Dragonflies Dragonflies Butterflies & CaterpillarsButterflies & Caterpillars LadybirdsLadybirds SnailsSnails EarthwormsEarthworms

http://powell.colgate.edu/wda/Australia/Dragonflies--pyche_cropped.jpghttp://powell.colgate.edu/wda/Australia/Dragonflies--pyche_cropped.jpg

The dragonfly is a flying insect that can hover in mid-air. It eats other insects, The dragonfly is a flying insect that can hover in mid-air. It eats other insects, catching them while it is flying. There are many different species of catching them while it is flying. There are many different species of dragonflies, and most of them are found near water. The earliest dragonflies dragonflies, and most of them are found near water. The earliest dragonflies appeared over 300 million years ago. Like all insects, the dragonfly has a 3-appeared over 300 million years ago. Like all insects, the dragonfly has a 3-part body: a head, a thorax, and a long, thin, segmented abdomen. The part body: a head, a thorax, and a long, thin, segmented abdomen. The dragonfly has 2 large compound eyes that take up most of the head. On the dragonfly has 2 large compound eyes that take up most of the head. On the short thorax there are 3 pairs of jointed legs and two pairs of long, delicate, short thorax there are 3 pairs of jointed legs and two pairs of long, delicate, membranous wings. The dragonfly breathes through spiracles (tiny holes in membranous wings. The dragonfly breathes through spiracles (tiny holes in the abdomen). the abdomen). A dragonfly undergoes an incomplete *metamorphosis. The larva hatches A dragonfly undergoes an incomplete *metamorphosis. The larva hatches from an egg which is laid in water, in plants near water, or even underwater. from an egg which is laid in water, in plants near water, or even underwater. As this aquatic larva (called a nymph) grows, it *moults many times. When As this aquatic larva (called a nymph) grows, it *moults many times. When fully grown, it emerges from the water, using the claws on its feet to crawl fully grown, it emerges from the water, using the claws on its feet to crawl onto a plant. The dragonfly flies away over land. It only returns to the water to onto a plant. The dragonfly flies away over land. It only returns to the water to reproduce and continue this cycle. The life span ranges from about 6 months reproduce and continue this cycle. The life span ranges from about 6 months to over 7 years (most of it is spent in the nymph stage, the adult lives for only to over 7 years (most of it is spent in the nymph stage, the adult lives for only a few weeks). a few weeks).

*Metamorphosis – Change of form or nature*Metamorphosis – Change of form or nature

*Moults – To lose one’s old skin*Moults – To lose one’s old skin

http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/santa_barbara_california/images/butterflies%20onhttp://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/santa_barbara_california/images/butterflies%20on%20tree%20mating.jpg%20tree%20mating.jpg

Butterflies are beautiful, flying insects with large scaly wings. Like all insects, Butterflies are beautiful, flying insects with large scaly wings. Like all insects, they have 6 jointed legs, 3 body parts, 2 antennae, 2 compound eyes, and an they have 6 jointed legs, 3 body parts, 2 antennae, 2 compound eyes, and an *exoskeleton. The 3 body parts are the head, thorax (the chest), and abdomen *exoskeleton. The 3 body parts are the head, thorax (the chest), and abdomen (the tail end). (the tail end). The butterfly's body is covered by tiny sensory hairs. The 4 wings and the 6 The butterfly's body is covered by tiny sensory hairs. The 4 wings and the 6 legs of the butterfly are attached to the thorax. The thorax contains the muscles legs of the butterfly are attached to the thorax. The thorax contains the muscles that make the legs and wings move.that make the legs and wings move.Butterflies are very good fliers. They have 2 pairs of large wings covered with Butterflies are very good fliers. They have 2 pairs of large wings covered with colourful scales in overlapping rows. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are colourful scales in overlapping rows. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are the only insects that have scaly wings. The wings are attached to the butterfly's the only insects that have scaly wings. The wings are attached to the butterfly's thorax (mid-section). Veins support the delicate wings and nourish them with thorax (mid-section). Veins support the delicate wings and nourish them with blood.blood.Butterflies can only fly if their body temperature is above 30Butterflies can only fly if their body temperature is above 30°C°C. Butterflies sun . Butterflies sun themselves to warm up in cool weather. As butterflies get older, the colour of themselves to warm up in cool weather. As butterflies get older, the colour of the wings fades and the wings become ragged. the wings fades and the wings become ragged. The speed varies among butterfly species (the poisonous varieties are slower The speed varies among butterfly species (the poisonous varieties are slower than non-poisonous varieties). The fastest butterflies (some skippers) can fly at than non-poisonous varieties). The fastest butterflies (some skippers) can fly at about 48 km/h or faster. Slow flying butterflies fly about 8 km/h.about 48 km/h or faster. Slow flying butterflies fly about 8 km/h.

