised of horses, wagon and drapery (McNamara & Co, 1900).

53. KEMA SINGH.—* ca 1857, † 1899 Kerang Distict (Vic BDM 2194/1899).— No further data can be found; a search of the newspapers yielded no re-sults.

54. BRAHAM SINGH.—† 9 December 1901 at Balranald (NSW BDM 12790/1901).—foot hawker.—on record for Hay.—died of exposure in the Balranald lock up, found lying in the hot sun, but verdict was that “death was due to ex-haustion caused by insufficient and bad food” (Anonymous, 1901f, 1901g).—Estate auctioned off on 7 February 1902 (Anonymous, 1902a, 1902b).

55. GOOGA SINGH.—† 11 October 1092 at Temora (Anonymous, 1902e, 1902g); (NSW BDM 16130/1902).—also known as Goodya Singh (Anonymous, 1902e); Goodyer Singh (Anonymous, 1902g).—Arrived in Temora in Au-gust 1902 and distributed his wares for free, liqui-dated his bank account, purchased feed for vari-ous animals. Having disposed on his assets he re-tired to his wagon and starved himself; forcefully removed to the hospital he died there


—22—

(Anonymous, 1902e).—Cremated at Temora on 13 October 1902 (Anonymous, 1902e, 1902g, 1902l).

56. BIG DAVIS SINGH.—* ca 1843, 23 March 1903 Kyabram (Victoria BDM 1903/2239).—father: Big Buhudder Tudi (Victoria BDM 1903/2239); brother Kan Singh (Anonymous, 1903h).—died while retrieving a horse from a channel it had fallen into (Anonymous, 1903e, 1903h, 1903j).—The newspapers are silent on the location and na-ture of his burial.

57. FALLA KHAN.—* ca 1840 Jhelum; † 6 June 1904 Chiltern (Victoria BDM 1904/4446)(Anonymous, 1904c).—‘Falla’ (Victoria BDM 1904/4446), ‘Fatta’ (Anonymous, 1896b, 1904b),and ‘Talla’ Khan (Anonymous, 1904c).—Died of pneumonia (Anonymous, 1904c).reputedly the brother of Behadar (Behada) Khan (Anonymous, 1904c) who accompanied Lord Roberts to Kabul in 1880 (Anonymous, 1904n).—reputedly had a son in the Indian cavalry (Anonymous, 1904b).—Arrived in Victoria about 1862 (Anonymous, 1904c, 1904f).—Khan was the successful tenderer for the lamp lighting contract for Chiltern in 1896 (for 1897) (Anonymous, 1896a, 1896b), and also 1903 (Anonymous, 1903b, 1903d). The Australian Na-tives Association strongly opposed the employ-ment of Khan. He is also on record as successful tenderer in 1898 (Anonymous, 1898i), 1900 (Anonymous, 1901e, 1901d) and 1901 (Anonymous, 1901c). In the obituary, the Wodonga and Towong Sentinel note that “His appointment as lamplighter at Chiltern…was followed by a storm of indig-nation on the part of local advocates of a ‘White Australia’ ” (Anonymous, 1904l). —Also engaged by Chil-tern council to remove and impound stray cattle from the streets (Anonymous, 1898c).—Fatta Khan’s application (in September 1903) to acquire 10 acres of land in section 103 was refused by the Chiltern Land Board (Anonymous, 1903c).—Funeral to be conducted by a Muslim priest, re-quested by telegram from Melbourne (Anonymous, 1904e).date of estate order 15 June 1904 (T.F. Bride, 1904, 1905); estate valued at £73/15/9 plus property (Anonymous, 1904h); es-tate sold on 24 June 1904, comprising a small town block, held under miner’s right, with hut and sta-bles (£6) and adjoining town block, also under miner’s right, with four roomed cottage, stables, etc (£32/10), plus a horse and gig and sundries (Anonymous, 1904d).—sold were allotments 6,7 and 8A of section N (Anonymous, 1904i).

58. SUNT SINGH.—*ca 1859, † 29 July 1905 at Wangaratta.—died of consumption at Wangaratta Hospital (Victoria BDM 1905/11001); cremated 30 July 1905 at ‘the swamp lands on the Greta Road behind Mrs. Batchelor's property’ (Anonymous, 1905l).—See also (Anonymous, 1905g, 1905h, 1905j, 1905i, 1905l, 1905m, 1905r, 1905v).—The ceremony was carried out by Seva Singh.—A cremation of an unnamed Hindu is mentioned in an editorial of 1 December as ‘a few weeks’ after the cremation of Devan Singh in Al-

bury (Anonymous, 1905p).—According to Des-mond D. Martin (1969), Chundar ‘Charlie’ Singh was cremated on the old Wangaratta Common at Greta Road site of the trotting club. Martin noted in 1969 that “until a few years ago, a small white fenced enclosure marked the site of Charlie’s fu-neral pyre” (D. Martin, 1969). No independent verification to the identity of the individual could be found. As on other occasions Martin has been shown to be a less than reliable source, these claims need to be read cum grano salis and that he conflates, or confuses, Sunt Singh’s burial with a Chundar ‘Charlie’ Singh.

59. DEVAN (‘DINGH’) SINGH.—*ca 1865, † 16 July 1905 at Albury (Anonymous, 1905c), (NSW BDM 7866/1905).—ill for six months (at the Albury Hospital) (Anonymous, 1905s); died of tuberculo-sis (according to death certificate).—Cremation widely reported (Anonymous, 1905b, 1905k) in-cluding the publication of two photographs in the Australasian (Anonymous, 1905c).

60. NOOR DEEN.*ca 1870 † 24 August 1905.—(NSW BDM 7873/1905).—Muslim.—also on record as Nor Deen (Anonymous, 1905t) and Noo Dee (Anonymous, 1922p).—died at Albury Hospital (Anonymous, 1905n) as a result of injuries sus-tained when his hawker’s wagon rolled over his back on Kentucky Station (ca 30 miles from Cor-owa). Taken to Albury Hospital nothing could be done (Anonymous, 1905t).—The newspapers are quiet on the location of his burial.—The under-taker records (Anonymous, 1922p) show that he was buried on 28 August 1905 in the Methodist section of the Albury Cemetery. The unmarked grave (Methodist Section Nº 1; plan 6, row D, plot no 36)(Albury Cemetery database nº 34,139) is lo-cated at the northern edge of the section.—Estate auctioned 25 September 1905 (Anonymous, 1905q), comprised of hawker’s wagonette, two horses and harness.

61. SUNDA SINGH.—*CA 1870, † 25 November 1905, Hay.—On record as Sunda Singh (Anonymous, 1905f, 1905p, 1905u; Garrett, 1906); (NSW BDM 12880/1905). —Died at Hay Hospital of a lung complaint (Anonymous, 1905d).—Cremation oc-curred on 29 November 1905 in a corner of Hor-ton Brothers’ slaughter-yard paddock, West Hay (Anonymous, 1905w) at the banks of the Murrum-bidgee (Anonymous, 1905d). The cremation at-tracted a large gathering of Europeans (Anonymous, 1905d, 1905u). Permission for the cremation had been obtained by telegraph from the Minister of Justice (Anonymous, 1905u).—The advertisement for the sale of his estate lists “1 large hawker’s van, 1 set of double van harnesses, 2 horses and stock-in-trade of a hawker, including drapery, clothing, hats, boots and fancy goods” (Blackmore, 1905).—Probate 23 January 1906 (Garrett, 1906).

62. CUSHLA SINGH.—† 17 September 1907 at the Mooroopna hospital.—on record as labourer of Ardmona (T.F. Bride, 1907).—on record as Cushla Singh (Anonymous, 1907h); Cushala Singh (T.F. Bride, 1907).—cremated at the Goulburn


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River, on the site of the (then) new Shepparton race course (Anonymous, 1907e, 1907h, 1907i)‘Owing to the short supply of fuel, the spectacle was a somewhat gruesome one’ (Anonymous, 1907i).

63. CHANDA(H) SINGH.—*ca 1857, † 7 April 1907 at Temora.—On record as Chanda Singh (NSW BDM 6756/1907), Chunda Singh (Anonymous, 1907o), Chunder Singh (Anonymous, 1907n).——Committed suicide by hanging himself in an outhouse of Cheer Singh’s store (Anonymous, 1907o) (Anonymous, 1907n).—Cremated (Anonymous, 1907o).

64. MEHAN RUSHEN.—† 15 July 1907 near The Rock.—Father Chanan Rushen, Mother Rahamet (NSW BDM 9710/1907).—also on record ‘Meean Roosan’ (Anonymous, 1907r) and Abdallah Singh (Anonymous, 1907r).—died of heart disease at ‘French Park Railway Station;’ body taken to Lockhart (Anonymous, 1907r).

65. JUNDAR (‘GUNDAR’) SINGH.—*ca 1874, † 3 Au-gust 1907 at Albury (NSW BDM 7797/1907).—hawker in NSW since ca 1902 (according to death certificate), presumably prior in Victoria.—Died from tuberculosis in Albury Hospital night 2/3 August 1907 (Anonymous, 1907p)(see also death certificate).—Cremated in the “Indian section of the new cemetery” on 5 August 1907 (Anonymous, 1907c, 1907d, 1907f).

66. PATTI SINGH.—*ca 1858 † 19 August 1908 at De-niliquin.—Father Jeas Singh (NSW BDM 9224/1908).—On record as Patti Singh (Anonymous, 1908b), Patta Singh (NSW BDM 9224/1908).—Died at Deniliquin hospital.—Cre-mated at North Deniliquin ‘by his countrymen’ (Anonymous, 1908b).

67. NARRAIN SINGH.—*ca 1868; † 21 September 1908 at Mooroopna (Vic BDM 11082/1908).—died of consumption at Mooroopna hospital (Anonymous, 1908e).—married, wife left behind in India (Anonymous, 1908f).—cremated near the rifle butts at Mooroopna (Anonymous, 1908d, 1908f, 1908e).—Ceremony conducted by Gulab Singh, orchardist of Ardmona (Anonymous, 1908f, 1908e).

68. GUNDAH SINGH.—*ca 1851 (or 1864), Lahore, † 26 November 1909 at Moulamein.—age given as 45 or 58 years (NSW BDM 14185/1909).—Fell intoxicated into the Edward River and drowned (Anonymous, 1909d, 1909e, 1909p).—Travelling hawker in the Moulamein area since about 1894, eventually opened store in Moulamein (Anonymous, 1908i, 1909i). Reputedly owned three shops in Moulamein (Anonymous, 1909p).—Gundah Singh acquired Moulamein town lots, lot 1, 2, 3 and 4, section 6, £22 10s each (Anonymous, 1907k); applied for Special Lease 1907-2, 50 acres of the Moulamein town common (Anonymous, 1907l), was granted 40 acres for 14 years at £2 per acre (Anonymous, 1907m).—Gundah Singh was initially interred at the ceme-tery; after two days exhumed and formally cre-mated (Anonymous, 1909g); the cremation carried out by Bishen Singh (Gundah Singh’s nephew),

Fogia Singh (Gundah Singh’s cousin) and Carlo Singh (Anonymous, 1909c, 1909h).—inquest: (Anonymous, 1909j).—deceased's estate consists of a store and stock of the value of £900, land in Moulamein, a hawker's wagon and goods therein, about 14 horses of the value of another £450 (Anonymous, 1909j).—The business in Mou-lamein was offered for sale by tender as a going concern, comprised of a ‘double iron store and warehouse at rear with £684 of stock (Groceries, tobacco £200, clothing, drapery £390 and hard-ware, crockery £94), as well as an adjoining butcher’s shop (leased to tenant) (Nathan, 1910d, 1910e). The business was acquired by HL O’Don-nell who had been manager since 1907 (Anonymous, 1910ar).

69. SUNDER ‘TAKOOR’ SINGH.—* ca 1878, † 10 Feb-ruary 1910 Mooroopna (Victoria BDM 1910/2788).—On record as Sunder Singh (Anonymous, 1910f); ‘Sender’ Singh (Anonymous, 1910bl); ‘Sakoor’ (Anonymous, 1910bl); ‘Tarcor’ (Anonymous, 1910be, 1910bj); ‘Takoor’ (Anonymous, 1910f); ‘Tarcka’ (Anonymous, 1910aj); ‘Tarca’ (Anonymous, 1910as); ‘Tarka’ (Anonymous, 1905x); ‘Thakoor’ (Sutherland & Macfarlane, 1910a); ‘Tharkoor’ (Sutherland & Macfarlane, 1910b); as well as ‘Grubbo’ (Anonymous, 1910bl).—On record as witness in a case brought against Pogee Singh for cancelling a cheque in March 1905 (Anonymous, 1905x); on record as having been involved in a brawl with Buttan Singh in October 1906 in Shep-parton (Anonymous, 1906d); on record as having been involved in a brawl with Esta Singh in No-vember 1907 in Shepparton (Anonymous, 1907g), adjudicated both by the Shepparton Police Court (withdrawn) and by the Indian community as led by Sharif Dean (Anonymous, 1907g); charged with and fined for using insulting language to-wards Herman Singh in Shepparton in February 1909 (Anonymous, 1909f).

On 10 February 1910 hawker was found uncon-scious on the recreation ground at Shepparton and taken to Mooroopna Hospital. An emergency op-eration to alleviate the brain haemorrhage failed (Anonymous, 1910bj). Takoor Singh was found by the fruit hawker George Burnett (Anonymous, 1910ah). The inquest found that injuries were sus-tained the day before in a wrestling booth on the Shepparton Reserve (Anonymous, 1910f, 1910ah).—The case was widely reported, both the initial occurrence (Anonymous, 1906d, 1907g, 1909f, 1910f, 1910m, 1910p, 1910r, 1910u, 1910y, 1910x, 1910w, 1910ac, 1910ah, 1910aj, 1910as, 1910at, 1910av, 1910bd, 1910be, 1910bf, 1910bg, 1910bi, 1910bj), and the results of the inquest (Anonymous, 1910e, 1910d, 1910c, 1910b, 1910g, 1910j, 1910k, 1910l, 1910n, 1910o, 1910s, 1910z, 1910aa, 1910ab, 1910ad, 1910ak, 1910aw, 1910bl).—The body was cremated at Shepparton on 12 February 1910 (Anonymous, 1910l, 1910bl).—Probate 25 February 1910 (Sutherland & Macfarlane, 1910a); beneficiary and next of kin


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was his granduncle Pogee Singh of Shepparton (Sutherland & Macfarlane, 1910a, 1910b).

70. CHERI KHAN.—† 9 May 1910 at Ormidale Station (nr Tallangatta).—presumably Muslim.—Found drowned in Tallangatta Creek near Ormidale Sta-tion (Anonymous, 1910t); cause of death pre-sumed to be suicide (Anonymous, 1910bh) due to mental health issues (Anonymous, 1910t).—Cheri Khan (Anonymous, 1910ae, 1910ai), also on rec-ord as Cherra Singh (Anonymous, 1910t).—Indian hawker in the Tallangatta district for many years.—Found in Tallangatta Creek with his tur-ban tightly wrapped around his neck (Anonymous, 1910ae), cause of death was ruled to be self-strangulation (Anonymous, 1910ai).—“A number of co-religionists, accompanied by one of their priests, came from Albury, took charge of the body and bur-ied it with the rites of their religion” (Anonymous, 1910ai).

71. SALAH SINGH.—*ca 1858, † 7 July 1910 Cobram (Victoria BDM 1910/8521).—father Sahaale Luckst (Victoria BDM 1910/8521).—on record as Sahaale Singh (Stranger, 1910); Salah Singh (Anonymous, 1910af); Satah Singh (Anonymous, 1910ag).—hawker.—died at Cobram hospital from double pneumonia (Anonymous, 1910af).—had been brought from Gleeson’s farm near Nar-ing where he had been camping (Anonymous, 1910af).—Body was buried on 7 July 1910, but a fellow Hindu requested an exhumation in order to carry out cremation. This occurred on a road at the rear of the Cobram Cemetery on 14 July 1910 (Anonymous, 1910af, 1910ap).—Assets men-tioned at £280 in the bank, and about £400 in as-sets in the wagon, horse and stock (’heavily stocked in fancy goods’) (Anonymous, 1910af, 1910ag).—Probate (Stranger, 1910).—The adver-tisement for the sale on 9 August 1910 noted that the estate “consist[ed[ of a horse, wagon, harness, drapery, clothing, embroidery, musical instru-ments, jewellery, and a large quantity of fancy goods” (Anonymous, 1910au, 1910ba).

72. MOOHTA KHAN.—† 18 September 1910 at Moama (Anonymous, 1910ax)(NSW BDM 10084/1910).—Father Shefellie Khan; mother Bebe S.—survived by wife and two children (one a step son) in India.—travelling hawker in the Moama area; worked with Pulley Barber (Anonymous, 1903i, 1908h).—on record as Moota Khan (Anonymous, 1910q, 1910ax, 1910ay); Mootha Khan (Nathan, 1910b); Motha Khan (Nathan, 1910b).—reputedly had served in the British army in India an afterward worked for the P & O Mail Company (Anonymous, 1910ax).—Successful co-claimant (with Pully Bar-ber) in a debt case brought against Ninno Shah in the Moama Small Debts Court in December 1903 (Anonymous, 1903i); successful co-claimant (with Pully Barber) in a debt case brought against Ish-mael Sher Khan in the Moama Small Debts Court in April 1910 (Anonymous, 1910h); successful claimant in a debt case brought against Ishmael Sher Khan in the Moama Small Debts Court in February 1910 (Anonymous, 1910bc); mentioned

as witness in the case of Pully Barber accused of assaulting the motor cyclist R.C. Colville near Moama (Anonymous, 1908h); successful claimant against the motor cyclist (above) for shying his horses (Anonymous, 1908h); unsuccessfully sued James Nabby Bux for insulting language in the Moama Police Court in February 1910 (the case was dismissed as the incident did not occur in a public place) (Anonymous, 1910aq)—In early 1910 has established a camp at the Murray River (Anonymous, 1910aq).—Interred in the Method-ist portion of Moama cemetery on 19 September 1910, funeral service to be carried out by “a Ma-hometan priest from Melbourne” (Anonymous, 1910q, 1910ax, 1910ay).—The grave is in the Methodist portion Row B Grave 1 (Bartlett, 2017a).—Probate application 21 September 1910 (Nathan, 1910a, 1910b, 1910c), executor Pulley Narker (Nathan, 1910b).

73. MOHAMMED ALI.—*ca 1842 † 18 September 1910 at Moama (Anonymous, 1910ax).—on rec-ord as Mahomet Ali, (Anonymous, 1910ax); also known as ‘Turkey Lolly’ (Anonymous, 1910ax).—No data on the death can be found in the NSW Births, Deaths and Marriages register.—Buried on 19 September 1910 in an unmarked grave in the paper section of Echuca general cemetery (Rendle, 2017).

74. HADJI M SHER KHAN.—† late 1911 Moama.—(NSW BDM 15406/1911).—Father Haggie Khan; mother Miriam.—The newspapers are si-lent on the death.

A Sher Khan is on record as unsuccessful defend-ant in a debt case brought by Moota Khan in the Moama Small Debts Court in February 1910 (Anonymous, 1910bc); requested sequestration order on 20 July 1911 (Salusbury, 1911a); meeting of creditors 4 September 1911 (Salusbury, 1911b; Salusbury & Lloyd, 1911); estate in state bank-ruptcy, joint account Sher Khan and Ishmael Sher Khan (estate account nº 18,903) (Lloyd, 1911b, 1911a), as well as separate account Sher Khan (es-tate account nº 18,903). In addition, on record are a Mrs Sher Khan (Anonymous, 1910an) as well as her (and presumably his) sons, Ishmael Sher Khan and Edward Sher Khan (Anonymous, 1910an).

