De Duong Loi Cach Mang Dung Dan Hon

8/6/2019 De Duong Loi Cach Mang Dung Dan Hon

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VNH3.TB2.147

NG LI CCH MNG NG N HN:CI NHN T LCH S

Ths. Ng Vng AnhBo Nhn dn

t vn

Lchs hin i ca dn tc Vit Nam k t khi ng cng sn Vit Nam (CSVN) rai, nm 1930, chuyn hng theo mt dng chy mi. Nhngchng ng u tranh ginh

c lp dn tc v xy dng t nc sau c nh hng theo l tng cng sn ch nghi(CSCN), th hin trong ng li lnh o cch mng ca CSVN t khi ra i n nay.

ng li cch mng c vai tr quyt nh s thnh, bi ca phong tro cch mng.Trong qu trnh lnh o cch mng Vit Nam c nhng giai an ng li cch mngcha ph hp vi thc tin cch mng. Nhng s sai lch trong ng li v trong victrin khai thc hin ng li gy ra nhng h qu khng tt cho phong tro cch mng,gy ra nhng tn tht cho lc lng cch mng.

T nhn thc v qua nhng hat ng thc tin, H Ch Minh v CSVN nhiuln u tranh, iu chnh ng li cch mng ca ng tr li ng n, ph hp vithctin v thc y phong tro cch mng pht trin.

Cho ti nay nhng bi hc lch s quanh vn ny vn mang nhiu nghi.

1. u nm 1930, Hi ngh hp nht thnh lp CSVN do Nguyn i Quc chtr thng qua Chnh cng vn tt; Sch lc vn tt;iu l vn tt; Chng trnh vn ttca CSVN vLi ku gi nhn ngy thnh lp ngdo Nguyn i Quc san tho. Tuyvn ttsong nhng vn kin ny nu c nhng vn c bn v ng li cch mng

Vit Nam, tuyn b v s la chn con ng cch mng t khi ng mi ra i.

Chin lc cch mng ca ng l tin hnh t sn dn quyn cch mng v tha cch mng i ti x hi cng sn. Con ng tin ln ca cch mng Vit Nam lthc hin cuc cch mng gii phng dn tc, dn ch do mt ng cch mng chn chnhca giai cp cng nhn lnh o. Cc ni dung dn tc, dn ch v x hi ch ngha khngtch ri nhau v nm trong mt qu trnh pht trin cch mng.

Nguyn i Quc vn dng sng to l lun cch mng ca Ch ngha Mc - Lnin

vo iu kin thc t Vit Nam khi nu bt tinh thn: Tp trung vo nhim v chng quc,gii phng dn tc, on kt tp hp mi lc lng di s lnh o ca giai cp cng nhn chng quc quc v tay sai. Trong cuc u tranh ny, ng cn tp hp c khi


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lc lng ng o nht, huy ng c sc mnh on kt to ln nht mi ginh c thngli. Nhim v ginh c lp, gii phng nhn dn khi ch p bc n l c coi l nhm vc ngha cp bch, sng cn, c t trc nhim v u tranh giai cp.

Trong khi xc nh: ng phi thu phc cho c i b phn dn cy v phi da

vo hng dn cy ngho lm th a c.m (cch mng -NV) nh trc bn i a ch vphong kin, Chnh cng a ra mc tiu thu ht rung t ca quc ch nghalm ca cng chia cho dn cy ngho [2, 3 - 4]. Tuy nhin, Lun cng chnh tr do Tng

b th Trn Ph mang v v c thng qua trong Hi ngh thng 10/1930 ca ng li tmc tiu: tch k ht rung t ca bn a ch ngoi quc, bn x v cc gio hi; giaorung t y cho trung nng v bn nng, quyn s hu rung t v chnh ph cng nng[2, 95]. Hi ngh thng 10/1930 coi nhng quan im nu trong nhng vn kin ca Hingh hp nht thnh lp ng l sai lm chnh tr v nguy him v ra n ngh quyt thtiu nhng vn kin .

S ph phn ny da theo nhng quan im mang nng khuynh hng t - nhnmnh u tranh giai cp, chuyn chnh v sn - trong vic ch o phong tro cch mng thgii ca Quc t cng sn (QTCS) sau i hi VI (1928) ca t chc ny - khi nhng ttng cc oan v u tranh giai cp ca Stalin chi phi ng li ca QTCS.

Lnh o CSVN trong khang thi gian t thng 10/1930 n thng 3/1938 lnhng nh cch mng c QTCS o to ti trng i hc cng sn Phng ng vc c v lnh o phong tro cch mng trong nc: Trn Ph, L Hng Phong, H Huy

Tp. S ch o, gip cch mng Vit Nam cu QTCS trong giai on ny kh tan din:v t chc v t tng chnh tr, v o to cn b,h tr ti chnh v thit lp cc ngdy lin lc Trn Ph v nhng Tng B th sau nhn trch nhim cao nht vi QTCSv vic thc hin nhng Ngh quyt ca QTCS trong phong tro cch mng ng Dngkhng th lm tri nhng iu c QTCS ch dn.Thng 11/1931, H Huy Tp trong bivitHotng ca ng cng sn ng Dng, nhn mnh vicc ng ch trong Xy Bc k: Tt c cc quyt nh ca quc t cng sn c uy lc i vi tt c mi ngicng sn khng tr mt ai, v chng ta ch c vic thc hin, trung thnh, ch khng phixuyn tc chng thnh nhng gio l c hi ch ngha. [1, 39]

Lun cngthng 10/1930 coi a ch l cu ch ca nng dn m th th phinh v thu ht rung t ca chng n dn n quan im cc oan trong ch ou tranh Ngh - Tnh nhng nm 1930 - 1931: tr, ph, a, ho, o tn gc, trc tnr. Phong tro ni dy ca nng dn X vit Ngh - Tnh b suy gim sc mnh v tht bitrc s n p khc lit ca chnh quyn thc dn v phong kin tay sai. Mc d vy, s

ph phn nhngsai lm ca Hi ngh hp nht v ng ch Quc kh nng n v cn kodi nhiu nm sau . S ph phn hin r trong cc vn kin: Th ca Trung ng gicho cc cp ng b (9/12/1930); T liu b sung v ngun gc cc t chc cng sn

ng Dng; S tho lch s phong tro cng sn ng Dng(1933); ng cng snng Dng v s pht trin ca phong tro cng sn trong thi k t i hi VI n i


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hi VII (1934); Ngh quyt chnh tr ca i hi (congres) ln th nht ng cng snng Dng(28/3/1935); Th ca Ban ch huy ngoi ca ng cng sn ng Dng(ngy 31/3/35) gi Quc t cng sn (31/3/1935); Bo co ca ng ch L Hng Phong

gi Quc t cng sn (1935)[1, 38 - 39]

Trong giai an t tng H Ch Minh b ph phn nng n vn c hai bn ch thca Trung ng ni dung t ra ng nht vi quan im ca Nguyn i Quc. l Ch thca Trung ng Thng v v vn thnh lp Hi Phn ng minh (ngy28/11/1930) v Ch thca Trung ng gi X u Trung k v vn thanh ng Trung k(20/5/1931). V hai bn ch th ny cn nhiu vn cn nghin cu (v han cnh ra i,ngi chp bt son tho, vic ph bin v trin khai thc hin) nhng y l s iuchnh ca Ban chp hnh Trung ng v quan im ch trng sch lc i vi tng lptrn, pht trin i on kt dn tc trn c s cng nng l gc. S iu chnh ny xut

pht t thc tin nng bng ca cch mng ng Dng trong cao tro 1930 - 1931. Tuy

vy s iu chnh ny cha nhng lun im cch mng sng to ca Nguyn iQuc chim u th vi nhng quan im c coi nh chnh thng ang ng tr trongBan chp hnh Trung ng khi . (Xem thm [1])

Sau i hi ln th VII QTCS (7/1935), trc nguy c pht xt v nhng bin chuynnhanh chng trn th gii v ng Dng, CSVN c nhng iu chnh chin lc cchmng ca mnh. Nhng Ngh quyt ca Hi ngh Trung ng thng 11/1939 v sau l Hingh Trung ng ln th 8 (5/1941) ghi nhn s tr litng ng vi nhng quan im ngn trong Chnh cng vn tt, Sch lc vn tttrn nhng vn quan trng nht ca cch

mng Vit Nam, t nhim v gii phng dn tc, ginh c lp dn tc ln trn ht. ngli ng n on kt c ngo qun chng trong Mt trn dn tc thng nhtdi s lnh o ca ng thc hin mc tiu cao nht: ginh c lp dn tc.

