Death from Outer Space, Did an Asteroid Impact Wipe out...
Transcript of Death from Outer Space, Did an Asteroid Impact Wipe out...
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Death from Outer Space, Did an Asteroid Impact Wipe out
the Dinosaurs?
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The asteroid Gaspra - 7x7x12 miles
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A Gallery of Asteroids
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Was it really an asteroid? We must
have multiple working
hypotheses!
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Dinosaurs forgot to board the Ark
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K/T Boundary 66 MYAge of Dinosaurs
Geologic Time Scale
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K-T extinction record
Wyoming
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The K/T impact clay layer, Gubbio, Italy. Iridium anomaly first found here.
K = Cretaceous
T = Tertiary
K
T
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Iridium anomaly in the K/T rocks at Gubbio, Italy, in parts per billion (PPB).
K/T boundary
20 cm
10 cm
0 10
PPB
0
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The K/T boundary in New Mexico is marked by the white claystone just above the head of the hammer.Claire Belcher, Geology Department, University of London
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The white claystone layer marks the K/T boundary
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The K/T boundary in Spain
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Known distribution of sites with K/T Iridium anomaly
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Map of major impact sites in North America
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The Berringer Crater in Arizona, 50,000 years old. 4000 ft across -- formed by 100 ft meteorite.
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Why craters are so much larger than the objects that make them. Like shooting a bullet into a soft target.
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The Manicougan Crater in Quebec,late Triassic in age -- 100 km diameter
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Gosses Bluff, Australia. Crater age is 142 Ma, but no mass extinction.
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A 4 km wide asteroid hit
America at the end of the Eocene,
35 m.y. ago
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the Chicxulub Crater
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Late Cretaceous Paleogeography
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Gravity anomaly map of Yucatan area
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3D representation of gravity anomaly
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Another representation of the gravity anomaly on the Yucatan Penninsula: the Chicxulub Crater
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Tektites from the asteroid impact –melted rock
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Enlargement of a tektite from the Atlantic sea floor
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Tektites from the K/T boundary in New Jersey
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Map showing distribution of tektites by size. Tektites are largest near Yucatan.
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Shocked quartz from the asteroid impact
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The impact: 66 MY ago
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The 6-mile diameter asteroid heading towards Earth, 66 MY ago
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The start of a bad day, 66 MY ago
Velocity = 20 km/s or 40,000 mph
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Kinetic energy about to be converted to thermal energy
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Impact on the Yucatan Peninsula!
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The power of millions of atomic bombs
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The K/T impact released more energy than the World’s Nuclear Arsenal
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Primary Killing Mechanisms: Two Hypotheses
• Infrared thermal pulse “broiled” exposed animals for several hours after the impact.
• A massive dust cloud blanketed the Earth, blocking sunlight. This caused a collapse of the food chain and severe global cooling.
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Broiled Dinosaurs
Thermal radiation 7X greater than the sun
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Fiery debris falls back to Earth over large areas starting forest fires
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Worldwide forest fires consumed about 30% of all terrestrial biomass.
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Blast wave and dust cloud from the impact
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Dust from the impact, and smoke from fires, blanketed the Earth and blocked the sunlight.
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Temperature anomaly map 15 days after impact
Temperature Change
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The Yucatan, a few days after impact
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The crater about 1000 years after impact
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Looking for evidence of the Yucatan impact outside the Caribbean. The Ocean Drilling Project recovers cores off the east coast of Florida in 1997.
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The drilling ship can send a drill string to the ocean floor and recover core.
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Cores layed out on the ship
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Section of core with K/T boundary interval.
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geoweb.princeton.edu/.../massex.html
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Forams from the Cretaceous
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Forams from the Tertiary