75 ALLIE MOHAMMED.—† ca 29 Nov 1912 Wangaratta.— On record as Allie Mahomed (Wangaratta Cemetery Ledger, Seymour, 2017).— labourer.— resident of Myrtleford.— Held lease to 20 acres of crown land in the centre of the Par-ish of Myrtleford (2 miles from Myrtleford town-ship), declared void (after death) in May 1913 (Anonymous, 1913a, 1913j).—on record as buried in an unmarked grave the Strangers Section (grave 113) of Wangaratta Cemetery on 30 November 1912 (Wangaratta Cemetery Ledger, Seymour, 2017).— Outstanding debts to estate called in (Keen, 1914).

76. BUTTERA BISTEN SINGH.—*ca 1870, † early April 1913 at Lower Temora.—On record as Buttera B Singh (NSW BDM 7951/1913); Buttern Bisten Singh (Anonymous, 1913d); Buttira Bishen Singh (Garrett, 1913), Bolina Bishon Singh (Garrett,


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1913).—found dead in his ‘van,’ coroner found death from natural causes (Anonymous, 1913d).—No information on his burial can be found in the papers.—Probate granted 10 Sep-tember 1910 (Garrett, 1913).

77. BOOTA KHAN.—† 9 May 1913 Burrandana?.—(NSW BDM 8639/1913). —Father Masahib Khan.—died while being taken from Pulletop (south of Wagga Wagga) to Wagga Wagga hospital (Anonymous, 1913f).—Hawker’s licence granted by Albury Police court February 1909 (Anonymous, 1909a).—Buried on 10 May 1913 in the general portion of the Wagga Wagga cemetery (Anonymous, 1913f), burial ceremony conducted by S.M. Shah, Muslim priest of Sydney (Anonymous, 1913f). Present were M.Allam (of Sydney) and Sahib Dad of Pulletop; Amarally Khan and Nabob Khan, brothers Boota Khan, and of Pulletop, missed the funeral as their wagon broke an axle (Anonymous, 1913f).

78. LUBBA SINGH.—† 11 April 1914 at Gunbar.—On record as Lubba Singh (NSW BDM 5785/1914); (Anonymous, 1914i).—Lubba Singh is on record as being fined for ‘riotous behaviour’ at Hillston (Anonymous, 1908c); fined for using indecent lan-guage at Hillston (Anonymous, 1908c); as success-ful plaintiff in small debts court (Anonymous, 1910a); on good behaviour bond at Hillston for use of insulting language (Anonymous, 1911l)/.—Lubba Singh’s team of five horses was frightened by a motor car near Booligal so that “they bolted with the wagon, entirely wrecking it, and scattering the contents about the street ; also taking-the cor-ner off a house they came in contact with”(Anonymous, 1910ao).—description of his new three-ton hawking wagon completed by Henry Proctor in January 1911 (Anonymous, 1911h).—Killed when thrown off his horse at Gunbar (Anonymous, 1914i); cremated 14 April 1914 south of the Hay cemetery (Anonymous, 1914h, 1914k, 1914l, 1914p).—Estate (stock-in-trade of a hawker, drapery, horses harness etc) to be auctioned on 27 April 1914 to recoup debts (Anonymous, 1914n) (Anonymous, 1914q); auc-tion delayed until 14 May 1914 (Anonymous, 1914p; McMahon, 1914).—Probate notice 19 May 1914 (Garrett, 1914).

79. BISHIN SINGH.—† 29 August 1915 at Mou-lamein.—Father Simta Singh (NSW BDM 11384/1915).—died of acute pneumonia (Anonymous, 1915a).—On record as Bishen Singh (NSW BDM 11384/1915); and Bishin Singh (Anonymous, 1923e).—took up 40 acres special lease SL 1907/2 with an annual rent of 2 shillings/acre (Anonymous, 1912f); land pur-chases at Moulamein in early July 1912: allotment 11, section 8, 36p, £34; allotment 12, section 8, 35p, £34; allotment 9, section 51, 1r., £6 10s; al-lotment 10, section 51, 1r., £7 10s (Anonymous, 1912k); owned three additional properties in Bar-ham (probate file, see below).—On record as pre-sent at the cremation of his uncle Gundah Singh (Moulamein) (Anonymous, 1909g); as having awarded hawker’s licence by Moulamein Police

Court for 1911 (Anonymous, 1911f); as placing notice re unpaid accounts (Anonymous, 1913g); as witness in a case of conversion of goods brought by Carlo Singh against Needham Singh (Anonymous, 1914g); as witness is a court case by Carlo Singh against Lal Singh (Anonymous, 1915k); defendant in an unsuccessful court case of threatening language brought by Lal Singh (Anonymous, 1915k); described as “a fine speci-men of the Sikhs, [who] was possessed of consid-erable means and property” (Anonymous, 1915g).—cremated at Moulamein, in the presence of a large gathering of residents (Anonymous, 1915n).—estate auctioned off 10 May 1915 com-prised of Moulamein Lot 3 section 10 with Black-smiths shop, tools of trade and stock; eight town-ship allotments in Moulamein; 40 acres special lease; fencing posts, 1 mare (Nathan, 1916a, 1916b; Newman, 1916).—Probate 25 November 1915, (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 71659); granted 29 June 1923 (Anonymous, 1923e).

80. EASTER SINGH.—*ca 1860, † 11 Sep 1915 Gow-andardie South (Vic BDM 11453/1915).—Father Ran Singh Vic BDM 11453/1915).—collapsed when leaving his wagon (at Alexander Brown’s property, Gowandardie South); inquest found that he died of Bright’s disease (acute or chronic ne-phritis, kidney failure); cremated at Gowandardie or at Violet Town (Anonymous, 1915f, 1915h), with ashes scattered in the Broken River (Jacka, 2017)

81. SHAH BOZ KHAN.—*ca 1879 Kerrie, † 12 Mar 1916 Echuca (Vic BDM 1493/1916); died at Echuca District Hospital (Anonymous, 1916h)—Father Alli Khan, mother Merizza Bagum (Vic BDM 1493/1916); Kahn’s father was reputedly the mayor of the town of ‘Kerrie’ (Anonymous, 1916l); the town cannot be readily identified.—also known as Shak Boz Khan (Anonymous, 1914m); Shah Boz Khan (Anonymous, 1916l), Shah Box Khan (Anonymous, 1916h).—arrived in Victoria ca. 1902 (Anonymous, 1916l).—hawker.—at time of death, trading in the Moama district for about five years (Anonymous, 1916l).— mentioned as witness in suit brought by Moota Khan in the Moama Police Court in Feb-ruary 1910 against James Nabby Bux, for having used insulting language (Anonymous, 1910aq); hawkers licence issued in January 1914 by the Moama Licencing Court (Anonymous, 1914m)—at hospital for six weeks before death (Anonymous, 1916l).—Buried on 13 March 1916 in an unmarked grave in the Methodist section (grave 4–5L) of the Moama general cemetery (Rendle, 2017). The funeral service was conducted by Mea Safali, priest at Moama, supported by A.H. Shah, L.A.L. Shah and Jee Lan Shah, priests from Melbourne (Anonymous, 1916h). The funeral was attended by 17 Muslims, but Shah Boz Khan was reputedly known only to a few of the mourners (Anonymous, 1916h, 1916g).

82. FARMAN ALI KASHMERE.—*ca 1853 † 10 Aug 1916 Wangaratta.—Also known as Farman Ali


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(Anonymous, 1915m); Fermen Alli (Wangaratta Cemetery Ledger, Seymour, 2017); Farman Ali Kashmere(House, 1916a); Juma Farman Allie (House, 1916a).—Hawker.—Resident of Benalla in 1916 (House, 1916b).—Collectors license granted by the Shepparton Court of Petty Sessions in April 1915 (Anonymous, 1915m).—On record as buried with Muslim rites (a ‘Mahommedan Priest’ in attendance) in an unmarked grave in the Strangers Section (grave 34n) of Wangaratta Cem-etery on 11 August 1926 (Wangaratta Cemetery Ledger, Seymour, 2017).—Probate 23 Sep 1916 (House, 1916a, 1916b).

83. JOALLAH SINGH.—*ca 1884, † 30 November 1916 at Euroa.—On record as Joallah Singh (Anonymous, 1916m); Joeallah Singh (Anonymous, 1916c).—Probable cause of death was internal bleeding of the stomach (ulcer?). He was cremated at Mr. John Gall's paddock, near the old Branjee racecourse (Anonymous, 1916m). Cremation conducted by his brother and other Sikh (Anonymous, 1916d, 1916m).

84. SUMAR SINGH.—*ca 1857 Dandalla, † 17 March 1917 at Albury.—Father Kuzon Singh; Mother Martha Kivars (death certificate NSW BDM 3568/1917); brother Chere Singh (death certifi-cate); married in 1882 to Awethree (Avitri?) at Dandalla two children, Sumar (30 in 1917) and Rowrie (27) (death certificate).—labourer (accord-ing to death certificate).—died at Payee Shed, Ad-ams Street (Adams, 1920); cause of death was can-cer of the larynx (death certificate).— formal wit-nesses at the cremation were Chere Singh (brother) and A[ntonia] M Abikhair (death certifi-cate); see also entry in undertaker’s records (Adams, 1920), but no further information can be found in the newspaper sources on Sumar Singh.

85. ATCHAR SINGH.—*ca 1867 Jindiala; † 21 August 1917 Gerogery.—Father Wee Singh; Mother Ma-hoo (death certificate, NSW BDM 10612/1917).—Brother Debara Singh of Wahgunyah; married ca 1897 to Juadoo at Jindiala; children Gharla Singh (20 in 1917); Bunsche (15), Bajante (16) (according to death certificate).—foot hawker, working in NSW since ca 1902 (ac-cording to death certificate).—also known as ‘Atcher’ and ‘Utcher’ Singh (Anonymous, 1917e, 1917f).—reported from Henty (Anonymous, 1910al) and Gerogery (Anonymous, 1917e).—Mentioned in a court case in Albury in December 1910 where Betro Abikhair recovered a £5 5/7 debt from Atchar Singh (Anonymous, 1910al). Probably returned to India in 1912 for a brief visit (Collector of Customs, 1912).—Apparently had a stroke on a country road near Gerogery, collapsed, with his head caught between the wires of a fence. Actual cause of death was strangulation (Anonymous, 1917e, 1917f, 1917g).—Remains taken to Albury (Anonymous, 1917e, 1917f).—While the nature of his death, experiencing a stroke with partial paralysis, falling into a fence and being strangled by the wires, was deemed news worthy and saw reporting not only in the lo-cal papers (Anonymous, 1917e, 1917f, 1917k,

1917q), but also in other regional towns in New South Wales (Anonymous, 1917h, 1917i, 1917j, 1917l) and in Victoria (Anonymous, 1917i, 1917n, 1917p), no information can be found on his cre-mation bar notices that his body was taken to Al-bury for that purpose (Anonymous, 1917e).—formal witness to his cremation was Rule Singh (according to death certificate)

86. JEBBAH ‘CHARLIE’ SINGH.*ca 1869, † 13 October 1917 Mooroopna (Vic BDM 13573/1917).—on record as ‘Charlie Jeba’ ‘(Vic BDM 13573/1917); Jebbah Charlie’ Singh Sikh (Anonymous, 1917d, 1917c).—died at Mooroopna hospital of heart failure.—Cremated at the back of Mooroopna cemetery in the presence of a number of fellow Sikh (Anonymous, 1917d, 1917c).

87. TARUM SINGH.—*ca 1858 Gidella (Gindhalla, La-hore), † 23 April 1918 at Albury.—Father Karjan (NSW BDM 6507/1918); unmarried at time of death (death certificate).—also known as ‘Taram’ Singh (Anonymous, 1918p).—hawker, in NSW since 1897 (death certificate).—in Albury hospital in late April 1918 (Anonymous, 1918p) for chronic kidney problems (death certificate).—died of heart failure (death certificate).—intestate; state sale held by public trustee on 16 May 1918; listed were two young light draught mares in good con-dition, a four-wheeled wagon and double-set har-ness, hawker’s drapery and sundries (Anonymous, 1918j; Clancy, 1918).

88. NARAN SINGH.—*ca 1871, † 2 May 1918 at Al-bury.—On record as Naran Singh (Anonymous, 1918e); Neran Singh (Reid, 1918a).—hawker (Anonymous, 1918j).—Died 2 May 1918 at Ker-gunyah (Anonymous, 1918e), cremated on 4 May 1918 at the Albury Indian cemetery (Anonymous, 1918a, 1918d, 1918e, 1918m).—died intestate (House, 1918a), order given 14 June 1918 (House, 1918b), clearing sale on 13 June 1918 (Anonymous, 1918c; for full inventory see Reid, 1918b; Reid, 1918a); estate sale realised £178 (House, 1918b).

89. CHAM SINGH.—*ca 1843, † 1918 Wahgunyah (Vic BDM 11067/1918).— The newspapers of the day are silent on the nature of the burial or cremation.

90. HERNAM SINGH.—*ca 1863, † 13 January 1920 Wangaratta.—On record as Hernam Singh (Anonymous, 1920e); Harnam Singh (Anonymous, 1920a).—Working in the Wangaratta area since about 1901; hawker well known in the Greta and Moyhu districts (Anonymous, 1920f).—In India 1916 to 1918 (Anonymous, 1920a).—Died of a stroke at Wangaratta hospital (Anonymous, 1920e). Cre-mated at reserve near the cemetery at Greta Road. Funeral rites performed by his son Siva Singh (who had served in World War I) and his brother Gooram Singh (Anonymous, 1920b, 1920e).

91. RUDDA SINGH.—*ca 1860; † 12 February 1920 Beechworth.—On record as Rudda Singh (Anonymous, 1895b, 1914d); Rue or Rur Singh (Beechworth cemetery records, T. Walsh, 2017).—Rudda Singh, initially a hawker with


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horse and cart, had been doing business with Betro Abikhair since about 1901 and bought from him occasionally (Anonymous, 1914d).—went in-solvent in early 1914 and owed £83 to Betro Abikhair and G Malouf. Reputedly severely as-saulted by Betro Abikhair and George M Malouf on the Beechworth-Wooragee Road (case dismissed, Anonymous, 1914d).—went to India 191?–1920, returned early 1920; died in Bee-chworth Hospital and was interred in the local cemetery. The cemetery ledger states ‘Pagan’ which normally refers to the Chinese section, but it is more probable that he was buried in the Strangers section (no plot number known) (Beechworth cemetery records, T. Walsh, 2017).—He was exhumed, once news had spread and the necessary permissions had been obtained. Cremation occurred on 22 June 1920. Mentioned at the cremation are Pollah Singh, Esa Singh, Ab-dullah Singh, Jimmy Bogong, Bogon Singh (Anonymous, 1920c).

92. JUNAN SINGH.—† ca 2 June 1921.— Buried in an unmarked grave in the General section (row A lot 14 ) of the Hay General cemetery on 3 June 1921 (Hay Cemetery records, T. Murphy, 2017).— The newspapers of the day are silent on the nature of the burial or cremation.

93. JULA SINGH.—*ca 1856, † 31 May 1922 Temora (NSW BDM 6973/1922).—also reported as Julia Singh (Anonymous, 1922k).—resident of Coo-lamon (Thompson & Bradfield, 1923); died Temora Hospital (Anonymous, 1922h).—Hawkers licence granted by Ardlethan Police Court for 1917 (Anonymous, 1916a).—cremated on 1 June 1922 at the Junee Road (Anonymous, 1922h, 1922o); some of the ashes to be sent to In-dia to be thrown into the Ganges (Anonymous, 1922o).—Boota Singh (Coolamon) named as ex-ecutor (Thompson & Bradfield, 1923), probate published 15 Jan 1923 (Thompson & Bradfield, 1923).

94 RUHINI TULLA.—† 16 Oct 1922 Glenrowan.—hawker.—found dead next to his van after run-ning after his horses (Anonymous, 1922f).—Buried at Wangaratta in the presence of “several of his countrymen [who] came from Melbourne, Mooroopua, and Benalla” (Anonymous, 1922j); the priest in charge was S.J. Shah from Melbourne (Anonymous, 1922j).—On record as buried in an unmarked grave in the Strangers Section (grave 14c) of Wangaratta Cemetery on 19 October 1922 (Wangaratta Cemetery Ledger, Seymour, 2017).

95. SUDA SINGH.—*ca 1846, † 1 July 1922 Temora.—On record as Suda Singh (NSW BDM 13983/1922); Sood Singh (Anonymous, 1922a, 1922b).—hawking in the Temora district for 25 years (Anonymous, 1922a); died at Temora Hos-pital (Anonymous, 1922a); placed in a coffin and cremated on 3 July 1922 at a site near the Junee Road (Anonymous, 1922a).

96. NANA KHAN.—*ca 1867, † about 18 February 1922 at Barooga near Berrigan (Anonymous, 1922l) (NSW BDM 2599/1922).—On record as ‘Nana’ (Anonymous, 1922l); ‘Nanoo’ Khan (NSW

BDM 2599/1922).—married to Emily Khan (Anonymous, 1914e, 1914f).—land owner at Barooga (Anonymous, 1914e, 1914f).—successfully requested readjustment of rates for his property at Barooga in September 1909, as he was rated for land he did not own (Anonymous, 1909b, 1909m); successful plaintiff in a case of theft committed by Victor Gubbie (one Johnny cake, quantity of butter and tobacco) (Anonymous, 1903k); unsuccessful defendant (due to non-attendance) in debt recovery case brought by David McLaren in the Deniliquin Dis-trict Court (Anonymous, 1905o); fined for having an unregistered dog (Anonymous, 1910az).—Buried in the general section of Berrigan Cemetery in the presence of “several of his countrymen” (Anonymous, 1922l). The cemetery register shows that he was buried in the Methodist section (row 3 plot 11) (Mark, 2017).—“followed the occupation of a hawker, and was of particularly cleanly habits, his hon-esty of purpose causing him to be highly respected” (Anonymous, 1922l).

On record are also a Nama Khan, Nanit Khan and a Nam(u)t Khan, which are assumed to be differ-ent individuals.