T sau Hi ngh Trung ng 8 (5/1941) cho n thng 8/1945, CSVN tp hpc khi lc lng qun chng ng o v tchcc chun b v mi mt khi thi cn kp thi lnh o nhn dn tin hnh thng li cuc Tng khi ngha Thng Tm 1945,ginh c lp dn tc, thnh lp nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ha.

khng nh vng chc chin lc gii phng dn tc ng n trong ng lica mnhv i n thng li trong s nghip gii phng dn tc, CSVN tri qua 10nm (1931 - 1941) t nhn thc v i mi trong nhng iu kin ngt ngho ca lch s. c bc pht trin trong l lun v ch o thc tin cuc cchmng gii phng dn tc,CSVN tri qua cuc u tranh gia ci ct khuynh, gio iu, bit lp vi cimimm do, an kt, sng to Cuc u tranh ny c th nh gi l su sc c cplnh o cao nht ca ng.

Bo co ca Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng cng sn ng Dng gi Ban chp

hnh QTCS (ngy 6/4/1938) vit: Lc trc ng ch Sinitchekine (B danh ca H HuyTp NV) lm Tng th k, nhng v ng ch c lm li v chnh tr, v ng ch trngrng cc h qun chng phi t chc theo li cng khai v bn cng khai, cn ng ch th


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ni: T chc cng khai v bn cng khai l ng, nhng ch no khng c nhng iukin y, th bt c d c th tm thi t chc b mt; ng cho l xu hng tha hip vinhng phn t c c t khuynh nn khng c ng ch lm Tng th k na. [3, 385]Tng th kmi c bu l Nguyn Vn C - mt ngi cng sn tr tui trng thnh tthc tin u tranh v l mt nh l lun xut sc ca CSVN.

2. T cui nm 1953 n nm 1956, nng thn cc tnh min Bc din ra 8 t pht ng qun chng v 5 t ci cch rung t (CCR). Trong tng s 3314 x, vikhong 10 triu dn, tch thu hn 70 vn hecta bng 44, 6% din tch rung t trongvng chia cho gn 4 triu nng dn. Nhng g din ra trong 5 chin dch ko di ti hnhai nm c ghi nhn nh mt cuc vn ng nng dn long tri l t - nh cc

phng tin thng tin tuyn truyn thi thng nhc n.

CCR c bt u trc bc ngot lch s quan trng ca cuc khng chin. Thi

k tng phn cng i hi huy ng n mc ti a mi ngun lc trong nc - m nngdn l qun ch lc - v tranh th ti a ngun vin tr v kh, qun trang, qun dng caLin X v Trung Quc - hai tr ct ca phe XHCN khi . CCR Vit Nam cxem nh nhng tiu ch biu hin cho tnh cch mng, cho tnh cng sn v cng l iukin cho s vin tr Tt c to nn nhng p lc Lut Ci cch rung t c Quchi thng qua thng 12/1953, trc khi m mn chin dch in BinPh ch t ngy.

Khu hiu n gin Ngi cy c rung - gi trn m c ngn i ca nhngngi nng dn - l ngn c tp hp an kt ng o nng dn tt c cc vng nng

thn Vit Nam u tranh di ngn c ca CSVN t nm 1930. Sau khi ginh c Chnhquyn v tay nhn dn, khu hiu Ngi cy c rung c hin thc ha tng bcvi cc mc khc nhau tng a phng, o bng con s thng k din tch rung tc cp cho nng dn v s nng dn c chia rung ngy cng tng. CSVN thchin tng bc mc tiu Ngi cy c rung trong tng giai an ca cuc khng chin.

CCR cng c th nhn nhn nh mt n lc ca cch mng Vit Nam han ttmc tiu Ngi cy c rung - nhng l mt bc han tt khng trn vn. Phong trony cng vi phong tro chnh n t chc ng v chnh quyn - c tin hnh kt hp

vi CCR t t 4, t 5 - phm sai lm t khuynh nghim trng. S ngi b quyoan, b x l sai chim t l rt cao. Mc 5,68% a ch trong dn s a phng l cao hnrt nhiu so vi thc t. Tng s ngi b quy trong CCR c thng k l 172.008ngi; s ngi b oan sai l 123.266 ngi, chim t l 71,66%.

Hn 15 vn ng vin trong tng s 17, 8 vn ng vin; 2876 chi b trong tngs3777 chi b, d chnh n ng. Tng s cn b, ng vin b x l, sau khi chnh n l84000 ngi, chim t l hn 55%. Nhiu chi b tt b coi l chi b phn ng, b th hocchi y vin chu hnh pht nng n: t hoc bn. Tnh hnh chnh n cp huyn v cp

tnh cng rt bi t. S cn b lnh o cc cp ny b x l oan sai cng chim t l ln.H Tnh l tnh c bit, c 19 cn b tnh y vin, cng an, huyn i d chnh n u bx l. Gn y ra sot li cho kt qu: tt c u b quy sai (!).[6, 10 - 13]


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Vic truy bc, dng nhc hnh rt ph bin trong cc cuc u t. ng T Hu -Trng Ban tuyn hun Trung ng lc - sau ny nh li: Khng th k ht nhng cnhtng bi thm m nhng ngi b quy oan l a ch, c b (m trong thc t l trung nng)

phi chu ng nhng ni c pht ng.. (Nh li mt thi k -Nxb Hi nh vn; HNi, 2000, tr 278 - 279). (Xem thm [6])

Cng cn phn bit nhng sai lm trong ch trng ng li vi nhng sai lm tpht khi tin hnh ti c s. Ch trng phng tay pht ng qun chng b bunglng cho an, i ci cch lng quyn: truy bc n t l a ch cho 5% dns nh mt mc quy nh bt buc; kch ng, h da qun chng, khuyn khch h t oancho nn nhn; dng nhc hnh vi i tng khi cha c ta n xt x Nhng iu nykhng h c trong ch trng ch o CCR. Ni san Ci cch rung t s 15 (ngy19/2/1956) vittrong bi Nhng iu cn ch trong vic vch giai cp: Trnh xyra nhc hnh, phi nm vng chnh sch phn ha. Trnh g cho 5% a ch. [6, 11].

Nhng cc cp di, tnh hnh dng nh khng th kim sot. Nhng bin php tnc tip tc din ra nhiu ni do nhng sai lm nghim trng v v nguyn tc: vi phmnhng quyn t do c nhn; t m n mc tuyt i ha yu t thnh phn, thm ch chorng quyn lnh o nng thn phi thuc v bn c nng. (C ni tng t l bn c nngtrong chi u ln ti 97%); dng qun chng b kch ng vch ti ng vin; x l trn lan vi thi hp hi nhng ng vin khng phi l bn c nng; cn b i khng

phi l ng vin c quyn x l ng vin v c kt np ng vin; mang nhng binphp u tranh vi ch u tranh, x l ni b.... (xem thm [5, 435 - 438])

Nhn dn sinh hoang mang v hai nghi. Ni b ng mt an kt v nghi k lnnhau. Nhng sai lm trong vic thc hin CCR v chnh n t chc mang m mu sct khuynh li nhng tn tht to ln cho cch mng v c con ngi v t chc. Giaion ny i qua li nhiu bi hc lch s a chiu v mt vt hn su trong k c.

