Death in Minutes Rescue Techniques From Cinfined Spaces

8/16/2019 Death in Minutes Rescue Techniques From Cinfined Spaces

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eath

in

Minutes

Rescue Techniques from Confined Spaces

TRAINER'S GUIDE

Author: Sean

Gallagher

Videotel Productions

84

Newman 5[[eer

Lo

ndon W IT

3EU UK

Tel: +44 (0)20 7299 1800

F

ax: +4

4 (0)20

7299

1818

Emai l: m

ai

l

@vi

deotelma

il.

com

Videoee P rodu

ceio

ns

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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DEATH IN MINUTES

Rescue Techniques from Confined Spaces

A VIDEOTEL PRODUCTION

The Producers would like to acknowledge the assistance of:

THE MASTER, OFFICERS AND CREW

OF

MV GRAFTON AND MV MELUSINE

Associated British Ports - Immingham and Port Talbot

BP Shipping Ltd

Caltee Safety Ltd

Chevron Manning Services Ltd

Chevron Shipping Company Lic

Euroship Services

Exxror Terminal

Humberside Fire Brigade

lACS

International Maritime Organization

Knutsen Oas Shipping As

Lincolnshire Ambulance Service

Princess Cruises

Shell International Trading Shipping Co Ltd

Zodiac Maritime Agencies

CONSULTANTS:

DON BOOTLE

STEPHEN CHAPMAN

PRINT

PRODUCER:

BARBARA STEINBERG

PRINT AUTHOR:

SEAN GALLAGHER

PRODUCER:

ROBIN JACKSON

VIDEO WRITER/DIRECTOR: GEORGE

BEKES

Warning:

Any

nnaulhofised copying. hiring, lendi

ng,

exhibirion diffusion,

sale

, public performance

or

other

exp

loita r on

of

this video is srried 1 prohibited

and may

r

esu

lr in prosecucion.

COPYRIGHT Video,e! 2003

Th is video

is

intended [Q

refl

ect the bes t available techniques J

nd

pracrices at [he rime of production, ir is intended purdy as

comrnc.:m.

o responsibiliry is accepted by Videocd,

or

by

any firm ,

co

rporation

or

organ isa tion who [ which has been in lny way concern

ed,

wirh rhe producrion

or au

h

o rised translarion, su ppl y or saJc

of this

video

for

acc ur

acy

or

any

information given hereon or

for

any

omission hercfrom.

Videorel Productions


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Contents

Page

1. Introduction

1

1.1

Who

this training package is aimed at

1.2 How to use this Trainer's Guide and the video 1

2. Rescuing

someone

from a confined space 6

2.1 What is a confined space?

6

2.2

The

need for special rescue techniques in confined spaces

7

2.3

When

to go in

to

rescue someone -

and

when to wait! 8

3. Rescue equipment 10

3.1 Essential rescue equipment 10

3.2 Special rescue equipment for different types

of

vessels

11

3.3 Care and maintenance of rescue equipment 11

3.4 Safe use of rescue equipment

11

4. Rescue

in

an emergency

12

4

.1

Basic rules in dealing with an emergency rescue 12

4.2 Assessing the situation 12

4.3 Making the area safe 14

4.4 Safety checklist 14

4.5 Major accidents and getting help

14

4.6 Multiple casualties 14

4.7 Fire

15

4.8 Smoke and fumes

15

4.9 Electrical hazard

15

4.10

If

a rescuer gets cramp or claustrophobia

15

5. Emergency first aid 16

5.1 Basic rules 16

5.2 Medical kit

16

5.3 Deciding when to treat a casualty

16

5.4 Assessing the casualty

17

5.5 How to give Rescue Breaths

17

5.6 Chest compressions 18

5.7 Recovery Position 18

5.8 Shock

19

5.9 Bleeding

19

6. Techniques for moving

an

injured person &om a confined space

20

6.1 Preparing the injured person for evacuation 20

6.2 Moving a casualty ftom a confined space quickly 21

6.3 Hoisting or lowering an injured person

23

7. Rescues

in

special conditions

25

8. Evacuating

an

injured person by helicopter

25

9. Practicing the techniques you have learned

26

9.1 Individual practice exercises 26

9.2 Practice exercises for pairs 26

9.3 Group practice exercises 26

9.4 Group discu

ss ion

27

10. Assessment questions

27

11.

Further

information

and

reading

30



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i eo t l roductions


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1

Introduction

Every year people have to be rescued from confined spaces aboard ship. Sometimes they have fallen and

are unconscious. Sometimes they have been overcome by fumes. Whatever the cause of the accident, the

injured or unconscious person

w ll

need

to

be removed from the confined space

as

soon

as is

safely

possible, while ensuring he receives no further harm, and - most

importantly

- without endangering the

rescue party.

In

recent years political tensions and heightened security around the world means there has been a big

rise in the

number

of vessels boarded and searched, both in harbours or at sea. Authorities in many

countries,

whether

Government agencies or military forces, are increasingly searching ships for dangerous

materials, smuggled weapons, drugs, illegal immigrants and

other

contraband cargoes.

Stricter safety regulations in force in many territorial waters are also bringing about more frequent

inspections of vessels by enforcement officers. Shipping companies, roo, are increasingly requiring

Masters to conduct more inspections of their own vessels to comply with tighter regulations and security

and so avoid suffering possible delays, or even fines, in foreign ports. Whatever the reasons for a search or

inspection, it

is

the responsibility

of

the Master to ensure the safety of a search party,

whether

they be

crew members or outsiders.

Since it is likely, therefore, that in the future more people will be going

into

confined spaces in your

vessel more often, one result will

be

that the chances of someone getting injured in a confined space on

your ship, and needing to be rescued, have become greater.

t

is important therefore, that

as

many of

your crew

as

possible are trained to conduct a safe and efficient rescue from a conf ined space. They may

need to use that skill sooner than you think.

The law

Many flag states have legislation requiring drills simulating the rescue of a person from a dangerous space

to be regularly carried out.

In

the

UK

the law requires these drills to be carried out every two

months

with each drill noted in the log book see page 30 for further information). Although other countries

may have different regulations concerning the frequency of such drills , it is

important

to regularly

practice rescue from confined spaces drills.

1.1 Who this training package s aimed at

D

ea

th in Minutes

-

Rescue Techniqu s rom onfined Spaces is a training package aimed at mariners and

marine installation workers

on

all types

of

vessel

or maritime

installations. t

is

also suitable for others

who have to enter confined spaces, such

as

surveyors, port inspectors, anti-drug smuggling agents, and

shipyard workers.

Whatever type of vessel the accident happens on, the methods of safely and speedily evacuating the

injured person from a confined space will be similar.

1.2

ow

to use this Trainer s Guide and the video

One person should be appointed to be the Trainer. To get maximum benefit from using this training

package with a group, the Trainer should follow as closely as possible the instructions set out. For this

particular tr aining package, the Trainer has a very

important

function in

running

the training session

and

a key role in

managing

the active participation of the group

attending

it.

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Using the Trainer s Guide

Firstly, before watching the video, you , the Trainer, s

hould

read this Trainer's

Guide

right through to the

end. You will need to be certain you fully understand everything in it in order

to

be able to successfully

run training sessions

on

rescuing people from confined spaces.

