CHNG TRNH N THI THPT QUC GIA

PHN MT : CNG N THI THPT QUC GIA

LP 10

CHNG 1: NGUYN T

A. KIN THC C BN 1. Thnh phn cu to nguyn t.

- Nguyn t gm 2 b phn

Vy nguyn t gm 3 loi ht c bn: p, n , e.

- V nguyn t lun trung ha in, nn trong nguyn t: s ht p = s ht e.

2. Kch thc, khi lng ca nguyn t.

Nguyn t c xem nh mt khi cu c ng knh d = 10-10m = 1

EMBED Equation.DSMT4Ht nhn nguyn t cng c xem nh l mt khi cu c ng knh d = 10-4

Khi lng nguyn t: mnt = (mp + (mn + (me V khi lng me Cl2 > Br2 > I2.

2) Tnh cht ha hc:.

Cc halogen c 7e lp ngoi cng, bn knh nguyn t nh, i lc electron ln nn d dng thu thm 1 electron to ion X- c cu hnh ca kh him lin k trong bng tun hon.

X + 1e X- ns2np5 ns2np6

Cc halogen c m in ln. Bn knh nguyn t tng dn v m in gim dn t flo n clo, brom, iot.

( Halogen l nhng phi kim in hnh, chng l nhng cht oxi ha mnh, kh nng oxi ha ca cc halogen gim dn t flo n iot.

Trong hp cht, flo lun c s oxi ha -1, cc halogen khc ngoi s oxihoa -1 cn c cc s oxi ha +1, +3, +5, +7.

a) Tc dng vi kim loi: 2M + nX2 2MXn (n: Ha tr cao nht ca M)

V d: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl ; 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3; 2Al + 3Br22AlBr3Lu : Fe + I2 FeI2b) Tc dng vi phi kim

* Vi H2: H2 + X2 2HX( (kh hiro halogenua)

( Flo p mnh lit ngay c trong bng ti, Clo p ngoi nh sng, Br, Iot cn nhit v p thun nghch)

Ha tan kh HX vo nc c dung dch axit halogen-hiric.

H2 + Cl2 2HCl(; HCl( dung dch axit clohiric HCl

* Cl2, Br2, I2 khng phn ng trc tip vi O2, N2, C

* Vi P, S: 2P + 3Cl2 2PCl3 ; 2P + 5Cl2 2PCl5

2S + Cl2 S2Cl2 ; S + 3Cl2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 6HCl

2P + 5Cl2 + 8H2O 2H3PO4 + 10HCl

c) Tc dng vi H2O: 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2(

2Cl2 + 2H2O 2HCl + 2HClO (axit hipoclorit)

2HClO 2HCl + 2O

2O O2

2Cl2 + 2H2O 4HCl + O2(

Nc Clo cha (Cl2, HCl, HClO) c tnh tnh xi ha mnh nn c dng ty mu, ty u, st trng.

d) Tc dng vi dung dch kim:

Cl2 + 2MOH MCl + MClO + H2O

Nc gia - ven

Cl2 + 6MOH 5MCl + MClO3 + H2O

Vd:

Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O (nc Javen)

Natri hipoclorit

3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O

3Cl2 + 6KOHm c 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O

Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 + H2O

Dng bt hoc sa clorua vi

CTCT: (mui hn tp ca Ca vi hai gc axit Cl- v ClO-)

( Trong cc phn ng trn, nguyn t clo va l cht oxi ha, va l cht kh. l nhng phn ng t oxi ha - kh.

2F2 + 2NaOH 2NaF + H2O + OF2(Lu :

- Nc Gia ven, clorua vi c cha ClO- (hipoclorit) l cht oxi ha mnh nn c dng st trng v ty trng vi si. Clorua vi c s dng nhiu hn nc Gia-Ven do r tin, c hm lng hipoclorit cao hn, d bo qun v d chuyn tr hn.

- Nc Gia Ven v clorua vi khng bn trong khng kh m c CO2.

NaClO + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HClO

2CaOCl2 + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO

e) Tc dng vi dung dch mui:

Clo khng oxi ha c ion F- trong cc mui florua, nhng oxi ha d dng ion Br- trong dung dch mui brmua, ion I- trong dung dch mui iotua.

Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaBr + Cl2

Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2( Chng t trong nhm halogen, tnh oxi ha gim dn t flo n clo qua brom v iot.f) Tc dng vi cc cht kh khc:

3Cl2 + 2NH3 N2 + 6HCl

Br2 + 2HI I2 + 2HBr

I2 + H2S 2HI + S( SO2 + X2 (Cl,Br)+ 2H2O 2HX + H2SO4

2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3

3) iu ch Halogen X2:

a) iu ch F2: in phn nng chy hn hp (KF v HF) F2b) iu ch Cl2:

Trong PTN: Axit HX + Cht oxi ha Halogen X2( (trong PTN)

Cht oxi ha thng dng l: MnO2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, CaOCl2, KClO3, NaClO,

V d: MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

16HCl + 2KMnO4 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 2KCl + 8H2O

14HCl + K2Cr2O7 2KCl + 3Cl2 + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O

2KClO3 + 12HCl 2KCl + 5Cl2 + 6H2O

Trong cng nghip: in phn dung dch NaCl bo ha c mng ngn xp.

2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

catot anot

c) iu ch Br2: T nc bin, tch ra c mui NaBr

Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2 (trong cng nghip)

d) iu ch I2: (Trong cng nghip)

Rong to bin c sy kh, t chy. Tro x l bng nc, tch ra c dung dch NaI . Sau cho axit H2SO4 c tc dng vi dung dch NaI.

2H2SO4 c + 2NaI I2( + SO2( + Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Hoc dung dch NaI c axit ha bng axit H2SO4 long ri thm vo dd NaNO2.

2NaI + 2NaNO2 + 2H2SO4 I2( + 2NO( + 2Na2SO4 + 2H2O

III) Cc hp cht ca Halogen

1) Cc hiro halogenua HX

a) Tnh cht ha hc: Cc hiro halogenua rt d ha tan trong nc thnh dung dch axit, in li hon ton trong dung dch th hin tnh axit mnh (tr HF).

HX + H2O H3O+ + X-

HX c hai tnh cht ha hc ch yu l tnh axit ca dung dch v tnh kh

( Mc tnh axit v tnh kh: HF< HCl < HBr < HI )

* Tnh axit: lm qu tm chuyn sang mu , phn ng vi kim loi, baz, oxit baz, mui:

Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2OHCl + AgNO3 AgCl( + HNO3

c bit: 4HF + SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2O

Thy tinh (SiO2) b tan trong axit HF nn khng th cha axit HF trong bnh bng thy tinh, ngi ta ng dung dch HF trong bnh bng bch kim, cao su, nha PE

*Tnh kh: tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha MnO2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, CaOCl2, KClO3, H2SO4 c, PbO2 . . .

PbO2 + 4HCl PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

2HBr + H2SO4 SO2 + 2H2O + Br2

8HI + H2SO4 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O

2HI + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl

b) iu ch

* Tng hp t H2 v X2 : H2 + X2 2HX

* Dng H2SO4 c : Mui halogenua + H2SO4 cHX (X: F, Cl)

NaCl + H2SO4 cNaHSO4 + HCl( 2NaCl + H2SO4 c Na2SO4 + 2HCl( CaF2 + H2SO4 dc CaSO4 + 2HF(( Lu : Chng ta khng dng phng php ny iu ch HBr, HI, v H2SO4 c nng l cht xi ha mnh, cn HBr, HI l hai cht kh: 2HBr + H2SO4 ( SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 )

* Dng tnh xi ha: Cl2 + 2HBr ( 2HCl + Br2 ; Cl2 + H2S ( 2HCl + S(* Phng php thy phn halogenua photpho: PX3 + 3H2O ( 3HX( + H3PO3

( Phng php ny thch hp iu ch HBr, HI )

2) Cc oxiaxit ca halogen (Axit v mui):

Flo khng cho mt oxiaxit no.