B Chnh tr xc nhn: T tng thnh phn ch nghi trong ci cch rung tc t tng nng dn, t bn c nng ln trn tt c, thm ch t bn c nng ln trn ng T tng t khuynh trong ci cch rung t chm n lc u; n a nch hc tp kinh nghim nc bn mt cch my mc v khng chi iu tra nghin cu

y tnh hnh x hi ta nh ch trng chnh sch c th cho thch hp Trong lcthi hnh th mt mc nhn mnh chng hu khuynh trong khi nhng hin tng t khuynh tr nn trm trng t khu tr xung th h thng ci cch rung t tr nn mt hthng trn c ng v chnh quyn. Tc phong c on chuyn quyn, do m trnn

ph bin, khng i theo ng li qun chng, m thc t trn p qun chng, nh tuyntruyn gio dc, buc qun chng lm nhng iu tri vi mun, vi lng tm ca h, ckhi tri vi chn l v chnh ngha. [5, 430]. B Chnh tr cng nhn thy: trong ng vngoi nhn dn ang ch nhng bin php sa cha gp rt v kin quyt ca Trung ngv Chnh ph


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Nhng phn hi t thc tin ang giai an nng nht ca CCR v chnh nt chc, nhng nh hng sau i hi XX ng cng snLin X lm nhng ngi lnho CCR git mnh bng tnh. T gia nm 1956, nhiu Hi ngh B chnh tr, Ban b thv Ban chp hnh Trung ng lin tip hp vi ni dung ch yu l bn v vic sa sai caCCR v chnh n t chc.

ng ch nht l Hi ngh Ban chp hnh Trung ng ln th 10 (Kha II) hp hailn t thng 9 ti thng 11/1956. Hi ngh vch r nhng sai lm, gi ng tn nhng sailm mc phi l t khuynh, phn tch nhng nguyn nhn v a ra nhng ch trng,gii php khn trng sa sai. Hi ngh ch trng nhanh chng khi phc li danh dv cng v cho nhng ngi b x l oan sai; cng khai xin li nhn dn v n b,chm sc thch ng cho thn nhn nhng ngi t st hoc b x bn oan Nhiu cn

b cp cao ca ng phi chu trch nhim v nhng sai lm xy ra: Trng Chinh tchc Tng b th; L Vn Lng, Trng Ban t chc Trung ng, ph trch cng tc

chnh n t chc, ra khi B Chnh tr v Ban B th; H Vit Thng ra khi Ban chphnhTrung ng v thi gi chc Thng trc y ban CCR Trung ng

Hi ngh Trung ng 10 cng thng qua mt lot Ngh quyt chuyn v cng tct tng, v dn ch ha b my, v thc hin quyn dn ch ca nhn dn, v tng cngch php tr, v kin tan t chc v ci tin l li lm vic

Thi thc s cu th, thng thn, trung thc v quyt tm sa cha sai lm caCSVN l nhng iu kin quan trng vic sa sai tin hnh t hiu qu. Nhn dn

cng bng v lng khi nhn thy ng trung thc truc nhng khuyt im camnh v dng cm ni thng vi dn, vi cn b cng nhau quyt tm sa cha. V lngdn yn nn ng cn gi c ch tn, ch knh v dn dn n nh tinh thn x hi.

3. Sau thng 4/1975, tng chng Vit Nam c thi c ct cnh v kinh t nh xut hin thi c chin thng v qun s. C dn tc bc vo giai an lch s mi vitm trng phn khi, t tin v s tan thng ca cch mng Vit Nam.

Bc ra t vng ho quang thng li ca cuc chin tranh vi kh th o o xc ti,vi tinh thn mt ngy bng hai mi nm, tng chng ch cn mt khong thi gian

ngn l c th xy dng thnh cng nn sn xut ln x hi ch ngha. i hi IV caSCVN (12/1976) k vng vo kh nng . Trong nim say m chin thng, khngai c th tin liu tng lai tht bi.

S nn nng mun c ngay nn kinh t thun nht x hi ch ngha (XHCN) dnn vic y nhanh vic thc hin cuc ci to cng thng nghip t bn t doanh v tpth ha nng nghip min Nam mt cch t, vi v ngay sau ngy gii phng. Kt quthu c li ngc vi mong mun.M hnh, c cu kinh t khng ph hp c t trnci nn sn xut x hi ngho nn lc hu v b chin tranh tn ph nng n dn Vit

Nam n cuc khng hang kinh t - x hi su sc.


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Nguyn nhn chnh ca cuc khng hang ny c th nu ln l: Duy tr qu lu nhngc ch iu hnh nn kinh t t ra mt sc sng: coi k hoch l c trng quan trng nhtca kinh t XHCN, phn b mi ngun lc theo k hoch, khng tha nhn sn xut hng hav c ch th trng, coi th trng ch l mt cng c th yu b sung cho k hoch; khngtha nhn nn kinh t nhiu thnh phn, coi kinh t quc doanh v tp th l ch yu; mun

nhanh chng xa b s hu t nhn; xy dng nn kinh t khp kn, hng ni theo hngthin v pht trin cng nghip nng; thi hnh phn phi theo lao ng trn danh ngha nhngthc t l bnh qun co bng - iu ny trit tiu cc ng lc kch thch sn xut do tquan tm n li ch c nhn, bao cp trn lan gy tm l th ng, li

S liu thng k cho thy: Trong giai an 1976 - 1980, tc tng hng nm catng sn phm quc ni (GDP) ch l 1,4%; v tng thu nhp quc dn (GNI) ch tng 0,4%khi tc tng dn s hng nm l 2,24%. Ch s gi tiu dng so snh gia cc thng 12ca cc nm cho thy mt tc lm pht phi m: Nm 1986 tng 874,7%, nm 1987 tng

323,1%, nm 1988 tng 449,4%... Nhiu ch tiu y tham vng ca k hoch 5 nm 1976 -1980 thc hin khng t. ng ch nht l ch tiu v sn lng lng thc: K hoch ra l 21 triu tn, ch t 11,6 triu tn - gn bng mc nm 1976; sn lng thc bnh qunu ngi gim t 211kg nm 1976 xung 157 kg nm 1980[9,387 - 389]

Nhng nguyn nhn su sa hn, nguyn nhn ca cc nguyn nhn, bt ngun t nhnthc. Cuc khng hong kinh t - x hi trm trng nhng nm cui thp k 70 n cui thpk 80 trong th k XX din ra Vit Nam l c tht v su sc song v nhng tr lc trongnhn thc - nhng hy k - v nhng nguyn tc c bn ca m hnh kinh t c nh ch

cng hu v t liu sn xut (nht l t ai), v lao ng tp th, c quyn ca nh nc vthng nghip v gi c; v k hoch ha tp trung; v quan nim rng t bn l bc lt, li lp vi ch nghi x hi - m kinh t th trng th sn sinh ra ch ngha t bn cngvi thi quen bao cp hnh thnh lu nm cng lm trm trng hn cuc khng hong .

Cng v nhng s rng buc v quan nim, nhn thc, khng phi thut ng khnghang c tip nhn ngay c bin php ng ph, c thuc cha ng bnh mthat u mi ch l ri ren, ri lan, nn cuc khng hang khng c d bokp thi, dn n vic khc phc c nhiu kh khn, lng tng.

