DE AND MET LOGY

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CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

In accordance to the selected objectives, following design and methodology was

adopted. The sample, design, Instrumentation and procedure details have been provided

here within the coming pages.

Sample

A sample of 300 (three hundred) adult (mean age 39 years) patients of mixed

gender groups was selected on the basis of first come first serve from the patient's

population of those who attended the investigator's clinic at Sweet's Pills, Sector 2-3

Market and Shri Balaji Homoeo Dispensary, Arya Nagar, Rohtak. All the selected

patients were educated, at least matriculate and free from co-morbidity i.e. they were

suffering from one disease only of either mild, moderate or severe category. Total sample

of three hundred patients was further classified randomly in two groups of one hundred

fifty patients each. One group was for Homoeopathic perspective based assessment

whereas the second group was assessed through psychological perspective of traits.

However, both the groups were treated by Homoeopathic medicine system, although

medicine group was identified by their respective traits perspectives. As many as

nineteen patients (eight from Homoeopathic and Eleven from psychological perspective)

left in between without completing their course of treatment. Therefore, these nineteen

patients were dropped from the study and the same number replaced the dropped one so

that desired number of patients in both the groups remain intact and is not disturbed.

Each and every participant was informed briefed by the physician uniformly

about the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of hislher illness. An informed consent

(verbal as well as written) was also taken from all the patients to meet the research

standards.

Design:

A two independent groups design was employed to achieve the research

objectives of the present investigation. However, both the groups were with mixed gender

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and different illness levels but at the same time these groups were comparable at inter as

well as intra group levels.

Group I Assessment of traits with Treatment is Mid term Final

N=150 Homeopathic perspective based on evaluation evaluation

and selection of Medicine Homoeopathic after 4 months after one year

group system

Group II Assessment of traits with Treatment is Mid term Final

N=150 psychological perspective based on evaluation evaluation

and selection of medicine Homeopathic after 4 months after one year

group system

Group I:

This group comprised of one fifty individual (N=150) who were suffering from

single illness. Assessment of traits was done on Homoeopathic perspective and selection

of medicine group. The patients were selected from Sweet's Pills, Sector 2-3 Market,

Rohtak and Shri Balaji Homeopathic Dispensary Arya Nagar, Rohtak' These participants

were diagnosed of different types of diseases. They were suffering from variable

diseases. Eight patients discontinued the treatment so these 08 patients dropped out from

the study and the same number of patients replaced the dropper one, so that number of

patients in the group remain 150. The age of the patient varied from 18 year to 60 years

with mean age of 39 years. The 150 individual / patients observed through case taking on

prescribed proforma. On the basis of case taking and miasmatic evaluation, most

prominent / Dominant Traits / characteristics noted and analysed with the help of Mac

USA Homeopathic software repertorization done in complete repertory. In repertorization

indicating remedy was prescribed to the above said 150 patients.

After case taking and disease diagnosis, symptoms of illness categorize as Mild,

moderate and severe, grading respectively 1, 2, and 3. Symptoms were noted given by

patient at the time of case taking and miasmatic assessment was done on the basis of

presentation of illness by the patient. Scores were given to each of miasm.

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Follow up were taken regularly 10-20 days interval to assess the changes in

disease I health status. A mid term evaluation was done after 4 months of treatment on

the basis of number of symptoms, health score and miasmatic evaluation.

Final follow up of the patient was done after one year of treatment and assessment

of result was done on the basis of Health score, remaining number of symptoms and

miasmatic evaluation.

Group II

This group comprised of one fifty individuals (N=IS0) were suffering from single

illness. Assessment of traits was done on psychological perspective and selection of

medicine group. The patients were selected from Sweet's Pills, Sector 2-3 Market and

Shri Balaji Homeopathic Dispensary, Arya Nagar, Rohtak. These participants were

diagnosed of different types of diseases. They were suffering from variable diseases.

Eleven patients discontinued the treatments so these II patients dropped out from the

study and the same number of patients replaced the dropped one so that number of

patients in group II remain 150. The age of patient varied from 18 years to 60 years with

mean age of 39 years. The ISO patients observed through case taking on prescribed

proforma, recording symptoms of illness, miasmal evaluation and intensity of disease.