Clo, Brom, Iot cho mt s oxiaxit sp xp c thnh 4 nhm:

+1 +3

+5 +7

HXO

HXO2

HXO3

HXO4

Chiu tng tnh axit v tnh bn

V d:

HClO

HClO2

HClO3

HClO4

Axit hipoclor Axit clor Axit cloric Axit pecloric

Chiu tng tnh oxi ha

a) Axit hipoclor:

- Axit hipoclor l axit rt yu c Ka = 2,5.10-8, khng bn, c iu ch:

CO2 + H2O + KClO ( KHCO3 + HClO

HClO ( HCl + O

- Axit HClO c tnh oxiha mnh (nh nc clo):

4HClO + PbS ( 4HCl + PbSO4

- Mui hipoclorit MClO bn hn axit HClO, li c kh nng oxi ha tng t Cl2 , d b nhit phn v d tc dng vi CO2 ca khng kh to ra HClO:

NaClO + 2HCl NaCl + H2O + Cl2

3NaClO NaClO3 + 2NaCl

( Phn ng quan trng iu ch mui clorat )

NaClO + CO2 + H2O ( NaHCO3 + HClO

- Nc Javen : Cl2 + 2NaOH (NaClO + NaCl + H2O

ng dng:

+ Do tnh cht oxi ha mnh, axit HClO c tc dng st trng, ty trng vi, si, giy.

+ Nc Javen c tnh oxi ha mnh c dng ty trng si, vi, giy. N cng c dng st trng v kh mi khi ty u nh v sinh hoc nhng khu vc b nhim khc.

b) Axit clor HClO2

- Axit HClO2 l axit mnh hn axit HClO, c Ka = 5.10-3, v l axit c tnh oxi ha mnh.

- Mui clorit ca axit HClO2 cng c tnh oxi ha v b nhit phn:

3NaClO2 2NaClO3 + NaCl

- iu ch axit HClO2 : Ba(ClO2)2 + H2SO4 long ( BaSO4( + 2HClO2c) Axit cloric HClO3

- Axit cloric l axit mnh gn bng cc axit HCl, HNO3 c tnh oxi ha.

4HClO3 4ClO2 + 2H2O + O2

- Mui clorat bn hn axit cloric, c tnh oxi ha, khng b thy phn

4MClO3 3MClO4 + MCl

- Mui clorat (KClO3) dng lm thuc n, dim, iu ch O2, cht oxi ha, cht dit c. . .

6P + 5KClO3 ( 3P2O5 + 5KCl

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2(

- iu ch HClO3 : 3HClO HClO3 + 2HCl

- iu ch KClO3 : 3Cl2 + 6KOH m c KClO3 + 5KCl + 3H2O

6Cl2 + 6Ca(OH)2 ( 5CaCl2 + Ca(ClO3)2 + 6H2O

Ca(ClO3)2+2KCl CaCl2 + 2KClO3 (

Hoc in phn dung dch KCl 25% nhit 70-750c

d) HClO4 (axit pecloric)

L axit rt mnh, tan nhiu trong nc. Phn ng loi nc t HClO4 vi xc tc P2O5 gip to thnh Cl2O7iu ch t kali peclorat: KClO4 + H2SO4 HClO4 + KHSO43) Nhn bit gc halogen (Cl-, Br-, I-) .

Thuc thNaFNaClNaBrNaI

Dd AgNO3Khng phn ng( trng( vng( vng m

Phng trnh phn ng: Ag+ + X- ( AgX(B. CU HI V BI TP

B1. Cp bit (5 cu)

Cu 1: Dy gm cc cht u tc dng c vi dung dch HCl long l.

A. KNO3, CaCO3, Fe(OH)3.B. FeS, BaSO4, KOH.

C. AgNO3, (NH4)2CO3, CuS.D. Mg(HCO3)2, HCOONa, CuO.Cu 2: Cht dng lm kh kh Cl2 m l

A. CaO. B. dung dch H2SO4 m c. C. Na2SO3 khan. D. dung dch NaOH c.Cu 3: Hy cho bit dy cht no sau y tc dng vi dung dch HF?

A. NaClO, NaOH, SiO2

B. NaCl, SiO2 , NaAlO2

C. NaNO3, Na2S. NaClO

D. NaOH, Na2SO4, CO2.

Cu 4: c im no di y khng phi l c im chung cho cc nguyn t Halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).

A. Lp electron ngoi cng u c 7 electron

B. Nguyn t u c kh nng nhn thm 1 electron

C. Ch c s oxi ha -1 trong cc hp cht.

D. Cc hp cht vi hydro u l hp cht cng ha tr

Cu 5: Nc Gia-ven c iu ch bng cch.

A. Cho Clo tc dng vi nc

B. Cho Clo tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2C. Cho Clo sc vo dung dch NaOH long.

D. Cho Clo vo dd KOH long ri un nng 1000C

B2. Cp hiu (5 cu)

Cu 6: Nu cho 1 mol mi cht. CaOCl2 , KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, MnO2 ln lt phn ng vi lng d dung dch HCl c, cht to ra lng kh Cl2 nhiu nht lA. KMnO4. B. MnO2.C. CaOCl2.D. K2Cr2O7.Cu 7: Cho s sau. NaX + H2SO4 c, t0 ( NaHSO4 + HX. Hy cho bit NaX c th l cht no sau y.

A. NaCl, NaI B. NaF, NaClC. NaF, NaCl, NaBr

D. NaF, NaCl, NaBr,

Cu 8: Trong phng th nghim, ngi ta thng iu ch clo bng cch

A. in phn nng chy NaCl. B. cho dung dch HCl c tc dng vi MnO2, un nng.

C. in phn dung dch NaCl c mng ngn. D. cho F2 y Cl2 ra khi dung dch NaCl.

Cu 9: Cho kalipemanganat tc dng vi axit clohiric c thu c mt cht kh mu vng lc. Dn kh thu c vo dd KOH c un nng 1000C thu c dd cha 2 cht tan. Cht tan trong dung dch thu c l

A. KCl v KOH B. KCl v KClO C. KCl v KClO3

D. KCl v KClO4

Cu 10: C 4 l mt nhn X, Y, Z, T mi l cha mt trong cc dung dch sau :

KI, HI, AgNO3, Na2CO3Bit rng :

- Nu cho X phn ng vi cc cht cn li th thu c mt kt ta.

- Y to c kt ta vi c 3 cht cn li.

- Z to c mt kt ta trng v 1 cht kh vi cc cht cn li.

( T to c mt cht kh v mt kt ta vng vi cc cht cn li.

Cc cht X, Y, Z, T ln lt l :

A. KI, Na2CO3, HI, AgNO3

B. KI, AgNO3, Na2CO3, HI

C. HI, AgNO3, Na2CO3, KI

D. HI, Na2CO3, KI, AgNO3B3. Cp vn dng thp (5 cu)

Cu 11: Sc ht mt lng kh clo vo dung dch NaBr v NaI v un nng, ta thu c 1,17g NaCl. Khi lng kh clo sc vo l.

A. 7,1 gam

B. 14,2 gam

C. 1,42 gam

D. 0,71 gam

Cu 12: Ha tan hon ton 12,1g hn hp ba kim loi Mg, Fe, Zn bng dung dch HCl th thu c dung dch A v 4,48 lt H2.C cn dung dich A thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l

A. 26,7 gam B. 19 gam

C. 26,3 gam

D. 2,63 gam

Cu 13: Cho 13,44 lt kh clo ( ktc) i qua 2,5 lt dung dch KOH 100oC. Sau khi phn A p gam kim loi R tc dng ht vi Cl2 thu c 4,944p gam mui clorua. R l kim loi

A. MgB. Al

C. Fe

D. Zn

Cu 15: Cho 50 gam CaCO3 tc dng va vi dung dch HCl 20% (d=1,2g/ml). Khi lng dung dch HCl dng l.