V tnh cht, y l cuc khng hang kinh t - x hi. Mc d khng phi l khnghong chnh tr theo ngha sp th ch, v h thng quyn lc hay o ln ni ccnhng cuc khng hang ny cha ng cc nguy c lm mt n nh chnh tr khng thxem thng.

Cuc khng hang ny t CSVN trc nhim v lch s h trng v kh khn:Phi to c bc ngot sa sai c bn t ng li chnh sch, trc ht trn lnh vckinh t, v c vi tng th ng li, ng vng v pht trin

Cng cuci mi Vit Nam din ra nh mt tt yu, trong bi cnh trn th giicng din ra nhiu cuc ci t, ci cch Lin X, cc nc XHCN ng u v


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Trung Quc din ra trc (t nm 1978) vn cn ang tip tc. tt c nhng nctrong h thng XHCN lc ny u hin r nhng bt n ca m hnh CNXH xydng, nhng biu hin tr tr, khng hong u hin r, bo hiu nguy c sp anghin hu rt gn.

Cng nh cc nc ny,i mi Vit Nam xut pht t nhng bc xc bn trong.Vit Nam c tham kho nhng bi hc ca cc nc ny song khng p dng my mc,cng khng c c hch t bn ngai m chnh nhng kh khn, b tc buc cc c s phitrn tr, bn tri tm li that, phi bung ra t cu. Cng cuc ci t Lin X btu t thng 4/1985, cn Vit Nam.th vic ph ro t cu bt u t trc kh lu.

tm v m, sau nhiu c gng ci thin m hnh c - vi nhiu phong tro, nhiuchin dch, ging ln nhiu l c c trong kinh t v trn lnh vc t tng - m khngc kt qu, tnh hnh ngy cng b tc, nhng b c thc t nhn ra rng khng th tip

tc duy ch. H bt u nhn thy cch ngh ca nhng ngi i trc l kh knhnhngbt kh thi[Xem thm [7]).

cc cp thp hn, hi chng kinh t thiu ht ngy cng trm trng, lm vokhng hong, cn b nhn dn mt s a phng tm cch ph ro, lun lch quanhng khe h hp ca th ch hin hnh hat ng c hiu qu hn. Nhn tan cc,

ban u nhng cuc ph ro t c s u khng c bi bn, ch l nhng gii php c thtrong thc tin, cha c ngi ch xng tm c quc gia. Nhng sau mt thi gian (tnm 1979 n nm 1986) thc tin chng minh rng cn thit v c th i mi tan din,

to nn bc chuyn bin quyt nh trong t duy lnh o t nhng ngi gi cng vcao nht ca ng - nh du chnh thc v mnh m t i hi ng VI (12/1986).

Thc tin vt trc chnh sch. Chnh thc tin sinh ng i mi cc c s, cca phng cung cp t liu cho vic hnh thnh ng li i mi tondin ca CSVN.

T nhng tho g kh khn trong thc tin tin n nhng bc tho g ln v tduy kinh t. Nhiu quan im bo th, s cng, nhng nh kin v ng nhn v kinh thng ha, v t sn;v ngoi bang, v bc lt li bc trc ci nhn thc t v t tinhn v kinh t th trng v hp tc a phng v hi nhp, v mt s cng sinh trong

mi trng kinh t mi.

Sau khi ph ro thnh cng, nhiu ci hng ro c x l thay v x l kph ro, nhiu i tng c th b thi ci li c cm ci. l con ng nganmc t ph ro, t ph n i mi, n s pht trin khi sc kinh t.

c bit, mt s trng hp nhng ngi tng ch o quyt lit nhng chin dchthi ci trc y li khi xng v ch o vic tho g, gii that cho nhng ngi bthi ci. l ng Trng Chinh: nm 1967 l ngi quyt nh nh ch khan h

Vnh Phc n nm 1980 ng h khon Hi Phng v nhng nm 1984 - 1985 l ngii u trong vic tm ti i mi t duy. ng Mi - ngi ch huy hai cuc ci tocng thng nghip t bn t doanh min Bc (1958 - 1960) v min Nam (1978) - khi


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9

cng v Th tng (1988) rt ng h i mi v gp phn to ra bc ngot quyt nhnm 1989.

Cho n ht nhim k th VI i hi CSCVN (1991), khi ng li i mi Vit Nam nh hnh tng i r nt, cng cuc i mi tri qua nhiu bc t ph

c h thng:

Bc t ph khai m chp nhn kinh t t hu vth trng t do tn ti bn cnhv ng hnh vi th trng c t chc t nm 1979 vi Ngh quyt Hi ngh Trung ng6 (Kha IV).

Bc t ph chuyn hn sang chnh sch pht trin nn kinh t nhiu thnh phn cs iu tit ca Nh nc v i mitng th chnh sch kinh t t i hi CSVN ln thVI (12/1986).

Han thin chnh sch kinh t mi, chm dt ch thng nht qun l thu mua phnphi c, chuyn nn kinh t vo c ch th trng c s iu tit ca Nh nc vi Nghquyt Trung ng 6, Kha VI (1989).

l qu trnh khai m ng li pht trin kinh t hng ha nhiu thnh phn, imi qun l nh nc v kinh t, t ch m rng quan h kinh t a phng, tng bc hinhp kinh t th gii v khu vc

Cng vi ba bc t ph trn tng th nn kinh t l nhng vn ng mnh m vng li trn bn lnh vc:

-Nng nghip,sau Ch th 100 ca Ban B th (1981) v Ngh quyt 10 ca B Chnhtr (1988), ngi nng dn c gii phng khi nhng rng buc ca ch tp th cnghu, chuyn sang ch hp tc kiu mi. Sc sn xut trong nng nghip tht s cgii phng bng vic thc thi ch t ch ca kinh t h nng dn. Nm 1986, Vit Nam

phi nhp khu 534.000 tn go, nm 1988 cn phi nhp 395.900 tn nhng chnhng vthu hoch u tin sau Khon 10, cng nhng ngi nng dn Vit Nam , trn chnhmnh t ca h tng canh tc lu i a sn lng lng thc ln gn 20 triu tn vcn dnh ra 1,4 triu tn xut khu. An ninh lng thc ca t nc c m bo, slng go xut khu nhng nm gn y lun gi vng mc trn 4 triu tn/nm.

- Cng thng nghip v dch v ngoiNh nckhng cn b g p vo cc hnhthc hp tc, tp th. Cc h c th c t do sn xut v bun bn nhng mt hngtiu dng thng thng. Lut cng ty TNHH v Cng ty c phn c ban hnh nm 1990cho khu vc dn doanh xc lp vai tr hp php ca kinh t t nhn, l bc ngot gii

phng sc sn xut ca kinh t, thng nghip ngoiquc doanh.

- Kinh t i ngaivi cc nc khu vc II (ngai khi SEV - khu vc I) c

m rng. Hat ng xut nhp khu c ni rng khi nhng c quyn ca Nh nc to thm ngun vn v th trng tiu th cho sn xut trong nc.


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10

- Cc x nghip quc doanhc t ch hn vi k hoch ba thnh phn bt u tQuyt nh 25 v 25 CP (1981). Cc x nghip kinh doanh nng ng hn v c vai trquan trng trong pht trin kinh t thnh th, khai m th trng t do. Nm 1989, Nh ncxa b bao cp qua givi cc x nghip quc doanh y nhanh vic sng lc, sp xp licc doanh nghip nh nc, gim bt gnh nng bao cp gii bi tan doanh nghip

nh nc theo hng c phn ha, cng ty ha trong giai an sau.