*Exoskeleton – A hard outer structure, such as the shell of an insect or crustacean, *Exoskeleton – A hard outer structure, such as the shell of an insect or crustacean, that provides protection or support for an organismthat provides protection or support for an organism

Butterflies and moths undergo complete metamorphosis in which they go Butterflies and moths undergo complete metamorphosis in which they go through four different life stages. through four different life stages. Egg - A butterfly starts its life as an egg, often laid on a leaf. Egg - A butterfly starts its life as an egg, often laid on a leaf. Larva - The larva (caterpillar) hatches from an egg and eats leaves or flowers Larva - The larva (caterpillar) hatches from an egg and eats leaves or flowers almost constantly. The caterpillar moults many times as it grows. The caterpillar almost constantly. The caterpillar moults many times as it grows. The caterpillar will increase up to several thousand times in size before pupating. will increase up to several thousand times in size before pupating. Pupa - It turns into a pupa (chrysalis); this is a resting stage. Pupa - It turns into a pupa (chrysalis); this is a resting stage. Adult - A beautiful, flying adult emerges. This adult will continue the cycle.Adult - A beautiful, flying adult emerges. This adult will continue the cycle.Caterpillars spend most of their time eating leaves using strong mandibles Caterpillars spend most of their time eating leaves using strong mandibles (jaws). A caterpillar's first meal, however, is its own eggshell. A few caterpillars (jaws). A caterpillar's first meal, however, is its own eggshell. A few caterpillars are meat-eaters; the larva of the carnivorous Harvester butterfly eats woolly are meat-eaters; the larva of the carnivorous Harvester butterfly eats woolly aphids. aphids. Butterflies and moths can only sip liquid food using a tube-like proboscis, Butterflies and moths can only sip liquid food using a tube-like proboscis, which is a long, flexible "tongue." This proboscis uncoils to sip food, and coils which is a long, flexible "tongue." This proboscis uncoils to sip food, and coils up again into a spiral when not in use. Most butterflies live on nectar from up again into a spiral when not in use. Most butterflies live on nectar from flowers. Some butterflies sip the liquid from rotting fruits and a rare few prefer flowers. Some butterflies sip the liquid from rotting fruits and a rare few prefer rotting animal flesh or animal fluids (the Harvester butterfly pierces the bodies rotting animal flesh or animal fluids (the Harvester butterfly pierces the bodies of woolly aphids with its sharp proboscis and drinks the body fluids).of woolly aphids with its sharp proboscis and drinks the body fluids).

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A caterpillar is the larval stage of butterflies and moths. The caterpillar hatches from A caterpillar is the larval stage of butterflies and moths. The caterpillar hatches from a tiny egg and will eventually pupate and turn into an adult butterfly or moth. This a tiny egg and will eventually pupate and turn into an adult butterfly or moth. This larval stage usually lasts from two weeks to about a month. This is the main feeding larval stage usually lasts from two weeks to about a month. This is the main feeding stage of the butterfly. Caterpillars eat almost constantly and grow very quickly, at an stage of the butterfly. Caterpillars eat almost constantly and grow very quickly, at an astonishing rate. astonishing rate.

Caterpillars mostly eat the leaves of flowering plants and trees using their powerful Caterpillars mostly eat the leaves of flowering plants and trees using their powerful mandibles. Caterpillars are very limited in their diet; many species will only eat the mandibles. Caterpillars are very limited in their diet; many species will only eat the leaves of a single type of plant. They usually eat only the plant that their mother leaves of a single type of plant. They usually eat only the plant that their mother carefully chose to lay their egg on.carefully chose to lay their egg on.