A. 55,0 gam B. 182,5 gam

C. 180,0 gam

D. 100,0 gam

B4. Cp vn dng cao (5 cu)

Cu 16: Cho dung dch cha 6,03 gam hn hp gm hai mui NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai nguyn t c trong t nhin, hai chu k lin tip thuc nhm VIIA, s hiu nguyn t ZX < ZY) vo dung dch AgNO3 (d), thu c 8,61 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng ca NaX trong hn hp ban u l

A. 58,2%.B. 41,8%.C. 52,8%.D. 47,2%.

Cu 17: Cho 0,4 mol H2 tc dng vi 0,3 mol Cl2 (xc tc), ri ly sn phm ha tan vo 192,7 gam nc c dung dch X. Ly 50 gam dung dch X cho tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 thy to thnh 7,175 gam kt ta. Hiu sut phn ng gia H2 v Cl2 bng

A. 62,5%B. 50%

C. 44,8%

D. 33,3%

Cu 18: Ho tan hon ton 24,4 gam hn hp gm FeCl2 v NaCl (c t l s mol tng ng l 1 : 2) vo mt lng nc (d), thu c dung dch X. Cho dung dch AgNO3 (d) vo dung dch X, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton sinh ra m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l

A. 28,7.B. 68,2.C. 57,4.D. 10,8.

Cu 19: Hoa tan hoan toan 2,45 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loai kim th vao 200 ml dd HCl 1,25M, thu c dung dich Y cha cac cht tan co nng mol bng nhau. Hai kim loai trong X la

A. Mg va Ca

B. Be va Mg

C. Mg va Sr

D. Be va Ca

Cu 20: Hn hp X c khi lng 82,3 gam gm KClO3, Ca(ClO3)2, CaCl2 v KCl. Nhit phn hon ton X thu c 13,44 lt O2 (ktc), cht rn Y gm CaCl2 v KCl. Ton b Y tc dng va vi 0,3 lt dung dch K2CO3 1M thu c dung dch Z. Lng KCl trong Z nhiu gp 5 ln lng KCl trong X. Phn trm khi lng KCl trong X l

A. 18,10%.B. 12,67%.C. 29,77%.D. 25,62%.

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CHNG 6: OXI LU HUNH

A. KIN THC C BN

8O (z = 8) : 1s22s22p4 ( th 8, chu k 2, nhm VIA, nguyn t h p

16S (z = 16): 1s22s22p63s23p4 ( th 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA, nguyn t h p

A. OXI OZON

I - OXI

1) Tnh cht vt l: L cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, nng hn khng kh (gp 1,1 ln), ts = -1830C, rt t tan trong nc.

2) Tnh cht ha hc

a- Tc dng vi kim loi oxit: 2xM + yO2 2MxOy 2Mg + O2 2MgO ; 2Cu + O2 2CuO ; 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4

Lu : Fe + O2 khng kh hn hp oxit: FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4b- Tc dng vi phi kim- Tc dng vi hidro: 2H2 + O2 2H2O- Tc dng vi cacbon: C + O2 CO2 ; 2C + O2 2CO- Tc dng vi lu hunh, pht pho:

S + O2 SO2 ; 4P + 5O2 2P2O5c- Tc dng vi hp cht:

2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O; 2CO + O2 2CO2 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2; 4FeCO3 + O2 2Fe2O3 + 4CO23) iu ch:

a) Trong PTN: Nhit phn cc hp cht giu oxi v km bn vi nhit (KClO3, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, ) : KClO3 2KCl + 3O2;

2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

2H2O2 2H2O + O2b) Trong cng nghip:

- Chng ct phn on khng kh lng O2- in phn dung dch H2SO4 hoc NaOH.

2H2O 2H2 + O2 Cc m cc dng

II- OZON (l dng th hnh ca oxi):

Th hnh l hin tng cc n cht khc nhau c to nn t mt nguyn t ha hc

Vd: Oxi v ozon; P trng v P ; S n t v S t phng; C grafit, kim cng, Than ch.

1. Tnh cht vt l: L cht kh, mi c trng, mu xanh nht. nhit -1120C, kh ozon ha lng c mu xanh m. Ozon tan trong nc nhiu hn oxi gn 16 ln (100ml nc 00C ha tan c 49 ml kh ozon).

2. Tnh cht ha hc: O3 c tnh oxi ha mnh hn O2- Tc dng vi dung dch KI:

O3 + 2KI + H2O O2 + 2KOH + I2

I2 to thnh lm xanh h tinh bt, phn ng trn dng nhn bit O3.

- Tc dng vi Ag: O3 + 2Ag Ag2O + O23. iu ch: 3O2 2O3

B. LU HUNH V HP CHT

I. LU HUNH

1) Tc dng vi kim loi:

Fe + S FeS; Zn + S ZnS;

2Al + 3S Al2S32) Tc dng vi phi kim

- Tc dng vi hidro: H2 + S H2S

- Tc dng vi oxi: S + O2 SO2II. HIRO SUNFUA

1) Tnh cht vt l: L cht kh khng mu, mi trng thi, nng hn khng kh (gp 1,17 ln), rt c. Ha lng -600C, ha rn -860C.

2) Tnh cht ha hc:

a) Tnh axit yu:

- Tc dng vi dung dch kim:

H2S + 2NaOH Na2S + 2H2O ; H2S + NaOH NaHS + H2O

- Tc dng vi dung dch mui (phn ng nhn bit kh H2S)

H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS en + 2HNO3 ;

H2S + Cu(NO3)2 CuS en + 2HNO3

b) Tnh kh mnh

- Tc dng vi oxi: 2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O; 2H2S + O2 oxi ho chm (2S + 2H2O

- Tc dng dung dch nc Cl2: H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O ( H2SO4 + 8HCl- Tc dng vi hp cht: H2S + 2FeCl3 ( 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S

3) iu ch : FeS + 2HCl ( FeCl2 + H2S

ZnS + H2SO4 long ( ZnSO4 + H2S

III. LU HUNH IOXIT

1) Tnh cht vt l: L cht kh khng mu, mi hc, nng hn hai ln khng kh (gp 2,2 ln), ha lng -100C, tan nhiu trong nc, l kh c.

2) Tnh cht ha hc

a) Tnh cht ca oxit axit

- Tc dng vi nc axit sunfur: SO2 + H2O ( H2SO3 - Tc dng vi dung dch baz Mui + H2O:

SO2 + NaOH ( NaHSO3 (1) ; SO2 + 2NaOH (Na2SO3 + H2O (2)

xc nh sn phm thu c ta lm nh sau:

t

SO2 + Ca(OH)2 ( CaSO3 + H2O (SO2 lm vn c nc vi trong)

- Tc dng vi oxit baz tan mui sunfit

Na2O + SO2 ( Na2SO3 ;CaO + SO2 ( CaSO3

b) Tnh kh

- Tc dng vi oxi:2SO2 + O2 2SO3

- Tc dng vi dung dch nc clo, brom v cht oxi ha mnh:

SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O ( H2SO4 + 2HCl

SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O ( H2SO4 + 2HBr (phn ng lm mt mu dung dch brom).

5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O ( K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4c) Tnh oxi ha

- Tc dng vi H2S; Mg:SO2 + 2H2S ( 3S + 2H2O ;

SO2 + 2Mg S + 2MgO

3) iu ch

- t qung sunfua:

2FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 ; 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 3SO2

- Cho mui sunfit, hirosunfit tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh:

Na2SO3 + H2SO4 ( Na2SO4 + SO2+ H2O

- t chy lu hunh:S + O2 ( SO2

- Cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c:

Cu + 2H2SO4 c ( CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

IV. LU HUNH TRIOXIT

1) Tnh cht vt l: L cht lng khng mu (nng chy 170C, si 450C). SO3 tan v hn trong nc v trong axit sunfuric (to lum: H2SO4.nSO3).

2) Tnh cht ha hc: SO3 l oxit axit v l cht oxi ha.

