DCA Fundamental All Units

8/18/2019 DCA Fundamental All Units

1/68

Micro Computer Education Center Sagar

1

Created By: AnandUpadhyay

D C I SEM

F u n d a m e n t a l

Su bjec t N o teS


2/68

Created By Anand Upadhyay Sir(M.Sc. (CS), CCNA, MCSE, Yoga)

2

Unit – I

Brief History of Development of Computers, Computer System Concept, Computer

System Characteristics,Capabilities and Limitations, Types of Computers-.,Personal

Computer (PCs) - IBM PCs, Types of PCs- Desktop,Laptop, Notebook, Palmtop, etc.

Basic Components of a Computer System - Control Unit, ALU, Input/Output

semiconductor Memory. Storage fundamentals - Primary Vs Secondary memory.

dEI;wVj dh ifjHkk"kk %&dEI;w Vj ,d Electronic Machine gSA blds }kjk Mathematical or Non

Mathematical work fd;k tk ldrk gS A

dEI;w Vj gkMZfo;j vkSj lk¶Vfo;j ls feydj cuk gSA ;g ,d loZ HkkSfed e’khu gSA

dEI;wVj dh fo"ks’krk,sa %&1. Speed ¼xfr½%& dEI;w Vj cgq r rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gSA bldh xfr dks gV` Z l es a ukik tkrk gSA

2. Automatic :- dEI;w Vj vius dk;Z dks vius vki djrk gSA bls ,d ckj funs Z”k djus ds ckn og

dk;Z dHkh Hkh djk ldrs gS vFkkZ r~ dEI;w Vj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh fuxjkuh dhvko”;drk ugha gks rh gSA

3. Accuracy ( 'kq/nrk ):- dEI;w Vj vius dk;Z dks cgq r “kq}rk ds lkFk djrk gSA ;fn ogh dk;Z ekuo ds

}kjk fd;k tk; rks mles a error gks ldrh gSA ysfdu ogh dk;Z dEI;w Vj ds }kjk fd;k tk; rks cgq r

rhozxfr ls “kq} dsydqys”ku dj ns xk A4. Multitalented( loZ HkkSfedrk ) :- dEI;w Vj ,d Multifunctional Machine gSA ftls nqfu;k ds fdlh

Hkh dk;Z dks dj ldrs gSA vFkkZ r~ ;g ,d loZ HkkSfed e’khugSA

5. Mamory :- dEI;w Vj dh ;kn j[kus dh {kerk cgq r T;knk gSA dEI;w Vj dh eseks jh dks vko”;drk ds vuq lkj de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSA tcfd ekuo dh eseks jh es a ;g fo”ks’krk ugha gSA ekuo ds oyegRoiw .kZ ckrks a dks gh ;kn j[krk gSA vuko”;d ckrks a dks ;kn ugh j[krk gSA

6. FkdkoV %& dEI;w Vj 24X7 fnuks a dk;Z djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA tksfd ekuo ds vanj ugh gSA ;g dHkh

Fkdrk ugh gSA tcfd ekuo dqN le; dk;Z djus ds ckn Fkd tkrk gSA vkS j mldks vkjke dh t:jrgks rh gSA

7. bZekunkjh(Honest):- dEI;w Vj vius dk;Z dks bZekunkjh ds lkFk djrk gSA tcfd ekuo vius dk;Z dks

bZekunkjh ls ugh djrk gSA

8. UserFriendly :- dEI;w Vj ;w tjQzUMyh gks rk gSA vFkkZ r~ bls pykuk ljy gks rk gSA


3/68


3

9. dEI;w Vj de ikoj dk ;w t djrk gS A

10. blls ge ns’k nqfu;k ls la okn LFkkfir dj ldrs gSA

Weakness ( dfe;kW) :-

1. NO IQ :- dEI;w Vj ds vUnj lkspus le>us dh {kerk ugh gks rh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gks rh gSA