Only a few Lepidoptera larvae are carnivores. The larva of the Harvester Butterfly Only a few Lepidoptera larvae are carnivores. The larva of the Harvester Butterfly exclusively eats woolly aphids.exclusively eats woolly aphids.

As caterpillars grow, their exoskeleton becomes tight on them, so they moult (lose As caterpillars grow, their exoskeleton becomes tight on them, so they moult (lose their old exoskeleton). After the moult, while the new skin is still soft, they swallow a their old exoskeleton). After the moult, while the new skin is still soft, they swallow a lot of air, which expands their body. Then, when the cuticle (the outermost layer of lot of air, which expands their body. Then, when the cuticle (the outermost layer of the skin of vertebrates; epidermis) the skin of vertebrates; epidermis) hardens, they let the air out and have room for hardens, they let the air out and have room for growth.growth.

Caterpillars moult four or five times as they grow. Each different caterpillar stage is Caterpillars moult four or five times as they grow. Each different caterpillar stage is called an instar.called an instar.

When larval growth is done, the larva stops eating and empties its digestive system When larval growth is done, the larva stops eating and empties its digestive system (leaving a small dark spot). It then looks for a sheltered, safe spot where it will pupate (leaving a small dark spot). It then looks for a sheltered, safe spot where it will pupate (turn into a pupa, entering its third stage of its metamorphosis). (turn into a pupa, entering its third stage of its metamorphosis).

When the caterpillar has reached the right size, it is time for it to pupate. It finds a When the caterpillar has reached the right size, it is time for it to pupate. It finds a suitable place to attach itself (a twig, a leaf, underground, or another place). It suitable place to attach itself (a twig, a leaf, underground, or another place). It attaches itself with a silken girdle around its middle and a silken pad and cremaster (at attaches itself with a silken girdle around its middle and a silken pad and cremaster (at the end of the abdomen). It then splits open and loses its exoskeleton and pupates the end of the abdomen). It then splits open and loses its exoskeleton and pupates (becomes a pupa). (becomes a pupa).

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Ladybirds (also called ladybugs or lady beetles) are small, oval-shaped winged Ladybirds (also called ladybugs or lady beetles) are small, oval-shaped winged insects. These shiny insects are usually red with black spots or black with red insects. These shiny insects are usually red with black spots or black with red spots on the wing covers. The number of spots identifies the type of ladybird. spots on the wing covers. The number of spots identifies the type of ladybird. Most ladybugs are less than 6 mm long. As ladybirds get older, the spots fade. Most ladybugs are less than 6 mm long. As ladybirds get older, the spots fade.

There are about 5000 different species of ladybirds throughout the world. A There are about 5000 different species of ladybirds throughout the world. A common one is the two-spotted ladybug; it is orange-red with two black spots. common one is the two-spotted ladybug; it is orange-red with two black spots.

These tiny predators (Family Coccinellidae) are helpful in gardens because These tiny predators (Family Coccinellidae) are helpful in gardens because they eat many garden pests (such as mealy bugs and *aphids). Birds are the they eat many garden pests (such as mealy bugs and *aphids). Birds are the major predator of the ladybug. major predator of the ladybug.

When not flying, the wings are covered by a pair of modified wings (called When not flying, the wings are covered by a pair of modified wings (called elytra). When flying, the elytra open up. Like all insects, ladybugs have: 6 elytra). When flying, the elytra open up. Like all insects, ladybugs have: 6 jointed legs (black), 2 antennae (black), and an exoskeleton made of chitin (a jointed legs (black), 2 antennae (black), and an exoskeleton made of chitin (a material similar to our hair and fingernails). Their 3-part body consists of a material similar to our hair and fingernails). Their 3-part body consists of a head (with the mouthparts, eyes, and antennae), thorax (where the legs and head (with the mouthparts, eyes, and antennae), thorax (where the legs and wings attach), and the abdomen (containing the reproductive and most of the wings attach), and the abdomen (containing the reproductive and most of the digestive organs). digestive organs).