- Tc dng vi nc axit sunfuric:

SO2 + H2O ( H2SO4

- Tc dng vi dung dch baz Mui + H2O:

SO3 + 2NaOH ( Na2SO4 + H2O ; SO3 + NaOH ( NaHSO4

- Tc dng vi oxit baz tan mui sunfat

Na2O + SO3 ( Na2SO4 ; BaO + SO3 ( BaSO4

3) iu ch: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3V- AXIT SUNFURIC

1) Tnh cht vt l: Axit sunfuric l cht lng snh nh du, khng mu, khng bay hi, nng gn gp hai ln nc (H2SO4 98% c D = 1,84 g/cm3). H2SO4 c rt d ht m.

2) Tnh cht ha hc

a) Tnh cht ca dung dch H2SO4 long (tnh axit mnh)

Lm qu tm chuyn sang mu

Tc dng vi kim loi (ng trc H) Mui + H2:

Fe + H2SO4 ( FeSO4+ H2; 2Al + 3H2SO4 ( Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

Tc dng vi hiroxit (tan v khng tan) Mui + H2O

H2SO4 + 2NaOH ( Na2SO4 + 2H2O; H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 ( MgSO4 + 2H2O

Tc dng vi oxit bazMui + H2O

Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 ( Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O; CuO + H2SO4 ( CuSO4 + H2O

Tc dng vi mui (to kt ta hoc cht bay hi)

MgCO3 + H2SO4 ( MgSO4 + CO2+ H2O; Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ( Na2SO4 + CO2+ H2O

FeS + H2SO4 ( FeSO4 + H2S ; K2SO3 + H2SO4 ( K2SO4 + SO2+ H2O

BaCl2 + H2SO4 ( BaSO4 + 2HCl

b) Tnh cht ca dung dch H2SO4 c

Tnh axit mnh

- Tc dng vi hiroxit (tan v khng tan) Mui + H2O

H2SO4 c + NaOH ( Na2SO4 + H2O; H2SO4 c + Mg(OH)2 ( MgSO4 + H2O

- Tc dng vi oxit baz Mui + H2O

Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 c ( Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O; CuO + H2SO4 c ( CuSO4 + H2O

- y cc axit d bay hi ra khi mui

H2SO4 c + NaCl tinh th NaHSO4 + HCl

H2SO4 c + CaF2 tinh th CaSO4 + 2HF

H2SO4 c + NaNO3 tinh th NaHSO4 + HNO3

Tnh oxi ho mnh

Tc dng vi nhiu kim loi, k c mt s kim loi ng sau H nh Cu, Ag:

2Fe + 6H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

Cu + 2H2SO4 c CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O

2Ag + 2H2SO4 c Ag2SO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

Mt s kim loi mnh nh Mg, Zn c th kh H2SO4 c n S hoc H2S:

3Zn + 4H2SO4 c 3ZnSO4 + S + 4H2O

4Zn + 5H2SO4 c 4ZnSO4 + H2S + 4H2O

Lu : Cc kim loi Al, Fe khng tan trong dung dch H2SO4 c ngui!

- Tc dng vi phi kim:

C + 2H2SO4 c CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O

S + 2H2SO4 c 3SO2 + 2H2O

- Tc dng vi hp cht c tnh kh ( trng thi oxi ho thp)

2FeO + 4H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O

2FeCO3 + 4H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 2CO2 + 4H2O

2Fe3O4 + 10H2SO4 c 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O

2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 2H2O

Tnh ho nc:

CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O

(mu xanh) (mu trng)

Cn(H2O)m nC + mH2O

(cacbonhirat) en

3) iu ch H2SO4S iu ch:

Qung pirit st FeS2 hoc S SO2 SO3 H2SO4.

Cc phn ng xy ra: 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 11SO2 (1)

hoc S + O2 SO2 (2)

2SO2 + O2 2SO3 (3)

SO3 + H2O H2SO4 (4)

VI. MUI SUNFAT V NHN BIT MUI SUNFAT

1) Mui sunfat: Mui sunfat l mui ca axit sunfuric. C hai loi:

- Mui trung ha (mui sunfat) cha ion sunfat (SO42-). Phn ln mui sunfat u tan, tr BaSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4, khng tan.

- Mui axit (HSO4-).

2) Nhn bit ion sunfat (SO42-):

- Thuc th : ion Ba2+ (Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, ).

- Hin tng: Kt ta trng xut hin khng tan trong dung dch HCl.

- Phng trnh phn ng: Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 (B. CU HI V BI TP B1. Cp bit (5 cu)

Cu 1: thu kh oxi trong phng th nghim ngi ta dng cch no ?

A. Ri ch nc

B. Ri ch khng kh v nga bnh

C. Ri ch nc, ri ch khng kh v p bnhD. Ri ch khng kh v p bnh

Cu 2: Khng c rt nc vo H2SO4 c v:

A. H2SO4 c khi tan trong nc ta ra mt lng nhit ln gy ra hin tng nc si bn ra ngoi, rt nguy him.

B. H2SO4 c rt kh tan trong nc.

C. H2SO4 tan trong nc v phn ng vi nc.

D. H2SO4 c c tnh oxi ha mnh s oxi ha nc to ra oxi.

Cu 3: Trong phng th nghim, ngi ta iu ch oxi bng cch

A. nhit phn KClO3 c xc tc MnO2.B. nhit phn Cu(NO3)2.C. in phn nc.D. chng ct phn on khng kh lng.

Cu 4: ng dng no sau y khng phi ca ozon ?

A. Ty trng cc loi tinh bt, du n.

B. Kh trng nc ung, kh mi.

C. Cha su rng, bo qun hoa qu.

D. iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim.

Cu 5: Tnh cht vt l no sau y khng ph hp vi SO2 ?

A. SO2 l cht kh khng mu, c mi hc. B. SO2 nng hn khng kh.

C. SO2 tan nhiu trong nc hn HCl. D. SO2 ho lng 10 oC.

B2. Cp hiu (5 cu)

Cu 6: phn bit O2 v O3, ngi ta thng dng :A. dung dch KI v h tinh bt B. dung dch H2SO4 C.dung dch CuSO4 D. nc

Cu 7: Lu hunh va l cht kh, va l cht oxi ha trong phn ng no sau y ?

A. S + O2 ( SO2

B. S + 6HNO3 ( H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O

C. S + Mg ( MgS

D. S + 6NaOH ( 2Na2S + Na2SO3 + 3H2O

Cu 8: Cho cc phn ng sau :

(1)SO2 + H2O ( H2SO3

(2)SO2 + CaO ( CaSO3

(3)SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O ( H2SO4 + 2HBr (4)SO2 + 2H2S ( 3S + 2H2O

Trn c s cc phn ng trn, kt lun no sau y l ng vi tnh cht c bn ca SO2 ?

A. Trong cc phn ng (1,2) SO2 l cht oxi ho.

B. Trong phn ng (3), SO2 ng vai tr cht kh.

C. Phn ng (4) chng t tnh kh ca SO2 > H2S.

D. Trong phn ng (1), SO2 ng vai tr cht kh.

Cu 9: Trong iu kin thch hp, xy ra cc phn ng sau

(a) 2H2SO4 + C 2SO2 + CO2 + 2H2O

(b) H2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 FeSO4 + 2H2O

(c) 4H2SO4 + 2FeO Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O

(d) 6H2SO4 + 2Fe Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

Trong cc phn ng trn, phn ng xy ra vi dung dch H2SO4 long l

A. (a)

B. (c)

C. (b)

D. (d)

Cu 10: thu c cng mt th tch O2 nh nhau bng cch nhit phn hon ton KMnO4, KClO3, KNO3, CaOCl2 (hiu sut bng nhau). Cht c khi lng cn dng t nht l :

A. KMnO4 B. KClO3

C. KNO3

D. CaOCl2

B3. Cp vn dng thp (5 cu)

Cu 11: Mt hn hp gm O2, O3 iu kin tiu chun c t khi i vi hiro l 20. Thnh phn % v th tch ca O3 trong hn hp l

A. 40%

B. 50%

C. 60%

D. 75%

Cu 12: Cho hn hp gm 11,2 gam Fe v 8,8 gam FeS tc dng vi dung dch HCl d. Kh sinh ra sc qua dung dch Pb(NO3)2 d thy xut hin a gam kt ta mu en. Kt qu no sau y ng ?