97. POLLAH SINGH.—*ca 1858, † 24 June 1923, Cor-ryong.—arrived in Australia in 1890 (Strahmore, 1923).—On record as Pallah Singh (Anonymous, 1919c); Pella Singh (Anonymous, 1923b); Paul Singh (Anonymous, 1901h); Pollah Singh (Anonymous, 1902h, 1902j, 1902k, 1907b, 1908a, 1913e; Whan, 1923)—Paul Singh is on record for unclaimed letter(s) sent to him at Albury, held at Sydney on 21 Mar 1893 (General Post Office, 1893a).—As early as 1902 Pollah Singh was re-garded as the most significant of the Indian hawk-ers and often acted as an intermediary between the individual hawkers and the authorities (Anonymous, 1902h, 1913e); described as ‘Hin-doo chief of the district’ (Anonymous, 1920c).—Pollah Singh seems to have handled some of the insolvency issues and relations creditors (Anonymous, 1914d).—His bondsmen on record were Betro Abhikair and Thomas Coghlan (for 1907) or Zachariah Salamy (for 1908) (Anonymous, 1907j). Also on record as licensed for 1910 (Anonymous, 1910am); 1912 (Anonymous, 1912d); 1913 (Anonymous, 1913e); 1918 (Anonymous, 1918k).—Successful plaintiff in debt cases against Charles Hore at Wodonga in November 1910 (Anonymous, 1910bk); against W Dought at Corryong in January 1914 (Anonymous, 1915e); A.E. Drage at Corryong in February 1916 (Anonymous, 1916b).—victim of theft at Corryong in early July 1902 (Anonymous, 1902j, 1902k).—Pollah Singh seems to have rec-orded the serial number of each of the bank notes he owned (see evidence in Anonymous, 1902j).—alleged to have collided with and upset the sanitary cart at Bethanga (Anonymous, 1904j).—charged with drunk and disorderly conduct in Wodonga in September 1904, detained for 48 hours (Anonymous, 1904o).—participant with his spring carts at the Corryong Shows of 1907


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(Anonymous, 1907b), 1908 (Anonymous, 1908a), Tumbarumba show 1915 (Anonymous, 1915q).—donated money for the trophy for a war appeal in 1916 (Anonymous, 1916e); towards a piano for the Sailors’ and Soldier’s Club of Albury in 1918 (Anonymous, 1918o).—Handled the cremations of Rudda Singh at Beechworth in June 1925 (Anonymous, 1895b).—In the case of Rudda Singh’s cremation, Pollah Singh handled all the formalities and legal permits for exhumation, and also paid the funeral expenses (Anonymous, 1895b).

Pollah Singh

Run over by his team of horses (Figure 10) while leading them down a steep grade at Cudgewa on 24 June 1923. His uncle Isar Singh was driving the wagon at the time. Even though he was taken to Corryong hospital, the injuries to his skull (sus-tained by a kick to the head by one of his horses) proved fatal and he died on the same day (Anonymous, 1923a, 1923b, 1923c). Cremated on 27 June 1923 outside the Corryong cemetery (Anonymous, 1923c).—John Wahn mentioned as executor of Pollah Singh’s estate (Whan, 1923), will dated 8 May 1918 (Anonymous, 1924a).—Clearing sale of Pollah Singh’s estate at Tallangatta on 16 August 1923 (Gippsland and Northern Cooperative & Co, 1923b, 1923a). The sale was well attended, extended to a second day due to de-mand (Anonymous, 1923d). The hawker’s wagon sold for £59 to a buyer from the Upper Murray (Anonymous, 1923d). Total value of the estate (as realised at the sales) was £2,902 which was left to his sons (Anonymous, 1924a).

98. POORAN SINGH.—*ca 1878, † 2 April 1923 at Al-bury.—Father Nung Singh (farmer); Mother Dar-boh.—not married at time of death (death certifi-cate).—occupation labourer (according to death certificate).—resident in Corryong, arrived in Vic-toria ca 1898 (death certificate).—died of liver cancer at the Albury hospital (death certificate).—.—death registered under ‘Poorn Singh’ in the Al-bury district (NSW BDM 9437/1923).—Nothing relevant was found in the newspapers under ‘Poorn+Singh,’ ‘Pooran+Singh’ or ‘Singh+1923.’

99. JOHN NEEDHAM SINGH.—*ca 1877, † 6 January 1925 at Tooleybuc.—On record as Neeham Singh (NSW BDM 2327/1925); Needham Singh (Anonymous, 1919a); John Needham (Anonymous, 1919b); Jacky Barkey (Anonymous, 1919b).—farmer at Tooleybuc (Anonymous, 1919b); dairy man (Anonymous, 1919d); dairy

farmer (Anonymous, 1919a); [market] gardener in Tooleybuc (Payne, 1925c).—Mentioned as wit-ness in court case on the theft of sheep (Anonymous, 1919a, 1919b, 1919d).—Probate 10 July 1925 (Payne, 1925c, 1925d).—Owned subur-ban holding 15/2 portion 48 Tooleybuc (citrus or-chard 27.5 acres with petrol engine and pumping plant), town allotments 1 and 2, section 21 (half acre each)(Harris, 1925).—The newspaper record contains no information on the nature of his death or burial.

100. CHARLES SUNDER SINGH.—*ca 1873 † 7 February 1925 at Urangeline.—(NSW BDM 2580/1925).—lived in Albury, later Urangeline.—On record as Charlie Sundah Singh (Payne, 1925b), also known as Sundah Singh (Payne, 1925b); Sundra Singh (Payne, 1925a); Charlie Sunda Singh (C. S. Singh, 1920); Charlie Sundar Singh (M'Donald & Mason, 1925).—On record in an advertisement for horses at Gundagai (C. S. Singh, 1920).—buried on 26 February 1925 in the Roman Catholic section of Wagga Wagga cemetery (M'Donald & Mason, 1925).—Probate 26 June 1925 (Payne, 1925a); his will was dated 4 June 1924 (Payne, 1925b); be-queathed £5 to the Albury Hospital (Anonymous, 1925h).

101. SUNDA(RG)H (‘LUNDAH’) SINGH.—*ca 1860, † 14 February 1925 at Grassmere Station nr Peasant Hills.—(Anonymous, 1925e), (NSW BDM 4451/1925).—Known as Sunda(rg)h (‘Lundah’) Singh ; Lunda Singh (Anonymous, 1925e); Sanda Singh.—camped at Grassmere Station nr Peasant Hills (Anonymous, 1925f); probable cause of death was a stroke (brain haemorrhage) (Anonymous, 1925e).—body was conveyed from Pleasant Hills to Henty and handed to Putarb Singh (of Henty) who handled the cremation; this took place on a hill at the rear of the Henty Rifle range (Anonymous, 1925e); a large number of Henty residents were spectators (Anonymous, 1925e).

102. PARPAPA SINGH.—*ca 1852, † 27 June 1925 at Tallangatta.—also on record as ‘Partarpa’ (Anonymous, 1925i); ‘Partarps’ Singh (Anonymous, 1925l).—collapsed and died at the back of his shop (Anonymous, 1925m); or at the local hospital (Anonymous, 1925l).—inquest identified senile decay as cause of death (Anonymous, 1925i).—cremated on 29 June at Tallangatta cemetery (Anonymous, 1925m). Cere-mony (‘Mahometan service’) conducted by Nutta Singh with several compatriots (Anonymous, 1925l); Parpapa Singh’s brother Gunda gathered a portion of the ashes and teeth (Anonymous, 1925i).

103. CHARM SINGH.—*ca 1855, † July 1925 at Chiltern (Victoria BDM 1925/8938).—cremated at Chil-tern cemetery.—Cremation ceremony performed by Malla Singh and Nupetarpa Singh (Anonymous, 1925b, 1925d, 1925c).

104. LIENAH SINGH.—† 25 June 1925 at Balranald.—On record as Lanna Singh (Payne, 1925a); Lienah Singh(Anonymous, 1925g); Leona Singh (NSW BDM 12376/1925).—of Moulamein


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(Anonymous, 1925g), working in the area of De-niliquin, Berrigan and Finley (Anonymous, 1925a).—taken from Moulamein to district hospi-tal in Balranald (Anonymous, 1925g).—cremated near the Balranald race course (Anonymous, 1925a, 1925j).—Probate 31 July 1925 (Payne, 1925a, 1925b).

105. BUDDAH SINGH.—*ca 1846 † 30 April 1926 at Echuca (Anonymous, 1926a).—on record as Bhagwan Singh in Vic BDM (5129/1926)._Father Saramac Singh (Vic BDM 5129/1926).—died at Echuca hospital (Anonymous, 1926b).—Cremated in the south-west corner of the Echuca cemetery in the presence of four Sikh and some 200 onlookers (Anonymous, 1926a, 1926b). As far as is known, Buddah Singh’s was the first crema-tion which took place in Echuca (Anonymous, 1926b).

106. A cremation is mentioned for the Indian burial ground at (now) Jelbart Park, Albury for 1928 (Hunter, 2012).—Perusal of the newspapers yielded no reference to a 1928 cremation.

107. LAL SINGH.—*ca 1871, † 25 January 1929 at Mou-lamein.—On record as Lal Singh (Anonymous, 1929b)(NSW BDM 5417/1929).—Committed suicide (aided by intoxication) by jumping off the bridge and drowning himself in the Edward River (Anonymous, 1929b, 1929c). Recovered from 10ft of water (Anonymous, 1929e), he was cremated on the banks of the Edward River, opposite the Mooloomoon woolshed, by three fellow traders with a crowd on 100 onlookers (Anonymous, 1929b, 1929d).—Probate advert 25 April 1929 (Payne, 1929); file 20 May 1929, (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 159502).

108. ATTA SINGH.—*ca 1839, † ca 7 Feb 1929 Bee-chworth.— buried in the unmarked grave in the Strangers section (grave 29) of Beechworth Cem-etery on 8 February 1929 (Beechworth cemetery records, T. Walsh, 2017).— The newspapers of the day are silent on the nature of the burial or cremation.

109. ESOOR SINGH.—*ca 1877, † 17 February 1929 at Wagga Wagga as result of injuries sustained in road accident on the Pulletop to Albury Road (Anonymous, 1929a). —On record as Esser Singh (Anonymous, 1915o)(NSW BDM 5106/1929); Eser Singh (R. Singh, 1926). On record at The Rock in 1907 (Anonymous, 1907q); at Pulletop nr Wagga Wagga in 1929 (Anonymous, 1929a).—May have returned temporarily to India [Certifi-cate Exempting from Dictation Test - includes left hand impression and photographs] [box 184] Na-tional Archives of Australia: ST84/1, 1926/400/11-20.—In late October 1907 Esser Singh acquired a town allotment (Section 3 lot 3, size 2 rood) in the Village of Kingston (now ‘The Rock’), Parish of Burke, County of Mitchell (Anonymous, 1907q; Department of Lands, 1919, 1920).—On record as land owner at Pulletop (Anonymous, 1929a)—Probate 23 July 1929, (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 160239; (Lusher, Young, & Stellway, 1930).—Estate went to his son Guljara Singh, living in Kaunke Kalan,

Ludhiana District, Punjab, India (copy of will, dated 9 February 1926, see probate file).).—An Esser Singh (same person ?) is also on record for unclaimed letter(s) sent to him at Goulburn, held at Sydney on 28 Jun 1893 (General Post Office, 1893b).

In 1926 Rutten Singh tried to contact Eser Singh a hawker with motor truck in the mid 1920s (R. Singh, 1926). It is not certain that this refers to Esoor Singh as by that time he was a land owner engaged (at least temporarily) in farming.

110. GOUDET SINGH.—* ca 1870, † 23 January 1930 at Mohyu (Victoria BDM 1930/3488); age at death 60 (Victoria BDM 1930/3488).—Father Arfin Singh, mother Matham (Victoria BDM 1930/3488).—On record as Gaudet Singh (Anonymous, 1930j, 1930l, 1930o); Gourdit Singh (Victoria BDM 1930/3488).—resident in Victoria ca 1895 (Anonymous, 1930b).—Successful claim-ant for outstanding debt at the Wangaratta Police Court in May 1916 (Anonymous, 1916o); hawkers licence renewed at Wangaratta Police Court (Anonymous, 1918n).— On record as winning (and redonating) a prize at the Carboor L.M.P. League meeting in June 1918 (Anonymous, 1918b).—Died Wangaratta Hospital. Survived by wife and nephew in India (Anonymous, 1930b).—Cremated on the Wangaratta town common 24 January 1930 (Anonymous, 1930b, 1930j, 1930l, 1930n, 1930m).—Left estate of £20,729, comprised of £1,910 in real estate and the remainder in other assests (Anonymous, 1930g). Property auctioned by executors of estate on 3 April 1930: in 49–51 Palmer Street, Fitzroy; 270–272 Napier Street, Fitzroy; 110-112 Campbell Street, Collingwood (Flannagan & Co, 1930). Apart from a legacy of £100 to the Wangaratta Public Hospital, the estate was bequeathed to Ma-hanth Prem Singh of Moralla, Kharian Post Of-fice, District Guyrat, Punjab (Anonymous, 1930g, 1930h)..

111. SON MULL.—† 8 May 1930, Savernake (House, 1930a).—On record as Son Mail (Anonymous, 1916i, 1916j); Son Mule (Anonymous, 1918k), Son Moll (Anonymous, 1932a); Son Mull (Payne, 1930).—Probate 21 November 1930 (Payne, 1930); Bishin Singh was named the beneficiary of will, but had to take the public trustee to court (Anonymous, 1932a); Estate worth £100/14/8 (House, 1930b).

112. KIDO (‘DOOKIE’) SINGH.—*ca 1865, † 23 Sep-tember 1920 at Walbundrie (Anonymous, 1930e, 1930f); (NSW BDM 15124/1930).—Kido (‘Dookie’) (Anonymous, 1930d); also known as known as "Darkie” Singh.—He apparently suf-fered a heart seizure and fell into his own camp fire at F. A. Muller's farm, reputedly near Culcairn (Anonymous, 1930e, 1930f), near Walla Walla (Anonymous, 1930d) or near Walbundrie (Anonymous, 1930a, 1930c; E. M. Williams, 1978, p. 105f).—The body was taken to the Walbundrie cemetery (Anonymous, 1930c), but newspapers of the day are silent on the nature of the burial or cremation. According to cemetery record he was


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buried in the General section (E. M. Williams, 1978, p. 120).

113. HERMAN SINGH.—† 25 May 1930 at Mel-bourne.—also on record as Hernam Singh.—hawker at Jerilderie.—well known hawker (with his partner Butten Singh) in the Goulburn Valley in 1911 (Anonymous, 1911j).—together with But-ten Singh sentenced to 18 months imprisonment at Beechworth Jail for suborning a witness to com-mit perjury in an assault case against them (alleg-edly assault on Gundah Singh on 7 March 1911 at Wangaratta); were seen off by between 20 and 30 Hindu traders (Anonymous, 1911d, 1911e).—hawker’s licence granted by the Jerilderie Licenc-ing Court (Anonymous, 1916k).—operated in long-term partnership with Button Singh (Anonymous, 1930i).—Had foot crushed in har-vester wheel, treated at local hospital, due to com-plications taken to Melbourne; despite amputation of the leg, he died at Melbourne Hospital (Anonymous, 1930i).—no mention where and how he is buried could be found in the newspa-pers.—Probate 3 July 1931 (Greenwell, Shephard, & York, 1931).—beneficiary of his estate was the Melbourne merchant Solomon Murad Jaboor.

114. BOOTA SINGH.—* ca 1861, † 19 May 1931 Numurkah (Victoria BDM 1931/6601).—On rec-ord as Boota Singh (Victoria BDM 1931/6601), Booth Singh (Anonymous, 1931).—Cremated at Numurkah cemetery by another, unnnamed, Hindo (Anonymous, 1931). The cemetery records show that he was cremated on 21 May 1931 at the Public Ground, Numurkah (Cunningham, 2017).

115. PEIR BUKSH.*ca 1843 † 1 January 1931 Albury.—on record as Peir Bux (NSW BDM 4561/1931), Pier Bux (Albury Cemetery database nº 30,146).—Father Amr Bux..—The Albury undertaker rec-ords are missing for the year in question. The Al-bury Cemetery database records him as Pier Bux, buried on 3 January 1931 (Other denominations, Plan 8, row B lot 10).

A Pera Bux is mentioned as a witness for the plain-tiff (Junga Malik) in in debt recovery case against Pundit Salgram in the Wagga Wagga Small Debts Court in September 1903 (Anonymous, 1903g).

116. CARLO SINGH.—*ca 1857, † 1931 at Balranald.—(NSW BDM 3674/1931).—also Carla Singh (Dowling, 1908);.—On record as leading the cre-mation proceedings of Gundah Singh in Mou-lamein in December 1909 (Anonymous, 1909c, 1909g); as having awarded hawker’s licence by Moulamein Police Court for 1911 (Anonymous, 1911f); as claimant in a case of conversion of goods brought against Needham Singh (Anonymous, 1914g); as accuser in an unsuccess-ful court case of threatening language brought against Lal Singh (Anonymous, 1915k).—multiple to Balranald Hospital charity in 1908 (Dowling, 1908), 1910 (Dowling, 1910), 1911 (Anonymous, 1911a), 1912 (Anonymous, 1912a) and 1920 (Anonymous, 1921a).—charged a fee by council for the removal of a dead horse of his from the Deniliquin Road in January 1917 (Anonymous, 1917m).—Probate 15 March 1932 (Payne, 1932).

117. JUAN SINGH.—*ca 1865, † 1931 at Hay (NSW BDM 8408/1931).—Nothing could be found in the newspapers regarding his death and burial.—brother of Braham Singh (Anonymous, 1905ab).—On record as having received a hawker’s licence in 1902 by the Balranald Police Court; bondsmen were D.C. McInnes and James Horn (Anonymous, 1902i); received goods at Echuca railway station in 1904 (Anonymous, 1904g).—donor to charity in 1915 (Anonymous, 1915c); Hay Hospital in 1922 (Anonymous, 1922g) and 1924 (Anonymous, 1924d).—Same Juan Singh?: Defendant (convicted) in Wangaratta court case Sunda Singh vs Juan Singh for monies owed (Anonymous, 1905ab). It appears that Juan Singh borrowed money to acquire trade goods in Melbourne.—mentioned as witness in a court case for threatening language brought by Carlo Singh against Lal Singh (Anonymous, 1915k).

118. SUNDA SINGH.—*ca 1853, † 24 February 1933 at Beechworth (Vic BDM 12203/1933,.—age un-clear historic sources say 77 years (Anonymous, 1934d, 1934h)(Vic BDM 12203/1933), but grave marker states 88 years.—father Gunda Singh (Vic BDM 12203/1933).—Died in the Ovens Benevo-lent Asylum, Beechworth, on 21 February 1933; buried in the Strangers section (grave 209) of Bee-chworth Cemetery on 25 February 1933 (Beechworth cemetery records, T. Walsh, 2017); exhumed and cremated on 26 October 1934 (Anonymous, 1934d, 1934h).

119. NARAN SINGH.—*ca 1876, † 18 August 1933 at Dederang (Anonymous, 1933c) (Vic BDM 17175/1933).—Also on record as Narau Singh (Anonymous, 1933b).—Father Canara Singh (Vic BDM 17175/1933). —cremated on 18 August 1933, main person officiating was Nupetarpa Singh (Anonymous, 1933a); ashes buried at the Albury Indian cemetery (Anonymous, 1933a).

120. DALY SINGH GILL.—*ca 1865; † February 1934 at Beechworth (Victoria BDM 1934/12222).—fa-ther Dalale Haakin Gill (Victoria BDM 1934/12222).—died at the Ovens Benevolent Asylum (Beechworth cemetery records, T. Walsh, 2017).—On record as Dalale Singh Gill (grave marker at Beechworth cemetery, see Figure 12; Daly Singh Gill (Anonymous, 1934c).—Arrived in Australia ca 1889 and worked as a hawker in the Cudgewa area (Anonymous, 1934a, 1934c).—The body was initially buried in the Strangers section (grave 92) of Beechworth Cemetery on 24 Febru-ary 1933 (Beechworth cemetery records, T. Walsh, 2017), but exhumed and cremated on 4 August 1934 (Anonymous, 1934a, 1934k).—The crema-tion was carried out by Nupetarpa Singh assisted by Canam Singh of Henty (Anonymous, 1934c).

