Susan M. PojerSusan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Horace Greeley H. S.

Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY

It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of it was the age of foolishness, foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulity…incredulity…

-- Charles Dickens-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities

De Franse Monarchie:De Franse Monarchie:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

Marie Marie AntoineAntoine

tte tte en de en de

KoninkliKoninklijke jke

KindereKinderenn

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Le Hameau”“Le Hameau”

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Le Hameau”“Le Hameau”

The Necklace The Necklace ScandalScandal

Y Cardinal Louis René Édouard de RohanCardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan

Y The Countess de LaMotteThe Countess de LaMotte

1,600,000 1,600,000 livreslivres

[$100 million today][$100 million today]

Laat ze dan cake Laat ze dan cake eten! eten!

Y Marie Antoinette heeft dit nooit gezegd!Marie Antoinette heeft dit nooit gezegd!

Y ““Madame Deficit”Madame Deficit”

Y ““De Oostenrijkse hoer”De Oostenrijkse hoer”

Sociaal-Economische Sociaal-Economische gegevens 1789gegevens 1789

De armen in de De armen in de stadstad

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

a Urban Urban Commoner’sCommoner’sBudget:Budget:

– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

a King’s King’s Budget:Budget:

– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financiele problemen in FrankrijkFinanciele problemen in Frankrijk17891789

Franse begroting Franse begroting 17741774

Waar is het Waar is het belastinggeld?belastinggeld?

Lettres de CachetLettres de Cachet

Y De Franse koning kon De Franse koning kon mensen gevangen zetten via mensen gevangen zetten via a brief met zijn zegel.a brief met zijn zegel.

Y Carte-blancheCarte-blanche

Y Kardinaal Fleury gaf 80,000 Kardinaal Fleury gaf 80,000 van dez e brieven uit ten tijde van dez e brieven uit ten tijde van Lodewijk XV!van Lodewijk XV!

Y Afgeschaft in 1790.Afgeschaft in 1790.

Ancien RegimeAncien Regime 17891789

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy

2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

Stemmen in de Nationale Stemmen in de Nationale VergaderingVergadering

1

1

1

Lodewijk XIV wilde dat dit systeem in tactLodewijk XIV wilde dat dit systeem in tact

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

De Nationale Vergadering De Nationale Vergadering wilde stemmen per hoofd!wilde stemmen per hoofd!

300

300

648

Emmanuel Joseph Emmanuel Joseph SieyesSieyes

11stst Wat is derde Wat is derde stand? stand? Alles Alles!!22ndnd Wat was de derde Wat was de derde stand tot nu toe? stand tot nu toe? Niets! Niets!33rdrd Wat eist de derde Wat eist de derde de derde stand? de derde stand? Iets te zijn!Iets te zijn!

Abbé SieyèsAbbé Sieyès1748-18361748-1836

Bijeenkomst van de Staten-GeneraalBijeenkomst van de Staten-GeneraalMei, 1789Mei, 1789

De laatste keer was deze bijeengekomen in De laatste keer was deze bijeengekomen in 1614!1614!

““De Derde Stand wordt De Derde Stand wordt wakker”wakker”Y De Derde stand riep zich uit tot de De Derde stand riep zich uit tot de

vertegenwoordigers van de natievertegenwoordigers van de natie

Y Zij noemden zichzelf de Zij noemden zichzelf de Nationale Vergadering Nationale Vergadering van Frankrijk.van Frankrijk.

““De eed in de De eed in de kaatsbaan”kaatsbaan”

doordoor Jacques Louis David Jacques Louis David

20 juni 178920 juni 1789

Europa aan de Europa aan de vooravond van de vooravond van de Franse RevolutieFranse Revolutie

De bestorming van de De bestorming van de Bastille, Bastille,

14 Juli 178914 Juli 1789

Y 18 doden.18 doden.

Y 73 73 gewonden.gewonden.

Y 7 bewakers 7 bewakers gedood.gedood.

Y Er waren 7 Er waren 7 gevangenengevangenen[5 gewone [5 gewone misdadigers misdadigers en 2 en 2 gekken].gekken].

De grote angst: Een De grote angst: Een boeren opstand (boeren opstand (July 20, July 20,

1789)1789)

Y Er gingen geruchten dat de de feodale aistocratie Er gingen geruchten dat de de feodale aistocratie huur-troepen stuurde om de boeren aan te vallen huur-troepen stuurde om de boeren aan te vallen en hun land te plunderen.en hun land te plunderen.

‘‘De De grote grote

angst”angst”

Nachtelijke bijeenkomst Nachtelijke bijeenkomst 4 augustus 17894 augustus 1789

Y Voor de nacht voorbij was:Voor de nacht voorbij was: Was het feodale systeem Was het feodale systeem

afgeschaft.afgeschaft.

Vielen alle Fransen, tenminste in Vielen alle Fransen, tenminste in principe, onder dezelfde wetten principe, onder dezelfde wetten en dezelfde belastingen en waren en dezelfde belastingen en waren zij gelijkelijk verkiesbaar.zij gelijkelijk verkiesbaar.

Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy! Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy!

Nationale Nationale Constituerende Constituerende

VergaderingVergadering1789 - 17911789 - 1791

August DecretenAugust Decreten 4-11 augustus 1789 4-11 augustus 1789

(afzweren van aristocratische (afzweren van aristocratische privileges!)privileges!)

Liberté!Liberté!Egalité!Egalité!

Fraternité!Fraternité!

BUT . . . . .BUT . . . . .

Y Feudal dues were not renounced outright Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!]principle of private property!]

Y Peasants would compensate their Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.they had supposedly been freed.

Therefore, the National Assembly made Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate.essentially moderate.