The video,

Death in

Minutes an important note

It is important for you to know that this training video is presented in a different way to mo st other

Video tel training videos. The video,

Death in Minutes

does not simply show live action

demon

strations

of what to do. Instead,

Death in Minutes

aims to:

• capture

and

hold the attention of the group being trained

through

showing a 'true story' drama of

how a real rescue became necessary on board a vessel

• emphasise the deadly dangers of not following the correct procedures for

working

in confined

spaces

• show examples of the sort

of

mistakes which can lead to an

injury

happening in a confined space

• provide you, the Trainer, with a series

of

opportunities to start discussions with the training group

about the sort

of

things that can go wrong on a ship and which may lead to a rescue having

to

take place from a confined space.

First of all, therefore, you will be using the video to stimulate interest

amongst

the training group in the

subject of rescue techniques from confined spaces. Then , from the knowledge and examples you have

learned from the Guide , you will be able to move

on

to discussing with the group how accidents can

happen in confined spaces and, using those examples, you can then go on

to

teach them the basic

techniques

of

how ro safely rescue a casualty from a confined space. So before you run a training session,

it

is

important that you are completely familiar with the contents of the video and with the

Trainer's Guide.

Using this Trainer s Guide and the video together

t is

essential that you

understand

how the key scenes in the video

link

up with corresponding sections in

the Guide . At the end of particular scenes you will need to put the video temporarily

on

'pause' , and take

a few minutes to ask those in the training

group

qu estions about what they have just watched in that

scene.

You

should get

them

to

discuss

what

the different characters have

done

- either right

or

wrong

and

how events might have been handled better.

Th ere are 20 such key scenes in the video, listed in the chart (on the next page). Before you run

the training session, play the video on the VCR you will be using in the session

and note

the

counter number

for the end of each scene on the chart. These counter numbers

or

timings (depending

on

the make of the VCR) will be your markers for starting the

group

discussions

about

each

of

the

key scenes.

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Key scene nd

of

scene xamples

of

issues

Minutes/seco nds for discussion

y

group

or counter-number

•

Procedures for receiving

non-crewmembers aboard?

l.

Search Party (SP) coming aboard

•

Identification?

•

Safety briefing?

2. Master's discussion with SP leader • Safety briefing?

·

• Master s instructions?

SP leader's command

of

his party?

3

Master's continued discussion • Safety of access for SP to bilges,

with SP leader

about

the search

·

steering flat

and other

spaces?

Safety

equipment

on SP?

•

Safety briefing?

•

Permits?

•

Identification?

members on fo'c's'le

4

Second mate meeting two SP

• Reporting presence of strangers

to Master?

5.

Master's continued discussion with

•

Mastet's handling

of

the matter?

SP leader about the search •

SP leader's plan for the search?

•

Does Master know how many in SP?

•

Communications with

SP?

6

SP members in fo'c 's'

le room

•

Behaviour?

•

Safety equipment?

•

Safety briefing?

•

Permits?

• Precautions?

tank

7.

SP member going down forepeak

• Safety gear?

•

Precautions?

forepeak tank to help his mate

8

Second SP member going into

•

Safety gear?

9

Emergency alarm going off

•

Ship's emergency procedure?

•

Does everyone in

the

group

know

the procedure?

10. Second Mate

stopping

SP leader • Right or wrong?

going

down

forepeak tank

•

Hurry up!!' - right

or

wrong?

1. Rescue team going down tank

•

No

hard hats

on

rescuers?

•

Who is

counting the

number

of

rescuers going down?

• Who should be treated first? What

injuries take priority?

•

Why

air given

to

one

man and

not

the other? How do you decide?

•

Should rescuers have

made

an

assessment

and

reported

to

First Officer?

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12. Stretcher rope not long enough • Has your ship's rescue equipment

been tested?

• What

lessons can be learned from

this scene?

13. Second Mate giving instructions

on

how to use stretcher

•

Should crew know how to use

stretcher?

·

No tag lines (for guiding up

stretcher) ?

14. SP members lifted through hatch

•

Should stretcher rope have been

attached to a rail or pipe?

• What

First Aid to be given?

•

What

happens next?

15. SP casualty having his pulse checked

•

Is

that the correct way to take

someone's pulse?

•

If

still alive, how

do

you get him up

on deck?

16. Master ordering SP members in

engine room to be sent to bridge

•

Why

does nobody know where

they

are?

•

Proper procedures?

17. Injured SP

member

with broken leg

·

Why

is

it taking so long for

someone to find him?

18. Using winch over hatch

·

Do

crew know how to set up and

use one?

•

an one be improvised?

19. Injured SP

member

being treated

by medics

and

fire service

•

If

this occurred

at

sea could crew

deal with

it?

•

Where

is

medical kit kept?

20. Master and First Mate reviewing

rescue procedure

•

What

else went wrong?

•

Do all crew know how to get

someone

out

of

a double -

bottomed tank?

Each of the above scenes raises many more issues and questions about safety and rescue procedures in

confined spaces. Use each the examples given for each scene to start

off

the discussion amongst the group

during

the training session.

If

necessary, re-run any scene again so the group can check what happened

and make suggestions about what should have been done.

unning

training session

Assemble the group who are to be trained and explain the importance of the subject

as

set

out

in the

Introduction section). Explain how the training session will

be

structured (watching th e video, discussing

what

they have seen, going through the Guide,

and

so on). Tell them there will be role-playing exercises

during

the session (make this sound like it will

be

fun.

You

may

want

to offer small prizes ). Let the

group

know

that there will also be a quiz at the end

of

the session, to make certain everyone has

understood the basic techniques

of

rescuing someone from a confined space and how to use the ship's

rescue equipment.



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Now

let the group watch the video right

through

, from start to finish

and

without

interruption

At

the

end, ask each of the

group what

they thought of it and what they have learned from it.

Now

re-run the video again, this time

stopping

it

at

the

end of

each

of

the key scene

s

Discuss

with

the

group

the safety

and

rescue issues

touched on

in each scene. After each scene ask them:

• what was

done

correctly?

•

what

was

done

incorrectly?

•

who

should have

done

what?

•

what

would you, the

uaining

group, have

done

differently?

•

what

precautions s

hould

have been taken?

• which

of

the events

shown

could just as easily happen on board

your

ve

ss

el?

•

did

anyone notice any

other

examples

of

bad

or

dangerous practices?

Encourage everyone in the training group to

point

out at any time while the video

is running if

they see

any

other

examples

of

bad practice.

L

as

tly, after

watching

the video

through

for the second time

and

having discussed

all

the things

which

went

wrong, you should ask each of the

group how

easily -

or

not

- could

e ch

o them

perform

a rescue

similar to the

one

they

had just

seen?

The next stage of the training exercise is to go

through

this

Guide

with

them

in detail, section by section.

Have

available examples

of your

ship's rescue equipment to demonstrate.

At

particular sections of the

Guide

you can perform some of the role-playing exercises to highlight

important

aspects

of

rescue

techniques (see Section 9 for examples of exercises) . Keep asking questions to different

members of

the

group

about what

you have

just

been talking

about or

demonstrating

- i t will ensure their

attention

remains focused.