121. JUNGA MALIK.—* ≤1834 Ludhiana, Punjab; † 26 April 1934 Pulletop near Wagga Wagga.—(NSW BDM 7286/1934).—on record as ‘Sung Mullick’ (Anonymous, 1934i); ‘Jung Mullick’ (Anonymous, 1934e), ‘Junga Mullick’ (Anonymous, 1906a), ‘Jung Mullic’ (NSW BDM 7286/1934).—coronial inquest determined that he died of age and heart failure (Anonymous, 1934b); resident on Oberne


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near Wagga (W. M. J. Walsh, 1905); resident at Pulletop near Wagga (Anonymous, 1934i); re-ferred to a ‘scrub cutter’ (Anonymous, 1903g, 1904a).—mentioned in debt issues among the In-dian community, with rival factions in Wagga Wagga (Anonymous, 1903a).—unsuccessful claimant in debt recovery case brought in the Wagga Wagga Small Debts Court in September 1903 against Pundit Salgram for monies lent to purchase possum and kangaroo skins from Hazaara Sin of Oberne near Wagga Wagga (Anonymous, 1903g). Hazaara Sin, Basaba Singh and Pera Bux appared as witnesses for the plain-tiff, while Boota Singh and Basant Singh appeared for the defence. The case was brought again in Oc-tober (Anonymous, 1903f); successful claimant in debt case against Basant Singh brought in the Wagga Wagga Small Debts Court (Anonymous, 1903a); mentioned as creditor in Basant Singh’s bankruptcy (Anonymous, 1904a, 1906a).—whereabouts sought in December 1905 (W. M. J. Walsh, 1905).—found dead in his bark hut by Sa-hib Dad (Anonymous, 1934b, 1934e, 1934i).—buried in the Wagga Wagga cemetery (J. C. M'Donald, 1934). Funeral ceremony conducted on 28 April 1934 by M. Bux Mohammed, Muslim priest from Melbourne, accompanied by Sundal Khan from Gippsland (Anonymous, 1934l). Fu-neral attended by Mr and Mrs Sahib Dad (Anonymous, 1934i, 1934l).—Probate applica-tion, Sahib Dad named executor (Sheekey & Co, 1934a, 1934b).

Ludhiana, Junga Malik’s birth place, is spelled var-iously as ‘Luddinina’ (Anonymous, 1934i), ‘Lud-dinna’ (Anonymous, 1934e).

122. GHARNE SINGH.—*ca 1871 Chuga, † 23 January 1935 at ‘Milbrulong’, Pine Grove / Brookdale, Lockhart (NSW BDM 4212/1935).—On record as Gharne Singh (Anonymous, 1912j, 1935n); (NSW BDM 4212/1935); Garn Singh (Anonymous, 1917r); Gharne Sing Sundar Singh (Mitchell, 1935); Giyan Singh (Public Trustee, 1939).

In 1928 Gharne Singh temporarily went back to India (Anonymous, 1935e), where he married Sham Kour (Kur), also known as Shamoo Jwar Rami, daughter of Jawahar Singh of Dadja (Anonymous, 1935m). The Singhs returned to Australia in February 1929 aboard RMS Maloja (Anonymous, 1929f).122 Their first child, Freder-ick ‘Freddie’ Darra Singh, was born at Lockhart on 13 June 1930, (Anonymous, 1930k; Buedges, 1935a). Two more sons followed, William ‘Billy’ Khartara Singh (3 March 1932) (Buedges, 1935c) and James ‘Jimmy’ Sirradarra (24 February 1934) (Buedges, 1935b; Mitchell, 1935).—After Gharne’s death, Sham Kour, with her three chil-dren, returned to India on 22 October 1935 aboard RMS Narkunda and lived at Old Rest House, Moga Town, District of Ferosepur, Pun-jab (Anonymous, 1935f). As the Singh’s three sons had been born in Australia, they were entitled for re-entry ten years after departure (Maddison, 1939).

Reputedly came to Australia as a wrestler, then turned hawker and later farmer (Anonymous, 1935d, 1935m). Before settling down as a farmer at Brookdale he demonstrated dumbbell exercises and club swinging (Anonymous, 1935e), for exam-ple at the boxing carnivals in Henty in 1915 (Anonymous, 1915d), and Culcairn in 1916 (Anonymous, 1916f).

Farmer at Brookdale (Anonymous, 1935n) or Pine Grove (Anonymous, 1922i) or Bullenbong, The Rock (Anonymous, 1922d); Bullenbong-road, The Rock (Symonds, 1919a, p. 3279).—Reputedly stopped the wearing of a turban, but wore a Eu-ropean-style hat (Anonymous, 1951d, 1951f).

In 1912 Gharne Singh lists his Savings Bank ac-count book as lost and requests that the finder contact Nicholas Abikhair (Anonymous, 1912j).—granted a hawker’s license for 1915 by the Henty Police Court (Anonymous, 1914j).

Gharne Singh acquired section 1, lot 7 (1 acre) in Henty; street address 48? Keighran Street, today part of Myoora Village 2-4 Allan Street; purchase 1903-4049 on 19 January 1903, purchased for £17/10 on a three-year payment term as after ac-tion purchase, initially offered at auction on 23 December 1902 (Anonymous, 1902d; Crick, 1903).

In February 1917 Gharne Singh, then formally resident at Henty, bought a 500 acre property at Milbrulong (Portion 56, Parish of Osborne) “at a very high figure” (Anonymous, 1917r). In 1918 Singh, with an address at Bullenbong Road, The Rock, registered his brand for both cattle and horses (Symonds, 1919a, p. 3279; 1919b, p. 3719; 1919c, p. 3827) and a year later he requested a re-evaluation of the property value (and thus the an-nual rental payments) (Anonymous, 1919f). Alleg-edly careless conduct when burning off of 100 aces of wild oats in May 1917 set off a bushfire that affected a neighbouring property causing £200 to £250 worth of damage. For this he was fined £10 with £1/18 costs (Anonymous, 1922e, 1922r).Involved in a law suit (v. J.P. Smithen-becker) over the sale of 100 sheep in 1922 (Anonymous, 1922i, 1922m, 1922q).

Contracted pneumonia in January 1935 (Anonymous, 1935l). Gharne Singh was cremated on 25 January 1935 by Sundah Singh and Curram Singh at his farm at Brookdale (Anonymous, 1935k). Present were also Rule Singh, Nutta Singh, Pellah Singh and Putarb Singh (Anonymous, 1935f). Whereas the newspaper reported that the ashes would be collected and sent to India to be thrown into the Ganges (Anonymous, 1935f, 1935k), his widow requested that the bones (two bags) be thrown into the nearest river, i.e. the Mur-rumbidgee (Anonymous, 1935i). Mistaking Yarra-gundry Lagoon for the river (Anonymous, 1935g), or because the river could not be reached due to flooding (Anonymous, 1935c) the bags were de-posited in Yarragundry Lagoon. When the la-goon’s water levels dropped, the bags were ex-posed and caused major concern among the resi-dents and police (Anonymous, 1935g). Upon


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reading the news, Sundah Singh contacted police (Anonymous, 1935i) and rectified the situation. Survived by his wife and three children (Anonymous, 1935n) who subsequently returned to India (Anonymous, 1951d).

Probate 26 March 1935 (Lappin & Griffin, 1935). (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 202804).—D. Martin (1981, p. 183) claimed that Gharne Singh’s wife was Australian-born but of Indian descent (but Martin also, erroneously, states that Gharne Singh had only one child and that he died in the summer of 1951).

123. SHENAK SINGH.–*ca 1851, † Aug 1935 at Fin-ley.—Age 80 years (NSW BDM 13987/1935); 88 years (Anonymous, 1935h).—Had been working in the Finley area since about 1892 (Anonymous, 1935h, 1935j).

124. ARGON (‘JOHNNIE’) SINGH.—*ca 1863, † 14 Au-gust 1935 at Gundagai.—On record as Argon (‘Johnnie’) Singh (NSW BDM 17830/1935); Ar-gon (‘Johnie’) Singh (Anonymous, 1935a); Johnnie Singh (Geddes, 1936).—hawker (Anonymous, 1899p, 1906h); mentioned as witness in an inde-cent assault case heard at Gundagai court in Au-gust 1899 (Anonymous, 1899p); mentioned as de-fendant, as well as claimant in an assault case with Emily Singh and Persin Singh (witness Zarah Singh) at Brungle near Gundagai in 1909 (Anonymous, 1909n, 1909o); mentioned as wit-ness in Gundagai Small Debts Court in 1906 (Sunda Singh vs John McGuire and John McGuire vs Sunda Singh)(Anonymous, 1906h).—prior to settling in Gundagai he worked in Tarrabandra and Wantabadgery (Anonymous, 1935a).—Market gardener near the bowling green in Gundagai (Anonymous, 1935a); died at Gundagai Hospital; funeral 16 August 1935 (Anonymous, 1935a); no details on the nature of the burial.—Probate 16 January 1936, (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 209959)(Geddes, 1936).

125. HAMEL (AMEER) SINGH.—*ca 1833 Jundiala, Jul-lendur, Punjab, † 27 December 1935 at Albury (Anonymous, 1935b)(NSW BDM 5049/1936)—no survivng children at the time of his death.—arrived Australia ca 1888 (Anonymous, 1935b).—worked as a hawker until 92 years of age (Anonymous, 1935b); in NSW since 1888 (death certificate)—lived in retirement at Thurgoona (Anonymous, 1935b).—died of pneumonia (death certificate); cremated at Albury Indian cemetery 28 December 1935 (Anonymous, 1935b).

126. SHAM SINGH.—*ca 1850 Punjab, † 24 July 1936 at Moama.—Age at death 80 years (NSW BDM 18179/1936), 98 to 102 years (Anonymous, 1936d).—reputedly saw service in the Boxer Re-bellion in China (Anonymous, 1915p).—on rec-ord as having been granted a hawker’s license at Moama Licensing Court for 1906 (Anonymous, 1906e), 1910 (Anonymous, 1910i), 1914 (foot li-cence) (Anonymous, 1913c), 1915 (Anonymous, 1915i), 1918 (Anonymous, 1918g) and 1919 (Anonymous, 1918f).—obtained goods directly from Melbourne as he is on record on various rail-way manifests for Echuca in December 1900

(Anonymous, 1900), October 1908 (Anonymous, 1908k), February 1909 (Anonymous, 1909l).—enlisted in May 1915 (Anonymous, 1915p); listed on the honour roll for Swan Hill for 1916 (Anonymous, 1916n) and 1917 (Anonymous, 1917o) as having served in World War I.—claim-ant in small debts court 1904 (Anonymous, 1904m); on record as victim of assault at Moama in 1918 (Anonymous, 1918i, 1918h) and 1921 (Anonymous, 1921c).—worked the Moama and Echuca area with a hand barrow (Anonymous, 1936c).—died next to his hand barrow on the Moama to Echuca road (Anonymous, 1936c, 1936d).—cremated on 31 July 1936 at the Moama cemetery (Anonymous, 1936d), with a fellow Sikh from Deniliquin carrying out the funeral rites; for the pyre two tons of firewood and three gallons of kerosene were used (Anonymous, 1936b, 1936d).—probate (Philipps, 1936), claim on estate by Meera Navy Bux of Moama (Anonymous, 1937a).

127. HYAT MAHOMED KHAN.—*ca 1868, † ca 6 Jul 1937 Echuca (Vic BDM 16161/1937).—Also known as Ayat Mahomed Khan (reconstructed cemetery records) (Rendle, 2017); Argat Ma-homed Khan (Anonymous, 1906f)—Father Shahmuth Khan; mother Beeby (Vic BDM 16161/1937).— Son Galam Hayder Khan (* 1910, arrived in Australia in 1925) (Anonymous, 1952a, 1952b).—Noab Khan was his nephew (Anonymous, 1909k) who is likewise a hawker (Anonymous, 1906f).—hawker, later on record as gardener at Leitchville.— Hawkers’ licence granted in the Kerang Police court in December 1904 (Anonymous, 1904k) and December 1906 (Anonymous, 1906f); licence granted in the Bar-ham Police court in September 1907 (Anonymous, 1907a).— Injured in a horse-bolting incident (Anonymous, 1909k).— Departed tem-porarily for India in 1909 (Anonymous, 1909k).—Brought before the courts for having “committed an unnatural offense” in December 1913 at Lake Charm (Anonymous, 1913h) but acquitted (Anonymous, 1914a).—Buried on 7 July 1937 in an unmarked grave in the Methodist section (grave 5L) of the Moama general cemetery (Rendle, 2017).—Probate 17 May 1938, estate bequeathed to his only son, Galam Hayder Khan farmer at Leitchville (Anonymous, 1938c).

GALAM HAYDER KHAN was committed for trial in February 1938 “at the Kerang General Sessions on a charge of having corruptly and falsely declared that at Gun-bower on December 24, by the destruction by fire of a house, he had suffered the loss of £85, and also for having made a similarly false statement respecting the destruction by fire of a stack of hay to the value of £150”(Anonymous, 1938f) The charges were withdrawn as the size of the haystack could be proven. Khan lost his tool shed (a quarter of a mile distant) with many imple-ments also by fire on the same evening (Anonymous, 1938b). —In 1952 Galam Hayder Khan came to national attention when he was convicted to twelve month imprisonment (sus-pended on a three year good behaviour bond) for


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consensually having taken (under traditional Is-lamic law) an underage girl as his wife with the consent of the girl’s parents and also with the con-sent of his first wife, who facilitated a divorce to allow for the marriage to be legalised under Aus-tralian courts (Anonymous, 1952a, 1952b).

128. DARAH SINGH.—*ca 1862, † 26 Oct 1937 Laceby near Wangaratta (Vic BDM 18945/1937).—Fa-ther Sundah Singh (Vic BDM 18945/1937).—On record as Darah Singh (Anonymous, 1937c); Dar-rah Singh (Anonymous, 1918n).— Hawkers li-cence renewed at Wangaratta Police Court (Anonymous, 1918n).—Found dead in his hawker’s caravan at Laceby (Anonymous, 1937c); reputedly had been in ill-health for some time (Anonymous, 1937c).—Cremated on the com-mon at Wangaratta; ceremony conducted by Gauda Singh in the presence of two other Punjabi (Anonymous, 1937b)

129. DHERA MULL VAZEER SINGH.—*ca 1873, † 1938 at Corowa (NSW BDM 12907/1938); also known as Dhora MV Singh (NSW BDM 11190/1910 marriage).—on record as having married Ada D Wyatt in Albury in 1910 (NSW BDM 11190/1910 marriage).—The newspapers are silent on his death.—Buried in an unmarked grave in the Cor-owa Catholic Cemetery (row and plot number un-known) (Corowa cemetery records, Houlihan, 2017).

130. KISSIM SINGH.—* June 1874, † 16 April 1938 at Deniliquin.—On record as Kissin Singh (Anonymous, 1906c); Kissin Singh (Anonymous, 1911c); Kissin Singh Sundoo (NSW BDM 9702/1938)(Anonymous, 1938a).—Together with Ghan Singh he was injured in a hotel room fire in Townsend Street on 30 June 1906 and convicted of drunkenness (Anonymous, 1906c).—injured at Finley while being run over by his own wagon in August 1911 (Anonymous, 1911c).—Successfully requested a twelve-months (liquor) prohibition or-der against himself (Anonymous, 1913b).—Donated to the Deniliquin hospital fund in 1932 (Anonymous, 1932b) and 1934 (Anonymous, 1934g).—died on 16 April 1938 at Deniliquin, cre-mated at the Northern Enclosure, Deniliquin (Anonymous, 1938a).—Probate 27 September 1938 (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 233249); finally handled 21 November 1941 (Windeyer, Phillips, & Co, 1941).

131. PARTAP SINGH.—*ca 1865, † 16 May 1938 at South Hay.—On record as ‘Putarb Singh’ (NSW BDM 10359/1938)(McCracken, 1938); ‘Patarb Singh’ (Anonymous, 1939c) (Anonymous, 1938d, 1939c).—resident at Moama Street, South Hay (McCracken, 1938).—inmate of the Hay hospital since September 1936 (Anonymous, 1938d).—buried in the Methodist portion of Hay Cemetery (Anonymous, 1938d); unmarked grave, row H lot 18 (Hay Cemetery records, T. Murphy, 2017).—auction sale of household furniture as well as Hawkers wagon (no horses mentioned) 9 July 1938 (Anonymous, 1938e; McCracken, 1938); will dated 9 July 1917; probate 26 January 1939 (NSW

Records Service, Series 4, file n° 236489); newspa-per advert 10 February 1939 (Anonymous, 1939c).

132. JAMES HASHANTALLIE.—*ca 1860 † 12 May1939 Echuca (Vic BDM 14535/1939).—Father Mun-doechi Aallee; Mother Smanee Aallee (Vic BDM 14535/1939).—On record as James Hashantallie (Vic BDM 14535/1939), J Hasmatali (Anonymous, 1901b), Ashmatali (Anonymous, 1901a); original name probably Hasmat Ali—hawker in 1901 (Anonymous, 1901b), greengrocer at time of death (Brady, 1939).—J Hasmatali brought an successful assault case against Namt Khan in the Albury Police Court in March 1901 (Anonymous, 1901b), with successful counter suit brought by Namt Khan (Anonymous, 1901b) (Anonymous, 1901a). in the second news item ‘J Hasmatali’ is spelled ‘Ashmatali.’

Sharf Deen and Ashmatali (not the same?) are on record as opening a shop in Wollar (near Mudgee) in December 1913 (Anonymous, 1912l). In terms of the fluidity of names and variations for the Aus-tralian ear, attention is drawn to the (unrelated) ‘Farman Hasmutt Ali,’ late of Eildon Weir († 29 July 1939), who was also known as ‘Aisham Thally’ (Phillips, 1939).

James Hashantallie is possibly buried in Moama, as his wife Martha (neé Wilkinson *ca 1871 †18 June 1946, Vic BDM 14512/1946)(Anonymous, 1946a) is buried there, as well as a son (Rendle, 2017). The son was Frank James Hashantallie (*1901 NSW BDM 27248/1909, † 1921 Vic BDM 1419/1921).—Probate 18 October 1939 (Brady, 1939)(NSW State Records, Series 4-243648).

133. RUR SINGH.—*1867 Gindallah, near Lahore, † 24 June 1939 at Albury.—(Anonymous, 1939a)(NSW BDM 9922/1939).— had family in India, includ-ing a son (Meehar?, death certificate), who was born a month after Rur Singh’s arrival in Australia and whom he had never seen (Anonymous, 1939a).

On record as Rur Singh (Anonymous, 1939b); Rule Singh (Anonymous, 1914j, 1939a, 1951f); Rool Singh (Anonymous, 1935f); Rural Singh (Anonymous, 1939a)—arrived Australia ca 1891 (death certificate) or 1898 (Anonymous, 1939a).—granted a hawker’s license for 1915 by the Henty Police Court (Anonymous, 1914j).—on record as looking for Devant Singh of Melbourne (Anonymous, 1929h); injured in a horse accident at Henty and treated at Albury Hospital (Anonymous, 1929g)—present at the cremation of Gharne Singh at Brookdale on 25 January 1935 (Anonymous, 1935f); primarily hawking in the Pleasant Hills, Alma Park, Walla, Henty and Man-goplah area (Anonymous, 1939a).

Apparently owned a farm at the time of his death (E. M. Williams, 1978, p. 106).