T nhn thc n hnh ng tho g nhng c ch rng buc, ph b nhng ro cn gii phng sc sn xut thc cht l s tr li vi nhng nguyn l ng n v mi quanh bin chng gia s pht trin ca lc lng sn xut vi trnh ca quan h sn xut -m mt thi duy ch mun a quan h sn xut pht trin vt trc v hy vng n sko theo s pht trin ca lc lng sn xut.

Giai on lch s t i hi IV (1976) n ht nhim k i hi VI ca CSVN

(1991) ghi nhn mt ng cng sn cm quyn t ch vp sai lm, tht bi nng n, nhnthc c tnh th v c c gii php thun theo quy lut vt qua khng hang,chuyn nn kinh t vo th n nh v pht trin ng hng, t nhiu thnh tu tronghan cnh kh khn. Thnh cng c nh gi l k diu, bt ng, kh hiungay c vi ngi trong cuc

Thnh cng ny cng c nh gi l cao nht c th t c xt theo nhng khnng hin thc trong iu kin lch s.

Thnh cng ny thun vi nguyn ca nhn dn v hp vi xu hng phttrin ca

thi i.

Vi li kt:

Nhnli nhng giai an lch s khi ng li ca CSVN khng ph hp vi thctin cch mng c th thy mt im chung. l s sao chp nhng quan im ch ong li t mt ni khc v p dng trong thc tin Vit Nam mt cch my mc.

- Trong giai an u tranh ginh c lp dn tc l s sao chp rp khun nhng chth ca QTCS khi thc tin cch mng nhng nc thuc a phng ng (nh Vit Nam)hon tonkhc so vi tnh hnh cch mng nhng nc t bn cng nghip chu u.

- Trong CCR l s sao chp cng thc, cch lm t cc nc bn v p dng mtcch cc oan trn din rng.

- Sau thng 4/1975 l cng cuc xy dng m hnh CNXH da trn s sao chp mtm hnh c sn, duy ch t mc ch.

S sao chp c cn nguyn t li t duy gio iu: p dng nhng quan im,nhng nguyn l bt bin; khng tnh n nhng iu mi m t thc tin - v cn bnhkinh nghim: Phng i vai tr ca kinh nghim v nhn thc cm tnh, ph nhn tnh tchcc ca t duy sng to.


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Hai cn bnh trn thng thy trong li t duy ca nhng ngi sn xut nh,trong mt nn sn xut nh. l lun khoa hc cha pht trin v khng c coi trng.Li t duy kinh nghim vn vt v nhng nhn thc s cng trong v bc kinh nghim,c coi nh khun vng thc ngc v trch dnc thay th chosuy ngh.

Cng nhn t nhng ln iu chnh ng li, sa sai, khc phc nhng hu qu dosai lm li, c th thy ngha ca thc tin, ca nhng bi hcthc tin, ca quan imthc tinkhi vn dng l lun xy dng ng li lnh o cch mng ca CSVN.

Thc tin cch mng sinh ng l cn c iu chnh, sa cha nhng sai lmkhuyt im trong ng li, ng li miph hp hn vi thc tin v thc y thctin pht trin ng hng, hp quy lut. Khi ng li, chnh sch ph hp vi thc tin,t n mang tnh kh thi.v bao hm c sc mnh thay i ci c, to lp ci mi, cchlm mi.

ng li ch ng n khi c xy dng da trn s am hiu thc tin su sc, binhng ngi hat ng thc tin nng ng v c kh nng tng kt thc tin.

Nguyn i Quc trc khi a ra nhng lun im sng to v cch mng Vit Namtrong nhng vn kin ca Hi ngh hp nht thnh lp ng l mt trong nhng nh cchmng c kinh nghim v hiu bit nht v tnh hnh cc nc thuc a lc .

Hi ngh Trung ng CSVN thng 11/1939 v Hi ngh trung ng ln th 8(5/1941) ca ng quyt nh iu chnh ng li cch mng gii phng dn tc trn c

s nhn thc nhy bn v ng n tnh hnh thc tin, sau khi nhn ra nhng g khngph hp trong vic thc hin nhng gio iu c QTCS ch dn.

Thc tin nghit ng ca nhng tn tht nng n v cn b, v t chc trong CCR buc ng gp rt sa sai trong thi gian ngn sau .

Khng hong kinh t - x hi trm trng trong nhng thp nin 70 - 80 ca th kXX l mt thc t khng mong munmt ln na buc CSVN iu chnh ng li lnho cch mng ca mnh.

Nng lc lnh o ca mt ng cm quyn trc ht v c bn nht l nng lc tmti xc lp ng li, chnh sch ng n pht trin t nc. Trong lch s ca mnh, hn mt ln ng li cch mng ca CSVN t ra khng ph hp vi thc tin phongtro cch mng. Nh pht hin v sa cha kp thi nhng sai lm trong ng li mCSVN t c nhng thnh cng.

i hi X ca CSVN t ln hng u nhim v Nng cao nng lc lnh ov sc chin u ca ng, coi y l gii php mu cht pht huy sc mnh dn tc,y mnh tan din cng cuc i mi, sm a nc ta ra khi tnh trng km pht trin.

Nhim v bao hm vic i mi nht qun ng li, chnh sch trn nhiu vn cbn, tan din ca h thng th ch kinh t, x hi, vn ha, chnh tr.


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y l vic kh, lun c nguy c sai lm. Nhng nguy c, thch thc bn ngai v cbn trong ( c ng xc nh) vn hin hu do ng t lm suy yu nng lc lnho v sc chin u ca mnh.

Nhng i hibc bch t cuc sng, th hin xu th i mi tin b, trong bi cnh

quc t mi cng ang to nhng kh nng sng lc, kim chng tnh ng n cang li v c phng php hoch nh ng li, chnh sch ca CSVN.

Bi hc thc tintrong lch s xy dng v iu chnh ng li lnh o cchmng ng n hn vn cn c xem xt.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Ng Vng Anh,Qu trnh khngnh chin lc cch mng gii phng dn tc trongng li ca ng giai an 1931 1941, Tp chNghin cu lch s, s 2 (345), 2005.

2. ng cng sn Vit Nam, Vn kin ng ton tp,Nxb Chnh tr quc gia, H.1998, tp2, 346 trang.




6.Pht ng qun chng gim t v ci cch rung t, Tp ch Xa&Nay, H Ni, s 297,2007, trang 10 - 15.

7. ng Phong,Duy tn v i mi, Tp ch Xa&Nay, s 151, 2003, trang 13 - 15.

8. Dng Trung Quc, Hn na th k Dn cy c rung,Tp ch Xa&Nay, s 297,2007, trang 4 - 9.

9. o Xun Sm, V Quc Tun (Ch bin), i mi Vit Nam nh li v suy ngm,Nxb Tri thc, H.2008, 463 trang.


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13

FOR A MORE EFFECTIVE REVOLUTION - FROM A

HISTORICAL VIEWPOINT

Ng Vng Anh

People Newspaper

Introduction:

Since the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) was born in 1930, Vietnams modernhistory has run with a new flow. Stages to struggle for the national independence andconstruction were then in the orientation of the communist ideal, reflected in CPVsrevolutionary policy since its establishment.

The policy plays a decisive role to determine the success or the failure of the

revolution. During its revolution, Vietnam had experienced several stages when the policy

was not suitable with the revolutionary reality. Mistakes in the policy and implementation

leaded to unexpected consequences for the revolution and losses for the revolutionary force.

With awareness and practical activities, Ho Chi Minh and CPV had struggled for

many times to adjust the policy so that it would be better and more suitable with the reality,

enhancing the revolutionary movement development.

Historical lessons drawn from those issues still have many values.