A. a =11,95 gam B. a = 23,90 gamC. a = 57,8 gam D. a = 71,7 gamCu 13: Cho s sau: cht X + H2SO4 c, nng ( + SO2 + ....

Vi k = nSO2/nX . Hy cho bit vi X l Fe, FeS v FeS2 th X, Y tng ng vi cc gi tr no sau y?

A. 1 ; 4 ; 7

B. 1 ; 3 ; 7,5

C. 1,5 ; 4 ; 7,5

D. 1,5 ; 4,5 ; 7,5

Cu 14: t 14 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Mg, Cu trong khng kh thu c 20,4 gam hn hp Y gm 3 oxit kim loi. Xc nh th tch dung dch H2SO4 1M cn dng ha tan va ht 20,4 gam hn hp Y.

A. 200 ml

B. 400 ml

C. 300 ml

D. 500 ml

Cu 15: Hp th hon ton 3,36 lt kh SO2 ( ktc) bng 120 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M. Sau phn ng thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l

A. 21,70. B. 19,53. C. 32,55. D. 26,04

B4. Cp vn dng cao (5 cu)

Cu 16: Nhit phn 4,385 gam hn hp X gm KClO3 v KMnO4, thu c O2 v m gam cht rn gm K2MnO4, MnO2 v KCl . Ton b lng O2 tc dng ht vi cacbon nng , thu c 0,896 lt hn hp kh Y (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 l 16. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca KMnO4 trong X l:

A. 62,76%B. 74,92%C. 72,06%D. 27,94%

Cu 17: Cho 0,015 mol mt loi hp cht oleum vo nc thu c 200 ml dung dch X. trung ho 100 ml dung dch X cn dng 200 ml dung dch NaOH 0,15M. Phn trm v khi lng ca nguyn t lu hunh trong oleum trn lA. 35,95%.B. 37,86%.C. 32,65%.D. 23,97%.

Cu 18: Hn hp A gm O2 v O3 c t khi so vi hiro l 19,2. Hn hp B gm H2 v CO c t khiso vi hiro l 3,6. Th tch kh A (ktc) cn d ng t chy hon ton 3 mol kh B l A. 9,3 lt. B. 28,0 lt. C. 22,4 lt. D. 16,8 lt.

Cu 19: Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 49,6 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 8,96 lt SO2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m lA. 19,2.

B. 29,44. C. 42,24. D. 44,8.

Cu 20: Ha tan hon ton 2,44 gam hn hp bt X gm FexOy v Cu bng dung dch

H2SO4 c nng (d). Sau ph n ng thu c 0,504 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch cha 6,6 gam hn h p mui sunfat. Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l :A. 39,34%.B. 65,57%.C. 26,23%.D. 13,11%.

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CHNG 7: TC PHN NG V CN BNG HO HC

A. KIN THC C BN I. Tc phn ng ha hc

1) nh ngha, biu thc tnh.

a) nh ngha:Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm trong mt n v thi gian.

n v: mol/l.s hoc mol/l.ph; mol/l.h

b) Biu thc tnh:

Gi s ta c phn ng tng qut:

a.A + b.B + ... c. C + d.D + ...

Ti thi im t1 C1A C1B C1C C1D (mol/l)

Ti thi im t2 C2A C2B C2C C2D (mol/l)

Tc trung bnh ca phn ng tnh theo cc cht nh sau:

Cht tham gia phn ng: Nng cc cht gim theo thi gian.

;

Cht sn phm: Nng cc cht tng theo thi gian

;

Tc trung bnh ca phn ng:

;

2) Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng.

- Nng : Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.

- p sut: i vi phn ng c cht kh, khi tng p sut, tc phn ng tng

- Nhit : Khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng.

- Din tch b mt: Khi tng din tch b mt (p nh cht rn) cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.

- Cht xc tc: Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng cn li sau khi phn ng kt thc. Cht lm gim tc phn ng c gi l cht c ch phn ng.

3) ngha thc tin ca tc phn ng:

Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng c vn dng nhiu trong i sng v trong sn xut.

- Nhit ca ngn la axetilen chy trong oxi cao hn nhiu so vi chy trong khng kh, to nhit hn cao.

- Nu thc phm trong ni p sut chng chn hn so vi khi nu chng p sut thng.

- Cc cht t rn nh than, ci c kch thc nh hn s chy nhanh hn.

- tng tc tng hp NH3 t N2, H2 ngi ta phi dng cht xc tc, tng nhit v thc hin p sut cao.

II. Cn bng ha hc

1) Cn bng ha hc:

c trng: Kc (hng s cn bng) ( Nhit , bn cht phn ng

2) Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc.

Nguyn l L Satli (Nguyn l cn bng ng). Nu thay i t bn ngoi ln mt h phn ng ang trng thi cn bng mt iu kin no (nhit , p sut, nng th cn bng s chuyn dch v pha lm gim s thay i . C th:

* Nhit :

- Nu tng nhit th cn bng chuyn dch v pha phn ng thu nhit ((H >0), lm gim nhit .

- Nu gim nhit th cn bng chuyn dch v pha phn ng ta nhit ((H < 0), lm tng nhit .

* p sut: p sut ch nh hng n cn bng ha hc c cht kh tham gia v tng s mol cc cht kh trc phn ng v sau phn ng khc nhau.

- Nu tng p sut cn bng ca h th cn bng s chuyn dch v pha gim s mol kh tc lm gim p sut.

- Nu gim p sut th cn bng chuyn dch v pha tng s mol kh tc l lm tng p sut.

* Nng :

- Nu gim nng mt cht trong h phn ng th cn bng s chuyn dch v pha lm tng nng cht ny (chiu to ra cht ny).

- Nu tng nng mt cht trong h phn ng th cn bng s chuyn dch v pha lm gim nng cht ny (chiu cht ny phn ng).

Lu : Cht xc tc khng lm cn bng chuyn dch, nu phn ng thun nghch cha trng thi cn bng th cht xc tc c tc dng l cho cn bng c thit lp nhanh chng hn.

3) ngha ca tc phn ng v cn bng ha hc trong sn xut.

Vd1: Trong qu trnh sn xut axit sunfuric phi thc hin phn ng sau:

2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k); (H = -198 kJ

cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng thun, ngi ta dng mt lng d khng kh, ngha l tng nng oxi.

Vd2: Trong cng nghip, amoniac c tng hp theo phn ng sau:

N2 (k) + 3H2 (k) 2NH3 (k); (H = -92 kJ

tng hiu sut tng hp NH3, ngi ta tin hnh phn ng p sut cao v nhit thch hp.

B. CU HI V BI TP

B1. Cp bit (5 cu)

Cu 1: Hy cho bit ngi ta s dng yu t no trong s cc yu t sau tng tc phn ng trong trng hp rc men vo tinh bt c nu chn (cm, ng, khoai, sn) ru?

A. Nhit .

B. Xc tc. C. Nng .

D. p sut.

Cu 2: Hnh v no sau y biu din trng thi cn bng ho hc?

A. AB. CC. DD. B

Cu 3: Cho cn bng ha hc: N2 (k) + 3H2 (k) 2NH3 (k); phn ng thun l phn ng ta nhit. Cn bng ha hc khng b dch chuyn khi

A. thay i nng N2.B. thm cht xc tc Fe.

C. thay i p sut ca h.D. thay i nhit .

Cu 4: Hng s cn bng ca phn ng xc nh ch ph thuc vo

A. nhit .B. p sut.C. cht xc tc.D. nng .

Cu 5: Cho cn bng (trong bnh kn) sau:

CO (k) + H2O (k) CO2 (k) + H2 (k);(H < 0

Trong cc yu t: (1) tng nhit ; (2) thm mt lng hi nc; (3) thm mt lng H2; (4) tng p sut chung ca h; (5) dng cht xc tc.