On record as being in Albury Hospital in early De-cember 1939 (Anonymous, 1939a); died of cere-bral apoplexy (death certificate).—his cremation was carried out on the Albury Indian cemetery by Currum Singh, Henty, with a crowd of some 350 onlookers (Anonymous, 1939a); Partap Singh also


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attended (Anonymous, 1951a).—will dated 7 Feb-ruary 1927, Thomas King executor (Anonymous, 1939b; E. M. Williams, 1978, p. 106).—Probate 4 September 1939, (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 242274).

134. POO NOO SINGH.early January 1940 Mooroopna.—died at Mooroopna hospital.—cre-mated Euroa (Anonymous, 1940).

135. DAVID SINGH.—*ca 1860, † 13 Oct 1940 Bondo near Tumut.—(NSW BDM 22489/1940).—Hawker (Geddes, 1941b).—Probate application 15 July 1941 (Geddes, 1941b, 1941a), final call to debtors (Geddes, 1942), funds to public trustee 13 May 1942 (Anonymous, 1942a, 1942b).—No in-formation on the nature of the death of the loca-tion and nature of the burial could be found in the newspapers.—There are numerous references to a stabbing affray in Melbourne in May 1904.

136. GURMUKH SINGH.—*ca 1869, † 3 Sep 1941 at Oxley.—commonly spelled ‘Goormac Singh’ (Anonymous, 1911b, 1941).—, pack licence Cor-owa Licensing Court (Anonymous, 1936e).—on record as entering a winning horse with Devan Singh in the Benalla shows of 1911 (Anonymous, 1911b), 1912 (Anonymous, 1912b) and 1913 (Anonymous, 1913i); winning a prize for a gelding at the Wangaratta Show in 1924 (Anonymous, 1926c).—on record as contributing to the war ef-fort by donating to the Cosgrove red Cross Soci-ety in 1917 (Anonymous, 1917a); found dead in his motor truck at Oxley (Anonymous, 1941).—cremated at the Wangaratta Common in the pres-ence of 4 of other Sikh (Anonymous, 1941); left behind two sons in India (Anonymous, 1941).—his brother was cremated at Wangaratta Common “some years ago” (Anonymous, 1941).

137. FAR ALI KHAN.—*ca 1855, † 1941 Echuca (Vic BDM 21305/1941)..—resident near Deniliquin; trading in Moama.—on record as Far Ali Khan Vic BDM 21305/1941); Farman Ali Khan (Anonymous, 1902c); Farman Alli Khan (Anonymous, 1918l); Firman Alli Khan (Anonymous, 1910bb); initially unsuccessful de-fendant in case for outstanding debt in October 1901 brought by Gunda Singh in the Balranald Police Court; verdict overturned in January 1902 (Anonymous, 1902c); successful claimant in a debt cases brought against Emily Sher Khan and against Ishmael Sher Khan in the Moama Small Debts Court in April 1910 (Anonymous, 1910bb); hawkers licence issued in January 1914 by the Moama Licencing Court (Anonymous, 1914m); underwent voluntary sequestration in Deniliquin (Anonymous, 1918l).

138. CAREM SINGH.—*ca 1870 Lahore, † 1 May 1942 at Henty (Public Trustee, 1946)(NSW BDM 13740/1942).—Father Patti Singh, Mother Kaem Kort (NSW BDM 13740/1942).—reputedly mar-ried in India ca 1890 and had offspring (Public Trustee, 1946)—On record as Carem Singh (Anonymous, 1908j); Curram Singh (Anonymous, 1912e); Currum Singh (Anonymous, 1905a, 1912c, 1913e, 1939a, 1951f); Canam Singh (Anonymous, 1934c);.—Assaulted at Talgarno on

8 January 1905 (Anonymous, 1905a) witnessed by Della Singh (Anonymous, 1905y, 1905z, 1905aa).—A Currum Singh mentioned as brother of Putarb Singh in 1911, then living in Lahore and desirous to come join his brother at Tallangatta (Anonymous, 1911g).—His bondsmen on record are Betro Abhikair and Zachariah Salamy (Anonymous, 1907j).—Currum Singh held a li-cence issued by the Wodonga Court for 1911, but failed to appear for the 1912 licence court in 1912 and his licence lapsed. Granted Albury license on 4 Dec 1912 (Anonymous, 1912g). The Wodonga license was reissued for 1913 (Anonymous, 1913e).—Together with Sunda Singh (n° 101), Currum handled the cremation of Gharne Singh at Brookdale near Henty on 25 January 1935 (Anonymous, 1935f, 1935i); mentioned as carry-ing out the cremations of Daly Singh Gill (n° 76) at Beechworth in August 1934 (Anonymous, 1934c) and of Rur(al) Singh in Albury on 26 June 1939 (Anonymous, 1939a).—In 1936 advertised cool drinks with an address in Keighran Street, Henty (Anonymous, 1936a).—Currum Singh, died on 1 May 1942 at Henty (Anonymous, 1943a); was cremated by Partap Singh (n° 109) (Anonymous, 1951a, 1951f).—Estate auctioned off on 14 Aug 1942, comprised of wagonette, tools and galvanised iron (Geddes, 1943; Knobel & Sons, 1942)s—Probate 8 February 1943 (Anonymous, 1943a, 1943b)(NSW Records Ser-vice, Series 4, file n° 275965)—see also (Public Trustee, 1946).

139. BISHIN SINGH.—*ca 1864, † 13 April 1944 at Savernake.—On record as Bishin Singh (NSW BDM 8646/1944).Married to Jane Levina Singh (*ca 1882, † 26 June 1940, Savernake).store keeper in Savernake in 1932 (Anonymous, 1932a); bene-ficiary of will of Son Moll (Anonymous, 1932a).owned property in Savernake (Section 19 Lot 6, ½ acre) (Tasker, 1968).—at time of death was a widower with nine surviving children (4 girls, five boys).—According to the cemetery rec-ords,he is buried with his wife in the Roman Cath-olic section of Savernake Cemetery (grave 482N). His wife has a head stone, Bishin Singh does not (Parker, 2017).—Probate 25 December 1944 (Abbot, 1944).—executors Percy Lawrence Singh and John Singh (Abbot, 1944).Probate completed 14 March 1945, (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 299747).

140. INDER SINGH.—*ca 1870 † 17 May 1944 at Wagga Wagga hospital (NSW BDM 13249/1944)(Anonymous, 1944f; Douglass, 1925) (Anonymous, 1944d); married to Mrs Snowden (widow of A Snowden) (Anonymous, 1944f).—initially hawker, then store keeper and fi-nally general dealer at Adelong (Anonymous, 1944f); later moved to Yathong Street, Wagga Wagga (Anonymous, 1944f); described as grazier and dealer (Douglass, 1925).—interred on 19 May 1944 in Wagga Wagga cemetery (Anonymous, 1944e; J. C. M'Donald, 1944).—property, primar-ily household furniture and two waggonettes, auc-tioned off on 12 August 1944 (Isaac & Co,


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1944).—probate 30 November 1944 (Douglass, 1925).

141. RUTTEN SINGH.—*CA 1854 † 16 May 1944 at Al-bury.—also known as Rutter Singh (Anonymous, 1951f) and Ruttan Singh (R. Singh, 1926).—had family in India, including a son, who was born a month after Rutten Singh’s arrival in Australia and whom he had never seen (Anonymous, 1944c); granted a hawker’s licence for 1903 by Henty Po-lice Court (Anonymous, 1902f); granted a hawker’s license for 1915 by the Henty Police Court (Anonymous, 1914j); on a record of donat-ing a packet of safety pins to the Walbundrie Red Cross appeal (R. Singh, 1918); on a record as hawker until ca. 1924, then resided in Henty (Anonymous, 1944g); placed notice in the Daily advertiser (Wagga Wagga) for Eser Singh to con-tact him in Henty to via Mr Heppner, Gerogery (R. Singh, 1926)..

Rutten Singh acquired section 1 lot 18 (1 acre) in Henty; today 54 Sladen Street, purchased 30 March 1903 (book 1463/207) (W. G. H. Williams, 1903, p. 5854); initially offered at auction on 23 December 1902 (Anonymous, 1902d).Also on record at same aution sale as purchaser of section 1 lot 10 (30 ½ perches) in Henty; Allan Street; to-day part of Myoora Village 2-4 Allan Street; pur-chase price £30 on a three-year payment term; but the purchase record was corrected in March 1903 (Curry, 1903). Yet “R Singh” is entered on the hand annotated office copy of the second edition parish map (Department of Lands, 1904a), for-mally so printed in second edition (Department of Lands, 1904b), corrected on hand annotated of-fice copy of the second edition parish map (Department of Lands, 1922a) and so printed in the third edition (Department of Lands, 1922b)

Died at Albury Hospital, cremated in Albury on 23 May 1944 (Anonymous, 1944g) (Anonymous, 1944b).—the cremation was carried out by Purtab Singh and Sundar Singh, both from Henty (Anonymous, 1944g).—on record as having lost two medium draught mares from Henty (R. Singh, 1917a, 1917b).

142. HUMMO KHAN.—† 26 June 1945 Narrandera. —(NSW BDM 10812/1945).—Muslim.—Father Sanlmandeo or Saulmandoo (NSW BDM 10812/1945)—On record as ‘Hummo’ (Anonymous, 1945b); ‘Hammo’ Khan (Anonymous, 1914c); hawker until 1911 (Day, 1911); thereafter farmer at Boree Creek (Anonymous, 1914b, 1945b).

Acquired 639 acres of land at Boree Creek (settle-ment purchase 1910/13, portion 85 farm nº 15, Parish of Faithful, County of Mitchell) (Anonymous, 1946b); owned ‘Pine Hill’, Boree Creek (Anonymous, 1924f); property mortgaged to Rural bank of New South Wales (on 11 Dec 1918 Book 1143/644).—also acquired by auction (on three-year terms) lots 11 and 14 in the village Boree Creek on 9 Dec 1910, but the sale was an-nulled in March 1914 for non-payment of balance due (Anonymous, 1914o).—clearing sale for ‘Pine Hill’ 19 February 1924 (Anonymous, 1924b,

1924c, 1924f) as he was giving up farming reput-edly on account of ill health (Anonymous, 1924b); successful sale (with prices mentioned) (Anonymous, 1924e).—Pine Hill put up for public auction (to recover debt) on 19 August 1936 (G. F. Murphy & McCarthy, 1936); appears that he re-tained ownership; at the 1946 the property to set-tle Kahn’s estate, it was described as “639 acres, 2 roods…Improvements: Galvanised Iron Hut of 4 small rooms, 2 Grain sheds, 40ft x 16ft, 30ft x 16ft; 3 tanks of approximately 1000 yards, 1200 yards and 1500 yards; subdivided into 5 main paddocks and 4 smaller ones; all fencing in good order; boundary half netted, balance six wires’ (Lloyd Bros & Fisher Bros, 1946b).—under notice from the Pastures Protection Board for fail-ure to adequately control rabbits in 1911 (Anonymous, 1911i), 1912 (Anonymous, 1912i), 1918 (Anonymous, 1912h), 1922 (Anonymous, 1922n); rabbit free in 1934 (Anonymous, 1934j); rabbits active 1938 (Anonymous, 1938g).—unsuccessfully requested to ringbark several box trees in September 1928 (Anonymous, 1928).

In January 1911 put up all his hawking stock in trade (“men’s and boy’s clothing, Cashmeres, muslin, cal-icos, silks, hose, dress pieces, overcoats, hats, fancy goods, etc”) up for auction at Lockhart (Day, 1911).—Khan was reputedly not much liked by neighbour-ing farmers in 1914 (Anonymous, 1914c).—charged in Lockhart Police Court with maliciously killing a neighbour’s sheep (Anonymous, 1914b, 1914c), at trial found not guilty (Anonymous, 1915l); unsuccessful defendant in wages claim brought by Thomas H Clancy in Narrandera Po-lice Court in May 1921 (Anonymous, 1921b); un-successful claimant in case of nonfulfillment of duties as a servant brought against Thomas H Clancy in Narrandera Police Court in May 1921 (Anonymous, 1921b); claimant for non-payment of £170 for wheat in 1934 (Anonymous, 1934f); lost a branded horse in February 1945 (Anonymous, 1945c).

Died in Narrandera Hospital (Anonymous, 1945b), buried in Narrandera Cemetery (Anonymous, 1945b).—Probate application (Geddes, 1946; Nicholson & Lethbridge, 1946; Nott, 1946b) (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 309966); will dated 27 November 1936 with codicil 28 October 1941 (Nicholson & Lethbridge, 1946); left his estate to a relative in In-dia, administered by public trustee (Anonymous, 1946b); estate auctioned on 9 August 1945 (farm clearing sale) (Fisher Bros, 1945) and on 29 May 1946 (land and property) (Lloyd Bros & Fisher Bros, 1946b, 1946a).

143. PAUL SINGH.—*ca 1867, † June 1945 Benalla (Vic BDM 19901/1945).— Age reported as 78 years (Vic BDM 19901/1945) or 79 years (Anonymous, 1945a).—hawker.—Paul Singh apparently es-chewed the wearing of a turban, offending his Punjabi countrymen(Anonymous, 1945a).— Bur-ied at Benalla Cemetery without other Punjabi present (Anonymous, 1945a). According to the Benalla cemetery database he was buried as a pau-per in the open ground area of the Old Benalla


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Cemetery (no plot number known) (Benalla Cemetery Trust, 2017).—No relatives known (Anonymous, 1945a).

144. GUNGAH SINGH.—ca 1852, † 12 March 1946 at Berrigan.—(Nott, 1946a).—hawker. On record as Gungah Singh (NSW BDM 2013/1946) (Anonymous, 1917b).— successfully sued in the Yarrawonga Police Court for non-payment of ser-vices and good by the McCullogh Carrying com-pany in 1917 (Anonymous, 1917b).—charged with assaulting and robbing Sundah Singh at Old Berrigan on 27 February 1920, but was acquitted (Anonymous, 1920d).— Owned four properties in Berrigan (H. Martin & Co, 1947). Berrigan Sec-tion 1 Lot 2 six-roomed cottage and attachments, with large galvanized iron shed at rear (Book 1043/38); Section 1 Lot 1 four roomed weather-board dwelling with front verandah (Book 1342/84); Section 2 Lots 17–20 four roomed gal-vanized iron dwelling with front and back veran-dahs (Book 3582/240); Section 10 Lot 23 four roomed weatherboard dwelling with front veran-dah and two skillions at rear (Book 2994/117).—In 1922 Gungah Singh requests permission (granted) to erect two rooms on the Harris Subdi-vision (Anonymous, 1922c).—Probate 10 Octo-ber 1946, (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 318655)(Nott, 1946a).—Land holdings auctioned off on 6 November 1947 (H. Martin & Co, 1947).— buried in the Corowa Pioneer Cemetery (East section, Row 4, Grave 2) (Corowa cemetery records, Houlihan, 2017).

Just outside the time frame of this report is Javah Singh, who died 85 years old, at Corowa and who is also buried in the Corowa Pioneer Cemetery (South section, Row 9, Grave 14) (Corowa cemetery records, Houlihan, 2017).

145. SUNDAH SINGH.—*ca 1880; † 12 December 1947 at Henty.—On record as Sundah Singh NSW BDM 5234/1948)(Anonymous, 1920d, 1951f); Sunda Singh (Anonymous, 1920d).—ex-soldier in the Indian army (Anonymous, 1920d); granted hawker’s licence for 1903 by Henty Police Court (Anonymous, 1902f).—granted a hawker’s license for 1915 by the Henty Police Court (Anonymous, 1914j).—was allegedly assaulted and robbed by Gungah Singh at Old Berrigan on 27 February 1920; Gungah Singh was acquitted (Anonymous, 1920d).—owned at least three houses and one va-cant allotment in Henty (S. Singh, 1943; Wehrmann & Co, 1948a, 1948c, 1948b).—his three houses in Henty for rent in 1943 (S. Singh, 1943).—victim of theft by military personnel sta-tioned at Wagga Air base October 1944 (Anonymous, 1944a),—together with Currum Singh he handled the cremation of Gharne Singh at Brookdale near Henty on 25 January 1935 (Anonymous, 1935f, 1935i); together with Purtab Singh (n° 109) he carried out at the cremation of Rutten Singh in Albury on 23 May 1944 (Anonymous, 1944g).—Probate 28 January 1948 (NSW Records Service, Series 4, file n° 334705).—Real estate auctioned off on 2 April 1948 (Wehrmann & Co, 1948a). At the time of

death his old hawker’s van still contained a large quantity of goods (probate file).—Buried in the general section of Henty Cemetery, row B grave 4 (Greater Hume Shire, 2016).

146. BARAKET ALI KHAN.—*ca 1886, † 18 May 1947 Leeton.—(NSW BDM 10408/1947).—Father Rode, Mother Bargie.—On record as ‘Blanaket Alu Khan (Leeton cemetery records) (Senti, 2017) Baraket Ali Khan (Anonymous, 1906b).—On rec-ord as shop keeper at Comborah near Walgett (Anonymous, 1906b); as hawker at Terry Hie Hie (Anonymous, 1911k); as stock dealer in Tamworth (Anonymous, 1915j); advertised as a herbalist in Tamworth, promising to cure rheumatism (Khan, 1915).—mentioned in court case in Walgett to-gether with Wer Khan, Ramet Khan, Ram Ali and Nyghyah (Anonymous, 1906g); Co, store keepers at Comborah near Walgett went into voluntary se-questration in November 1906 (Anonymous, 1906b); first payment to creditors of bankrupt es-tate in March 1907 (Palmer, 1907); successful claimant in small debts case in 1911 in Moree Po-lice Court (Anonymous, 1911k); successful claim-ant in case in of retrieving a horse in Tamworth Police Court in 1915 (Anonymous, 1915b); charged with allowing an unlicensed person driv-ing his motor vehicle in 1939 (Anonymous, 1939d).—Died 18 May 1947 (Pullen, 1948); will dated 9 February 1943 (Nott, 1947); probate granted 7 May 1947 (Pullen, 1948).No infor-mation on the nature of the death of the location and nature of the burial could be found in the newspapers.—Buried on 18 May 1947 in the un-denominational section of the Leeton cemetery (Row B grave no 2) (Senti, 2017).

147. MOKKAM MARM DEEN.—* ca 1883, † 10 Oct 1947 Beechworth (Victoria BDM 1947/22060).— Mayday Hills (Beechworth Hospital for the In-sane); buried in the Strangers section (grave 23) of Beechworth Cemetery on 11 October 1947 (Beechworth cemetery records, T. Walsh, 2017).—The newspapers of the day are silent on the nature of the burial or cremation.

148. GOURDIT (‘GANDA’) SINGH.—*ca 1862, † 1948 North Wangaratta (Vic BDM 21655/1948).—On record as Gourdit Singh (McSwiney & Doyle, 1948), Gauda Singh (McSwiney & Doyle, 1948) Ganda Singh Anonymous, 1918).—age at death reported as 80 years (Anonymous, 1948d); 90 years (Vic BDM 21655/1948).—hawker.—in Wangaratta area since the 1890s (Anonymous, 1948g), in the 1940s selling “ties, boot laces and crockery” (McSwiney quoted in Anonymous, 1948g).—Hawkers licence renewed at Wangaratta Police Court (Anonymous, 1918n).—Cremated at Wangaratta aerodrome, using butter with two other Punjabi present (Anonymous, 1948d, 1948g).—Probate 6 September 1948. Will dated 5 April 1948 (McSwiney & Doyle, 1948). Property auctioned by executors of estate on 30 November 1949: 15 Drummond Street, Carlton (Gippsland and Northern Cooperative, 1949a, 1949c, 1949b). Estate valued at £19,937, comprised of £2,676 in real estate and the remainder in other assests


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(Anonymous, 1948c); his three sons and a grand-son (Darashan Singh, residents in India) the ben-eficiaries (McSwiney quoted in Anonymous, 1948g).