;gh otg gS fd dEI;w Vj ekuo dk xqyke gSA

2. No Feeling :- dEI;w Vj ds vUnj Qhfyax ugh gks rh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gks rh gSA

Brief History of Development of Computer( dEI;wVj dk laf{kIr fodkl dze ):-

dEI;w Vj dk fodkl dze 3000 o’kZ iqjkuk gSA phu us lcls igys x.kuk ;a = vcs dl dk vfo’dkj fd;k Fkk A;g ,d ;ka f=d fMokbl gSAftldk mi;ksx vkt Hkh phu tkiku ,f'k;k lfgr vU; ns”kks a es a fd;k tk jgk gSAvcsdl rkjks a dk ,d Qz s e gks rk gSA bu rkjks a es a IykfLVd ;k /kkrq ds xksys fijks;s jgrs gSA iz kjaHk es a vcsdl dk

mi;ksx O;kikjh x.kuk,s ad jus ds fy; djrs FksA ;g e'khu vadks dks tksM+us ]?kVkus ] xq.kk ;k Hkkx ds fy;s mi;ksx fd tkrh gSA

blds “krkfCn;ks a ckn vU; e”khus a vadks dh x.kuk ds fy;s fodflr dh xbZA17oha “krkCnh es a Qz ka l ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy us ,d ;kaf=d vadh; x.kuk ;a = lu~ 1645 es a fodflr fd;k Abl e’khu dks ,fMax e’khudgrs gSAD;ksafd ;g e’khu dsoy tksM ;k ?kVk ldrh Fkh;g e’khu?kM+ h vkS j vks MksehVj ds fl}ka r ij dk;Z djrh FkhAbles a dbZ nkrs a;qDr pdfj;kW Fkha tks ?kw erh jgrh Fkha A pdjh;ks a ds nka rks a ij 0 ls 9 rd ds vad Nis jgrs FksAizR;sd Pkdjh dk ,d LFkkUkh; eku gks rk Fkk AizR;sd pdjh Loa; ls fiNyh pdjh ds ,d pDdj yxkus ij ,d va d ij ?kw erh FkhA

Cyst ikLdy ds bl ,fMax e'khu dks ikLdykbu dgrs gSAtks lcls igyk x.kuk ;a= Fkk A vkt Hkh dkj;k ckbZd ds LihMksehVj es a ;gh ;a = dk;Z djrk gSAbldk fodflr :Ik 1694 es a teZu ds xf.krK o nk”kZfud xkWVQz sM foygse okWu yscuht us rS;kj fd;k Fkkftldk uke js d~fuax e’khu;k yscuht pdz dgrs gSA;g e’khu tksM ?kVkus ds vykok xq.kk o Hkkx djus esa Hkh l{ke Fkhblds ckn dbZ x.kuk ;=a fodflr fd;s x;sA

vcsdl ,sMhax e’khu ;k ikLdykbu


4/68


4

tsdkM~Zl ywe(Jacquard Loom):- lu~ 1801 es a Qz ka lhlh cq udj tks lsQ ts dkMZ us diM+ s cquus ds ,sls yw e

dk vkfo’dkj fd;k tks diM+ ks es Lor% gh fMtkbu ;k iSVuZ ns rk FkkA bl yw e dh fo”ks’krk ;g Fkh fd ;gdiM+ s ds fMtkbu dks dkMZcksMZ ds fNnz;qDr iapdMks Z ls fu;fU;= djrk Fkk A iapdkMZ ij fNnz ks a dh mifLFkfrvFkok vuqifLFkfr }kjk /kkxks a dks funsf”kr fd;k tkrk Fkk AtsdkMZ ds bl yw q e us nks fopkj/kkjk;s a nha tks vkxs dEI;w Vj ds fodkl es a mi;ksxh fl} gqbZA igyh ;g dh

lw pukvks a dks iapdkMZ ij dksfMM fd;k x;k A nw ljh ;g dh ia pdkMZ ij la xg̀hr lw puk funs Z’kks a dk lw eg gSAftlls iapdkMZ dks tc Hkh dke es a fy;k tk;sxk rks funs Z’kks adk ;g lew g ,d iksxz ke ds :Ik es a dk;Z djsXkkA

pkYlZ CkSCkst dk fMQjsal baftu(Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine):-

dEI;w Vj ds bfrgkl es a mUuhloha “kkrkCnh dk iz kjfEHkd le; Lof.kZe ;qx ekuk tkrk gSA vaxz st xf.krK pkYlZ cScst us ,d ;kaf=d x.kuk e’khufodflr djus dh vko”;drk rc eglw l dh tcfd x.kuk ds fy, cuh gqbZ