Analysis of traits of the patient was done on the basis of Cattell's 16 PF questionnaire

form A having 187 questions in Hindi a scoring was done from result of from 'A'

questionnaire. Score of all 16 personality factor placed in Master Chart. Besides thus

after case taking intensity of disease, number of symptoms calculated. After 4 month

mild duration evaluation was done on the basis of remaining number of symptoms and

health score. Same criteria were applied for final evaluation.

In psychological perspective level of improvement or subjective well being was

assessed on the basis of scoring of appendix - C2, SUBI questionnaire having 40

questions given to patients for fill up at beginning of treatment and after one year of

treatment.

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I. Personal Data Blank Sheet

The purpose of this data sheet was to collect personal and backgroWld information

of the patient. This Sheet consist of information regarding the subject's name, age, sex,

height, weight, BMI, genetics, present status of health i.e. (MildIModerate/Severe),

vegetarian !Non-vegetarian, contact number, educational qualification employment

status, marital status and income level. A copy of personal data blank sheet, is given in

Appendix-C. The investigation wished to use this variety information while discussing

the results.

II. Case History Proforma

The case history and the examination of the patients, detail of his suffering,

regarding hislher complain, behavior, type of person, constitution, temperament,

diathesis, thermal, hislher desire/aversion, hislher strange and peculiar things that guide

to a remedy, his kind of speech, qualitative and quantitative information through sees,

hears and observes (Hahnemann, section 83-89) were also gathered. A copy of case

history proforma is given in appendix -C.

III. The 16 Personality Factor Test:-

It is evident from Chapter I that Cattell's theory of personality is by far the most

comprehensive, fully developed, and highly researched theory. and Mershon and Gorsuch

(1998) concluded that "using the largest number of personality factors available will

generally be considerably more predictive than using fewer factors". So, working on

these conclusions and recommendations, in the present study, Indian adaptation (Kapoor,

1970) of Form A of the Sixteen Personality Factor Test (16 PF Test) was used to measure

the personality traits of the subjects. The 16 PF Test is an objectively scorable test

devised by basic research in psychology to give the most complete coverage of

personality traits possible in a brief time. This test was prepared by Cattell, Eber, and

Tatsuoka (1970). Originally it was published in English version and later it was adapted

by S.D. Kapoor who translated both the instructions and items into Hindi.

This test consists of 187 questions and takes approximately 45 minutes to

complete. Two scoring keys are available to find out the raw scores of the respondents on

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the 16 personality factors, and nonns are provided to convert these raw scores into Sten

scores. On the basis of these Sten scores, the Profile of each respondent can be prepared

to have a quick glance at the 16 traits he/she possesses.

The sixteen factors/dimensions measured by the 16 PF test are essentially

independent, i.e. any item in the test contribute to the score on one and only one factor so

that no dependencies were introduced at the level of scale construction. Moreover, the

experimentally obtained correlations among the 16 scales are generally quite small so that

each scale provides some new piece of infonnation about the person being tested.

So instrument used in 16 PF were:

I. Case taking profonna

II. 16 PF fonn A, 1970 Hindi Edition, Questionnaire.

III. Answer Sheet

IV. Key for Answer sheet: the 16 PF test fonn A or B.

V. 16 PF, Test profile

V!. Trait and table descriptive book

VII. Tabular supplement No. 1 to the 16 PF Hard book

The 16 personality factors test assesses following primary traits:­

FACTOR A

Reserved, Detached, Critical, Cool Outgoing, warmhearted, Easy-going, (Sizothymia) participating (Affectothymia) The person who scotes low (stem of I to 3) The person who scores high (sten of 8 to on Factor A tends to be stiff, cool, 10) on factor A tends to be good natured, skeptical, and aloof. He likes things rather easy-going, emotionally expressive (hence than people, working alone and avoiding naturally affectothymia), ready to compromises of viewpoints. He is likely to cooperate, attentive to people, soft-hearted, be precise and "rigid" in this way of doing kindly, adaptable. He likes occupations things and in personal standards, and in dealing with people and socially impressive many occupation these are describe traits. situations. He readily fonns active groups. He may tend, at times, to be critical, He is generous in personal relations, less obstructive, or hard. afraid of criticism, better able to remember

names of people.