1. Early 1930, the conference on CPV establishment chaired by Nguyen Ai Quoc

passed the Brief political program (Chnh cng vn tt); Brief strategy (Sch lc vntt);Brief regulations (iu l vn tt) and Brief program (Chng trnh vn tt) of CPVand theAppeal in the day of CPV establishmentdrafted by Nguyen Ai Quoc. Despite their

briefness, those documents pointed out basic issues of Vietnamese revolutionary policy,

making an announcement on the selected policy since its establishment.

CPVs revolutionary strategy was to carry out the bourgeois revolution democraticand land revolution to head to a communist society. Vietnams revolutionary path is was tocarry out the national and democratic liberation revolution led by one revolution party of the

working class. The contents of nationality, democracy and socialism went hand in hand in

the revolution development.


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Nguyen Ai Quoc creatively adapted the revolutionary theory of Marx Lenin intoVietnams reality by highlighting the spirit that focused on the battle against imperialists,national liberation, great solidarity under the leadership of the working class to fight against

imperialists and their lackeys. In this struggle, the Party needed to gather the most massive

force and mobilize the greatest solidarity strength so as to gain victory. The struggle for

independence and national liberation out of the yoke of slavery was considered an urgent

and vital task, given higher priority than the class struggle.

While defining that: The Party has to win the popularity of peasants and rely on poor peasants to carry out the land revolution and fought against landlords and feudal

authorities, the Political program targeted at collecting all land of imperialists todistribute to poor peasants [[2, 3 4]. However, the Political thesis drafted by GeneralSecretary Tran Phu and passed in the Partys Conference held in October, 1930 targeted at:seizing all land of foreign and local landlords as well as of the Church to allot to middle

and poor peasants and giving workers and peasants the land ownership [2, 95]. TheConference in October 1930 also considered viewpoints in documents of the Conference of

Party establishment as a political and dangerous mistake and composed theAn nghi quyetto abolish those documents.

The criticism was based on left-wing tendency, which highlighted the classstruggle and proletarian dictatorship in directing the international revolutionary movement

of Communist International after its Congress VI (1928), when Stalins extreme ideas ofclass struggle controlled the Communist Internationals policy.

During the period of October 1930 and March 1938, leaders of CVP were

revolutionists trained in Phuong Dong Communist University and appointed to lead the

domestic revolutionary movement such as Tran Phu, Le Hong Phong and Ha Huy Tap.

Communist International provided a quite comprehensive assistance and direction to

Vietnams revolution in terms of political idea, staff training, financial support and contactnetwork establishment. Tran Phu and next general secretaries took the highest responsibility

with Communist International to implement Resolutions by Communist International in the

Indochina revolutionary movement and would not disobey what Communist International

had directed. In his writing Activities of Indochina Communist Party, Ha Huy Tapstressed with comrades in North Vietnams Party Committee: All decisions made byCommunist International have supremacy with all communists and the only thing we do is

to implement and stay loyal, not to distort it into opportunism. [1, 39]

That the Thesison October 1930 considered landlords as the archenemy of peasantsand they must be overthrown and all of their land must be seized resulted in an extremeviewpoint in directing the movement in Nghe Tinh in 1930 and 1931: intellectuals, kulaks,landlords and the rich must be struck at the roots. The insurrection of peasants in Soviet

Nghe Tinh weakened and failed amid the fierce suppression of the colonial and feudalauthorities. However, the criticism against mistakes of the Conference of Party


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establishment and Mr. Quoc remained quite serious for many years. It was s hown clearlyin documents such as: Letter from the Central Committee to regional party committees ofall levels (December 9

th1930); Indochina Communist Party and the development of

communist movement from the Congress VI to the Congress VII(1934); Political resolution

of the 1st

Congress of Indochina Communist Party (March 28th 1935); Report by Le Hong

Phong to Communist International (1935), etc [1, 38 -39].

When Ho Chi Minhs idea was seriously criticized, there were still two directions ofthe Central Committee sharing the same idea, namely the Direction of the Central Standing

Committee on the establishment of Anti-imperialist Association (November 28th 1930)and theDirection of the Central Committee to the regional party committee of the Central

Vietnam on simplifying its regional party (May 20th 1930). These two directions neededfurther research (background, drafters, dissemination and implementation). However, itwas the amendment made by the Central Committee in terms of the viewpoint and policy

with the upper class and the national great solidarity development based on workers and

peasants. The amendment was not enough for Nguyen Ai Quocs creative revolutionarypoints to dominate those considered orthodox ones existing in the Central Committee atthat time. (Refer to [1] for more).

After the Congress VII of Communist International (July 1935), facing the risk of

fascism and rapid changes in the world and Indochina, CPV made amendments of its

revolutionary strategies. Resolutions of the Central Conference in November 1939 and the

8th

Central Conference (May 1941) marked the return of consensus with proper viewpoints

in Brief political program and Brief strategy in terms of the most important thing of

Vietnams revolution, that gave top priorities to national liberation and nationalindependence. The proper policy united the majority of people in the National United Front

under the leadership of CPV to reach the highest target of the national independence.

From the 8th

Central Conference (May 1941) to August 1945, CPV gathered the mass

and prepared actively in all fields, waiting for the chance to lead the people to the victory of

the August General Uprising 1945, gaining national independence and forming Vietnam

Republic Democracy.

To confirm the proper strategy of national liberation in its policy and reach the

victory of the national liberation, DPV had 10 years (1931 1941) of self-awareness andself-reform amid historic hard conditions. In order to make theoretical progress and practical

direction in the national liberation revolution, CPV experienced the struggle among the old

of left-wing with dogma and isolation and the new with flexibility, creation and solidarity.The struggle could be considered to be profound at the highest level of the Party.

The report of the Central Committee of the Indochina Communist Party to the

Committee of Communist International (April 6

th

1938) said: When Sinitchekine (pennameof Ha Huy Tap) was the General Secretary, he made political mistakes. Moreover, when thePartys policy is to make the masss organizations public and semi-public, he said Public


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and semi-public organizations are right, but without those conditions, they can be organized

secretly. Because the Party thinks it is a compromise with isolated leftists, then it does notappoint him to be the General Secretary. [3, 385]. The new general secretary was NguyenVan Cu, a young communist growing from the practice of struggle and a brilliant theorist of

CPV.

2. Land reform started right before an important turn of the revolution. The general

counter offensive period required all the forces of the country, of which farmers are the

main force. All support sources in weapons, military equipments from the Soviet Union and

China were mobilised. Land reform in Viet Nam is considered symbols of revolution, of

communism as well as the basis for aids. All created a pressure for the Law on Land Reform

to be approved by the National Assembly in December 1953, a few days defore Dien Bien

Phu Campaign.

With a simple slogan farmers have land, which expressed a thousand-year-desireof farmers, the reform has gathered all farmers in all rural areas of the country under the

instruction of Viet Nam Communist Party. After the power had been gained, the slogan

farmers have land had been carried out in localities with the statistics of farm land allotedto farmers increasing days by days.

About 15 of 17.8 thousands of party members, and 2,876 among 3,777 party cells

joined to restructure the Party mechanism in the land reform program. After the restructure,

about 84,000 party members, representing 55 per cent of the total number, suffered the

punishment. Many good party cells were considered reactionary, good members suffered

shot or life-sentence. The restructure of party cell became so grievous. Many managers of

cell suffered unjust sentence. Especially Ha Tinh Central Province whose 19 seniors and

staff were now checked to have unjust sentences is becoming the typical example.

In each denouncement, torture was getting familiar. To Huu, former head of

propaganda and training section, reminded Its impossible to describe how sorrowful ourcompatriots got the unjust sentences as the tyrants and landlords. In fact, they are all

farmers.