A Ganda Singh is mentioned as an uninvolved beneficiary of forged cheques (drawn on a bank in Albury) in Wagga Wagga (Anonymous, 1893).

149. SAHIB DAD.—*ca 1858; † 9 April 1948 Wagga Wagga (Anonymous, 1948e).—Muslim.—Married to Annie Dad, widowed Wheatley, née Kelly (Anonymous, 1933d); her son Percival Roy ‘Wheeler’ Wheatley (*1912) was killed by lightning on 14 Jan 1938 (Anonymous, 1938h); at least two daughters, Beg(an) Sahib Dad and Bebe Sahib Dad (Anonymous, 1933d).

On record as Sabhib Dad (Anonymous, 1948e); Sahibad (Anonymous, 1908g).

In Wagga district since the early 1890s (Anonymous, 1948f).Sahib Dad is on record as farming at Pullitop since 1913 (Symonds, 1914, p. 2288).—On record as leasing 685 of his 700 acres at Pulletop to a John Wise of Buorowa on 8 May 1919 for grazing purposes (and retaining 15 acres as a fowl run) with a rental of £300 for three months (Anonymous, 1919e). Sahib Dad, ac-quired 680 acres in the Parish of Pulletop (settle-ment purchase 1920-70, plan M3051-1888); for boundaries, see Department of Lands (1924); ran sheep in 1920 (Symonds, 1920, p. 119).An attempt to sell his land in June 1924 (Box, 1924) did not gain the approval of the Minister of Lands (Anonymous, 1925k).—notice regarding stray steer in August 1924 (Dad, 1924).

In October 1935 Sahib Dad instructed his lawyers to petition the Commonwealth for his 24-year old nephew Fozol Mohd to be permitted immigrate to assist in on his farm as he was ageing (Sheekey & Co, 1935). The request was declined (Secretary Department of the Interior, 1935). At the time, Sa-hib Dad still owed £2036 (with annual instalments at £127/10) (Inspector of Police Wagga Wagga, 1935). His property, on which he employed two men all year round, provided him with an annual income of well under £250 pa (Inspector of Police Wagga Wagga, 1935).

In 1945 Sahib Dad’s property was reputedly still owned by (presumably mortgaged to) the Union Bank of Australia but occupied by Dad (Tully, 1945).—Farm clearing sale announced for his property at Burandana as he was giving up farming due to ill-health (Angel & Sons, 1946).

Sahib Dad 9 April 1948 Wagga Wagga (Anonymous, 1948e), buried on 12 April 1948 in the general section of Wagga Wagga cemetery, where ‘Mohammedan rites were observed’ (Anonymous, 1948a, 1948b, 1948f).—Will 29 May 1939.—Probate application 15 April 1948 (Sheekey, Reynolds, & Co, 1948).

150. POWAN SINGH.—*ca 1870, † ca 12 Mar 1949, Beechworth (Vic BDM 16250/1949).—died at Mayday Hills (Beechworth Hospital for the In-sane); buried in the unmarked grave in the Strangers section (grave 331) of Beechworth Cem-etery on 12 March 1949 (Beechworth cemetery records, T. Walsh, 2017).— The newspapers of the day are silent on the nature of the burial or cremation.

151. BESANT SINGH.—*ca 1868, † ca 17 Sep 1949, Bee-chworth (Vic BDM 20037/1949).—died at the Ovens Benevolent Hospital ; buried in the un-marked grave in the Strangers section (grave 333) of Beechworth Cemetery on 17 September 1949(Beechworth cemetery records, T. Walsh, 2017)._ The newspapers of the day are silent on the nature of the burial or cremation.

152. HERMAN SINGH.—* ca 1870, † 4 July 1951 Shep-parton.(Vic BDM 19211/1951).—operating in the Shepparton area since before 1900.—cremated Fawkner, Melbourne 7 July 1951 (Anonymous, 1951c).

153. PARTAP (‘PURTAB’) SINGH (*ca 1868, †29 Septem-ber 1951, Henty).—committed suicide in Henty.—As one of the last surviving Sikh hawkers in the area, he had officiated at many of the cre-mations listed here.Partap Singh (n° 109) was pre-sent at the cremation of Gharne Singh at Brookdale on 25 January 1935 (listed as ‘Putah Singh’) (Anonymous, 1935f). Partap Singh died under mysterious circumstances. The inquest found that it appeared that he set his hut alight and cut his own throat (Anonymous, 1951b, 1951e). and who was interred in the cemetery at Henty (Anonymous, 1951d, 1951f); general section, row C grave 3 (Greater Hume Shire, 2016).

154. NOOR PARTAP SINGH.—† Jun 1952 in the Wangaratta Base Hospital (Anonymous, 1952c); left widow in India (Anonymous, 1952c).his pri-mary area of activity was Beechworth, Yackandan-dah and Myrtleford region (Anonymous, 1952c); his base seems to have been in Myrtleford.On rec-ord as ‘NewPatata (Anonymous, 1934h); ‘Niew Pattap (Anonymous, 1925b), ‘Newpartapa’ (Anonymous, 1952c); ‘Nue Potapa’ (Anonymous, 1951e).Colloquially called ‘Spud’ as his name Niu-partapa rhymed, for Australian ears, with New Po-tato’ (Anonymous, 1952c).—He assisted and later led the cremations of Charm Singh (n° 59), Sunda Singh (n° 74), Naran Singh (n° 75); Daly Singh Gill (n° 76), and served as witness in the inquest into Partap Singh’s (n° 109) suicide Henty (n° 109).cre-mated at Fawkner (Melbourne) in accordance with Indian rites (Anonymous, 1952c).

155. SUNDAH SINGH (D. Martin, 1981, p. 183).—No independent verification could be found. As on other occasions Martin has been shown to be a less than reliable source, these claims need to be read cum grano salis.


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References

Acts Immigration Restriction Act. (1901).

Commonwealth of Australia. An Act to place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of prohibited Immigrants. Act nº 17 of 1901.

Cremation Act (1903). Victoria. An Act to regulate cremation and for other purposes. Act 3 Edw VII nº 1876.

Maps, Artworks and Audiovisual Material Department of Lands. (1904a). Map of the Village

of Henty and Suburban Lands, Parish of Henty, County of Hume, Land District of Albury. 1 edition. Sheet dated 29 August 1888, hand annotated to 1882 July 1904. Scale 4 chains to an inch. Sydney: Department of Lands.

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Jurisdiction—In the will of Bishin Singh, late of Savernake. Sydney Morning Herald, 8 col. g.

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Anonymous. (1894c, May 21). Cremating a Hindoo Hawker. Bendigo Independent, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1894d, May 24). Cremating a Hindoo Hawker. Barrier Miner (Broken Hill), 3 col. a.

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Anonymous. (1894f, Jun 2). Cremating a Hindoo Hawker. Adelaide Observer, 15 col. d.


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Anonymous. (1894g, Jun 8). Cremating a Hindoo Hawker. Laura Standard, 300 col. e.

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Anonymous. (1894af, May 24). Victoria. Mercury (Hobart), 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1895a, Mar 21). First Cremation Victoria. Toowoomba Chronicle, 3 col. g.

Anonymous. (1895b, Oct 26). Indian Hawkers in Court. Daily Telegraph (Launceston), 5 col. d.

Anonymous. (1896a, Dec 11). Asiatic Hawker Licences. Age (Melbourne), p. 6 col. d.

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Anonymous. (1896c, Aug 7). Wanted. Age (Melbourne), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1898a, Jan 14). 200 Hindoo Hawkers. Clarence River Advocate, 6.

Anonymous. (1898b, Jul 22). A case of suicide. Euroa Advertiser, Supplement p 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1898c, Apr 23). Chiltern District. . Ovens and Murray Advertiser, p. 2 col. h.

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Anonymous. (1899a, Jul 7). Burial of a Mohammedan. Euroa Advertiser, 2 col. f.

Anonymous. (1899b, Jul 3). Death from charcoal fumes. Argus (Melbourne), 6 col. f.

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Anonymous. (1899d, Dec 14). A fatal kick. Advertiser (Adelaide), p. 5 col. d.

Anonymous. (1899e, Jul 7). Indian Hawker suffocated. Euroa Advertiser, 2 col. e.

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Anonymous. (1899m, Dec 15). [news]. Geelong Advertiser p. 3 col. e.

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Anonymous. (1899p, Aug 2). An unnatural offence. The Gundagai Independent and Pastoral, Agricultural and Mining Advocate, 2 col. e–g.

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Anonymous. (1900, Dec 4). Goods by Railway. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col.a.

Anonymous. (1901a, Mar 29). Assault cases. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 23 col. b.

Anonymous. (1901b, Mar 22). Assault cases. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 23 col. c.

Anonymous. (1901c, Dec 14). Chiltern Shire Council. Ovens and Murray Advertiser, p. 1o col. g.

Anonymous. (1901d, Apr 6). Chiltern Shire Council. . Ovens and Murray Advertiser, p. 1 col. e.

Anonymous. (1901e, Feb 9). Chiltern Shire Council. Ovens and Murray Advertiser, p. 1 col. e.

Anonymous. (1901f, Dec 11). Died in Goal. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 2 col. c.

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Anonymous. (1902d, Dec 23). Crown Land Sales. Wagga Wagga Advertiser, p. 4 col. b.

Anonymous. (1902e, Oct 18). Eccentric Indian Hawker. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 9 col. g.

Anonymous. (1902f, Dec 30). Henty Police Court. Wagga Wagga Advertiser, 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1902g, Oct 16). A Hindoo dies of starvation. His body cremated. Goulburn Penny Post, 4 col. a.

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Anonymous. (1902j, Jul 18). Robbery at Corryong. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1902k, Jul 12). Robbery at from a Hawker. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth)Patr, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1902l, Oct 15). Strange Conduct. Cremation of the Body. Evening News (Sydney), 6 col. c.

Anonymous. (1903a, Oct 20). Asiatic Litigation. Wagga Wagga Advertiser, 2 col. c.

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Anonymous. (1903f, Oct 13). Hindoo Litigation. Wagga Wagga Advertiser, 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1903g, Sep 15). Hindoo Litigation. Wagga Wagga Advertiser, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1903h, Mar 24). Kyabram. Age (Melbourne), pp. 6 col. e-f.

Anonymous. (1903i, Dec 2). Moama Small Debts Court Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1903j, Apr 4). [news]. Weekly Times (Melbourne), p. 15 col. a.

Anonymous. (1903k, Jun 5). Quarter Sessions. The Independent (Deniliquin), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1904a, Feb 2). Bankruptcy. Wagga Wagga Express, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1904b, Jun 11). Chiltern. Ovens and Murray Advertiser, p. 7 col. d.

Anonymous. (1904c, Jun 10). Chiltern. Benalla Standard, p. 1 col. d.

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Anonymous. (1904e, Jun 7). Chiltern. Border Morning Mail (Albury), p. 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1904f, Jun 9). General news. Cobram Courier, p. 5 col. c.

Anonymous. (1904g, Apr 20). Goods by Railway. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col.a.

Anonymous. (1904h, Jun 17). Intestate Estates. Argus (Melbourne), p. 9 col. a.

Anonymous. (1904i, Sep 17). Land Sale at Chiltern. Ovens and Murray Advertiser, p. 1 col. g.

Anonymous. (1904j, Jul 9). Multum in Parvo. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth)Patr, 12 col. g.

Anonymous. (1904k, Dec 16). [news]. Kerang New Times, 2 col. c–e.


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Anonymous. (1904l, Jun 10). [news]. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel p. 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1904m, Oct 4). Small Debts Court. The Independent (Deniliquin), 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1904n, Jun 10). Victoria. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, p. 30 col. d.

Anonymous. (1904o, Sep 2). Wodonga Police Court. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1905a, Mar 10). [Assault on Currum Singh]. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1905b, Jul 20). The Cremated Indian. Albury Daily News, 14 (684), 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1905c, Jul 29). Cremation at Albury Australasian (Melbourne), 79 (2052)(2052), 272.

Anonymous. (1905d, Nov 29). Cremation Ceremony. Sydney Morning Herald, 2 col. a.

Anonymous. (1905e, Apr 14). Cremation in Melbourne. The first Case. Great Interest Evinced. Mount Alexander Mail (Castlemaine), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1905f, Nov 30). Cremation of a Hindoo. Wagga Wagga Express, 2.

Anonymous. (1905g, Aug 1). Cremation of a Hindu. The Age (Melbourne), 6 col. g.

Anonymous. (1905h, Aug 4). Cremation of an Hindu. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1905i, Aug 4). Cremation of an Hindu. Weekly Times (Melbourne), 19 col. a.

Anonymous. (1905j, Aug 4). Cremation of an Hindu. The North Western Advocate and the Emu Bay Times (Devenport), 3 col. 1.

Anonymous. (1905k, Jul 18). Cremation of an Indian. Albury Daily News, 14 (682), 2 col. f.

Anonymous. (1905l, Aug 5). Cremation of an Indian Hawker. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 9 col. b.

Anonymous. (1905m, Aug 5). Cremation of an Indian Hawker. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 9 col. b.

Anonymous. (1905n, Aug 24). Death. Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times (Albury), p. 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1905o, Aug 11). Deniliquin District Court. The Independent (Deniliquin), 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1905p, Dec 1). [Editorial on cremations]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. 4.

Anonymous. (1905q, Sep 23). Estate of Noor Deen. Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times (Albury), p. 5 col. c.

Anonymous. (1905r, Aug 4). [First cremation ceremony at Wangaratta]. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 19 col. d.

Anonymous. (1905s, Jul 17). Items of News. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1905t, Aug 24). [Items of news]. Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times (Albury), p. 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1905u, Nov 30). News in Brief. Ballarat Stra, 3 col. b.

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Anonymous. (1905x, Mar 17). Numurkah Police Court. Numurkah Leader, pp. 5 col. a–b.

Anonymous. (1905y, Mar 4). Tallangatta. The Age (Melbourne), 14 col. f.

Anonymous. (1905z, Mar 7). Tallangatta. Benalla Standard, 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1905aa, Mar 10). [Tallangatta]. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1905ab, May 13). Wangaratta Police Court. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 12.

Anonymous. (1906a, Mar 24). A bankrupt's discharge. Wagga Wagga Advertiser, 3 col. d.

Anonymous. (1906b, Nov 22). Bankruptcy Court. Evening News (Sydney), p. 6 col. f.

Anonymous. (1906c, Jul 9). The damaged Indians. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1906d, Oct 12). Goulburn Valley. Benalla Standard, p. 4 col. c.

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Anonymous. (1906h, Sep 18). Small Debts Court. The Gundagai Times and Tumut, Adelong and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser 2 col. e.

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Anonymous. (1907b, Mar 25). Corryong Pastoral and Agricultural Society. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1907c, Aug 6). Cremating a Hindoo. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1907d, Aug 9). Cremation at Albury. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 26 col.d.

Anonymous. (1907e, Sep 24). Goulburn Valley. Benela Standard, 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1907f, Aug 6). A Hindoo Cremation. Albury Daily News, 17 (175), 3 col. d.

Anonymous. (1907g, Nov 6). Hindoo Justice. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1907h, Sep 21). Hindu's Body Cremated. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1907i, Sep 20). Hindu's Body Cremated. Argus (Melbourne), 6 vol. g.


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Anonymous. (1907j, Dec 18). Items of News [Hawkers' Licences]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1907k, Apr 16). Moulamein. Kerang New Times, 3 col. a.

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Anonymous. (1907p, Aug 3). Notice to Hindoos [Advertisement]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 5 col. c.

Anonymous. (1907q, Oct 26). NSW Land Information. After Auction Purchases. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 6 col. d.

Anonymous. (1907r, Jul 15). The Rock. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1908a, Mar 29). Corrying Show. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 8 col. g.

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Anonymous. (1908d, Sep 24). Goulburn Valley. Benalla Standard, 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1908e, Sep 22). Hindu Cremated. Argus (Melbourne), 6 col. e.

Anonymous. (1908f, Sep 26). Hindu Cremated Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 7 col. c.

Anonymous. (1908g, Oct 24). Lands Office Applications. Wagga Wagga Advertiser, p. 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1908h, Jul 7). Moama Court of Petty sessions. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1908i, Mar 31). Moulamein. Kerang New Times, 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1908j, May 1). Notes on Current Events [Hawkers' Licences]. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 26 col. d.

Anonymous. (1908k, Oct 2). Railway Manifest. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 4 col.a.

Anonymous. (1909a, Feb 5). Albury Police Court. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, p. 27 col. b.

Anonymous. (1909b, Sep 2). Berrigan Shire Council. Cobram Courier, 4 col. e.

Anonymous. (1909c, Dec 10). The Cremation of an Indian Hawker. Peculiar Ceremony ay Moulamein. Riverina Grazier (Hay), 5 col. a.

Anonymous. (1909d, Dec 1). Fatality at Moulamein. Gundah Singh drowned. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1909e, Nov 30). Fatality at Moulamein. Well-known Indian Hawker drowned. Riverine Grazier (Hay), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1909f, Mar 9). Goulburn Valley. Benalla Standard, p. 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1909g, Dec 8). Hindu cremation ceremony. The Age (Melbourne), 12 col. d.

Anonymous. (1909h, Dec 7). An Indian Cremation. Kerang New Times, 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1909i, Dec 1). Local and district news. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1909j, Dec 8). Magisterial Enquiry at Moulamein. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1909k, Apr 23). [news]. Kerang New Times, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1909l, Feb 6). Railway Manifest. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 4 col.c.

Anonymous. (1909m, Sep 3). Shire Council. Tocumwal Guardian and Finley Free Press, 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1909n, Jul 23). Town and DIstrict tidbits. The Gundagai Times and Tumut, Adelong and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1909o, Jul 24). Town topics. The Gundagai Independent and Pastoral, Agricultural and Mining Advocate, 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1909p, Nov 29). Wealthy Hawker Drowned. The Age (Melbourne), 9 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910a, Jun 28). Booligal. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910b, Feb 15). Death after wrestling. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 1 col. a.

Anonymous. (1910c, Feb 15). Death after wrestling. Register (Adelaide), 5 col. b.

Anonymous. (1910d, Feb 14). Death after wrestling. Age (Melbourne), 11 col. h.

Anonymous. (1910e, Feb 19). Death after wrestling. Chronicle (Adelaide), 41 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910f, Feb 14). Death after wrestling bout. Argus (Melbourne), 9 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910g, Feb 14). Death after wrestling. An Indian hawker uses his teeth. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910h, Apr 6). Debt case. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910i, Jun 15). Echuca Police Court. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910j, Feb 13). Fatal 'Goat' Act. Sun (Kalgoorlie), 1 col. b.

Anonymous. (1910k, Feb 14). Fatal Bout. Inquest on the victim. Examiner (Launceston), 6 col. a.

Anonymous. (1910l, Feb 14). Fatal Sequel to a wrestling bout. A Hindu's death. Open verdict returned. . Ballarat Star, 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910m, Feb 11). Fatal Wrestling. Mercury (Hobart), 5 col. g.