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FACTORB

Less Intelligent, Concrete-thinking More Intelligent, Abstract-thinking

(lower scholastic mental capacity) Bright (Higher scholastic mental capacity)

The person scoring low on Factor B tends The person who scores high on factor B

to be slow to learn and grasp, dull, given to tends to be quick to grasp ideas, a fast

concrete and literal interpretation, His learner, intelligent. There is some

dullness may be simply a reflection oflow correlation with level of culture, and some

intelligence, or it may represent poor with alternates. High scores contraindicate

functioning due to psychopathology. deterioration of mental functions in

pathological condition.

FACTORC

Affected By Feeling, Emotionally Less table, Emotionally Stable, Faces Reality,

Easily Upset (Lower ego strength) Calm, Mature (Higher ego strength)

The person who scores low on Factor C tends to The person who scores high on

be low in frustration tolerance for unsatisfactory factor C tends to be emotionally

conditions, changeable and plastic, evading mature, stable, realistic about life,

necessary reality demands, neurotically fatigued, unruffled, possessing ego strength,

fretful, easily emotional and annoyed, active in better able to maintain solid group

dissatisfaction, having neurotic symptoms morale. Sometimes he may be a

(phobias, sleep disturbances, psychosomatic person making a resigned adjustment

complaints etc.). Low Factor C score is common to unsolved emotional problems.

to almost all forms of neurotic and some

psychotic disorders.

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FACTORE

Humble, Mild, Accommodating, Assertive, Independent, Aggressive,

conforming (Submissiveness) Competitive, Stubborn (Dominance)

The person who scores low on Factor E The person who scores high on Factor E is

tends to give way to others, to be docile and assertive, self-assured, and independent-

to conform. He is often dependent, minded. He tends to be use austere, a law

confessing, anxious for obsessional to himself, hostile or extrapunitive,

correctness. This passivity is part of many authoritarian ( managing others), and

neurotic syndromes. disregards authority.

FACTORF Sober, Prudent, Serious, Taciturn Happy-go-lucky, Impulsively Lively,

(Desurgency) Enthusiastic (Surgency)

The person who scores high on Factor F The person who scores high on this trait

tends to be restrained, reticent, tends to be cheerful, active, talkative,

introspective. He is sometimes dour, frank, expressive, effervescent, carefree.

pessimistic, unduly deliberate, and He is frequently chosen as an elected

considered smug and primly correct by leader. He may be impulsive and mercurial.

observes. He tends to be a sober,

dependable person

III

FACTORG

Expedient, Evades Rules, Feels Few Conscientious, Persevering, Staid, Rule bound

Obligations ( Stronger superego strength)

(Weaker superego strength)

The person who scores high on Factor The person who scores high on Factor G tends

H tends to be unsteady in purpose. He to be exacting in character, dominated by sense

is often causal and lacking in effort for of duty, persevering, responsible, planful, "fills

group undertaking and cultural the unforgiving minute". He is usually

demands. His freedom from group conscientious and moralistic, and he prefer

influences may lead to anti-social acts, hard-working people to witty companions. The

but at times makes him more effective, inner "categorical imperative" of this essential

while his refusal to be bound by rules superego (in the psychoanalytic sense) should

causes him to have less somatic upset be distinguished from the superficially similar

from stress. "social ideal self' of Q3.

FACTORH Shy, Restrained, Different, Timid Venturesome, Socially-bold, Uninhibited,

(Threctia) Spontaneous (Parmia)

The person who scores low on this The person who scores high on Factor H is

trait tends to be shy, withdrawing, sciable, bold, ready to try new thighs,

cautious, retiring, a "wallflower". He spontaneous, and abundant in emotional

tends to be slow and impeded in response. His "thick-skinnedness" enables him

speech and in expressing himself, to face wear and tear in dealing without fatigue.

dislikes occupations with personal However, he can be careless of detail, ignore

contact, prefers one or two given to danger signals, and consume much time talking.

keeping in contact with all that is He tends to be "pushy" and actively interested

going on around him. in the opposite sex.

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FACTOR I

Tough-minded, Self-reliant, Realistic, Tender-minded, Dependent, Overprotected,

No-nonsense (Harria) Sensitive (Premsia)

The person who scores high on factor r The person who scores high on factor I tends

tends to be practical, realistic, to be tender- minded, day-dreaming, artistic,

masculine, independent, responsible, but fastidious, feminine. He is sometimes

skeptical of subjective, cultural demanding of attention and help, impatient,

elaborations. He is sometimes unmoved, dependent, impractical. He dislikes crude

hard, cynical, smug. He tends to keep a people and rough occupations. He tends to

group operating on a practical and slow up group performance, and to upset

realistic "no-nonsense" basis. group morale by unrealistic fussiness.