lkj.kh;ks a es a =qfV vkrh Fkh A pw afd ;s Vsfcy gLr fufeZ r FkhaA blfy;s bles a =qfV vkrh FkhApkYlZ cScst us lu~ 1822 es a ,d e’khudk fuekZ.k fd;k ftldk O;; fcz fV”k ljdkj s ogu fd;k A mle’khudk uke fMQjsUl baftu j[kk x;kA bl e’khues a fx;j vkS j “kk¶V yxs FksA vkS j ;g Hkki ls pyrh Fkh Ablds ckn lu~ 1833 es a pkYlZ cScst us fMQjs a l ba ftu dk fodflr :Ik ,d ,ukfyfVdy ba ftu rS;kj fd;k A;g e’khudbZ izdkj ds x.kuk dk;Z djus es a l{ke Fkh A bles a funs s Z”kks a dks laxzfgr djus dh {kerk Fkh A vkS jblds }kjk Lopfyr :Ik es a ifj.kke Hkh Nkis tk ldrs FksACkScst dk dEI;w Vj ds {kS = es a cgq r ;ks xnku jgk A cScst dk ,sukfyfVdy baftu vk/kqfud dEI;w Vj dk vk/kkj cukvkS j ;gh dj.k jgk gS fd pkYlZ cScst dks dEI;w Vj dk firkeg dgk tkrk gSA

cScst ds ,sukfyfVyd baftu dks igys csdkj le>k x;k A ysfdu ckn es a ,Mk vkWxLVk us ,sukfyfVdy baftu esa es a x.kuk ds funs Z”kks a dks fodflr djus es a enn dh A blh dj.k ,Mk vkWxLVk dks igys iz ksxz kej dk Js ; tkrk

gSA vkWxLVk dks lEekfur djus ds fy;s dEI;w Vj dh ,d Hkk’kk dk uke ,Mk(ADA) j[kk x;kA


5/68


5

pkYlZZ cScst ,Mk vkWxLVk

gksysfjFk lsall VscqysVj(Hollerith Census Taulator)

lu~ 1890 es a dEI;w Vj ds bfrgkl es a ,d vkS j egRoiw .kZ ?kVuk gqbZ ] og Fkh vesfjdk dh tux.kuk dk dk;Z A lu~ 1890 ls iw oZ tux.kuk dk dk;Z ikjEifjd rjhdks a ls fd;k tkrk FkkA lu~ 1880 es a “kq: dh xbZ tux.kuk es a lkr o’kZ dk le; yxkA dl le; es a tux.kuk ds dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s gksysfjFk us ,d e’khucukbZ ftles a

iapdkMZ dks fo|rq ds }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk FkkA ml e’khudh lgk;rk ls tux.kuk djus es a ds oy rhu o’kZ dk le; yxkA tksfd cgq r gh de FkkA lu~ 1886 es a gksysfjFk us iapdkMZ ;a = cukus VscqysfVax e’khudEIkuhcukbZ A lu~ 1911 es a bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj dEI;w Vj VscqysfVax fjdkWMhZx dEiuh gks x;kA

lu~ 1924 es a bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj vkbZ ch ,e gks x;k A ftldk iw jk uke baVjus”kyu fctus l e’khugks x;kA tks dh vkt fo”o dh dEI;w Vj fuekZ.k djus ckyh lcls cMh dEIkuh gks x;h gSA

1. Aiken and Mark 1 ( vkbdsu vkS j ekdZ & 1):- Lku~ 1940 es a Electromechanical Computing vius

f’k[kj ij igq Wp pqdh Fkh A vkbZ ch ,e ds pkj “kh’kZ bathfu;jks a o gkWoMZ vkbZdsu us lu~ 1944 es a ,d e’khudks

fodflr fd;k vkS j bldk vkf/kdkfjd uke Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator j[kkA ckn es a

bl e’khudk uke ekdZ &1 j[kk x;kA ;g fo’o dk lcls igyk Electromechanical Computer FkkA bles a

500 ehy yackbZ ds rkj o 30 yk[k Electronic Connection FksA ;g 6 lsd.M es a ,d xq .kk vkSj 12 lsd.Mes a ,d Hkkx dh fdz;k dj ldrk FkkA

2. ABC :- vkbdsu vkSj vkbZ ch ,e ds ekdZ &1 dh rduhdh ubZ bysDVkWfuDl rduhdh vkus ls iq jkuh gks

x;h Fkh AubZ bysDVkWfuDl rduhdh es a dksbZ ;kaf=d iqtkZ lapkfyr djus dh vko”;drk ugha Fkh A tcfd ekdZ&1 ,d fo|rq e’khuFkhA