At the

end

of the training session give each of the

group

a

photocopied

copy

of

the quiz

on

page 27. Use

the results to check

that

everyone has

understood what

you have been teaching

them

from the

Guide

egular practice can save lives

Nobody

can really learn rescue techniques from

just

a Trainer's

Guide

like this,

or

even from

watching

the video.

These

are simply the means

of

getting crew

members

t

think

about the emergency rescue situations they

may someday

have to deal with.

t

is important

for crewmembers to

conduct

regular practice exercises

on

how

to

rescue a casualty from

within

a confined space.

t

is also

important

- and required

by law -

to

practice

how t

give first aid. Practicing rescue

and

first aid skills

might

someday help save someone's life - perhaps yours

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2 escuing someone from a conrmed space

2 1 What

is a

confined

space?

A confined space can be regarded

as

any area:

• where there are limited openings for entry or exit

• where there

is poor

natural ventilation

• where the air or atmosphere may be unbreathable or explosive

• where there

is

potential for an inrush

of

material and a person becoming buried or submerged

• where there may be poten tial for becoming trapped

• which has not been designed for occupancy by people.

onfined

spaces

on

a vessel can include:

• boilers or other pressure vessels

• void spaces

• pump rooms

• cargo holds

• ballast, oil or gas tanks

• duct keels

• crankcases

• double

bottom

tanks especially under the engine

room

space)

• fore and aft peaks

• tics where the framing gets gradually smaller)

• cofferdams

•

pump rooms

•

engine room bilge spaces

•

deep tanks

•

steering flats

•

shaft runnels.

Some

of

the dangers associated with confined spaces include lack of air or light, poisonous or

inflammable fumes, very high or low temperatures, slippery surfaces and falling objects.

Confined spaces are not the only dangerous areas in a ship,

as

there are hazards on deck and in

machinery spaces

as

well. However, if an accident does happen in a confined space, the rescuers will fInd

it more difficult and hazardous to move about and they will have to move more slowly

as

shown with the

casualties in the forepeak tank shown in the video.

he Videotel training package

ntering Into

nclosed Spaces shows the precautions and procedures that

should be followed before entering a confined space

t

undertake normal duties. Ideally, crewmembers

should have already seen the video before attending this training session.

ideotel PtOductions

f

1


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Permits to

Come

board Permits

of

Entry into Enclosed Spaces

Some sbipping companies operate a system requiring Permits to Come Aboard to be issued on their

vessels, which require the provision of a Health and Safety briefin

g as

well

as

issuing Permits of Entry to

those

wanting

to

go into the ship's confined spaces.

Legislation

in

the UK,

in

accordance with MC , requires an assessment to be made of the risks from

work

activities in enclosed spaces. This must rake

into

account the task to be done, the equipment used

and the people who are going in, so as to es tab lish the controls required to minimise or eliminate the

risks. If entry into an enclosed space is unavoidable then it is the Master's responsibility to set up a safe

sys tem of work, including the issuing of Permits, and to ensure that

emer

gency evacuation arrangements

are in place. The

sys

tem should

be

geared towards specific risks, namely:

• fire or explosion

• lo

ss

of

consciousness

or

as

phyxiation

• drowning or entrapment

Usually Permits of

Entry not

only authorise

entry

to a confined space,

but

can also set

out

rules and

conditions, such as:

• location of the confined space

• work to be carried out

• who will carry out the work

• what part or partS of the vessel will be affected

• any shutting down required, either electrical or mechanical

•

monitoring

and testing to be done

• breathing apparatus required

• duration of the Permit

• any changes allowed to the specified work

• circumstances allowing cancellation of tbe Permit

• emergency evacuation equipment to be on hand

• where there

is

a danger of toxic atmosphere then sufficient sets of breathing apparatus to be

provided, along with safety belts, ropes and winches, and preferably also gas monitors, along with

ventilation fans

and duct

s and a communication system

• who will be stationed at the entrance to the confined space while the

work

party is inside it.

2 2

The need for special rescue techniques in confined spaces

As the entrance hatches to confined spaces are often very small, it can be difficult to pass rescue

equipment such as stre tchers and breathing apparatus tbrough or to evacuate an injured person from

them. In some confined spaces the entrance hatch may be as smal l as just O.Sm (18 inches).

The atmosphere and physical conditions inside the conflOed space may also be hazardous, and there may

be

other

potential dangers, such

as

flammable materials. t can also be difficult to lift someone up and

even more difficult to manoeuvre

them round

a tight corner

or

carry

them

to

a hatch. Walkie-talkie

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13/36

radios may not work deep below decks. There may be no lights except for the (Orch you are carrying.

Would-be rescuers hunched up in the small space may themselves have a sudden a((ack of cramp or

claustrophobia. In a confined space, the lack of room makes it

much

more difficult to carry out normal

rescue techniques.

U

of these circumstances mean that special techniques need

0

be used to evacuate an

injured person

0

safety.

2 3 When to

go

in to rescue

someone

- and

when

to wait

Often , would-be rescuers fail

to

see

that the situation around a casualty is still dangerous for others - and

have paid the price of failing

0

do

so

with their lives. Before attempting

0

rescue an injured person from

a confined space -

stop

First, make a careful assessment of the situation, and then decide your course of

action. The assessment must be realistic however hard that might be

on

the fate of the casualty. If you do

not truly believe that you can safely reach and rescue the casualty - then you probably can't o not end

up a dead hero. Instead, do the clever thing - go and get help.

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Real Life Case Study : Death - the penalty for failing to think ahead

Failing to properly assess the dangers in confined spaces and rushing to help in an emergency without

first thinking the situation through, are two serious offences - and both can carry a death penalry!

'

and then there were fourl': A real-life and death case study

During the shipyard refurbishment of a SSm barge, the work team's supervisor opened three of the

hatches

t

the vessel's nine holds, telling one of [he workmen that he was going down

t

check for cracks

in the hull. They did not know that none

of

the hatches had been opened for two years .

one down

After a while the workman realised he had not seen his boss come back up again. He shouted down one

of the hatches, but getting no response thought perhaps his supervisor had m aybe come up unnoticed.

The

workman mentioned the mysterious disappearance to one of the other supervisors and continued

searching. Looking down another hatch he spotted a stationary flashlight beam and, further along, he

was dimly able

t

make out the sprawled shape of his supervisor lyi

ng

at the far end of the hold .

three down

The

workman raised the alarm and with one

of

his mates standing by the hatch to give a

hand

, he went

down into the hold to help his supervisor. Just then, a loader operator also coming to help saw the

workman by the hatch suddenly slump forward and

fall

in. Thinking fast, he ran back to alert others

about what had happened

four down

Returning with another supervisor, the loader operator was given a rope and told to go down into the

hold. Reaching the bottom, he collapsed unconscious

as well

Taking a deep breath, the supervisor

himself climbed into the hold. Finding four unconscious men down there he quickly returned on deck

and used his radio to call for yet more assistanc

e.

When

help arrived, the supervisor took another deep breath and again went down into the hold with a

rope . The res cue parry then pulled up the unconscious men one by one, with the last out being the first

supervisor. He was dead, asphyxiated from lack of oxygen in the hold.