Dy gm cc yu t u lm thay i cn bng ca h l:

A. (1), (2), (3).B. (2), (3), (4).C. (1), (2), (4).D. (1), (4), (5).

B2. Cp hiu (5 cu)

Cu 6: Cho cc cn bng ho hc:

N2 (k) + 3H2 (k) 2NH3 (k) (1) H2 (k) + I2 (k) 2HI (k)

(2) 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k) (3)2NO2 (k) N2O4 (k) (4)Khi thay i p sut nhng cn bng ha hc b chuyn dch l:

A. (1), (2), (3).B. (2), (3), (4).C. (1), (3), (4).D. (1), (2), (4).

Cu 7: Cho cn bng sau trong bnh kn: (mu nu ) (khng mu)

Bit khi h nhit ca bnh th mu nu nht dn. Phn ng thun c

A. ( H > 0, phn ng ta nhit.B. (H < 0, phn ng ta nhit.

C. (H > 0, phn ng thu nhit.D. (H < 0, phn ng thu nhit.

Cu 8: Cho cn bng ha hc: H2 (k) + I2 (k) 2HI (k);

Cn bng khng b chuyn dch khi:

A. gim nng HI.

B. tng nng H2.

C. tng nhit ca h. D. gim p sut chung ca h.

Cu 9: Xt phn ng phn hy N2O5 trong dung mi CCl4 45oC:

Ban u nng ca N2O5 l 2,33M, sau 184 giy nng ca N2O5 l 2,08M. Tc trung bnh ca phn ng tnh theo N2O5 l

A. 6,80.10-4 mol/(l.s). B. 2,72.10-3 mol/(l.s). C. 1,36.10-3 mol/(l.s). D. 6,80.10-3 mol/(l.s).

Cu 10: Trong phn ng iu ch kh oxi trong phng th nghim bng cch nhit phn mui kali clorat, ngi ta dng cc bin php sau y:

(1) Dng cht xc tc mangan ioxit (MnO2).

(2) Nung hn hp kali clorat v mangan ioxit nhit cao.

(3) Dng phng php di nc thu kh oxi.

(4) Dng kali clorat v mangan ioxit khan.

Nhm gm cc bin php c s dng nhm mc ch tng tc phn ng l

A. (1), (2), (4).B. (1), (2), (3). C. (2), (3), (4) D. (1), (2), (3), (4).B3. Cp vn dng thp (5 cu)

Cu 11: Cho cn bng ho hc: 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k); phn ng thun l phn ng to nhit. Pht biu ng l:A. Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun khi tng nhit .

B. Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun khi gim p sut h phn ng.

C. Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch khi gim nng O2.

D. Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch khi gim nng SO3.

Cu 12: Cho cht xc tc MnO2 vo 100 ml dung dch H2O2, sau 60 giy thu c 33,6 ml kh O2 ( ktc). Tc trung bnh ca phn ng (tnh theo H2O2) trong 60 giy trn l

A. 5, 0.104 mol/(l.s). B. 5, 0.105 mol/(l.s).C. 1, 0.103 mol/(l.s). D. 2, 5.104 mol/(l.s). Cu 13: Cho phn ng: Br2 + HCOOH 2HBr + CO2.Nng ban u ca Br2 l a mol/lt, sau 50 giy nng Br2 cn li l 0,01 mol/lt. Tc trung bnh ca phn ng trn tnh theo Br2 l 4.10-5 mol/(l.s). Gi tr ca a lA. 0,018.B. 0,016.C. 0,014.D. 0,012.Cu 14: Khi nhit tng ln 100C, tc ca mt phn ng ho hc tng ln 3 ln. Ngi ta ni rng tc phn ng ho hc trn c h s nhit bng 3. iu khng nh no sau y l ng?

A. Tc phn ng tng ln 243 ln khi nhit tng t 200C ln 500C.

B. Tc phn ng tng ln 27 ln khi nhit tng t 200C ln 500C.

C. Tc phn ng tng ln 256 ln khi nhit tng t 200C ln 500C.

D. Tc phn ng tng ln 81 ln khi nhit tng t 200C ln 500C.

Cu 15: H s nhit ca tc phn ng l gi tr no sau y? Bit rng khi tng nhit ln thm 500C th tc phn ng tng ln 1024 ln.

A. 2,0 B. 3,0 C. 4,0D. 2,5

B4. Cp vn dng cao (5 cu)

Cu 16: Cho cn bng 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k). Khi tng nhit thi ti khi cua hn hp khi so vi H2 giam i. Phat biu ung khi noi v cn bng nay la :

A. Phan ng nghich toa nhit, cn bng dich chuyn theo chiu thun khi tng nhit .

B. Phan ng thun toa nhit, cn bng dich chuyn theo chiu nghich khi tng nhit .

C. Phan ng nghich thu nhit, cn bng dich chuyn theo chiu thun khi tng nhit .

D. Phan ng thun thu nhit, cn bng dich chuyn theo chiu nghich khi tng nhit .

Cu 17: Xt cn bng: N2O4 (k) 2NO2 (k) 250C. Khi chuyn dch sang mt trng thi cn bng mi nu nng ca N2O4 tng ln 9 ln th nng ca NO2

A. tng 9 ln.B. tng 3 ln.C. tng 4,5 ln.D. gim 3 ln.

Cu 18: Cho cc cn bng sau:

(1) H2 (k) + I2 (k) 2HI (k)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) H2 (k) + I2 (r) 2HI (k)

nhit xc nh, nu KC ca cn bng (1) bng 64 th KC bng 0,125 l ca cn bng

A. (2).B. (4).C. (3).D. (5).

Cu 19: Mt bnh phn ng c dung tch khng i, cha hn hp kh N2 v H2 vi nng tng ng l 0,3M v 0,7M. Sau khi phn ng tng hp NH3 t trng thi cn bng t oC, H2 chim 50% th tch hn hp thu c. Hng s cn bng KC toC ca phn ng c gi tr lA. 2,500.B. 3,125.C. 0,609.D. 0,500.

Cu 20: Ho tan hon 1 ming Zn trong dung dch HCl. Nu thc hin phn ng 20oc th ht 27 pht. Nu thc hin phn ng 40oc th ht 3 pht. Nu thc hin phn ng 55oc th ht thi gian l :

A. 134,64 giy.B. 314 giy. C. 34,64 giy. D. 54,64 giy.

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LP 11

CHNG I: S IN LI

A. KIN THC C BN I. S IN LI:

1. S in li: l qu trnh phn li cc cht trong nc ra ion.

2. Cht in li: l nhng cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion. (axit, baz, mui).

II. PHN LOI CC CHT IN LI:

1. in li: ()

a. nh ngha: in li ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s phn t ha tan (no)

b. Biu thc

= C/Co

ViK: 0 < 1.

n: s phn t ho tan;

n0: s phn t ban u.

2. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu:

a. Cht in li mnh: L nhng cht khi tan trong nc, cc phn t ho tan u phn li ra ion (, phng trnh biu din bng mi tn mt chiu: ).

* Lu : Cht in li mnh gm

- Axit mnh: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HXO4 v HX ( Vi X: Cl, Br, I)

- Baz mnh: MOH ( M:Kim loi kim) v M(OH)2 (Vi M:kim loi kim th tr Mg, Be)

- Mui: Hu ht cc mui (tr HgCl2, Hg(CN)2 ).

b. Cht in li yu: L nhng cht khi tan trong nc, ch c mt phn s phn t ho tan phn li ra ion. (0 < < 1, phng trnh biu din bng mi tn hai chiu: ).

* Lu : Cht in li yu gm

- Axit trung bnh v yu: Hay gp nh cc axit hu c, HClO, HF, H2SO3, H2CO3, H2S.

- Baz trung bnh yu: Hay gp nh Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, NH3.

- Mui: Mt s mui

c. Cn bng in li: lu :

Ch xy ra i vi cc cht in li yu v cn bng in li l cn bng ng

d. nh hng ca s pha trn n in li : Khi pha long

EMBED Equation.DSMT4 tng.