3. The ENIAC (1993-46):- bl dEI;w Vj dk iw jk uke Electronic Numerical Integrator andCalculator gSA bldk fodkl vkehZ ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk A bldh lkbZt 20 ok; 40 square feet room

ds cjkcj Fkk bles a 18000 fuokZ r uyh;ks a dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dEI;w Vj ,d tks M 200micro seconds

es a djrk FkkA vkS j Hkkx 2000 Micro Sceconds es a A


6/68


6

4. The EDVAC (1946 - 52):- bl dk iw jk uke Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic

Computer FkkA ;g igyk fMftVy dEI;w Vj FkkA

5. The EDSAC(1947-49):- bldk iw jk uke Electronic Delay Automatic Calculator FkkA ;g

igyk dEI;w Vj Fkk ftl ij iz ksxz ke dks ju fd;k x;k FkkA

6. The UNIVAC-I(1951):- bldk iw jk uke Universal Automatic Computer FkkA ;g igyk

fMftVy dEI;w Vj FkkA vkSj ;g O;kikj es a iz;ksx gksus ckyk izFke dEI;w Vj FkkA blds cknIBM us 701

Commercial Computer rS ;kj djk FkkA

The Computer Generations ( dEI;wVj dh ih


7/68


7

Second Generation (1955-1964) f}rh; ih


8/68


8

1. bles a IC Technology(VLSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkAVery Large Scale Integration gSA

bl fpi ij 10000 ls 20000Elements LFkkfir gks rs FksA

2. ;g rhljh ih


9/68


9

vyx vyx vk/kkj ij dEI;w Vj dbZ izdkj ds gks rs gSA

Type of Computer Base on Application : - ,Iyhds’ku ds vk/kkj ij dEI;w Vj rhu izdkj ds gks rs gSA

1. Analog Computer

2. Digital Computer

3. Hybrid Computer

1. Analog Computer :- ,ukykWx dEI;w Vj os dEI;w Vj gks rs gS A tks HkkSfrd ek=kvks a dks ukius dk dk;Z

djrs gSA tS ls rki ] nkc] yackbZ] pkSM+ kbZ vkfn eki dj muds ifj.kke vadks es a O;Dr djrs gSA ;gdEI;w Vj nks ifjekiks a ds chp rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs gSA tS l FkEkkZehVj dksbZ x.kuk ugh djrk fdUrq ;gikjs ds lacaf/kr iz lkj dh rq yuk dj rkieku crkrk gSA ,ukykWx dEI;w Vj dk iz;ksx foKku ,oa

Engineering ds {kS = es s fd;k tkrk gSA D;ks a fd bu {kS =ks a es a ifjeki dk iz;ksx vf/kd gks rk gSA

2. Digital Computer : & ;g dEI;w Vj vadks dh x.kuk djrs gS SA fMftVy dEI;w Vj MkVk ,oa iz ksxz ke dks

0]1 es a ifjoZfrr djds mudks elelctronic :Ik es a ys rk gSA vf/kdk’ka r% dEI;w Vj fMftVy dEI;w Vj

fMfyVy dEI;w Vj gh gks rs gSA

3. Hybrid Computer :- os dEI;w Vj tks ,ukykWx ,oa fMftVy dEI;w Vj nksuks s a dk dk;Z djrs gSAhybrid

computer dgykrs gSA mnkgj.kPetrol Pump ;g petrol vkfn dks ukirk gS vkSj mlds ew Y; dhx.kuk Hkh djrk gSA

Type of Computer Base on Purpose : mns’; ds vk/kkj ij dEI;w Vj nks izdkj ds gks rs gSA

1. General Purpose computer

2. Special Purpose Computer

1. General Purpose computer :- ;g os dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA ftlls lekU; dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA tS ls i=

ys[ku MkVkcs l ls lacf/kr dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx ?kjks a ,oa nqdkuks a fd;k tkrk gSA

2. Special Purpose Computer :- ;g dEI;w Vj fo’ks"k dk;Z ds fy;s rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSA buds lhih;w

lekU; dEI;w Vj dh vkis{kk eagxs gks rs gSA vFkkZ r~ ;g ea gxs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA budk iz;ksx fuEu {kS =ks a es a fd;k tkrk gSA


10/68


10

TkS ls ekS le foKku ] d` f"k foKku ] ;q} ] ,oa va rfj{k vkfn foKku es a bldk iz;ksx gks rk gS SA