FACTORL Trusting, Adaptable, Free of Jealousy, Suspicious, Self-opinionated, Hard to Fool

Easy to get on With (Alaxia) (Protension)

The person who scores high on factor The person who scores high on factor L tends to

L tends to be free of jealous be mistrusting and doubtful. He is often

tendencies, adaptable, cheerful, un- involved in his own ego, is self-opinionated,

competitive, concerned about other and interested in internal, mental life. He is

people, a good tern worker. usually deliberate in his actions, unconcerned

about other people, a poor team member.

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FACTORM

Practical, Careful, Conventional, Regulated Imaginative, Wrapped up in Inner

by External Realities, Proper Urgencies Careless of Practical Matter,

(Praxemia) Absent-minded (Autia)

The person who scores high on factor M The person who scores high on factor M

tends to be anxious to do the right things, tends to be unconventional, unconcerned

attentive to practical matters, and subject to over everyday matters, Bochemian, self-

the dictation of what is obviously possible. motivated, imaginatively creative,

He is concerned over detail, able to keep concerned with "essentials", and oblivious

his head in emergencies, but sometimes of particular people and physical realities.

unimaginative. His inner-directed interest sometimes lead

to unrealistic situations accompanied by

expressive outbursts. His individuality

tends to cause him to be rejected in group

activities.

FACTORN Forthright, Natural, Artless, Sentimental Shrewd, Calculating, Worldly, Penetrating

(Artlessness) (Shrewdness)

The person who scores high on factor N The person who scores high on factor N

tends to be unsophis~icated, sentimental and tends to be polished, experienced, worldly,

simple. He is sometimes crude and shrewd. He is often hard headed and

awkward, But easily pleased and content analytical. He has an intellectual, an

with what comes, and is natural and approach akin to cynicism.

spontaneous.

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FACTOR 0

Placid, Self-assured, Confident, Serene Apprehensive, Worrying, Depressive,

(Untroubled adequacy) Troubled

( Guilt proneness) The person who scores high on factor 0 The person who scores high on factor 0

tends to be placid, with unshakable nerve. tends to be depressed, moody, a worrier,

He has a mature, unanxious confidence in full of foreboding, and brooding. He has a

himself and his capacity to deal with childlike tendency to anxiety in difficulties.

things. He is resilient and secure, but to the He does not feel accepted in groups or free

point of being insensitive of when a group to participate. High Factor 0 score is very

is not going along with him, so that he may common in clinical group of all types.

evoke antipathies and distrust.

FACTORQl Conservative, Respecting Established, Experimenting, Critical, Liberal,

Ideas, Tolerant of Traditional Difficulties Analytical, Free-thinking

(Conservatism) (Radicalism)

The person who scores high on factor Q I is The person who scores high on factor QI

confident in what he has been taught to tends to be interested in intellectual matters

believe and accepts the "tried and true" and has doubts on fundamental issues. He

despite inconsistencies, when something is skeptical and inquiring regarding ideas,

else might be better. He is cautious and either old and new. He tends to be more

compromising in regard to new ideas. weU informed, less inclined to moralize,

Thus, he tends not to be interested in more inclined to experiment in life

analytical "intellectual" thought. generally, and more tolerant of

inconvenience and change.

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FACTORQ2 Group-dependent, A "Joiner" and Sound Self-sufficient, PREFERS Own Decisions,

Follower Resourceful

(Group adherence) (Self-sufficiency)

The person who scores high on factor Q2 The person who scores high on factor Q2 is

prefers to work and make decisions with temperamentally independent, accustomed

other people, likes and depends on social to going his own way, making decisions and

approval and admiration. He tends to go taking action on his own. He discounts

along with the group and may be lacking public opinion, but is not necessarily

in individual resolution by choice; rather dominant in his relations with others. He

he needs group support. does not dislike people but simply does not

need their agreement or support.

FACTORQ3 Undisciplined Self-conflict, Careless of Controlled, Socially precise, Following

Protocol, Follows Own Urges Self-image

( Low integration) (High self-concept control)

The person who scores high on factor Q43 The person who scores high on factor Q3

will not be bothered with will control and tends to have strong control of his

regard for social demands. He is not overly emotions and general behavior, is inclined

considerate, careful, or painstaking. He may to be socially aware and careful, and

feel maladjusted, and many evidences what is commonly termed "self-

maladjunctments (especially the affective, respect" and regard foe social reputation.

but not the paranoid) show Q3. He sometimes tends, however, to be

obstinate. Effective leaders, and some

paranoida, are high on Q3.