How it happened .. . and how it could have been avoided

An investigation later revealed that the air in the holds, which had been unopened for two years,

contained just 16 oxygen. Those holds should therefore have been classed as 'confi ned spaces' and

been:

• identified

as

such

• prohibited from entry by signs or other means

• subject to a written 'confined entry' programme, detailing everyone's responsibilities, safe work

procedures, lockout, verification and testing, ventilation, standby persons, rescues, lifelines,

harnesses, lifting equipment and co-ordination ofwork activities.

If these measures had been in place then the supervisor would not have died, nor would three of his

workmates have come close to death. Also, every year half of those killed on board have died because

they rushed to the rescue of another crew member without having first made a proper assessment of the

situation.

Think

ahead - or end up dead



15/36

escue equipment

3 1 Essential rescue

quipm nt

• Respirators. These will usually be Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), approved for entry

into an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Some SCBA sets can be attached to an external airline as

well

as

using its own air tanks. However,

CNG-type

external airlines (usually connected to the

SCBA

with a bayonet-style fining) can be heavy and awkward, and can cause difficulty for a

rescuer moving

around

a confined space. t is better instead to have

SCBA

sets equipped with

double masks. It is

important

to know that most types of SCBA only

contain about 40 minutes

of

air, and probably a lot less if the user is breathing fast and deep. If the rescuer is sharing the set

with a casualty then the air supply is halved again.

• Resuscitators, with oxygen supply, and

preferably of the MARS type

Manual Automatic

Resuscitation System). A resuscitator can feed regular

and

measured bursts

of

air or oxygen to a

casualty, using either a

hand

or battery-operated pump

• Aspirator, for sucking out and removing fluid, dirt or other material blocking the windpipe of a

casualty

• Body ptotection, such as tough overalls, with suitable pockets for tools and other items, ideally

also with fluorescent sections, or marked with reflective tape, for easy identification

• Foot protection, with steel toecaps (200 joules

is

recommended, although

standards vary in

differe

nt

countries), good grip and oil resistant

• Protective headgear and safety goggles

• Torches with lanyards

• Headlamps

• Axes

• Ropes

• Rescue hoists

• Blocks or pulleys

• Defibrillator, to electrically stimulate a heart which has stopped beating (although there needs to

be great caution when using electrical devices in certain enclosed spaces, for example when the

atmosphere may be combustible).

• Stretchers

• Harness for hoisting someone up

• First aid kit

id eoccl Produccions


16/36

3 2 Special rescue

equipment needed

for different types

of

vessels

Particular types of vessel will often need to carry special rescue

equipment.

Nuclear-powered vessels, for

example, will carry geiger counters, radiation suits,

decontamination

packs

and TLD

badges for

monitoring

radiation levels. Rescuers going into a confined space which may be

contaminated with

radiation

might

also wear dosimeter badge

s,

which display a digital reading

of

radiation levels.

LNG

tankers

may

also carry extra

equipment

such

as

additional firefighting items

and

medical antidotes

t nitrogen inhalation

or

damage t the eyes. Tankers

should

also carry explosimeters

and

suitable gas

detectors .

Should

a vessel regularly carry a potentially dangerous cargo, for example,

drums

of toxic

or

corrosive

materials, then special rescue tools and other appropriate items, such

as

toxic

monitors which

can be

worn by crewmembers, along with

more

specific

and

suitable medical supplies, may be

added

t a vessel's

standard equipment so

that

any spillage, leakages or accident can be better dealt with.

3 3

are and maintenance

of

rescue

equipment

• Manufacturers' instructions

should

be

kept with

each item of

equipment. These

need to be used

during

the training sessions to familiarise the training group

with

the

equipment

as there will be

no

time to read the instructions

when

an emergency actually

happens

•

All

rescue

equipment should

be checked regularly to ensure all items are there

and that

everything

is in full working order

• Battery-powered items

should

have their batteries changed every three months

• All items

with

moveable parts

should

be fully tested every three months

• Oxygen cylinders should be checked monthly

• Rescue ropes should have a usage and date tag at one end,

and

be stored and carried in special

rope bags

or

spools.

It is very important to regularly

maintain and

check all rescue

equipment. Remember

the confusion and

delay seen in the video

when

it was discovered

that

the rope attached to the stretcher was

to short

to

reach the

bottom of

the tank! Just one

unnoticed

defect in one item

of

rescue

equipment

could result in

someone s death.

3 4

Safe use

of

rescue

equipment

Some

items of rescue equipment require special training to use.

There should

be a list of such items

detailing which crewmembers have been trained

t

use them. As

many

crewmembers

as

possible

should

be trained in using all items of rescue equipment and there should be regular refresher tra ining sessions.

Those

using rescue

equipment should

understand their limitations. Remember, for example,

that most

types of SCBA usually only

hold

about 40

minutes

of air,

and

even less

if

the user

is

breathing quickly

and

deeply in hot

or

difficult

conditions

. Similarly, Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD)

only

contain

between 10 t 15

minutes

of air,

and should

therefore

only

ever be used in emergency escape

situations rather than by rescuers.

Video tel Productions


17/36

escue in

an

emergency

4.1 rules

dealing

with

an emergencyrescue

to theemergency to help casualty

• Alert

• thearea

to

Stopothersenteringbeforethe rescue team arrives

adistance

or

even fromoutsidethe

L V l l 1 l 1 I L U

space

to

enter

space, theareaaround the

• If

sure

at

leastone personremains atall times attheentranceto

space

condition

if

it is

to

him.

Assess the

and examine scenecarefully

situation

• Understandwhat beforeyou takeaction

• Lookfor toyourselfand injured person

t

ask

him what

also helps t stayconscious

aidon the casualty-

but

only

if

you arecercain

what

to

do

• If it is

thisemergency. Most

a and

you should

know

t

IS.

• Carry out

A are to:

• IdentifYany

t

himselfor to the

• Assess

S II1

Y IJ U I IL

• Work

out aplan how

t

theinjuredpersonout and what or

• Assess

he

arushedrescue

attempt

resultin therescuers!

VideordProductions

12


18/36

Real Life Case Study 2: Before you rush to help - stop Your life depends on it

It's a natural

human

instinct

if

you see a crew mate in danger to immediately rush to their aid. To

stand

still

and

assess the situation can be very hard. But

on one

vessel several crewmembers died

and

others

were injured because they all rushed to help a crew mate in difficulties - before anyone

knew what

was

causing the danger.

It s only dirty water

The Bosun and ten deckhands were

working on

a 3000 tonne deep sea trawler, hauling in a last

30 tonne

net of pilchards before

making

for port after four weeks fishing off the coast of Mauritius. With the lower

hold

already nearly full, it would be necessary to store this final load in

one

of the vessel's six stern

refrigerated seawater (RSW) tanks, located along the

port

and starboard sides

of the

caged fish processing

area.

As

the tanks

had not

been cleaned since at least the last voyage,

the

Third Engineer came aft to

pump one out

before the fish were stored away.

When

he opened the

tank

doors, a surge of dirty black

water gushed

out

into the caged area

around

him

.

s

the foul water swilled

about

the Engineer

suddenly

collapsed face

down

into it.

They ran to help, and ran to their deaths

A

deckhand

saw

what happened and

called

out as

he and

another crewmember

ran

into

the cage to help.

The

Bosun

and another

deckhand rushed to the edge of the cage to see

what

was happening.

When

the

first two crewmembers reached the Engineer they also collapsed unconscious into the foul water.