—44—

Anonymous. (1910n, Feb 14). Fatal Wrestling Match. West Australian (Perth), 5 col. h.

Anonymous. (1910o, Feb 14). Fatal Wrestling Matches. An open verdict. Mercury (Hobart), 4 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910p, Feb 11). Found unconscious. Hindu's hawker's fate. Daily Post (Hobart), 5 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910q, Sep 19). Funeral notice. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1910r, Feb 11). Hawker's death. Suspicious circumstances. Daily Telegraph (Launceston), 4 col. gs.

Anonymous. (1910s, Feb 17). A Hindoo's Death after Wrestling Bout. Darling Downs Gazette (Toowoomba), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1910t, May 12). Hindu Hawker found drowned. The Age (Melbourne), 8 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910u, Feb 11). A Hindu's death. Zeehan and Dundas Herald 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910v, Feb 16). Hospital Donations. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 4 col a–b.

Anonymous. (1910w, Feb 11). Indian hawker's death. Register (Adelaide), 5 col. b.

Anonymous. (1910x, Feb 11). Indian hawker's death. Examiner (Launceston), 5 col. e.

Anonymous. (1910y, Feb 11). Indian hawker's death. Kalgoorlie Miner, 6 col. e.

Anonymous. (1910z, Feb 15). Indian hawker's death. Kalgoorlie Western Argus 28 col. b.

Anonymous. (1910aa, Feb 16). Indian Hawker's Death after Wrestling Bout. Sydney Morning Herald, 10 col. e.

Anonymous. (1910ab, Feb 14). Indian hawker's death. Kalgoorlie Miner, 5 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910ac, Feb 11). Indian hawker's death. Supposed to have been wrestling. Barrier Miner (Broken Hill), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910ad, Feb 14). An Indian Hawker's dies after wrestling match. Daily Telegraph (Launceston), 5 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910ae, May 11). Indian Hawker's End. The Argus (Melbourne), 14 col. b.

Anonymous. (1910af, Jul 14). An Indian's Death. Cobram Courier, 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910ag, Jul 15). An Indian's Estate. The Argus (Melbourne), 8 col. f.

Anonymous. (1910ah, Feb 11). Indian's Mysterious death. Argus (Melbourne), 8 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910ai, May 12). An Indian's suicide. The Argus (Melbourne), 5 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910aj, Feb 11). Injured in Wrestling Bout. Indian Hawker's Death. Sydney Morning Herald, 7 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910ak, Feb 15). Items of Interest. Benalla Standard, p. 4 col. e.

Anonymous. (1910al, Dec 10). Items of News [Court Case]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910am, Dec 21). Items of News [Hawkers' Licences]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1910an, May 3). Larcency of a towel. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1910ao, Nov 23). Local and General. Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder, 4 col. b.

Anonymous. (1910ap, Jul 21). Local and general items. Cobram Courier, 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910aq, Feb 8). Moama Police Court. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1910ar, Jun 22). Moulamein. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1910as, Feb 12). A mysterious death. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910at, Feb 11). News in Brief. Ballarat Star, 7 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910au, Jul 28). [news]. Cobram Courier, 4 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910av, Feb 15). [news]. Hamilton Spectator, 4 col. h.

Anonymous. (1910aw, Feb 19). [News]. Maitland Mercury, 3 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910ax, Sep 19). Obituary. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col.d.

Anonymous. (1910ay, Sep 21). Our country service. Bendigo Advertiser, 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1910az, Nov 25). Police Court. Tocumwal Guardian and Finley Free Press, 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1910ba, Aug 4). Sale of Hawker's Effects. Cobram Courier, 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910bb, Apr 5). Small debts court. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1910bc, Feb 9). Small debts court. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910bd, Feb 11). Strange death of a Hindoo. Express and Telegraph (Adelaide), 1 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910be, Feb 11). Strange death of a Hindoo. Advertiser (Adelaide), 8 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910bf, Feb 12). A suspicious death. Ovens and Murray Advertiser, 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1910bg, Feb 11). A suspicious death. Age (Melbourne), 5 col. g.

Anonymous. (1910bh, May 13). Tallangatta. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910bi, Feb 11). Victoria. West Australian (Perth), 5 col. e.

Anonymous. (1910bj, Feb 18). Victoria. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 34 col. d.

Anonymous. (1910bk, Nov 25). Wodonga Police Court. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 3 col. b.


—45—

Anonymous. (1910bl, Feb 14). Wrestled, fell, died. Indian hawker's remains cremated. Geelong Advertiser, 3 col. h–4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1911a, Feb 8). Balranald District Hospital Donations. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 4 col. c.

Anonymous. (1911b, Oct 6). Draught Horses. Benalla Standard, p. 6 col. b.

Anonymous. (1911c, Aug 11). Finley. Tocumwal Guardian and Finley Free Press, 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1911d, May 26). Gathering of the clans. Benalla Standard, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1911e, May 26). Hindoos in evidence. Three priosoners sentences to 18 months hard labour. Benalla Standard, 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1911f, Jan 4). Moulamein Police Court. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1911g, Aug 15). News of the Day. Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate 7 col. c.

Anonymous. (1911h, Jan 17). [news]. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1911i, Apr 14). Pastures Protection Board Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 4 a-e.

Anonymous. (1911j, Jun 1). Perjury. Cobram Courier, 4 col.c.

Anonymous. (1911k, Nov 10). Police Court. Moree Gwydir Examiner and General Advertiser, p. 4 col. e.

Anonymous. (1911l, May 19). Police Court. The Hillston Spectator and Lachlan River Advertiser, 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1912a, Feb 21). Balranald District Hospital Donations. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 6 col. d.

Anonymous. (1912b, Oct 4). Horses. Benalla Standard, p. 6 col. b.

Anonymous. (1912c, Dec 4). Items of News [Hawkers' Licence] Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1912d, Dec 17). Items of News [Hawkers' Licence] Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1912e, Jan 16). Items of News [Hawkers' Licence]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1912f, Mar 6). Land Board. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 2 col. g–3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1912g, Dec 4). [News]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1912h, May 14). Pastures Protection Board Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 4 col. c-e.

Anonymous. (1912i, Mar 15). Pastures Protection Board Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 4 a-e.

Anonymous. (1912j, May 31). Public Notice. Lost Savings Bank Book. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 3 col. d.

Anonymous. (1912k, Jul 17). Sale at Moulamein. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1912l, Dec 5). Wollar. Mudgee Guardian and North-Western Representative, 26 col. a.

Anonymous. (1913a, May 31). Crown lands. Licenses and Leases declared Void etc. Myrtleford Mail and Whorouly Witness, 50, col. b.

Anonymous. (1913b, May 16). Deniliquin. Tocumwal Guardian and Finley Free Press, 5 col. a.

Anonymous. (1913c, Dec 2). Hawker's License. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1913d, Apr 11). Here, there and everywhere. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 7 col. a.

Anonymous. (1913e, Mar 14). Indian Hawkers. Receive Licences. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 3.

Anonymous. (1913f, May 13). A Mohammedan's Death. Wagga Wagga Express, 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1913g, Sep 10). Notice. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1913h, Dec 12). Our Country Seervice. Bendigo Advertiser 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1913i, Oct 10). Special Exhibits. Benalla Standard, p. 6 col. g.

Anonymous. (1913j, Jun 6). Victorian Lands Notice. Crown Lands available. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 20 col. b.

Anonymous. (1914a, Mar 13). Acquitted on serious charge. Cohuna Farmer's Weekly, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1914b, Nov 19). Alledged Sheep Stealing. Wagga Wagga Express, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1914c, Nov 18). Alleged Malicious Killing of Sheep. Borre Creek farmer accused. Lockhart Review and Oaklands Advertiser, 2 col. e-f.

Anonymous. (1914d, Jul 1). Beechworth Police Court. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 3.

Anonymous. (1914e, Jun 19). Berrigan Shire. Tocumwal Guardian and Finley Free Press, 5 col. a.

Anonymous. (1914f, Jun 11). Berrigan Shire Council. Cobram Courier, 4 col. e.

Anonymous. (1914g, Nov 19). County Court Swan Hill. Swan Hill Guardian and Lake Boga Advocate, 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1914h, Apr 23). Cremation at Hay. Wagga Wagga Express, 3 col. d.

Anonymous. (1914i, Apr 14). Fatal riding accident at Gunbar. Lubba Singh the victim. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1914j, Nov 27). Henty. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, p. 47 col. d.


—46—

Anonymous. (1914k, Apr 20). Hindoo cremated. The Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1914l, Apr 17). Hindoo cremated. Echuca and Moama Advertiser and Farmers' Gazette, 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1914m, Jan 6). Hindu Hawkers. Echuca and Moama Advertiser and Farmers' Gazette, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1914n, Apr 24). In the Supreme Court of NSW. Gazal vs. Lubba Singh [advertisement]. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1914o, Apr 21). [news]. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1914p, May 8). [news]. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1914q, Apr 24). [News]. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 2 col. a.

Anonymous. (1915a, Sep 3). About People. The Independent (Deniliquin), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1915b, Feb 10). Alleged fraudulent conversion. Tamworth Daily Observer, p. 3 col. v.

Anonymous. (1915c, Aug 13). Australia Day. At Booroorban. List of Donors. Riverina Grazier (Hay), 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1915d, Oct 8). Boxing at Henty. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 47 col. c.

Anonymous. (1915e, Jan 14). Court of Petty Sessions. Corryong Courier, 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1915f, Sep 14). Cremation of a Hindoo. Violet Town Sentinel, 1 col. c.

Anonymous. (1915g, Sep 1). Death. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1915h, Sep 17). Gowangardie. Benalla Standard, p. 5 col. c.

Anonymous. (1915i, Feb 2). Hawkers' Licences. Echuca and Moama Advertiser and Farmers' Gazette, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1915j, Mar 12). Impounding Case. Technical Breach of Act. Refund of Damage and Pounds Fees. Tamworth Daily Observer, p. 3 col. f.

Anonymous. (1915k, May 3). Moulamein Police court. Swan Hill Guardian and Lake Boga Advocate, 3 col. d.

Anonymous. (1915l, Mar 26). Narrandera Quarter Sessions. Urana Independent and Clear Hills Standard, 1 col. e.

Anonymous. (1915m, Apr 29). [news]. Shepparton News, 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1915n, Sep 9). [news]. Bedigonian (Bendigo), 11 col. d.

Anonymous. (1915o, Aug 17). Pullitop. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 4 col. c.

Anonymous. (1915p, May 27). Swan Hill Volunteers. Swan Hill Guardian and Lake Boga Advocate, 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1915q, Mar 19). Tumbarumba Show. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 19 col. a.

Anonymous. (1916a, Dec 8). Ardlethan. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 7 col.c.

Anonymous. (1916b, Feb 10). Court of Petty Sessions. Corryong Courier, 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1916c, Dec 1). Cremation. Euroa Advertiser, 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1916d, Nov 28). Cremation. Euroa Gazette, 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1916e, Jan 6). Cudgewa. Corryong Courier, 3 dol. e.

Anonymous. (1916f, Mar 22). Culcairn. Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times (Albury), 1 col. a.

Anonymous. (1916g, Mar 14). Hindu's Funeral. Mohammedan Ceremony at Moama. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1916h, Mar 14). Hindu's Funeral. Mohammedan Ceremony at Moama. Echuca and Moama Advertiser and Farmers' Gazette, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1916i, Dec 8). Late News [Hawkers' Licences]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1916j, Dec 8). Late News. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 26 col. c.

Anonymous. (1916k, Dec 1). Licencing Court. Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser, 2 col.g.

Anonymous. (1916l, Mar 14). Local News. Obituary. Echuca and Moama Advertiser and Farmers' Gazette, 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1916m, Dec 7). [News]. Upper Murray and Mitta Herald (Corryong), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1916n, Feb 10). Our Honour Roll. Swan Hill Guardian and Lake Boga Advocate, 4 col. d–e.

Anonymous. (1916o, May 24). Police Court. Wangaratta Chroniclee, p. 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1917a, Feb 15). Cosgrove. Dookie and Katamatite Recorder, p. 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1917b, Jan 26). Court Case. Tocumwal Guardian and Finley Free Press, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1917c, Oct 15). Cremation of an Indian hawker. Had died at Mooroopna Hospital. teeth preserved for transmission home. Shepparton Advertiser, 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1917d, Oct 26). Cremation of an Indian hawker. Had died at Mooroopna Hospital. teeth preserved for transmission home. Kyabram Guardian, 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1917e, Aug 31). Gerogery. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1917f, Aug 24). Gerogery. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 3.

Anonymous. (1917g, Aug 22). Gerogery. Hawker Found Dead. Albury Daily News, 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1917h, Sep 6). Gleanings. Singleton Argus, 1 col. 6.


—47—

Anonymous. (1917i, Sep 5). Items of Interest. The Armidale Chronicle 8 col. a.

Anonymous. (1917j, Sep 4). News of the Day. Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate, 7 col. a.

Anonymous. (1917k, Sep 6). [News]. The Yackandandah Times 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1917l, Sep 7). [News]. Richmond River Express and Casino Kyogle Advertiser, 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1917m, Jan 24). Ordinary Meeting. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1917n, Sep 8). Other States. Weekly Times (Melbourne), 24 co. 21.

Anonymous. (1917o, Mar 22). Our Honour Roll. Swan Hill Guardian and Lake Boga Advocate, 4 col. g–h.

Anonymous. (1917p, Sep 3). Strangled by fence wires. The Argus (Melbourne), 6 col. h.

Anonymous. (1917q, Sep 7). Strangled by wires. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. f.

Anonymous. (1917r, Feb 16). Watts, Clark & Co. Land Sales Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 4 col. c.

Anonymous. (1918a, May 16). Brief Notes and Comments. Upper Murray and Mitta Herald (Talangatta), 2 col. f.

Anonymous. (1918b, Jun 22). Carboor L.M.P.League. Wangaratta Chroniclee, p. 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1918c, Jun 7). Clearing Sale. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1918d, May 15). Hawker's Death. Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1918e, May 10). Hawker's Death. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1918f, Dec 12). Hawkers' Licences. Echuca and Moama Advertiser and Farmers' Gazette, 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1918g, Jan 8). Hawkers' Licences. Echuca and Moama Advertiser and Farmers' Gazette, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1918h, Feb 5). Hindoo assaulted. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1918i, Feb 5). Hindoo assaulted. Echuca and Moama Advertiser and Farmers' Gazette, 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1918j, May 14). Items of News. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1918k, Dec 3). Items of News [Hawkers' Licences]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1918l, Feb 1). Late news. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, p. 28 col. c.

Anonymous. (1918m, May 16). [News]. The Yackandandah Times, 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1918n, Dec 11). Police Court. Wangaratta Chroniclee, p. 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1918o, Jan 22). The Sailors’ and Soldier’s Club Border Morning Mail (Albury), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1918p, Apr 23). Urgent Notice to Indians. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 3 col. 3.

Anonymous. (1919a, May 7). Alledged Sheep Stealing. Jury fails to agree. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1919b, Apr 30). Balranald Police Court. Alledged Sheep Stealing. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 1 col.e–f; 3 col.a.

Anonymous. (1919c, Jan 10). General [Hawkers' Licence]. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 19 col. c.

Anonymous. (1919d, Aug 29). Hay Quarter Sessions. Riverine Grazier (Hay), 4 col. a–b.

Anonymous. (1919e, Dec 8). Wagga District Court. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1919f, Jul 18). Wagga Land Board. July Sittings. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 4 col. e.

Anonymous. (1920a, Jan 23). Cremation Ceremony. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 3 col. d.

Anonymous. (1920b, Feb 20). Cremation Ceremony. Ashes to Ashes and Dust to Dust. North-Eastern Ensign (Benalla), 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1920c, Jun 25). Cremation of a Hindoo. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1920d, Apr 30). Indians Quarrel. Robbery and assault charges fail. The Independent (Deniliquin), 1 col, c–d.

Anonymous. (1920e, Jan 15). News in Brief. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 1 col. b.

Anonymous. (1920f, Jan 16). Wangaratta. Benalla Standard, 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1921a, Feb 9). Hospital Donations for the year 1920. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 4 col. a–b.

Anonymous. (1921b, May 13). Police Court. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1921c, Mar 5). Quarter Sessions. Sydney Morning Herald, 9 col. g.

Anonymous. (1922a, Jul 8). Another cremation at Temora. Young Witness, 4 col.c.

Anonymous. (1922b, Jul 17). Another Hindoo. The Grenfell Record and Lachlan District Advertiser, 2 col. f.

Anonymous. (1922c, Feb 23). Berrigan Shire Council. Cobram Courier, 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1922d, May 10). Burning Off. Regulation disregarded. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 1 col. d.

Anonymous. (1922e, May 10). Burning off. Regulation disregarded. Man fined £10. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 1 col. e.

Anonymous. (1922f, Oct 20). Glenrowan. Benalla Standard, p. 4 col. a.


—48—

Anonymous. (1922g, Feb 7). Hay Hospital [List of Donors]. Riverina Grazier (Hay), 3 col. b.

Anonymous. (1922h, Jun 6). An Indian Custom. The Wyalong Advocate and Mining, Agricultural and Pastoral Gazette, 6 col. d.

Anonymous. (1922i, Oct 27). Lockhart Sheep Deal. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 20 col. c–d.

Anonymous. (1922j, Oct 24). MOhammedan Burial Service. Benalla Standard, p. 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1922k, Jun 12). [news]. The Gundagai Independent and Pastoral, Agricultural and Mining Advocate, 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1922l, Feb 24). [news]. Tocumwal Guardian and Finley Free Press, 1 col. c.

Anonymous. (1922m, Oct 21). No cases next week. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 6 col. c.

Anonymous. (1922n, May 9). Pastures Protection Board Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 1 col. d-f.

Anonymous. (1922o, Jun 9). Temora. Albury Banner, 7 col. b.

Anonymous. (1922q, Oct 23). Wagga Circuit Court. A disputed Sheep Deal. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1922r, May 9). Well, there you are. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1923a, Jul 6). Corryong. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 21 col. a.

Anonymous. (1923b, Jul 9). Country News. Wodonga. Argus (Melbourne), 13 col. d.

Anonymous. (1923c, Jul 6). Fatal accident. The Yackandandah Times, 1 col. e.

Anonymous. (1923d, Sep 14). Gippsland and Northern Cooperative,Co Ltd Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 45 col. c.

Anonymous. (1923e, Jun 29). Probate Jurisdiction. In the will of Bishin Singh, late of Moulamein, in the State of New South Wales, hawker, deceased. Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales (Sydney), 73, 2927.

Anonymous. (1924a, Mar 14). Geeral. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 27 col. c.

Anonymous. (1924b, Feb 1). Genuine Clearing Sale account Hummo Khan, Pine Hill. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1924c, Feb12). Genuine Clearing Sale account Hummo Khan, Pine Hill. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1924d, Feb 5). Hay Hospital [List of Donors]. Riverina Grazier (Hay), 3 col. a–b.

Anonymous. (1924e, Feb 22). Highly successful clearing sales. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1924f, Feb 5). [news]. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 4 col. c.

Anonymous. (1925a, Jul 4). Cremation. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1925b, Jul 31). Cremation at Chiltern. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 22 col. c.

Anonymous. (1925c, Aug 1). Cremation at Chiltern. An Indian Ceremony. Corowa Chronicle, 6 col. d.