*Aphid – Insect that is harmful to plants*Aphid – Insect that is harmful to plants

Photograph taken by Funky Monkeys in Lakeside Primary School’s Eco GardenPhotograph taken by Funky Monkeys in Lakeside Primary School’s Eco Garden

SnailSnail

http://www.iisgcp.org/EXOTICSP/images/oriental-snail/Mystery_Snail.jpghttp://www.iisgcp.org/EXOTICSP/images/oriental-snail/Mystery_Snail.jpg

The snail is a gastropod, a soft-bodied type of *mollusc that is basically a head with a The snail is a gastropod, a soft-bodied type of *mollusc that is basically a head with a flattened foot. The soft body is protected by a hard shell, which the snail retreats into flattened foot. The soft body is protected by a hard shell, which the snail retreats into when alarmed. These invertebrates are found worldwide in the seas, in fresh water, when alarmed. These invertebrates are found worldwide in the seas, in fresh water, and in moist areas on land.and in moist areas on land.

Locomotion: Snails move by crawling, swimming, or floating with currents. Land Locomotion: Snails move by crawling, swimming, or floating with currents. Land snails crawl on the ground, creeping along on their large, flat foot; a special gland in snails crawl on the ground, creeping along on their large, flat foot; a special gland in the foot secretes mucus (a slimy fluid) helps the snail move. The common garden the foot secretes mucus (a slimy fluid) helps the snail move. The common garden snail is the slowest moving animal; it can travel about 1 cm/s.snail is the slowest moving animal; it can travel about 1 cm/s.

Anatomy: Snails range in size from 0.5 mm long (Anatomy: Snails range in size from 0.5 mm long (Ammonicera rotaAmmonicera rota) to over 76 cm ) to over 76 cm long (the marine Australian Trumpet long (the marine Australian Trumpet Syrinx aruanusSyrinx aruanus). The largest land snail is the ). The largest land snail is the Giant African Snail; it is over 39 cm long and weighs about 900 g. Snails have two Giant African Snail; it is over 39 cm long and weighs about 900 g. Snails have two pairs of tentacles on the head. Land snails have a light-sensitive eyespot located on pairs of tentacles on the head. Land snails have a light-sensitive eyespot located on each of the larger tentacles; water-dwelling snail eyespots are at the base of the each of the larger tentacles; water-dwelling snail eyespots are at the base of the tentacles. The smaller pair of tentacles is used for the sense of smell and the sense of tentacles. The smaller pair of tentacles is used for the sense of smell and the sense of touch. touch.

Diet: Most snails eat living and decaying plants, some are scavengers (animals Diet: Most snails eat living and decaying plants, some are scavengers (animals searching for decaying flesh as food) and some are predators. They eat using a radula, searching for decaying flesh as food) and some are predators. They eat using a radula, a rough tongue-like organ that has thousands of tiny denticles (tooth-like protrusions). a rough tongue-like organ that has thousands of tiny denticles (tooth-like protrusions).

Predators of the snail: Birds, fish, frogs, snakes, turtles, beetles (and other insects) and Predators of the snail: Birds, fish, frogs, snakes, turtles, beetles (and other insects) and human beings. human beings.

*Mollusc – Organism having a soft body and a shell*Mollusc – Organism having a soft body and a shell

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/mcb/419/images/Earthworm_exiting_burrow.jpghttp://www.life.uiuc.edu/mcb/419/images/Earthworm_exiting_burrow.jpg

Earthworms are very important animals that aerate (to expose something to Earthworms are very important animals that aerate (to expose something to the chemical action of the air) the soil with their *burrowing action and the chemical action of the air) the soil with their *burrowing action and enrich the soil with their waste products (called castings). Good soil can enrich the soil with their waste products (called castings). Good soil can have as many as one million worms per 4050 mhave as many as one million worms per 4050 m22. There are over 3000 . There are over 3000 species of earthworms around the world. These invertebrates range in species of earthworms around the world. These invertebrates range in colour from brown to red, and most have a soft body. Earthworms range in colour from brown to red, and most have a soft body. Earthworms range in size from a few inches long to over 7 m long. The largest earthworms live size from a few inches long to over 7 m long. The largest earthworms live in South Africa and Australia. in South Africa and Australia.