The

Bosun, too, began to

feel

faint,

and

then his

companion

next to

him

collapsed

as

well. Five

men

now lay

unconscious, three of them floating in the water from the

RSW

tank.

And then seven then eight and then nine

The

rest

of

the deck party

now

began to realise there was

something wrong with

the air in the cage area.

One ran to the bridge for the self-contained

breathing

apparatus (SCBA), while

another ran

t get the

Skipper. A third

man

came aft from the hold to

fll1d out

why the fish

had stopped coming down on

the

conveyor belt. Seeing the three bodies floating in the water in the cage he

went in

to try

t

drag

them

out. He,

toO

collapsed unconscious

into

the water. Two

more

crewmembers came to the stern and,

seeing the casualties, they rushed to help before they too began t feel dizzy and

had

to stagger back.

'For Chrissake, it s bloody empty '

The

Mate

and

other

crewmembers had

now come on

the scene, along with the

crewmember

carrying

the

SCBA.

There

was angry frustration when it was discovered the

SCBA

could

not

be used to rescue

the

men

because its airtank was empty

Confusion continued

when the Fishing

Mate

arrived from the bridge

and, ignoring

all

warnings, rushed towards the cage, where he too collapsed. Ten

men

were

now

down.

Three invisible killers - gas, unthinking haste, and bad maintenance

At

the

inquiry into

the accident it was found

that

the foul water locked in the

RSW tank

had been

contaminated

with scraps

of rotten

fish which, left swilling

about

for weeks, had caused a chemical

reaction which produced toxic gasses - including hydrogen cyanide

When

the water was released to gush

out into the fish processing area, the hydrogen cyanide also escaped into the air in the cage. As well

as

the

Third

Engineer, two

of

the

men who

first ran to help

him

also died,

with another

eight crewmembers

being injured

during

the series of rescue attempts. The

inquiry

also said casualties

would

have been fewer

if

the

SCBA with

the

empty

air

tank had

been properly maintained.

Video tel Ptoductions


19/36

4.3

Making

area safe

from any

•

put

yourself at

remove him away from it.

Protect from any further danger. If

is

still in

could still again. you

a action such

as

or

the area safe. Sometimes you may to

more

to

If you cannot remove the

4 4

Safety checklist

or

condition

remove away from

there is to the casualty. If that

is

not

try

to

move or

then try

to

move [he

are some the a confined space

to

ou to

to rescue someone :

an you think

of

any questions you need

t

ask specifically in connection wi th your

nd

its

confined

Think

casualty our of the space.

how

you can recover siruation and still

wrong

with

plan you have Uf{ ) r lu < i

about how you can

Major accidents

and

getting help

]f

there has in the

you

accurate assessment

and sort of

space, or

if

you

ship s

sort of

injuries

help with a smaller

then

4.6 Multiple casualties

you are not a you can

on

the

what you

wrong

decision

on

who should be treated first

nobody

will criticise you

are rescued or

a

your

it is bener

0

do to


4


20/36

4 7 ire

Without

putting yourse lf at risk, get the injured person out of the

confined

space

and

away from the fire

s

quickly

s

possible. Close ll hatches behind you to try to contain

the

fire. Get help to fight the fire.

4 8

Smoke and fumes

Never

enter

a

smoke or

fume-filled confined space without special protective

equipment and

a

supporting

rescue team.

If

it

is

going to take longer

than

four

minutes

t remove a casualty from a

smoke or

fume-filled space

then

you

must

try to get air to

him

instead .

After

four

minutes without

air a casualty

may

suffer brain

damage. However, it

is

even

more

difficult to get

through

a

hatch and

move

about

in a

confined

space

with

a respirator. You

must

also consider

whether

you need to take a

second mask attached

to

your

respirator for

the

casualty

to

use.

Consider whether

you need

to

take

an extended

air lead. Think

ahead. Remember,

if

you are

sharing

your

respirator

wi

th

a casualty

then

you are halving

your

air

supply and

you may

only

have

eight or

ten minutes to get

yourself and the

casualty

Ollt

of the space.

Finally, never, ever, take

off

your

respirator

mask in

a fume-filled space (only ever take

off

your

SCBA

cylinder

pack if

it is absolutely necessary so

s

to be able to squeeze

through

a small

hatch

-

but

never

ever remove

your

mask )

4 9 lectrical hazard

If

a casualty has been electrocuted, the

current

may have caused his heart to

stop

beating

and

he

may

also have suffered burns.

Contact

with high-voltage

current

usually

means instant death and

severe

burns. The casualty

may

be

twitching if he

is still in

contact

with the

current.

High-voltage current

might also have flung

the

casualty some distance from the source of the live electricity. f possible,

turn

off

the source of the electricity.

Do not touch

the casualty

until

you are completely certain he

and

the

area

around

him is

safe.

4 10 f

the rescuer gets cramp or claustrophobia

t

has been

known

for rescuers in confined spaces to

suddenly

have an

attack

of

cramp or

claustrophobia.

Cramp can quickly

come

upon you in a confined space because you are

hunched up

and sweating in the

heat. Usually

cramp

is felt

s

painful spasms in the calves of the legs, the arms

or stomach.

Resting for a

minute,

moving into a position where the leg

or arm

can be straightened

and

gently stretching the

muscles affected can relieve cramp.

Claustrophobia is

the

sudden

onset

of

an overwhelming feeling

of

fear

and

panic, and brings

on an

overpowering urge to get

out

of

the confined space

s

quickly

s

possible.

Claustrophobia

can develop

because the rescuer is already mentally stressed and his body's nervous system is

pumping

adrenalin into

him,

and

then

this

is

made worse by the heat, lack

of

air and darkness in the confined space. A severe

attack of claustrophobia in a person may resemble an epileptic fit. Be gentle and reassuring

with someone

experiencing claustrophobia,

and

try to calm

him

down.

The most

effective cure for clauStrophobia

is

for

the person experiencing it to

understand

why it

is

happening. Even

if

the feeling does

not

go away it can

be better con trolled

if

you

understand what

is causing the claustrophobia

and

the feeling of panic.

Claustrophobia

may also be controlled by closing the eyes for a

minute

and taking deep, slow breaths.

Video d Produc[jons


21/36

5.

mergency First id

5 1 Basic rules

There

are four basic,

imporrant,

rules you need

to

understand

for treating an injured person at sea:

1.

Always assume a casualty to be rescued from a confined space

is

still alive

2. Treat the most serious

condition

first, such

as

unconsciousness

3.

If

faced with a medical

problem that is

beyond the skill

of

anyone

on

board, get

on

the radio

straight away

and

get expert advice

4.

Don t

guess. Unless you are completely certain

about

the correct medical

treatment to

give

ro

an

injured person

then

go back to Rule (c).

The

Videotel training packages,

First

i

Parts

and 2

can provide mariners with a good understanding

of

how to diagnose

and

treat the most

common

medical problems

that

can be

encountered

on board a

vessel.

5 2 Medical

kit

All companies provide their vessels with a

standard

medical kit.

t is the

Master's responsibiliry to ensure

that

there

is

such a medical kit

on

board and that it

is

complete .

Most

items in a medical kit will contain

instructions. Follow the instructions carefully when using the item ro treat a casualry. If you are

not

certain how ro treat a casualry then first get medical advice over the radio.