III. AXIT, BAZ V MUI:

1. Axit v baz theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut:

a. nh ngha:

- Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+ - Baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra anion OH-b. Axit nhiu nc, baz nhiu nc:- Nhng axit khi tan trong nc m phn t phn li nhiu nc ra cation H+ l cc axit nhiu nc. Vd: H3PO4 - Nhng baz khi tan trong nc m phn t phn li nhiu nc ra anion OH- l cc baz nhiu nc.c. Hiroxit lng tnh:- nh ngha: l nhng hiroxit khi tan trong nc va c kh nng phn li nh mt axit, va c kh nng phn li nh mt baz.

- Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3;Pb(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Cu(OH)2, , Cr(OH)3.

2. Axit, baz theo Bronstet:

a. nh ngha: - Axit l cht (hoc ion) nhng proton H+.

- Baz l cht (hoc ion) nhn proton.

*Ch :

Anion gc axit cn H ca axit yu (H2CO3, H2SO3, H2S, H3PO4, ) u l cht lng tnh, cn anion khng cn H ca axit yu u l baz.

b. Hng s phn li axit (Ka) v baz (Kb):

Vd:CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

Ka =

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H+

Ka =

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Kb =

CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH-

c. Quan h gia Ka v Kb:

TQ:Axit Baz + H+

Hng s phn li axit Ka, hng s phn li baz Kb th

d. Mui axit, mui trung ho:

- Mui axit: L mui m gc axit cn H c kh nng cho proton.

- Mui trung ho: L mui m gc axit khng cn H c kh nng cho proton.

Lu : Nu gc axit cn H, nhng H ny khng c kh nng cho proton th cng l mui trung ho

Vd: Na2HPO3, NaH2PO2 d l gc axit cn H nhng vn l mui trung ho, v H ny khng c kh nng cho proton.

H3PO3 axit photphor (iaxit), H3PO2 axit hipophotphor (monoaxit).

Axit hipophotphor Axit photphor

IV. pH CA DUNG DCH:

CNG THCMI TRNG

pH = - lg[H+]

pOH = - lg[OH-]

[H+].[OH-] = 10-14

pH + pOH = 14

pH = a [H+] = 10-apOH = b [OH-] = 10-bpH < 7 Mi trng axt

pH > 7 Mi trng baz

pH = 7 Mi trng trung tnh

[H+] cng ln Gi tr pH cng b

[OH-] cng ln Gi tr pH cng ln

V. PHN NG TRAO I ION:

1. Phn ng trao i ion:

a. Dng thng gp:

MUI + AXIT MUI MI + AXIT MI

K: - Axit mi l axit yu hn axit phn ng hoc mui mi khng tan.

MUI + BAZ MUI MI + BAZ MI

K: Mui phn ng v baz phn ng phi tan, ng thi sn phm phi c t nht mt cht khng tan.

MUI + MUI MUI MI + MUI MI

K: Hai mui phn ng phi tan, ng thi sn phm to thnh phi c t nht mt cht kt ta.

b. Cch vit phn ng ho hc dng ion:

- Bc 1: Vit phng trnh phn t c cn bng.

- Bc 2: Vit phng trnh ion y theo nguyn tc sau:

+ Cht in li mnh phn li hon ton ton thnh ion.

+ Cht in li yu nh H2O, cht kt ta hoc bay hi th nguyn dng phn t.

+ Trit tiu nhng ion ging nhau ca hai v phng trnh ion y ta c phng trnh ion rt gn.

* Lu : nh lut bo ton in tch: Trong mt dung dch nu tn ti ng thi cc ion dng v ion m th: Tng s in tch dng bng tng s in tch m.

2. Phn ng thu phn mui:

Dng muiPhn ng thu phnpH ca dung dch

Mui trung ha to bi cation ca axit mnh vi anion ca baz mnhKhng thu phnpH = 7

Mui trung ha to bi cation ca axit mnh vi anion ca baz yuC thu phn (Cation kim loi b thu phn, to mt axit) pH < 7

Mui trung ha to bi cation ca axit yu vi anion ca baz mnhC thu phn ( Anion gc axit b thu phn, to mt baz) pH > 7

Mui trung ha to bi cation ca axit yu vi anion ca baz yuC thu phn (C cation kim loi v anion gc axit u b thu phn)Tu vo Ka, Kb qu trnh thu phn no chim u th, s cho mi trng axit hoc baz.

B. CU HI V BI TP:

B1. CP BIT (5 cu) :Cu 1: Phng trnh in li no di y vit khng ng ?

A. HCl ( H+ + Cl-.

B. CH3COOH ( CH3COO- + H+ .

C. H3PO4 ( 3H+ + 3PO43- .

D. Na3PO4 ( 3Na+ + PO43- .

Cu 2: Dy cht no sau y, trong nc u l cht in li yu ?

A. H2S, H2SO3, H2SO4, NH3.

B. H2CO3, H3PO4, CH3COOH, Ba(OH)2.

C. H2S, CH3COOH, HClO, NH3.

D. H2CO3, H2SO3, HClO, Al2(SO4)3.

Cu 3: Trong cc phn ng sau, phn ng no sai: A. NaHSO4 + BaCl2 ( BaCl2 + NaCl + HCl B. 2NaHSO4 + BaCl2 ( Ba(HSO4)2 + 2NaCl

C. NaHSO4 + NaHCO3 ( Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 D. Ba(HCO3)2+NaHSO4(BaSO4+NaHCO3Cu 4: Mt dd c cha cc ion: Mg2+ (0,05 mol), K+ (0,15 mol), NO3- (0,1 mol), v SO42- (x mol). Gi tr ca x lA. 0,05. B. 0,075.

C. 0,1. D. 0,15.

Cu 5. Pha long dung dch HCl c pH = 3 bao nhiu ln c dung dch mi c pH = 4 ?

A. 5.

B. 4.

C. 9.

D. 10.

B2. CP HIU (5 cu) :Cu 6: Nhng giy qu tm vo dung dch NaHCO3 th A. giy qu tm b mt mu. B. giy qu chuyn t mu tm thnh mu xanh.

C. giy qu khng i mu. D. giy qu chuyn t mu tm thnh mu Cu 7: Dung dch A cha cc ion: Fe2+ (0,1 mol), Al3+ (0,2 mol), Cl- (x mol), SO42- (y mol). C cn dung dch A thu c 46,9g mui rn. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l

A. 0,1 v 0,35. B. 0,3 v 0,2.

C. 0,2 v 0,3. D. 0,4 v 0,2.

Cu 8: Ha tan a gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O vo 150g dung dch CuSO4 10% thu c dung dch mi c nng 43,75%. Gi tr ca a l

A. 150. B. 250.

C. 200.

D. 240.

Cu 9: Trn 200 ml dung dch gm HCl 0,1M v H2SO4 0,05M vi 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng x M thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch c pH = 13. Gi tr ca x v m ln lt l

A. x = 0,015; m = 2,33. B. x = 0,150; m = 2,33. C. x = 0,200; m = 3,23. D. x = 0,020; m = 3,23.

Cu 10: Cu 34. Dung dch A gm HCl 0,2M; HNO3 0,3M; H2SO4 0,1M; HClO4 0,3M, dung dch B gm KOH 0,3M; NaOH 0,4M v Ba(OH)2 0,15M. Cn trn A v B theo t l th tch l bao nhiu c dung dch c pH = 13

A. 11: 9. B. 9 : 11. C. 101 : 99. D. 99 : 101.

B2. CP VN DNG THP (5 cu) :

Cu 11: Dy sp xp cc dung dch long c nng mol/l nh nhau theo th t pH tng dn l:

A. KHSO4, HF, H2SO4, Na2CO3. B. HF, H2SO4, Na2CO3, KHSO4.

C. H2SO4, KHSO4, HF, Na2CO3. D. HF, KHSO4, H2SO4, Na2CO3.

Cu 12: 100ml dd A cha NaOH 0,1M v NaAlO2 0,3M. Thm t t dd HCl 0,1M vo dd A cho n khi kt ta tan tr li mt phn. em nung kt ta n khi lng khng i th c 1,02g cht rn. Th tch dd HCl 0,1M d dng l:

A. 0,7 lt. B. 0,5 lt. C. 0,6 lt. D. 0,55 lt.Cu 13: Hp th hon ton 1,568 lt CO2 (ktc) vo 500ml dung dch NaOH 0,16M thu c dung dch X. Thm 250 ml dung dich Y gm BaCl2 0,16M v Ba(OH)2 a mol/l vo dung dch X thu c 3,94 gam kt ta v dung dch Z. Tnh a?