Its also necessary to distinguish the wrong direction in policies and spontaneouswrong when the restructure was implemented in (sub) local levels. For example, the party

associations had wrong reforms in the area level when they encouraged local people to do

the unjust accuse to have enough 5 per cent of landlord in this local area. They also tortured

the jailers without the courts judgement. Those things were not comprised in the landreform policy. Cruel methods still happens, caused by the seriously unprincipled attitudes

toward the reform, including the violation of personal freedom, the absolutism of classfactor which wrongly defines the management of local area belongs to the poorest and most

wretched peoples. There remained some areas in which has 97 per cent people belonging to


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this class, using stimulated people to accuse the party members, widespreading the

punishment to the members who are not the poorest, the staff who are not party members

were allowed to accuse and punish the party members, even applying the measure to fight

against the enemy to the internal.

People doubted and were confused. The Party members were aparted for distrustingone another. Mistakes in carrying the land reform and organisation reform in a manner of

leftist deviation had caused much loss to the revolution both in human resource and

organisation. The period had left many historical lessons.

The Poliburo recognized that the class-oriented ideology during the land reform isoriginated from farmers and puts the poor peasants above all, even the PartyThe leftistideology during the land reform has rooted from early days, and leads to the imitation of

other countries experiences automatically without sufficient study of our own social

contexts before making appropriate policiesDuring its implementation, it is determined tosuppress the rightist ideology while the phenomenon of being leftist is getting worseasfrom the district to lower level, the system of land reform overules the system of the Party

and the authority. Subsequently, the arbitrary and authoritarian behaviors have become

popular, instead of being in line with the people-oriented guideline and in reality, to oppress

the people to educate them in some cases or to force them to carry out the things against

their wills, their consciences or event the truth and righteousness [5,430]. The Poliburyfurther recognized that the Party from within and the people are expecting the swift anddeterminted correction measures from the Central Committee and the Government

The feedbacks from reality peaked during the hot period of the land reform and itsorganizational reform, and the impact from the XXth Session of the Soviet Union

Communist Party woke up leaders of the land reform. Since mid-1956, various meetings of

the Poliburo, the Central Secretariat and Standing Central Committee took place

consecutively with the main content to discuss the correction of the land reform and its

organizational reform.

Most notably, the Convention of the 10 th Central Committee (2nd Session) took place

twice from September to November 1956. The Convention has drawn out the mistakes anddefined such mistakes as leftist, then, analyzed the reasons and proposed the guidelines,solutions for correction. The Convention advocated to restore the dignity and positions for

peoples suffered erroneous judgments, to publicly apologize the people and to compensate,

take care in an appropriate manner their relatives as they killed themselves or being

executed mistakablyMany senior officials of the Party were liable for the mistakes:Truong Chinh resigned from the Secretary-General; Le Van Luong as the Central Chief ofInternal Affairs in charge of the organizational reform, was taken out of the Poliburo and the

Central Secretariat; Ho Viet Thang out of the Central Committee and dismissed from the

Permanent Member of the Central Land Reform Commission


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The 10th Session of the Central Committee also adopted a series of Resolutions

mainly focused on issues of ideology, democraticization of the mechanism, implementation

of the peoples democratic rights, reinforcement of rule of law, completion of internalaffairs and improvement of working attitude

The frank, honest and determined behaviors of the Vietnam Communist Party playedthe vital role in the effective implementation of the correction. The people were fair and

tolerant when realized that the Party had been honest before its own mistakes and spoken

bravely to the people, to the officials to correct such mistakes in together. With the tolerance

of the people, the Party still saved its reputation, respect and gradually stablized the society.

3. After April 1975, Vietnam had an apportunity to take off economically. The

nation entered the new era with joy and confidence in the certain victory of the revolution.

Coming out of the war, with high spirit and a newly-adopted enthusiasm, Vietnames

people thought it only needed a short time to achieve socialist industrialisation. The fourth

congress of the Communist Party in December 1976 actually believed in this possibility.

Drunken on the recent victory, nobody thought of failure.

The eagerness to achieve socialist economy led to a hasty reform of private sector

and the rush collectivisation of agriculture in southern provinces of Vietnam immediately

after the end of the war. However, the results did not match expectation. Unsuitable

economic model applied on a backward, war-ravaged infrastructure led Vietnam to a deepsocio-economic crisis.

The main contributing factors to this crisis were: a lifeless economic management

structure that promoted planning and centralisation but not recognising market mechanism;

the monopoly of state economy and collectivism that led to the abolishment of other sectors;

the desire to construct a closed economy with focus on developing heavy industries; the

termination of economy's driving forces and the negligence of individual benefits.

Statistics show that during 1976-1980, the annual growth rate of Vietnam's GDP was

only 1.4% and that of GNI was 0.4% while the population was growing at a rate of 2.24% a

year. The inflation meanwhile rocketed to 874.7% in 1986; 323/1% in 1987 and 449.4% in

1988. Many of the ambitious targets set in the five-year plan 1976-1980 were not achieved.

Among them was the target for agricultural production. The plan was to produce 21 million

tonnes but the real production was only 11.6 million, similar to that in 1976. The average

rice production per capita decreased from 211 kilograms in 1976 to 157 kilograms in 1980.

In our opinion, the root of all problems was the Vietnamese leadership's way of

thinking. It is a fact that there was a serious crisis in the country's economy and society that

lasted from the end of the 70s until the end of the 80s. The old mentality associated with

many taboos when the socialist economic principles cannot be criticised, let alone changed;


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together with the state subsidies have deepened the crisis.

Even then, the terminology 'economic crisis' was shunned, instead people used such

words 'unstability' or 'disorganisation'. The crisis, therefore, was going on for a long time

without any proper diagnosis nor solutions.

We should accept the fact that there was a socio-economic crisis. It was not a

political crisis that might threaten the survival of the regime and the leadership hierachy, but

it posed great undeniable challenges to the political stability in the country.

This crisis has put before the Comunist Party some of the most important and

difficult historical tasks. The Party must make a breakthrough in its policies, first in the

economy and then in other fields, in order to survive and develop.

The Renovation process in Vietnam began as a natural phenomenon, when a number

of reforms were taking place in other countries, such as the Soviet Union, the Eastern blocand even in China. In all socialist countries, the communist economic model clearly showed

its shortcomings and warning signs of a very near collapse.

Similarly to what happened in former socialist countries, Doi Moi in Vietnam

originated from grave internal problems. Vietnam has learnt some lessons from the old

socialist bloc, but only took to reform when its own difficulties required survival tactics.

The Soviet perestroika began in April 1985, but the Vietnamese people had their own kind

of perestroika long before that.

At the macro-economy level, after a lot of efforts to improve the backward economic

model ended in failure and the crisis deepened, the Vietnamese leaders started to realise that

they could not carry on with the old thinking, which might be respectable but not feasible.

As economic deficits worsened, people and cadres alike began to look for ways to get

what they needed through the regime's existing loopholes. Their efforts were not

coordinated at the beginning and sporadic at best. But after a long period of crisis, the

highest leadership in Vietnam also came to recognise the need for a comprehensive reform

in the country. It was announced and confirmed at the Sixth Party Plenum (December

1986).

The process of overcoming economic difficulties at the grass root levels has led to a

breakthrough in the economic mentality at the decision-making level. Conservative,

bureaucratic prejudices about capitalism, foreign interference and exploitation were

conquered and replaced by fresh views on market economy, multilateral cooperation and

integration.

That was the spectacular road of the Vietnamese people to development and

economic progresses.


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In particular, some of those who were against the economic liberalisation in

the past turned around to be pro it, as well as to support reformists. One of the was Truong

Chinh. In 1967, he decided to suspend the system of 'khoan ho' (end-product contracts with

households) in Vinh Phuc. But in 1980, he changed his mind and supported end-product

contracts in Hai Phong.