Every ship should always carry the latest edition of the Ship Captain s Medical Guide/International

Medical

Guide

for

Ships.

It

is

also worth having another good first aid guide on board. If it

is not

clear

from the guides

about how to

treat a casualry

then

medical advice can be

obtained

over the radio in an

emergency.

5 3 Deciding where to treat a casualty

If there

is

no immediate danger to the casualry

or

the rescuers in the confined space, then first aid should

be performed

on

the

spot

before the casualry

is

removed. If the casualry's injuries are life threatening,

then

emergency first aid should

be

performed before he

is

moved.

If

the casualry

is

in further danger from some hazard,

then

he should

be

immediately removed from the

space

and

treated once he

is

in a safer place.

The

aim

should

be to remove

the

casualry from the confined

space

as

soon

as

possible,

but without

endangering either his life

or

those of

the

rescuers.

Videotel Producrions

1


22/36

5 4

Assessing the casualty

Casualt} s condition Actions

-

Unconscious, no pulse or breathing Get help.

Give 2 rescue breaths (also known

as

artificial ventilation or

artificial respiration - see below) and then give 15 chest

compressions

(see

page 18)

This

is

one cycle. Aim to give 4 cycles per minute until their

vital signs change

Unconscious, no breathing, pulse

OK

Give ten rescue breaths

Get

help

Continue

artificial ventilation at a rate

of

ten breaths per

minute

(remember to breathe yourselr)

Unconscious, breathing and pulse

OK

Treat any life-threatening injury

Place him in the recovery position (see page 18)

Get

hep

_

Conscious, breathing

and

pulse

OK

Give appropriate treatment

Get h elp

5.5

How

to give rescue breaths

1.

Commence rescue breathing by giving

TWO slow effective

rescue breaths.

2. Tilt the head back using two fingers

to

lift the chin.

3. Pinch the casualty's nose, take a full breath, cover their

mouth

with yours making a good seal and blow into the casualty's

mouth

for about 2 seconds mouth-to-mouth).

Out of

the

corner

of

your eye watch for the chest rising then you know that

air

is

getting into their lungs.

If

the chest fails to rise, the most

likely cause is an incorrectly opened airway. Re-adjust the

position

of

the head and try again.

4. Remove your lips

and

watch chest fall.

5.

Give two slow, effective rescue breaths, by repeating steps 1-4.

6.

If

there is any difficulty in achieving effective rescue breaths ensure that:

• Casualty's mouth

is

clear of any obstructions

•

There

is adequate chin lift head tilt (the most likely cause

of

failure to inflate the lungs)

•

You

have made a good seal around patient's

mouth

with nostrils closed.

Make up to 5 attempts to give two slow, effective rescue breaths before assessing circulation.

7. If there are NO signs of circulation (is the casualty moving, or coughing?) or you are unsure,

START

EXTERNAL CHEST COMPRESSIONS (see

over).

8.

If

you are sure circulation

is

present, continue rescue breaths at a rate

of

ten breaths a minute.



23/36

5 6

Chest Compressions

If

you need

to

give External Chest Compression (ECC), you

must

also

continue to

provide rescue

breathing

so

that you are artificially circulating oxygenated blood

to

the brain and body tissues.

Procedure if a patient is not breathing after giving two rescue breaths you cannot

detect circulation

1. Find base

of

the STERNUM (breastbone).

2. Place the heel

of

one

hand TWO

finger widths up from the base

of

the

sternum.

3. Cover the first hand with the other hand and interlock fingers. Keep your

fingers clear

of

the chesL

You

use the base

of

your palm to push down with.

4. Kneel

as

close to the patient

as

possible.

Lean well over them with your arms straight and your shoulders over their

sternum then press down verticaJly on the breastbone 4

to

5 cms/1 to 2 inches.

5.

Release the pressure and repeaL Compressions should be at the rate

of

approximately 100 per minute.

6. The ratio

of

chest compressions to breathing

is

5 compressions

to

2 rescue breaths.

5 7 Recovery Position

It

is

unlikely there will be sufficient room in a confined space

to put

an unconscious person who

is

breathing and has a pulse into what

is

known

as

the 'Recovery Position' while the rescuer goes for more

assistance. However, once the casualty has been rescued

and

may stili be unconscious, this position

should be used

as

it ensures the airway remains open. There are different versions

of

the Recovery

Position but the one shown will prevent a casualty from rolling on to their back when the ship moves.

Kneel beside the casualty and open the airway by using head tilt, chin

lifL Straighten their legs, and place the arm nearest to you under their

thigh, with the palm uppermost. Failure

to put

the palm uppermost

may result in dislocation

of

the casualty's shoulder when you

turn

them.

Bring the arm farthest from you across the chest, and hold the hand

palm outwards against the casualty's nearest ear.

With

the other

hand

grasp the thigh furthest from you,

and

pull the knee up, keeping the

foot flat on the ground.

Keeping the hand pressed against the ear, pull at the thigh to roll the

patient gently towards you, on to their side .

Adjust the upper leg so that both the hip and knee are bent at right

angles. Tilt the head back to ensure the airway remains open.

The

hand

under the ear can be adjusted

to

ensure the head stays tilted . Maintain

constan t checks on the airway and breathing, monitoring circulation

and

recording respiration rate frequently.



24/36

5 8 Shock

Shock is caused when the body s circulatory system

is

unable to provide

adequate

circulation to the body

tissues . t results in the slowing of vital functions,

and

in severe and untreated cases can lead to death.

A person suffering from

shock

may have some,

or

aU

of

the following symptoms:

• cold

and

clammy skin

•

feels nauseous (sick)

•

a fast, then faim, pulse

•

fast, shallow breathing

•

thirst

•

loss

of

consciousness

After treating the injuries, reassure the casualty

and

keep

them

warm, possibly by covering

them

with

a

blanket. Keep the casualty s legs raised slightly.

Do

not

allow them to

drink

anything.

If

they are thirsty,

moisten their lips

with

water.

5 9 Bleeding

If there is

no

forei gn body in the

wound then

bleeding can be controlled by applying direct pressure to

the

wound.

If a

wound

does contain a foreign body, build up pads

around

the

wound

to aUow pressure

to be applied over the

wound without

pressing

on

the foreign body.

If

applying direct pressure to the

wound

does

not

work,

then

press on the artery between the

wound and

the heart (see diagram

of

the three

main

pressure poin

ts

.

Once

the initial bleeding has been controlled

you can

continue

the

treatment

by applying pads and bandages. ELEV TE the affected

part if

possible

and

remove constricting items such

as

rings

and

watches.

Name Location

1

SUBCL VI N

artery Beneath the collar bone

but

can be difficult to locate

2)

BR CHI L

artery

Underneath on

inside of bicep

3

FEMORAL art

ery

Top

of

leg in groin

ressure

points

to

control leeding

If

there

is

a large gaping

wound

you may need to pack the

wound

with

gauze pads before applying

your

pads and bandages.

Make

sure

yo

u

look

for foreign bodies.

Keep a careful check for recurrence

of

bleeding -

if

the

wound continues

to bleed,

do not

remove the first bandage,

but

add

further

pads/bandages

up

to a

maximum

of

3. (If you

cannot

stop

the bleeding

you

may need to use pressure points

or

a tourniquet.)