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FACTORQ4

Relaxed, Tranquil, Torpid, Unfrustrated Tense. Frustrated, Driven, Overwrought

(Low ergic tension) ( High ergic tension)

The person who scores low on Factor Q4 The person who scores high on factor Q4

tends to be sedate, relaxed, composed and tends to be tense, excitable, restless, fretful,

satisfied (not frustrated). In some impatient. He is often fatigued, but unable

situations, his over satisfaction can lead to to remain inactive. In groups he takes a

laziness and low performance, in the sense poor view of the degree of unity,

that low motivation produces little trial and orderliness, and leadership. His frustration

error. Conversely, high tension level may represent an excess of stimulated, but

disrupt school and work performance. undischarged, drive.

The 16 PF test is a well standardized tool and earned well reputation in

psychological researches. The test has been presented in Appendix-C.

(IV) Subjective Well-being Inventory: To measure the subjective well-being of the subjects, The Subjective Well-being

Inventory (SUB! - H. Sell and R. Nagpal, 1992) was used. This is a very comprehensive

and robust instrument (originally in English language) for assessing positive indicators of

health, including perceptions of well-being, happiness, life satisfaction, positive affect,

and feelings about social life. The SUBI has been standardized on adult Indian

population, and has also been used previously in researchers by other researchers (Bhogle

and Prakash, 1995; Chandra, Sudha, Subbarathna, Rao, Verghese, and Channabasavana,

1995; Mishra, Kumaraiah, Chandra, and Rajararn, 1998).

A 40 question questionnaire (Appendix C) SUB! was given to patient for filing up

before/at the time of first visit and another one proforma was given to fill after one year

Score achieved by the patient was compared. A high score is the indicator of high level of

subjective well being.

Developed by 'stepwise ethnographic exploration' process, this inventory,

initially consisted of 130 items that were supposed to be measuring various areas of

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concern possibly related to or parts of well- and ill-being. This item pool was subjected to

statistical treatment and factor analysis. The result was a 40-item version that assesses the

subjective well-being of the subjects on II factorial dimensions. A brief description of

these II factors is given below:

1. General well-being positive affect (GWB-NA)

This factor refers to feelings of well-being deriving out of an overall perception of

life which a respondent evaluates as functioning smoothly and joyfully.

2. Expectation-achievement congruence (EAC)

This factor refers feelings of well-being produced when one feels that helshe has

achieved success and the standard ofliving as helshe expected.

3. Confidence of coping (CC)

This factor refers to one's perceived personality strength. It reflects one's ability

to master critical or unexpected situations, and hislher ability to adapt to life changes and

to face difficulties and adversities without breakdown.

4. Transcendence (Trans)

This factor reflects feelings of well-being derived out of values of a higher

spiritual quality and one's particular life experiences which go beyond ordinary day to

day existence.

5. Family group support (FGS)

This factor reflects well-being derived from the perception of the wider family

when the respondent finds it as cohesive, supportive, helpful in illnesses, and emotionally

attached.

6. Social support (88)

This factor measures feelings of security and density of social"networks.

7. Primary group concern (PGC)

This factor measures positive and negative feelings about primary family.

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8. Inadequate mental mastery (IMM)

This factor assesses subject's sense of insufficient control over, or inability to deal

efficiently with, some day to day aspects of life. If not handled properly, these aspects

might disturb the mental balance. This inadequate mastery disturbs or reduces well-being.

9. Perceived ill-health (PIH)

The items on this factor refer to complaints regarding health and physical fitness.

10. Deficiency in social contacts (DSC)

This factor assesses whether a respondent experiences lack of or deficiency in

social relations and contacts through worries about being disliked and feelings of missing

friends.

11. General well-being negative affect (GWB -NA)

This factor measures whether a subject possesses depressed outlook of life.

The original scoring pattern of all the factors was followed as mentioned in the

test manual. It is important to note, however, that on seventh factor, the "Not Applicable"

responses were scored "Zero", because the items on this factor were not applicable on

unmarried and/or just married subjects.