Anonymous. (1925d, Jul 28). Cremation at Chiltern. An Indian Ceremony. The Age (Mlebourne), 5 col. g.

Anonymous. (1925e, Feb 20). Cremation Ceremony. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 28 col. b.

Anonymous. (1925f, Feb 17). Death of Indian Hawker. Body cremated. The Tumut Advocate and Farmers and Settlers' Adviser, 1 col. f.

Anonymous. (1925g, Jul 10). Doings in different districts. Riverina Grazier (Hay), 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1925h, Oct 23). Donations ot Albury Hospital. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 22 col. d.

Anonymous. (1925i, Jul 7). [news]. Age (Melbourne), 6 col. d.

Anonymous. (1925j, Jul 11). [news]. Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1925k, Aug 12). Nº 2 Full Court. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 9 col. a.

Anonymous. (1925l, Jun 30). Riverina News. Tallangatta. Age (Melbourne), 5 col. e.

Anonymous. (1925m, Jul 3). Tallangatta. Sudden death of a Hindoo. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 46 col.d.

Anonymous. (1926a, May 5). Country News. Echuca. Argus (Melbourne), 12 col. c.

Anonymous. (1926b, May 3). Cremation Ceremony. Last rites performed over Hindu Hawker. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1926c, Sep 10). Wangaratta Show Awards. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, p. 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1928, Sep 14). Yanko Shire Council. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 7 col. c-f.

Anonymous. (1929a, Feb 19). Albury Road Mishap. Indian farmer's injuries fatal. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 6 col. d.

Anonymous. (1929b, Feb 8). Doings in different districts. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1929c, Jan 26). Indian Hawker drowned. The Age (Melbourne), 27 col. c.

Anonymous. (1929d, Feb 12). [News]. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 2 col. f.

Anonymous. (1929e, Feb 7). [News]. Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser, 1 col. 3.

Anonymous. (1929f, Feb 14). Passengers by the Maloja. Advertiser (Adelaide), p. 18 col. b.

Anonymous. (1929g, Aug 31). Riverina. Weekly Times (Melbourne), 9 col. e.

Anonymous. (1929h, Dec 7). The whereabouts of Devant Singh [advertisment]. The Age (Melbourne), 14 col. e.


—49—

Anonymous. (1930a, Sep 24). Death at camp fire. Body of Indian Hawker found charred. The Age (Melbourne), 9 col. h.

Anonymous. (1930b, Jan 31). Death of of Hindoo. Body cremated. North Eastern Ensign (Benalla), 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1930c, Sep 24). District News. Walbundrie. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 5 col. c.

Anonymous. (1930d, Sep 23). Fell dead into camp fire The Sun (Sydney), 5 col. c.

Anonymous. (1930e, Sep 27). Fell into camp fire. The Farmer and Settler (Sydney), 4 col. f.

Anonymous. (1930f, Sep 24). Indian found dead. Sydney Morning Herald, 14 col. h.

Anonymous. (1930g, May 30). Indian hawker leaves £20,729. North Eastern Ensign (Benalla), 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1930h, May 30). Indian Hawker leaves£20,279. Horsham Times, 7 col. c.

Anonymous. (1930i, May 1). Local and General. Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser, 2 col.g.

Anonymous. (1930j, Jan 30). News and Notes. Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser, 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1930k, Jun 17). Personal. Lockhart Review and Oaklands Advertiser, p. 4 col. b.

Anonymous. (1930l, Jan 25). A public cremation. Hindu Pyre at Wangaratta. Age (Melbourne), p. 24 col. d.

Anonymous. (1930m, Jan 27). Pyre on Town Common. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 1 col. c.

Anonymous. (1930n, Jan 25). Pyre on Town Common. Sun (Sydney), 3 col. a.

Anonymous. (1930o, Jan 25). Wangaratta. Argus (Melbourne), 10 col. d.

Anonymous. (1931, May 26). Indian Cremated. Numurkah Leader, p. 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1932a, Jul 21). Berrigan. Cobram Courier, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1932b, May 31). Donations. The Independent (Deniliquin), 4 col. g.

Anonymous. (1933a, Aug 31). Cremation of Hindu near Albury. Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser, 3 col. f.

Anonymous. (1933b, Aug 25). Hindu cremated at Albury. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 9 col. a.

Anonymous. (1933c, Aug 18). Late Personal. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1933d, May 27). Mrs Elizabeth Kelly. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1934a, Aug 4). Body burnt in Pyre. Indian rite at Beechworth. The Argus (Melbourne), 24 col. b.

Anonymous. (1934b, May 1). Coroner's Inquest. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1934c, Aug 10). Cremated at Beechworth. The Henty Observer, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1934d, Oct 26). Cremation at Beechworth Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1934e, May 4). Death of Indian Centenarian. Wodonga and Towong Sentinel, 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1934f, Apr 24). District Court. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1934g, Nov 27). Donations acknowledged. The Independent (Deniliquin), 3 col. g.

Anonymous. (1934h, Nov 2). Indian cremated at Beechworth North-Eastern Ensign (Benalla), 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1934i, May 3). Old Indian's Death. Sydney Morning Herald, 10 col. h.

Anonymous. (1934j, Apr 17). Pastures Protection Board Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 4 col. d-f.

Anonymous. (1934k, Aug 4). The rites of his faith. The Age (Melbourne), 22 col. h.

Anonymous. (1934l, Apr 30). Sung Mullick. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 2 col. a.

Anonymous. (1935a, Aug 15). About people. The Gundagai Independent and Pastoral, Agricultural and Mining Advocate, 4 col. c.

Anonymous. (1935b, Dec 28). Body Burnt Aged Hindu Funeral Pyre. The Sun (Sydney), 7 col. d.

Anonymous. (1935c, Mar 8). Cremated Indian's bones in Lagoon. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 16 col. d.

Anonymous. (1935d, Jan 25). Death of former Indan wrestler. Age ({Melbourne), p. 11 col. d.

Anonymous. (1935e, Feb 1). Death of Gharne Singh. Early resident of Henty. Henty Observer and Culcairn Shire Register, p. 3 col. g.

Anonymous. (1935f, Jan 29). Gharne Singh's Death. Cremated on Farm. Lockhart Review and Oaklands Advertiser, p. 1.

Anonymous. (1935g, Mar 5). Human Remains. Were they Gharne Singhs? Lockhart Review and Oaklands Advertiser, p. 2 col. c.

Anonymous. (1935h, Aug 29). Local and General. Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser, 2 col. g.

Anonymous. (1935i, Mar 5). A Mystery Solved. Age (Melbourne), 16 col. d.

Anonymous. (1935j, Aug 30). [News]. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 6 col. f.

Anonymous. (1935k, Jan 25). Obituary Mr Gharne Singh. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1935l, Jan 22). Personal. Lockhart Review and Oaklands Advertiser, p. 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1935m, Feb 1). Personal news. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 46 col. b.

Anonymous. (1935n, Feb 5 ). Riverina. Henty. Argus (Melbourne), p. 3 col. d.


—50—

Anonymous. (1936a, Apr 10). Bets cool drinks in the country. The Henty Observer, 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1936b, Aug 3). Hawker's Lonely death. Body found on road side. The Independent (Deniliquin), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1936c, Aug 1). He has found rest. Shepparton Advertiser, 4 col. b.

Anonymous. (1936d, Aug 1). Hindoo cremated. Interesting Career Ended. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1936e, Dec 11). Licensing Court. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, p. 47 col. a.

Anonymous. (1937a, Nov 23). Barmah Storekeeper's Claim. Numurkah Leader, 5 col. b.

Anonymous. (1937b, Nov 4). Indian cremated. Kilmore Free Press, 4 col.c.

Anonymous. (1937c, Oct 27). Wangaratta. Argus (Melbourne), 14 col. e.

Anonymous. (1938a, Apr 30). Cremation at Deniliquin. A unique ceremony. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 3 col f-g.

Anonymous. (1938b, Mar 3). Gunbower News. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 4 col. c.

Anonymous. (1938c, May 19). Judicial and other notices. Argus (Melbourne), 17 col. h.

Anonymous. (1938d, May 17). [news]. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1938e, Jul 5). [news]. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1938f, Feb 8). Other distrcts. Argus (Melbourne), 12 col. e-f.

Anonymous. (1938g, Jun 14). Pastures Protection Board Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 4 col. d-f.

Anonymous. (1938h, Jan 17). Two Wagga Men Killed. Struck by Lightning. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 4 col. d.

Anonymous. (1939a, Jun 26). Hindu Funeral Rites. Newcastle Sun 10 col. g.

Anonymous. (1939b, Jun 30). Probate Jurisdiction. In the will of Rur Singh, Commonly called Rule Singh, late of Henty in the State of New South Wales. The Henty Observer and Culcairn Shire Register, 4 col. b.

Anonymous. (1939c, Feb 10). Probate Jurisdiction. Putrab Singh. Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales (Sydney), 22, 710.

Anonymous. (1939d, Jun 13). Traffic offences dealt with. Murrumbidgee Irrigator (Leeton), p. 4 col. f.

Anonymous. (1940, Jan 17). District Personals. Goulburn Valley Stock and Property Journal (Shepparton), p. 6 col. g.

Anonymous. (1941, Sep 6). Country News. Death of Indian. Argus (Melbourne) 3 col. f.

Anonymous. (1942a, May 29). Notices. Sydney Morning Herald, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1942b, Jul 30). Probate jurisdiction. In the matter of the estate of David Singh, late

of Bondo near Tumut. Argus (Melbourne), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1943a, Feb 26). Probate Jurisdiction. Currum Singh. Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales (Sydney), 25, 409

Anonymous. (1943b, Feb 19). Probate Jurisdiction. Currum Singh. The Henty Observer, 2 col. e

Anonymous. (1944a, Oct 27). Air Fore Man arrested at henty. The Henty Observer, p. 8 col. e.

Anonymous. (1944b, May 27). District News. Henty. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1944c, Jun 26). Hindu Funeral Rites. Newcastle Sun, 10 col. g.

Anonymous. (1944d, May 19). Inder Singh. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 4 col. a.

Anonymous. (1944e, May 20). Inder Singh. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 5 col. c.

Anonymous. (1944f, May 23). Obituary Inder Singh. The Tumut and Adelong Times, 2 col. h.

Anonymous. (1944g, May 26). Personal and Social. Henty Observer and Culcairn Shire Register, 5 col. c.

Anonymous. (1945a, Jan 29). Hindoo had no mourners at graveside. Benalla Ensign, 1 col. f.

Anonymous. (1945b, Jun 29). Hummo Khan. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 2 col. e.

Anonymous. (1945c, Feb 9). Lost. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 3 col. e.

Anonymous. (1946a, Jun 19). Deaths. Riverine Herald (Echuca), 4 col. c.

Anonymous. (1946b, Oct 19). Local Repatriation Committee. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 1 col. d.

Anonymous. (1948a, Apr 13). Funeral Mr Sahib Dad. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1948b, Apr 12). Funeral Notice. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 2 col. b.

Anonymous. (1948c, Oct 29). Hawker's estate of £19,937. Argus (Melbourne), 6 col. b.

Anonymous. (1948d, Sep 10). The Indian Hawker a vanishing race. Gauda Singh's death. Benalla Ensign, 3 col. e.

Anonymous. (1948e, Apr 10). Mr Sahib Dad. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 2 col.d.

Anonymous. (1948f, Apr 12). Obituary Mr Sahib Dad. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 2 col. d.

Anonymous. (1948g, Nov 8). Old hawker left £20,000. Daily Mercury (Mackay), 3 col. c.

Anonymous. (1951a, Oct 5). Indian Hawker Alleged to Have Set Own Funeral Pyre. Observer (Henty), 1 col. a–c.

Anonymous. (1951b, Oct 6). Indian made own funeral pyre. Suicide verdict at Henty inquest. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 3 col. d-g.

Anonymous. (1951c, Apr 6). Obituary. Mr Hermann Singh. Shepparton Advertiser, 12 col. d.

Anonymous. (1951d, Oct 16). Personal. Lockhart Review and Oaklands Advertiser, p. 4 col. d.


—51—

Anonymous. (1951e, Oct 6). Suicide verdict for Henty Death. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 3 col. g.

Anonymous. (1951f, Oct 12). Vale, Purtab Singh! Henty Observer and Culcairn Shire Register, 3.

Anonymous. (1952a, Nov 29). 15-y-o Australian Gorl's love for rich Indian. Mirror (Perth), 3 col. d–h.

Anonymous. (1952b, Nov 23). Indian Love Call Brings The Police. Truth (Sydney), 9 col.a–c.

Anonymous. (1952c, Jun 25). 'Spud" dead. Lithgow Mercury, 5 col. c.

Aplin, Greg. (2008, Jun 5). Henty Cemetery Project. Parliament of New South Wales, Hansard, 8351.

Benalla Cemetery Trust. (2017). Paul Singh. URL: http://www.benallacemetery.com/cemetery/surname/singh/7713. [Retrieved on Feb 20, 2017]

Blackmore, H.M. (1905, Dec 5). Sale by auction. In the estate of Sunda Singh, Indian hawker [advertisement]. Riverine Grazier (Hay), 3 col. f.

Box, H.G. (1924, Jun 28). Property sales. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 3 col d.

Brady, James. (1939, Jun 20). In the Supreme Court of NSW, Probate Jurisdiction, in the will of Hashantallie, known as J Hashantallie or James Hashantallie late of Chanter Streer, Moama. Sydney Morning Herald, 2 col. h.

Bride, T.F. (1900, Feb 24). A rule to administer the estate of Mohamed Khan, 289 Exhibition Street, Melbourne. Age (Melbourne), 11 col. h.

Bride, T.F. (1904). Estates of deceased persons. Victoria Government Gazette, 94, 2189.

Bride, T.F. (1905). Estates of deceased persons. Victoria Government Gazette, 92, 3156–3162.

Bride, T.F. (1907). Notice. Victoria Government Gazette, 129, 4569.

Clancy, B.P. (1918, May 13). Sale. In the estate Tarum Singh [advertisement]. Border Morning Mail (Albury), 3 col. c.

Conroy, John. (2008, May 12). Envoy moved by town honour, 9 cal a–d.

Cooke, Simon. (1991). Death, body and soul: the cremation debate in New South Wales, 1863–1925. Australian Historical Studies, 24(97), 323-339.

Crick, W.P. (1903, Apr 25). Approval of after auction purchases. Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales, S 213, 3152.

Curry, H. (1903, Mar 18). Erratum. Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales, S 147, 2257.

Dad, Sahib. (1924, Aug 2). Notice. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 5 col. c.

Day, W. (1911, Jan 17). Unreserved auction sale. Drapery Clothing etc. Lockhart Review and Oaklands Advertiser, 4 col. b.

Douglass, H.V. (1925, Dec 29). [Probate Jurisdiction] Re will of Inder Singh, late of Adelong. Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales (Sydney), 127, 2205.

Dowling, J.E. (1908, Feb 12). Hospital Donations. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 6 col. b.

Dowling, J.E. (1910, Feb 16). Hospital Donations. Riverina Recorder (Balranald), 4 col. a.

Duncan-Jones, R. (1977). Age-rounding, illiteracy and Social differentiation in the Roman Empire. Chiron, 7, 333–353.

Fisher Bros. (1945, Aug 3). Farm clearing sale at Nummo Khan's farm Boree Creek. Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga), 3 col. g-h.

Flannagan, & Co. (1930, Apr 2). Fitzroy-Trustees, Executors Auction, Thursday 3rd april Estate Late Gourdit Singh. Argus (Melbourne), p. 21 col.e.

Garrett, T.W. (1906, Jan 23). Probate Jurisdiction. In the intestate estate of Sunda Singh, late of Carrathool and Hay, Indian hawker, deceased. Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales (Sydney), 44, 565.

Garrett, T.W. (1913, Sep 10). In the intestate of Buttira Bishen SIngh, of Bolina Bishon Singh, of Temora. Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales, 147, 5701.

Garrett, T.W. (1914, May 19). In the Supreme Court of NSW, Probate Jurisdiction. In the estate of Lubba Singh , late of Hay, in the state of New South Wales, hawker, deceased, intestate. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 3 col. b.

Geddes, W.B. (1936, Jan 20). Probate Jurisidtion. In the estate of Argon Singh, also known as Johnnie Singh, late of Gundagai. The Gundagai Independent and Pastoral, Agricultural and Mining Advocate, 2 col. b.

Geddes, W.B. (1941a, Jul 10). Probate jurisdiction. In the matter of the estate of David Singh, late of Bondo near Tumut. Sydney Morning Herald, 2 col. d.

Geddes, W.B. (1941b, Jul 15). Probate jurisdiction. In the matter of the estate of David Singh, late of Bondo near Tumut. The Tumut and Adelong Times, 3 col. h.

Geddes, W.B. (1942, May 19). Probate jurisdiction. In the matter of the estate of David Singh, late of Bondo near Tumut. The Tumut and Adelong Times, 3 col. e.

Geddes, W.B. (1943, Feb 19). Probate jurisdiction. In the matter of the estate of Currum Singh. The Henty Observer, 2 col. e.

Geddes, W.B. (1946, Mar 26). Re the estate of Hummo Khan late of Pine Hill, Boree Creek. Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser, 3 col. c.

General Post Office. (1893a, Mar 21). List of Letters Returned from the Country, and now lying at this Office unclaimed. New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney), 190 (Suppl.), 2379.


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General Post Office. (1893b, Jun 28). List of Letters Returned from the Country, and now lying at this Office unclaimed. New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney), 466 (Suppl.), 5119.

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Gippsland and Northern Cooperative. (1949c, Nov 30). This Day. Executors Sale. Argus (Melbourne), p. 14 col.d.

Gippsland and Northern Cooperative, & Co. (1923a, Aug 10). Clearing Sale on account of the estate of Pollah Singh. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 25 col. c.

Gippsland and Northern Cooperative, & Co. (1923b, Jul 27). Clearing Sale on account of the estate of Pollah Singh. Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 24 col. d.

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House, Walter B. (1916a, Sep 29). A rule to administer the estate of Farman Ali Kashmere (otherwise known as Juma Farman Allie) late of Benalla, hawker. The Independent (Benalla), 2 col. d.

House, Walter B. (1916b, Sep 23). A rule to administer the estates of the undermentioned deceased persons. Age (Melbourne), 16 col. d.

House, Walter B. (1918a, Jul 4). Notice. A Rule to administer the Estate of Naran Singh. The Yackandandah Times, 2 col. b.

House, Walter B. (1918b, Jul 29). Public notice. Estates of Deceased Persons. The Argus (Melbourne), 9.

House, Walter B. (1930a, Sep 26). Notice. A Rule to administer the Estate of Son Moll. Age (Melbourne), 16 col. d.

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McCracken, george. (1938, Jul 5). Auction Sale Estate Purtarb SIngh. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 3 col. e.


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McMahon, J.C. (1914, May 8). Sale by auction. Court House, Hay. The Riverine Grazier (Hay), 3 col. b.

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Nathan, J.A. (1910e, May 19). Sale of Business by tender in the estate of Gundah Singh (late of Moulamein, deceased) [advertisement]. Bendigo Advertiser, 1 col. e.

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Payne, E.J. (1925a, Jun 26). Probate Jurisdiction—Charlie Sundah Singh. Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales (Sydney), 88, 2817.

Payne, E.J. (1925b, Jun 19). Probate Jurisdiction—Charlie Sundah Singh. Sydney Morning Herald, 9 col. c.

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