THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF PHARMACIST IN THE USA

Dean L. Arneson, Pharm. D., Ph.D.

Dean Concordia University Wisconsin

School of Pharmacy

Objectives:

Review the historical aspects of US Pharmacy Education

Describe the next renovation in pharmacy education in the United States

Describe the Interprofessional Education Program

American Pharmacy Education:

Historically - Apprenticeship 4 (2+2) year program B.S. in Pharmacy

1 year internship after graduation 5 (2+3) year program B.S. in Pharmacy

Included 640 hours of internship in the academic program and additional internship after graduation

Focus on Product

Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)

ACPE Accredits pharmacy schools in the United States

129 institutions are at some level of accreditation to offer the Pharm.D. degree.

ACPE Mission: To assure and advance excellence in education for the profession of

pharmacy ACPE assures excellence in education for the profession of pharmacy by:

•Establishing standards and criteria for the accreditation of pharmacy programs and continuing education providers

•Promoting continuous quality improvement within its accredited groups and itself

• Accrediting pharmacy education providers and programs

• Reporting publicly on its activities

• Encouraging innovation in pharmacy education

• Emphasizing learning outcomes in pharmacy education

•Consulting and assisting in the development and advancement of quality pharmacy education, including the conduct of accreditation research

•Gathering and analyzing information and ideas from multiple sources and viewpoints and requesting and responding to feedback from its various constituencies as the basis for wise policy development and decision-making

•Managing its resources responsibly

ACPE

Emphasizing learning outcomes in pharmacy education – Educational Assessment

Promoting continuous quality improvement within its accredited groups and itself- Program Assessment

ACPE International Services Program: International Services Program Mission:

Promote, assure, and advance the quality of pharmacy education internationally to improve patient care through safe and effective medication use.

International Services Program Vision:“Quality-assured pharmacy education and training prepares graduates throughoutthe world for expanded roles to optimize safe and effective medication use andimprove patient care.”

American Pharmacy Education:

Doctor of Pharmacy program: 6 years total ( 0+6 or 2+4) 4 years of professional program First 3 years - didactic (Experiential 300

hours) Fourth year – experiential (Minimum

1440 hours)

Pre-requisites for Schools of Pharmacy Pre-pharmacy programs- 60-75 Credits

General ChemistryOrganic ChemistryBiologyPhysicsSocial SciencesEnglish (composition)

Concordia University WisconsinSchool of Pharmacy

Pharmacy Program Biochemistry Anatomy/Physiology/Pathology Pharmaceutics/Pharmacokinetics/Drug Delivery Pharmacology Communications/Patient Education Social/Behavioral Administration/Management Therapeutics Patient Assessment

Patient Centered Focus

CUW SOP Experiential program:

7 - 6 week units (4 required/ 3 elective)Ambulatory careCommunityHospitalAdult inpatient

○ Infectious Disease Endocrinology○ Geriatrics Respiratory○ Pediatrics Psychiatry○ Internal medicine Intensive Care○ Cardiology Pain Management○ Oncology Women’s Health

Elective Experiential program: Academic Pharmaceutical Industry Government Agencies State/National Pharmacy Associations Insurance Companies Management

CUW SOP Program

98 credit hours of didactic courses(95 to 100)

50 credit hours of experiential course(30 to 35% of the curriculum)

148 Total Credit Hours(Range 145-155)

Post Graduate Programs:

ResidencyPGY-1PGY-2

Graduate DegreesMastersPh.D.

Fellowships

Children’s Hospital Wisconsin

Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center

Froedtert Hospital

Wheaton Franciscan St. Joseph’s Hospital

Interprofessional Education: Definition: When students from two of

more professions learn about, from and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes. (WHO 2010)

Interprofessional Education: Core Competencies:

Values/EthicsRoles/ResponsibilitiesInterprofessional CommunicationInterprofessional Teamwork

Interprofessional Education: Value/Ethics- Specific Competencies

Place the interest of patients and population at the center of interprofessional health care delivery.

Respect the dignity and privacy of patients while maintaining confidentiality in the delivery of team-based care.

Manage ethical dilemmas specific to interprofessional patient/population centered care situations.

Interprofessional Education: Roles/Responsibilities-Specific

competenciesCommunicate one’s roles and responsibilities

clearly to patient, families and other professionals.Recognize one’s limitations in skills, knowledge

and abilities.Use unique and complementary abilities of all

members of the team to optimize patient care.Engage in continuous professinal and

interprofessional development to enhance team performance.

Interprofessional Education: Interprofessional Communication-

Specific Competencies Choose effective communication tools and techniques,

including informations systems and technologies to facilitate discussions and interactions that enhance team function.

Organize and communicate with patients, families, and healthcare team members in a form that is understandable.

Listen actively, and encourage ideas and opinions of other team members.

Give timely, sensitive, instructive feedback to others about their performance on the team.

Interprofessional Education: Interprofessional Teamwork-specific

competencies Engage other health professionals-appropriate to the specific

care situation-in shared patient-centered problem-solving. Integrate the knowledge and experience of other professions-

appropriate to the specific care situation-to inform care decisions, while respecting patient and community values and priorities/preferences for care.

Engage self and others to constructively manage disagreements about values, roles goals and actions that arise among healthcare professionals and with patients and families.

Share accountability with other professions, patients, and communities for outcomes relevant to prevention and health care.

Interprofessional Education: Desired principles:

Patient/family centeredRelationship focusedProcess orientatedLinked to learning activities, educational

strategies, and behavioral assessments that are developmentally appropriate for the learner.

Interprofessional Education: Desired Principles (con’t)

Able to be integrated across the learning continuum

Applicable across professionsState in language common and meaningful

across the professions

Outcome Driven

IPE Methods:

Journal Clubs Case Studies Simulations Design Courses Clinical Settings Medical Homes

Summary

Evolved from product centered to patient centered.

Accredited by ACPE re-evaluate pharmacy education and the

methods for measuring, assuring and improving quality.

Interprofessional Education

Special Thank You To:

Xin Hua Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University

                                                                                  

                                          

Source: www.health qualityalliance.org/node/189