Anatomy and Diet: The brain, hearts, and breathing organs are located in Anatomy and Diet: The brain, hearts, and breathing organs are located in the first few segments of the worm. It has 10 hearts! The rest of the inside the first few segments of the worm. It has 10 hearts! The rest of the inside of an earthworm is filled with the intestines, which digest its food. of an earthworm is filled with the intestines, which digest its food. Earthworms eat soil and the organic material in it - like insect parts and Earthworms eat soil and the organic material in it - like insect parts and bacteria. The mouth is covered by a flap (called the prostomium) which bacteria. The mouth is covered by a flap (called the prostomium) which helps the earthworm sense light and vibrations. Tiny bristles (called setae) helps the earthworm sense light and vibrations. Tiny bristles (called setae) are on most segments of the earthworm's body. are on most segments of the earthworm's body.

Reproduction: Although each earthworm is hermaphroditic (having both Reproduction: Although each earthworm is hermaphroditic (having both male and female reproductive systems), it takes two worms to mate and male and female reproductive systems), it takes two worms to mate and reproduce. The reproductive organs are in the clitellum. The clitellum later reproduce. The reproductive organs are in the clitellum. The clitellum later forms a cocoon which protects the developing eggs. forms a cocoon which protects the developing eggs.

*Burrow – To make a hole or tunnel in the ground by digging*Burrow – To make a hole or tunnel in the ground by digging

FernsFerns

BalsamsBalsams

MimosasMimosas

http://www.woodslore.org/Images/photos/ferns/dryopterisfelixmas.jpghttp://www.woodslore.org/Images/photos/ferns/dryopterisfelixmas.jpg

Non-flowering plants have existed more than 300 million years ago. They Non-flowering plants have existed more than 300 million years ago. They include algae, ferns, mosses, and conifers.include algae, ferns, mosses, and conifers.Ferns have roots, stems and leaves. Most of them grow on other plants.Ferns have roots, stems and leaves. Most of them grow on other plants.Non-flowering plants, except the conifers, reproduce by spores. A spore is Non-flowering plants, except the conifers, reproduce by spores. A spore is a tiny spherical cell that will grow into a new individual. Mosses and ferns a tiny spherical cell that will grow into a new individual. Mosses and ferns produce spores. Millions of spores are found inside spore capsules. The produce spores. Millions of spores are found inside spore capsules. The spore capsules of a moss are at the top of the stalk, which sticks out of the spore capsules of a moss are at the top of the stalk, which sticks out of the leafy part of the plant.leafy part of the plant.The spore capsules of a fern are located in groups at the underside of the The spore capsules of a fern are located in groups at the underside of the fronds. Frond is the name given to the leaf of the fern.fronds. Frond is the name given to the leaf of the fern.When they are ripe, the spore capsules open up, and the spores are When they are ripe, the spore capsules open up, and the spores are scattered. If the spores land on favourable soil, they will start to grow.scattered. If the spores land on favourable soil, they will start to grow.

Adapted from book “New Primary Science Encyclopedia – Preston”Adapted from book “New Primary Science Encyclopedia – Preston”

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/annuals/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/annuals/impatiens_balsamina.htmlimpatiens_balsamina.html

Balsam (Balsam (Impatiens balsaminaImpatiens balsamina) is a common garden plant. It is a native of ) is a common garden plant. It is a native of Southeast Asia. The leaves are used to heal wounds in Malaysia, Indonesia Southeast Asia. The leaves are used to heal wounds in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. The flowers are used to treat snakebite and *lumbago. and the Philippines. The flowers are used to treat snakebite and *lumbago. The Chinese use the seeds to treat difficult labour, to relieve pain after The Chinese use the seeds to treat difficult labour, to relieve pain after labour, to increase the menstrual flow, to expel phlegm from the labour, to increase the menstrual flow, to expel phlegm from the respiratory passages and as an antidote to fish poisoning. respiratory passages and as an antidote to fish poisoning. It is important to remember that traditional medicines are dispensed by It is important to remember that traditional medicines are dispensed by qualified practitioners. Anyone to experiment with self-medication is not qualified practitioners. Anyone to experiment with self-medication is not encouraged.encouraged.Balsam is an erect, sparsely-branched, tender annual plant. These plants Balsam is an erect, sparsely-branched, tender annual plant. These plants which grow up to about 48 cm tall have thick-juicy stems and medium which grow up to about 48 cm tall have thick-juicy stems and medium spiky edged light green leaves. Flowers can be single or double around 5 spiky edged light green leaves. Flowers can be single or double around 5 cm in diameter, they bloom singly or in small clusters from the leaf axils, cm in diameter, they bloom singly or in small clusters from the leaf axils, close to the stem and the colour ranges from white, pink, rose, red, violet, close to the stem and the colour ranges from white, pink, rose, red, violet, double colours etc. double colours etc.