V. Repertorization analysis:- MAC software (USA) for homoeopathic analysis

of patient was worked on homoeopathic software i.e. MAC (USA) based analysis and

library programme. Symptoms expressed by the patient was select from repenting from

concerning chapter and this date shifted to clipboard 'A', was analysis through

repertorization method. Each rubric was given weightage as per their importance i.e. I, 2,

3, & 4. The remedy was selected on the basis of repertorization chart. Total 300

care/patient-rubric /complete date entered in computer (150 for homoeo and 150 for

psychology).

Illness intensity was classified in following three graphs:

Intensity of Disease: Mild, Moderate, Severe

2 3

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No. of Symptoms

Symptoms of illness observed by physician and gIVen by the patient were

recorded at first visit, 4 month after treatment and one year after treatment.

Miasmatic evaluation

Miasmatic evaluation was done as per following score categories:-

Syco+ PSORA Sycotic Syphilitic Psora

Sypha+ Psora

Sycotic +Syph

Complex (Psora + Syco + Syph)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Health Score

Health status was examined and recorded in score form as per following format:-

Cure

7

Improve +++

6

Procedure:-

Improve ++

5

Improve + Improve Slightly improve Status Quo

4 3 2 1

The present study/investigation was conducted to find out the role of personality

trait in treating illness: Homoeopathic and psychological perspective. To fill this purpose,

16 PF test, and a test of well being (SUBI, Sell & Nagpal) were administrated on 150

educated adults of 18 to 60 years of age and mixed gender, whereas in homoeopathic

perspective miasmatic evaluation was done.

These 300 patients were kept under homoeopathic treatment on the basis of

personality trait and selected remedy, followed by evaluation of 150 patient's case

through Homoeopathic perspective and 150 patient's case though psychological

perspective.

All the subjects of study were approached personally and individually at the

investigators clinic Sweet's Pills and Shri Balaji Homoeopathic Dispensary. One more

Homoeopathic physician independently observed the patients about the illness, recovery

and improvements etc. The subjects were 70/d in advance about the possible time/day

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involved in the study. It was especially ascertained that whether this particular subjects

has undergone any major and significant life change during the course of treatment, of so,

then the changelincident was noted in case history.

The selected subject was explained academic purpose and applicability of the

present study and was requested to answer frankly and honestly as the information

provided by hirnlher was to be kept confidential and would only be used for research

purposes. Secondly, this was particular highlighted in beginning of the testing that total

length of the questionnaires or average time required.

In Homoeopathic perspective only homoeopathic case taking was done.

Instructions regarding each tooVtest were explained at the time of administration. All the

tests were paper pencil test and instruction for each test were provided separately on the

first title page. SUBI (Sell & Nagpal) questionnaire was also given to subject for fill up

after one year of treatment to check the progress of the health. When helshe was

comfortable and ready for the testing, the following general instructions were given to

hirnlher, "I am going to give a set of questionnaires in which there are question regarding

your personal data, general health and behavior. The detailed instructions regarding each

of questionnaires are on the top of the first page of the questionnaires, please read then

carefully as they concern you."

After giving the general instructions regarding the testing, the first and second

testing sessions were taken up. The selected test (S) was (were) administrated after

ensuring that the subject has understood the method of reply. After the completion of

administration test (8) was (were) taken back. The presentation of these tests in random

order was highly taken care of. After the testing was over, the subject of study was duly

thanked for hislher cooperation.

Data of all subjects were collected by applying the same procedure. Generally one

subject took about 45 minutes to complete the 16 PF test and about 30 minutes to

complete the test on of well being measures.

After the data collection was over, all the tests I questionnaires were scored as per

the scoring patterns prescribed by their authors lor manual. Pre and post treatment

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comparison were done on the basis of response obtained after 4 months and one year

after treatment. Assessment (evaluation was done on the basis of recording to number of

symptoms, health score namely status Quo, slightly improved, Improved +, Improved ++,

Improved +++ and Cure. SUBI questionnaires also evaluated for checking the changes in

health whether improved or not. The collected data of all the 300 subjects have been

presented in Appendix A and B.

Statistical analysis

The obtained date were subjected to statistical analyses including descriptive and

inferential procedure (Mean, SD, t-value) to compare inter and intra group mean score or

various measures of study variables.

With this much background, we may now pass on to the next chapter dealing with

Results and Discussion.