Their GoalTheir Goal Their GoalTheir Goal Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED Bourbons + the RED

& BLUE of Paris.& BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!Citizen!

De Tricolore is de De Tricolore is de Mode!Mode!

De “Vrijheids muts”: De “Vrijheids muts”: Bonne RougeBonne Rouge

Revolutionair SymbolenRevolutionair Symbolen

CockadeCockade

Revolutionary Revolutionary ClockClock

La RepublicLa RepublicLibertéLiberté

Revolutionary Playing Revolutionary Playing CardsCards

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizenthe CitizenAugust 26, August 26,

17891789

V Liberty!Liberty!

V Property!Property!

V Resistance to Resistance to oppression!oppression!

V Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at was in Paris at this time.this time.

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizen the Citizen Posed New DilemmasPosed New Dilemmas

1.1. Did women have equal rights with Did women have equal rights with men?men?

2.2. What about free blacks in the What about free blacks in the colonies?colonies?

3.3. How could slavery be justified if all How could slavery be justified if all men were born free?men were born free?

4.4. Did religious toleration of Protestants Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political and Jews include equal political rights?rights?

March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789

We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!

A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.women for bread.

The “October The “October Days” Days” (1789)(1789)

The king was thought to be surrounded by evil The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Tuileries

PalacePalace..

Planting the Tree of Planting the Tree of LibertyLiberty

17901790

Sir Edmund Burke Sir Edmund Burke (1790):(1790):

Reflections on the Revolution Reflections on the Revolution in Francein France

The conservative The conservative response to the French response to the French

RevolutionRevolution

How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?

1.1. Confiscate Church Confiscate Church Lands Lands (1790)(1790)

One of the most controversial decisions of the One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.entire revolutionary period.

2.2. Print Print AssignatsAssignats2.2. Print Print

AssignatsAssignats

V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands

as security.as security.

Depreciation of the Depreciation of the AssignatAssignat

V Whoever acquired them were entitled to Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church certain privileges in the purchase of church land.land.

V The state would retire the notes as the land The state would retire the notes as the land was sold.was sold.

V They began circulating as paper currency.They began circulating as paper currency. Government printed more Government printed more INFLATIONINFLATION [they [they

lost 99% of their value ultimately].lost 99% of their value ultimately]. Therefore, future governments paid off their Therefore, future governments paid off their

creditors with cheap money.creditors with cheap money.

The Civil The Civil Constitution Constitution

of the of the ClergyClergy

July 12,July 12,17901790

JuryingJurying

vs.vs.

Non-JuryingNon-Jurying[refractory][refractory]

ClergyClergyThe oath of allegiance The oath of allegiance permanently divided the Catholic permanently divided the Catholic

population!population!

New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &

StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.

V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized: Parish priests Parish priests elected by the district elected by the district

assemblies.assemblies. Bishops Bishops named by the named by the

department assemblies.department assemblies. The pope had NO The pope had NO

voice in the voice in the appointment of appointment of the French clergy.the French clergy.

V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!

Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI[1775-1799][1775-1799]

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution

& the National Assembly. & the National Assembly. 17911791

The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:

A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment

V The king got the The king got the “suspensive” veto“suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].for 4 years].

He could not pass laws.He could not pass laws. His ministers were responsible for their His ministers were responsible for their

own actions.own actions.

V A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.National Assembly.

Had the power to grant taxation.Had the power to grant taxation.

V An independent judiciary.An independent judiciary.

The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:

A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment

V ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..

1/3 of adult males were denied the 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.franchise.

Domestic servants were also Domestic servants were also excluded.excluded.V A newly elected A newly elected LEGISLATIVE LEGISLATIVE

ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY..

GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!

GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!

83 83 RevolutionaireRevolutionaireDeparteDeparte

mentenmenten

26 Februari 179026 Februari 1790

De koninklijke familie De koninklijke familie probeert te vluchtenprobeert te vluchten

Y Juni 1791Juni 1791

Y Geholpen door de Zweedse graaf Geholpen door de Zweedse graaf Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].Antoinette’s lover].

Y Richting de Richting de LuxemburgseLuxemburgsegrens.grens.

Y De koning werdDe koning werdherkend in herkend in Varennes, Varennes, vlakbij de grensvlakbij de grens

Olympe de Gouges Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)(1745-1793)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

V Women played a Women played a vital role in the vital role in the Revolution.Revolution.

V But, But, The Declaration The Declaration of the Rights of Manof the Rights of Man did NOT extend the did NOT extend the rights and rights and protections of protections of citizenship to citizenship to women.women.

The First Coalition The First Coalition &&

TheThe Brunswick Brunswick ManifestoManifesto

(August 3, 1792)(August 3, 1792)

FRANCEFRANCE1792

-1797

1792-

1797AUSTRIAAUSTRIAPRUSSIAPRUSSIABRITAINBRITAINSPAINSPAINPIEDMONTPIEDMONT

Duke of BrunswickDuke of Brunswick if the Royal Family is if the Royal Family is harmed,harmed, Paris will be leveled!! Paris will be leveled!!

This military crisis undermined the new This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.Legislative Assembly.

Franse Soldaten & de Franse Soldaten & de Tricolore:Tricolore:

ViveVive La Patrie!La Patrie!V The French armies The French armies were ill-prepared for were ill-prepared for the conflict.the conflict.

V ½ of the officer ½ of the officer corps had corps had emigrated.emigrated.

V Many men disserted.Many men disserted.

V New recruits were New recruits were enthusiastic, butenthusiastic, butill-trained.ill-trained.

V French troops often French troops often broke ranks and fled broke ranks and fled in disorder.in disorder.

Franse expansie: Franse expansie: 1791-17991791-1799