Adapted from URL “http://www.science.edu.sg/ssc/detailed.jsp?Adapted from URL “http://www.science.edu.sg/ssc/detailed.jsp?artid=914&type=6&root=4&parent=4&cat=47” and artid=914&type=6&root=4&parent=4&cat=47” and

“http://www.webindia123.com/garden/flowers/balsam.htm”“http://www.webindia123.com/garden/flowers/balsam.htm”

*Lumbago – A painful condition of the lower back, as one resulting from *Lumbago – A painful condition of the lower back, as one resulting from muscle strain or a slipped diskmuscle strain or a slipped disk

http://www.nbhtravel.com/Pensacola/mimosa%20tree.jpghttp://www.nbhtravel.com/Pensacola/mimosa%20tree.jpg

The Mimosa tree (The Mimosa tree (Albizzia julibrissinAlbizzia julibrissin) was introduced to the USA in 1745 ) was introduced to the USA in 1745 for use as an ornamental plant because of its unusual, attractive and for use as an ornamental plant because of its unusual, attractive and fragrant pom-pom like flowers and interesting fern-like foliage. This fragrant pom-pom like flowers and interesting fern-like foliage. This deciduous (loses its leaves annually) tree is attractive to bees, butterflies, deciduous (loses its leaves annually) tree is attractive to bees, butterflies, and birds. In gardens this tree grows to 6 to 9 m.and birds. In gardens this tree grows to 6 to 9 m.

Mimosa trees are fast-growing but rather short-lived. It has a single trunk Mimosa trees are fast-growing but rather short-lived. It has a single trunk with smooth gray bark. Each *bipinnate leaf is made up of hundreds of with smooth gray bark. Each *bipinnate leaf is made up of hundreds of tiny leaflets coated in white hairs, giving the foliage a silvery cast. In late tiny leaflets coated in white hairs, giving the foliage a silvery cast. In late winter or spring the domed crown is decked in sprays of small, globular, winter or spring the domed crown is decked in sprays of small, globular, golden yellow flower heads. It is able to survive winter in southern USA, golden yellow flower heads. It is able to survive winter in southern USA, but flowers better in climates with a longer, drier summer.but flowers better in climates with a longer, drier summer.

Mimosa closes its leaves when touched.Mimosa closes its leaves when touched.

Adapted from URL “http://www.naturehills.com/new/product/productdetails.aspx?Adapted from URL “http://www.naturehills.com/new/product/productdetails.aspx?proname=Mimosa+Tree”proname=Mimosa+Tree”

Bipinnate – Having or consisting of divisions that are themselves once or several Bipinnate – Having or consisting of divisions that are themselves once or several times compoundtimes compound

AfiqahAfiqah

Ching Ching HunHun

NoorulNoorul

JeremyJeremy

Group PhotographGroup Photograph

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Some objects of this presentation are taken from external sources, Some objects of this presentation are taken from external sources, stated below:stated below:

Microsoft Office XP - Microsoft PowerPoint 2002Microsoft Office XP - Microsoft PowerPoint 2002

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Information of organisms adapted from www.enchantedlearning.com unless Information of organisms adapted from www.enchantedlearning.com unless stated.stated.

Sources of organisms’ photographs stated under them.Sources of organisms’ photographs stated under them.

““Dragostea Din Tei – O-Zone” Song Excerpt Used Dragostea Din Tei – O-Zone” Song Excerpt Used