Truong Chinh was also leading the reform of socialist thinking during 1984-1985.

Another leader was Do Muoi, who was at the helm of not one, but two campaigns to

eradicate capitalist and private economy in the North (1958-1960) and in the South (1978).

When he took over the position of Prime Minister in 1988, Do Muoi came to fully support

Doi Moi and was one of those who created the decisive breakthrough in Vietnam's economy

in 1989.

Until the end of the sixth term of the Communist Party's Congress, the Doi Moi

process in Vietnam has developed into a system of reforms:

- Private ownership and private economy became accepted in Vietnam. A free

market was born to work alongside the existing 'controlled' market in 1979 with the

Resolution of the sixth plenum of the CPV's Central Committee.

- The government came to the decision of developing a multisectoral economy

with the state regulation; and reformed the whole set of economic policies at the sixth

Congress of the CPV.

- A new economic policy was brought in at the sixth plenum of the Central

Committee in 1989 in order to terminate the old distribution system and turn the country's

economy into a market economy, regulated by the government.

Those reforms have established a commodity-based, multisectoral economy in

Vietnam and helped the government renew its control, expand economic relationns and

integrate into the world and the region.

Alongside groundbreaking developments in economic management, theVietnamese

leadership also made a number of important decisions in the following four areas:

- Agriculture: Decree 100 by the Party's Secretariat (1981) and the Tenth

Resolution of the Politburo (1988) freed Vietnamese farmers from the collective ownership

and allowed them to cooperate in a new way. Agricultural productivity was boosted by the

realisation of private ownership. In 1986, Vietnam has to import 534,000 tonnes of rice. The

volume was 395,900 tonnes in 1988. But since the new policies were brought in, Vietnam

now produces around twenty million tonnes of rice a year and could spare some for export.

The country's food security is ensured and each year Vietnamese farmers sell more than four

million tonnes of rice overseas.

- Industrial production, trade and services: individual businesses are encouraged


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to produce and trade consumers' goods. In 1990, the government issued the Law on

Companies with limited liabilities and Shareholding companies, officially recognising the

legitimate roles of private businesses and allowing them to expand their activities.

- External trade has been expanded beyond the boundaries of the Soviet trade

alliance SEV. The state cancelled its monopoly over exports, allowing domestic companiesto attract investment and seek new export markets.

- State enterprises were given more independence with a programme called 'the

three-factor plan', mapped out in the 25 and 25 CP Decisions of the government. They

adopted a more active role in the country's economy. In 1989, the subsidy system for state

enterprises was abolished. They now have to reorganise in order to survive and are now

moving towards privatisation.

To renovate the ideology in order to 'break the fences' to improve productivity in

essence was to return to the principles of the dialectic relationship between the development

of production forces and the capacity of production relations.

The historical period from the Fourth Congress (1976) to the end of the term of the

Sixth Congress (1991) proved that the ruling party had recognised its grave mistakes and the

urgency of the situation to make sound decisions which helped the country overcome crisis,

stabilise and develop the economy; and achieve good progress despite difficulties.

Vietnam's economic progress has been hailed as a 'miracle' that was difficult for even the

insiders to explain.

This achievement has also been praised as 'best possible given the reality and the

historical background'.

This achievement is something the Vietnamese people desire and it complies with the

development trends of our time.

*

* *

We can see a common point as looking back on the historic periods when the VietNam Communist Party's guidelines were not suitable with the revolutionary reality. It was a

copy of opinions and guidelines from "another place" applied for Viet Nam mechanically.

- In the period of struggling for national independence, it was a sterilely-imitated

copy of the Communist International when the revolutionary reality in the Orient's colonial

countries (such as Viet Nam) was completely different with the revolutionary situationperformed by European Industrial Capital countries.

- In the agrarian reform, it was a copy of recipe made by "friendly countries" and


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extremely applied in large-scale.

- After April 1975, the Socialism model's construction process was conducted in the

copy of an available model - voluntarism - to gain the target.

The copy was originated from the mentality of dogma: applying opinions and

immutable principles; not paying attention to new things from reality - and the disease of

experience - exaggerating the role of experience and impulsive awareness, denying the

positiveness of creative mentality.

The two above diseases were often seen in the thinking style of small producers in a

small production industry. There scientific reasoning had not yet developed and was not

paid attention. The thinking style of experience and rude awareness in the cover of

experience was seen as "golden rule"... and quotation was replaced with thought.

Also looking back from the adjustment of guidelines, amendment as well asrepairment of consequences bequeathed by mistakes, we can see the meaning of reality and

its lessons, of reality opinion when using reasoning to build the Viet Nam Communist

Party's revolutionary leadership and guidelines.

Vividly revolutionary reality is the best foundation to deal with shortcomings in

guidelines, making the new one more suitable with reality, and promote the reality in the

right way. When the guidelines and policies fit the reality, it implies feasibility and strength

to reject the old and set up the new.

The guidelines will be sound unless it is built up on deep realistic understanding

thanks to dynamic realists who are able to review the reality.

At that time, Nguyen Ai Quoc became one of the most talented and experienced

revolutionaries to master about the situation of current colonial countries before giving

creative theoretical points of Vietnamese revolution in the conference to establish the Viet

Nam Communist Party.

The central conference of the VIet Nam Communist Party held in November, 1939

and the Party's 8th central meeting in May, 1941 made a decision to adjust revolutionarypolicies on national liberation via the sharp recognition of realistic situation after figuring

out inappropriation of the implementation of dogma guided by the Communist International.

Great loss in personnel and organisation within the land reform process urged the

Party to quickly correct mistakes in a short time after that.

Serious socio-economic crisis in 1970s and 1980s of the 20th century is an

unexpected fact which required the Party to adjust its revolutionary leading guidelines.

Leadership capacity of a ruling party is to find out a suitable policy and way todevelop the country. In its development history, the Vietnamese Communist Party failed to


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meet the reality of the revolutionary movement. Thanks to its in-time correction, the party

gained achievements.

The 10th Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party set the improvement of the

Partys leadership and fighting capacity as the first task and the key measure to uphold the

nations strength, comprehensively speed up the countrys renewal process and soon lift thecountry out of the underdeveloped status. The task includes renewing policies on many

issues of the whole economic, social, cultural and political systems.

This is a difficult task and easy to make mistakes. Both inside and outside challenges

still exit since the Party reduces itself its leadership and fighting capacity.

Urgent requirements from the daily life, proving a trend of positive renewal in the

context of global integration, also created opportunity to select and test the sound leadership

and policies of the Vietnamese Communist Party.

It is still needed to take into account the reality lesson in the history of construction

and adjustment to make the partys revolutionary leadership policies more effective.

REFERENCES

Ngo Vuong Anh - Ascertainment of revolutionary strategy for national liberation in

the guidelines of the Communist Party of Vietnam in the period 1931 - 1941 - Historical

Research Magazine, Hanoi, Issue 2 (345), 2005, pages 37 - 43.

Communist Party of Vietnam - Complete Party documentation - National Politics

Publishing House, Hanoi, 1998, Vol. 2, 346 pages.







Stimulating the public to reduce the rent and reform land - Old & Now Magazine,

Hanoi, Issue 297, 2007, pages 10 - 15.

Dang Phong - Modernization and Renovation - Old & Now Magazine, Hanoi, Issue


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151, 2003, pages 13 - 15.

Duong Trung Quoc - More than half of the century "Farmer with field" - Old & Now

Magazine, Hanoi, Issue 297, 2007, pages 4 - 9.

Dao Xuan Sam, Vu Quoc Tuan (Chief editor) - A brief view on Renovation in

Vietnam - Knowledge Publishing House, Hanoi, 2008, 463 pages.

De Duong Loi Cach Mang Dung Dan Hon

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