Vid eo rei Produc(ions


25/36

A tourniquet shoul only be used

s

a last resort

s

its use usually results in the amputation of the

limb it has been applied to. However

if

its use prevents someone from bleeding to death it should

be applied.

To apply a

tourniquet

use a piece

of

rope

or

a

wide

bandage or

something

similar to make a ligature and

tie it

around

the limb above the

wound. Tie

a stick

or

a similar object

into the

bandage using a r

eef

knot

. Twist the stick

tightening

the bandage until the bleeding stops. Using

another

broad bandage

gently tie the stick in

pl

ace so

that

it does

not unwind and

release the pressure.

If

proper

medical assistance is going to take a

long

time or

is not

available then radio medical advice

must

be sought.

6

echniques

for

moving

an

injured person

.ufrom

a

confined

space

6.1 Preparing the injured person for evacuation

Effective techniques

and good equipment

for moving

and

lifting casualties

out of confined

spaces are

well developed.

Firstly unless the danger

of

the situation

demands that

you get the injured

person out very quickly it

is important

that the casualty be firmly secured to a

stretcher

or other

similar type of cradle. However

if

speed

is

important

there

are simple

but strong

harnesses available

such s

the

standard

Type-E

most

commonly

in use which can be fitted to a casualty

to

enable

him

to be hauled

up

or

lowered.

When someone is entering a closed space such as a tank it is often advisable to be

wearing a harness as a precaution. ou will remember that in the video the First

ate

pointed out the two casualties down in the tank

had

failed to do so and so

made their rescue more difficult.

Other

more

secure devices

which immobilize

the casualty can

range from

an

ordinary stretcher to the

more

specialised Neil

Robertson stretcher to which the person is secured by straps. If

there are several casualties

and

only

one

harness

or

stretcher

available

s

was the situation in the video then an injured person

can be hauled up

with

a rope

around

his chest

although

this

method is a last resort and s

hould

be well practiced

s

was

pointed

out in the video.


26/36

~ U J , u . u u y

can even be

Ct ,71>J)Pri

top

r

even t a

z u ) } a t ~ n

Whatever

the

means evacuation It IS

by

rescuers withoutan be

Moving a casualty

from

a

confined space quickly

If

you have to evacuate someone quickly U L ' ~ l ' ~ 1 C

can walk you will

t

ou

can also use a

t if you

you must move

with your feet

and bend your

arms ULJl l -


27/36

drag-carry method can used in small spaces, such

s only one person can reach the

If his hands can

.t:.-,,,- OJ' ,,-,,-,

if he

is

conscious and can hold

o

to

or four-handed seats if are two rescuers.

escuer, or with

an injured person are

ree'-nf.tnr;;,ea method

c n be there is

an

1rJ1ur , / J

to

or use

l v ry

Videorel Producrions


28/36

6 3 oisting or lowering an injured person

Small, easily portable

man riding

winches are available,

and

every ship

should

have

one s

part

of

its

emergency

equipment.

However,

if

a vessel does

not

have one, and

if

there is no ship's derrick to lift a

casualty from a hold

or

tank, you can still

do

so by

purring

a beam across the

hatch with

a block arrached

to

it.

Once

the injured person

is

raised

to

deck level he can be lifted over

onto

the deck.

If there is

no

derrick and

no

block then a rope

runway,

or

cableway, can be

made

by

anchoring one

end

of

a tight line

to

somewhere inside the

hold or

tank, with the

other end

secured to a

point

above

deck level. A stretcher can

then

be secured

to the

line

by ropes

and

free-running clips

or

eyes,

which

will

then enable a deck party to

haul

up the stretcher

using

another

line arrached

to

it.

Videote Productions


29/36

If there

is

no suitable

point

for a line to be anchored in the hold or tank,

then the

line can instead be

secured to

tw

points above the deck

and

hang

down

into the hold.

The

stretcher can again be raised

as

with the previous

method

Great c re must be used when evacuating someone using these cableway methods. possible they should be

practised until crew members are confident ow to do them.

Finally,

if

there is no harness, no stretcher,

no derrick

and no

cableway, then the last

option

is to

drop

a line into the hold and

then either rope up the injured person

as

illustrated

on

the next page,

or

simply tie

the rope securely

around

his chest

as

a

very last resort,

and then

have

him

hauled

up

by two parties

stationed on

either side

of

the hatchway.

~ J J J J J

[

J

Video,e Productions


30/36

im out then

IS way

to

do

it

rope

should a very resort when evacuation

very

7

Rescues

in

special conditions

Sometimes may to be conducting a rescue in a

space on

example if a

rescuers are

board a gas carrier or an oil tanker

or

in an area which s part of the room.

filled with

u ucmuuw

not cause a are nor

the confined spaces aboard your

8

vacuating an injured person y helicopter

f

someone has badly injured at sea it may be necessary by

t

receive proper attent ion. f the in a Neil-RobertSon of

he can hoisted up to the helicopter follow the instruct ions

crew.

Ui - ,; U.

in a helicopter-to-ship operation can

procedures

Videotcl Productions


31/36

Practicing the

techniques

you have learned

The

best way to prepare for

conducting

a rescue

is

to regularly practice

doing

so

Below are some practice

activities

you should

get crewmembers to carry out as an important part

of

this

training

session.

These

will give them experience of

what

they

may

later have to do for real. Practicing rescue activities

should

become a regular activity by the crew.

9 1 Individual practice exercises

Have

each of the

group

practice:

•

doing

a Fireman's Lift

• the correct way to drag

someone

• using a breathing apparatus

•

putting on

a breathing apparatus while blindfolded (to simulate

doing

so in the dark)

• changing a cylinder

on

a breathing apparatus while blindfolded (to simulate

doing

so in the dark)

9 2

Practice exercises for pairs

Split the training

group into

pairs

and

get each person in

turn

to :

• find the pressure point s

on

the major arteries

on

his

partner

• form three-

and

four-handed seats

• put their

partner into

a recovery position (see page 18)

• strap their seemingly unconscious

partner

into a harness

• share a breathing apparatus with his

partner

• drag-carry each

other with

the 'casualty' being conscious

• drag-carry each

other

with the 'casualty' acting as unconscious

• drag

or

push their

partner

through

a small

opening

(others can

hold

a Iifebelt, for example,

to

act

as a small hatch,

or

use a sheet

of

cardboard

with

a

hatch

'

cut

in it)

•

put

four

or

five tables together lengthways

and in

an shape, and drape blankets over

them

to

form a 'tunnel'. Have each

of

the pairs

in

turn try to manoeuvre their 'unconscious'

partner

along

the

tunnel

(make it a friendly contest and give a prize for the pair

who

do it the best

and

in the

quickest time)

•

do

the

tunnel

exercise again, this time

with

the pair sharing a breathing

apparatus

(again, make it

a friendly

competition with

a prize for the quickest passage

through

the tunnel).

9 3 Group practice exercises

• Have one

of

the group act as

an

unconscious casualty

and

prepare

him

for evacuation by rigging

up a makeshift hoist.

•

With

a crewmember acting

as

an

unconscious casualty, practice securing

him

into

(a) a Neil

Robertson stretcher, (b) an

ordinary

stretcher,

(c)

a

plank of wood,

(d) a table top.