A. 0,02M.

B. 0,04M.

C. 0,03M.

D. 0,015M.

Cu 14: Dung dch E cha cc ion Mg2+, SO42-, NH4+, Cl-. Chia dung dch E ra 2 phn bng nhau: Cho phn I tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, un nng, c 0,58 gam kt ta v 0,672 lit kh (ktc). Phn II tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2 d, c 4,66 gam kt ta. Tng khi lng cc cht tan trong dung dch E bng

A. 6,11g. B. 3,055g. C. 5,35g. D. 9,165g.

Cu 15:Ho tan 10,6 gam Na2CO3 v 6,9 gam K2CO3 vo nc thu c dung dch X. Thm t t m gam dung dch HCl 5% vo X thy thot ra 0,12 mol kh. Gi tr ca m l:

A.87,6. B. 175,2. C. 39,4. D. 197,1.

B2. CP VN DNG CAO (5 cu) :

Cu 16: Cho dung dch cc cht: Ca(HCO3)2, NaOH, (NH4)2CO3, KHSO4, BaCl2. S phn ng xy ra khi trn dung dch cc cht vi nhau tng i mt l A. 6. B. 7. C. 8. D. 9. Cu 17: Xt pH ca bn dung dch c nng mol/lt bng nhau l dung dch HCl c pH = a; dung dch H2SO4 c pH = b; dung dch NH4Cl c pH = c v dung dch NaOH c pH = d. Nhn nh no di y l ng ?

A. d Fe2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+.B. Pb2+ > Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+.

C. Zn2+ > Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Fe2+ > Pb2+.D. Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Pb2+ > Fe2+.

Cu 37: C bao nhiu ru (ancol) bc 2, no, n chc, mch h l ng phn cu to ca nhau m phn t ca chng c phn trm khi lng cacbon bng 68,18%? (Cho H = 1; C = 12; O = 16)

A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.

Cu 38: Ch dng Cu(OH)2 c th phn bit c tt c cc dung dch ring bit sau:

A. glucoz, mantoz, glixerin (glixerol), anehit axetic.

B. lng trng trng, glucoz, fructoz, glixerin (glixerol).

C. saccaroz, glixerin (glixerol), anehit axetic, ru (ancol) etylic.

D. glucoz, lng trng trng, glixerin (glixerol), ru (ancol) etylic.

Cu 39: Cho cc cht c cng thc cu to nh sau: HOCH2-CH2OH (X); HOCH2-CH2-CH2OH (Y);

HOCH2-CHOH-CH2OH (Z); CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 (R); CH3-CHOH-CH2OH (T). Nhng cht tc dng c vi Cu(OH)2 to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam l

A. X, Y, R, T.B. X, Z, T.C. Z, R, T.D. X, Y, Z, T.

Cu 40: Cho 4,48 lt kh CO ( ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt oxit st n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng thc ca oxit st v phn trm th tch ca kh CO2 trong hn hp kh sau phn ng l (Cho H = 1; C = 12; O = 16; Fe = 56)

A. FeO; 75%.B. Fe2O3; 75%.C. Fe2O3; 65%.D. Fe3O4; 75%.

Cu 41: Khi thc hin phn ng tch nc i vi ru (ancol) X, ch thu c mt anken duy nht. Oxi ho hon ton mt lng cht X thu c 5,6 lt CO2 ( ktc) v 5,4 gam nc. C bao nhiu cng thc cu to ph hp vi X? (Cho H = 1; C = 12; O = 16)

A. 5.B. 4.C. 3.D. 2.

Cu 42: Cho hn hp X gm Mg v Fe vo dung dch axit H2SO4 c, nng n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch Y v mt phn Fe khng tan. Cht tan c trong dung dch Y l

A. MgSO4 v FeSO4.B. MgSO4.

C. MgSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3.D. MgSO4, Fe2(SO4)3 v FeSO4.

Cu 43: Polime dng ch to thu tinh hu c (plexiglas) c iu ch bng phn ng trng hp

A. CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3.B. CH2=CHCOOCH3.

C. C6H5CH=CH2.D. CH3COOCH=CH2.

Cu 44: Trong s cc loi t sau: t tm, t visco, t nilon-6,6, t axetat, t capron, t enang, nhng loi t no thuc loi t nhn to?

A. T tm v t enang.B. T visco v t nilon-6,6.

C. T nilon-6,6 v t capron.D. T visco v t axetat.

Cu 45: Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp Al v Ba vi s mol bng nhau vo nc c dung dch A; Cho t t dung dch HCl 0,5M vo dung dch A n khi bt u c kt ta thy dng ht 100ml, th m bng

A. 7,525.

B. 13,7.

C. 9,55

D. 8,2.

Cu 46: Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,2 mol AlCl3 v 0,2 mol HCl n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng kt ta trn l ?

A. 0,25.B. 0,45.C. 0,05.D. 0,35.

Cu 47: Thu phn hon ton 89 gam cht bo bng dd NaOH iu ch x phng thu c 9,2 gam glixerol. Bit mui ca axit bo chim 60% khi lng x phng. Tnh khi lng x phng thu c.

A. 91,8 gamB. 58,92 gamC. 55,08 gamD. 153 gam

Cu 48: Cho kh H2 qua ng s cha a gam Fe2O3 un nng , sau mt thi gian thu c 5,200 gam hn hp rn X . Ho tan X trong dung dch HNO3 c nng thu c 0,785 mol kh NO2 ( l sn phm kh duy nht ) . Gi tr a l ?

A. 17,76 gamB. 11,48 gamC. 1,148 gamD. 1,176 gam

Cu 49: Ngm mt l Mg kim loi trong dung dch Cu(NO3)2, sau mt thi gian ngi ta nhn thy khi lng ca l kim loi tng 1 gam so vi ban u. Khi lng ca Cu kim loi bm ln b mt ca l kim loi l (gi thit rng ton b Cu b y ra khi mui bm ht vo l Mg kim loi)

A. 1,20 gam.B. 1,60 gam.C. 2,40 gam.D. 1,28 gam.Cu 50: Khi trn cc hn hp: H2, O2 (1); NO, O2 (2); CO, N2 (3); NH3, HCl (4) th cc hn hp c th tch gim ngay iu kin thng l

A. (1), (2).B. (3), (4).C. (1), (2), (4).D. (2), (4).

P N M 537:

1234567891011121314151617181920

CBCAADCCDBDADCCABCBB

2122232425262728293031323334353637383940

DADCDDCAACCCBACBBDBB

41424344454647484950

BAADDBDBBD

: Ch xy ra p (1), sau (1) NaOH ht SO2 d;

mui thu c l NaHSO3

: Ch xy ra p (2), sau (2) NaOH d SO2 ht;

mui thu c l Na2SO3

: Xy ra p (1) v (2), sau (1, 2) NaOH ht SO2 ht;

mui thu c l NaHSO3 v Na2SO3

t t t t

EMBED ChemWindow.Document

3

0

to,p,xt

3

0

0

+2

+2

+4

EMBED Equation.DSMT4

EMBED Equation.DSMT4

EMBED Equation.DSMT4

Hay

P=O

H O

H O

H O

C6H5

( CH2 - CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH )n

(trong EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 l gc hirocacbon, c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau)

EMBED Equation.DSMT4

to

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