• Practice the two

methods

of roping up a casualty ready for hoisting as described in Section 6.

• Using a diagram

of

the ship's construction, get the

group

to identify all the areas aboard

which

are

considered

as

enclosed spaces (as defined earlier, these will be areas in which it

would

be difficult

to

perform

the rescue

of

a casualty found there).

Vid core Producriolls


32/36

•

If

there is access

[

any enclosed spaces on board your vessel you should try

[

conduct simulated

rescues from them using the methods described in Section 6.

In the event of a real rescue having t be performed at some time, plenty of practice can mean the

difference between someone being successfully rescued alive -

or

several crewmembers being killed!

9 4 Group discussion

Before doing the quiz in the next section, get the group

to

discuss everything they have learned so far,

and identify any aspect of rescuing someone from a confined space which is perhaps still not clear [

them. To start off the discussion you can pho[Ocopy the case studies appearing earlier (sections 2.3

on

page 9 and section 4 on page 13), and ask the group: what were the actions described in those two

accidents which should

nOt

have been done, and what should the supervisors, workmen and

crewmembers involved have done instead which were the correct and safe procedures?

10

ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

Q1.

What

is

considered

to be a confined space?

(a)

Any compartment where the hatch

is

smaller than O.5m (18 inches)

(b) Any

compartment

where you can [Ouch a bulkhead or partition with your arms outstretched

(c)

Any compartment where it

is

difficult to move around in the normal way

(d) Any compartment where you cannOt stand up straight

Q2.

Which

of these can result

from

being in a confined space?

(a)

Reduction in electric power (b) Tools become

less

efficient

(c)

Water pressure in hoses becomes reduced (d) Walkie-talkie radio

s[Ops working

Q3 What is the first thing you should do if you see someone lying unconscious

at

the

bottom of a tank?

(a)

Check whether he is alive or dead

(b)

Shout

down to him and try [ rouse him

(c) Go and get help

(d) Tie a rope to a stanchion or handrail and throw it down to him

Q4 What does a dosimeter badge tell you?

(a)

Radiation levels (b) Oxygen levels

(c)

Nitrogen levels (d) Carbon monoxide levels

Q5

What

does a

TLD badge

tell you?

(a)

Whether

the person wearing it

is

qualified [ give you first aid

(b) Whether the person wearing it is carrying a Toxic Lead Detectot

(c)

Whether the person wearing it is qualified to carry

out

Treatment for a Lethal Disorder

(d)

Whether

the person wearing it has been in a radiation area

Video te Productions


33/36

Q6. What

is

an EEBD?

a) n Emergency Escape Breath ing Device

b) n Electronic Environmental and Biological Detoximete r

c)

n

Emergency Electronic Bypass

and

Deactivator

d) n Excess Ether Bilge

Drain

Q7.

you

discover several injured people in a hold which should you treat first after

having sent for help

a) Anyone bleeding a lot

b) Whoever is screaming the loudest

c) Anyone unconscious d)

The

nearest person

Q8. How long can an injured person be in a smoke-filled room before there

is

a danger

of

suffering brain damage through lack of air

a) 4 minutes b) 8 minutes c) 15 minutes d) 18 minutes

Q9 nobody on board knows for sure how to treat an injury what should be done?

a) Radio for medical advice

b) Keep the person warm

and

make for the nearest

port

c) Radio for a helicopter

d)

Check

the medical guide and make a guess what the best

treatment is

Q10.

f

a casualty has cold skin feels like being sick

is

breathing fast and says he

is

thirsty what

are

these symptoms

of

a) Shock b) Claustrophobia c) Cramp d) Smoke inhalation

Q

11. someone is unconscious and you cannot see what is wrong with him what should

you do first after having sent for help?

a) Give him chest compressions

b) Gently slap his face to try to bring him round

c) Give

him

mouth to mouth resuscitation

d) Check his breathing

and

pulse

12. a badly injured and unconscious casualty

is

in imminent great danger from a

hazard what is it best to do

a) Give

him

first aid and then move

him

b) Wait for help to arrive

c)

Move him to safety immediately

d) Try to revive him with

mouth to mouth

resuscitation

Q13. What

is

a Neil-Robertson?

a)

A type of breathing apparatus b) A portable winch

c) A stretcher

d) A special type

of

bandage for deep wounds

Q14. How often should items of battery-powered rescue equipment

be

checked?

a) Every

month

b) Every three months c) Every six months d) Every year

Vid eo el Produc ions


34/36

Q15.

How

often

should

itemsof rescueequipment with moveable

parts

bechecked?

three (b) sixmonths

nine

months

year

Q16.How oftenshould itemsrescueequipment oxygen bechecked?

month

months

six

months

seizure

or

is still incontact

and the broken nervesarecausingthe

reducefeelingsof claustrophobia?

(b) a

Shut your

eyes and take

an

unCOllSC1011S casualtyistwitching

and

jerking,what isthelikelycause?

heart

Q18.

How

can

with

your

hands

should19.

Which

of

A TLD badge An identity disk

Q20.

What

isthe bestwayto liftan injuredpersonout

of

ahold?

to a

Q21.

Of

what

is

lype E

an

A of bandage

Atype for fluid

(d) A

Q22. I f you

A

lanyard

c)

A

filter to eye

Q23. Whose

safetyis

most important when

taking

confined

Yours

c)

In

Q24.On discoveringan injuredperson

in

a

....u

a) To

out

o anyone

else

beinghurt

Answersareon 30.

air

wearwhenevergoinginto atank?

A A lifejacket

(b) board

..........

(b) A type

out of eyes

into aconfinedspacewhat should you attached to your torch?

(b) A

(d) A spare

in

arescueattempt froma

there

space,what is yourvery

top

priority?

To

(d)

10

VideorelProduC[Jons


35/36

11 Further information and reading

Confined Space Practice, Internat ional Association of Classification

V V ' A ~ C ' ' O ,

London

First Aid Manual, of St. John Ambulance, St. Andrew s Ambulance Association

and

British Red Cross, Marsden, Moffat

SCOtt,

Dorling

London

Guide to Safety in

Department

of Health and

Human

, , , , v,rpc

National

Safery and Health, 1987

International Medical Guide Ships, World Health Organisa tion, Geneva

MCA, UK

ode of Practices Merchant

L , 'V;) Spaces, Videotel Productions, London

First

Pans

1 2, Videotel Productions,

London

At Video tel Productions, London

1988 No. 1638

MERCH NTSHIPPING SAFETY

The

Merchant Shipping (Entry

into

Dangerous Spaces) Regulations 1988

Drills

6.

The

master of:

a) any tanker or gas carrier of 500 tOns and over, and

(b) any ship of 1000 rons over

space are held

at intervals nor twO months , and that a in the official

log book.

shall ensure drills simulating rescue a

Testing equipment

7. employer shall ensure

that

each ship where ent ry into a space may be necessary

shall carry or otherwise available an oxygen meter such device

as is

appropriate

to

the hazard likely

to

encountered in any space

on

board.

The

master

shall ensure that such meter and any such other testing are mainta ined in good working

order where applicable, regularly and calibrated according to

recommendations.

Vidcotd

Productions


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Death in Minutes Rescue Techniques From Cinfined Spaces

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Transcript of Death in Minutes Rescue Techniques From Cinfined Spaces