Type of Computer Base on Size and work power:- vkdkj ,oa dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ij dEI;w Vj

fuEUkizdkj ds gks rs gSA

1. Micro Computer

2. Work Station Computer

3. Mini Computer

4. Mainframe Computer

5. Super Computer

1. Micro Computer :- ;g dEI;w Vj vkdkj es a NksVs gks rs gSA bu dEI;w Vj dk fodkl 1970 ds n’kd es a

gqvk FkkA bu dEI;w Vj es a ekbdz ks iz ks ls lj dk iz ;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk A blfy; bUgs a ekbZdkz s dEI;w Vj dgrs gSA;g out es a gYds ,oa lLrs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA bu dEI;w Vj dk iz;ksx ?kjks a ,oa NksVs O;olk;ks a es a fd;k tk jgk

gSA bu dEI;w Vjl dks PC Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

PC dks fuEu Hkkxks a es a ckWVk x;k gSA

a. Desktop Computer

b. Laptop Computer

c. Palmtop Computer

d. Notebook Computer

e. Tablet Computer

Desktop Computer:- Desktop Computer os dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA ftudks Vsfcy ij j[kdj pyk;ktkrk gSA ;g lkbZt es a FkksMs cMs gks rs gSA bles a lhih;w ekWfuVj dhcksMZ ekml vkfn gks rs gSA

Laptop Computer :- Laptop Computer os gks rs gSA ftudks xksnh es a j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt es a cgq r NksVs gks rs gSA bu dEI;w Vjl dks ,d LFkku ls nw ljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g

eagxs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA bles a lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gks rs gSA bues a ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksxgks rk gSA


11/68


11

Palmtop Computer:- ;g dEI;w Vj Laptop Computer ls NksVs gks rs gSA ftudks gFksyh es a

j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gS A ;g lkbZt es a cgq r NksVs ,oa ctu es a gYds gks rs gSA bu dEI;w Vjl dks ,d LFkku ls nw ljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA bles a lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d

lkFk gks rs gSA bues a ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gks rk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ysiVkWi ls FkksMhde gks rh gS SA

Notebook Computer :- Notebook Computer Laptop Computer ds leku gh gks rs gSA

ftudks xksnh es a j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt es a cgq r NksVs gks rs gSA bu dEI;w Vjl dks ,d LFkku ls nw ljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA bles a lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d

lkFk gks rs gSA bues a ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gks rk gSA


12/68


12

Tablet Computer :- ;g dEI;w Vj cgq r gh NksVs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA ;g eksckbZy ls FkksMs cMs gks rs gSA

;g VpLdz hu gks rs gSA

2. Workstation Computer :- Workstation Computer dk iz;ksx NksVs O;kikj es a loZ j ds :Ik es a fd;k

tkrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ekbZdz ks dEI;w Vj dh vis{kk vf/kd gks rh gSA ;g eagxs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA ;gvkdkj es a ekbZdz ks dEI;w Vj ls cMs gks rs gSA

3. Mini Computer :- ;g oks dEI;w Vj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ks a ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl es a loZ j dEI;w Vj ds dk;Z

ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh dk;Z {kerk cgq r vf/kd gks rh gSA bl dEI;w Vj ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;w tj

ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA budh eseks jh {kerk cgq r vf/kd gks rh gSA budk gkMZ os;j lekU; dEI;w Vj ls cMk gks rkgSA ;g dEI;w Vj ?kjks a es a iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;w Vj ugh gks rs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSAbudk iz;ksx dEiuh ds MkVkcs l dks j[kus ds fy;s ,oa dEiuh ds vU; egRoiw .kZ dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s bl

dEI;w Vj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAPDP-8 First Mini Computer ftldk fodkl 1965 es a fd;k x;k Fkk A

bldk vkdkj fQt ds cjkcj FkkA bldh dher 18000 Mkyj FkhA ftls DEC Company us cuk;k FkkA

DEC dk iw jk uke Digital Equipment Corporation gSA


13/68


13

4. Mainframe Computer :- ;g oks dEI;w Vj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ks a ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl es a loZ j dEI;w Vj

ds dk;Z ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh dk;Z {kerkMini Computer ls cgq r vf/kd gks rh gSA bl

dEI;w Vj ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;w tj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA budh eseks jh {kerk cgq r vf/kd gks rh¼24X7 days ½ gSA

budk gkMZ os;j ehuh dEI;w Vj ls cMk gks rk gSA ;g dEI;w Vj ?kjks a es a iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;w Vj ugh gks rs gSA ;g

eagxs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA bu dEI;w Vjl es a ekbZdz ks dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx Clinent ds rkS j ij fd;k tkrk gS A

dq q N Mainframe Computer fuEu gSA

IBM 4381, ICL 39,CDC Cyber etc.

5. Super Computer:- lq ij dEI;w Vj fo’ks"k izdkj ds dEI;w Vj gks rs gSA budk fuekZ.k fo’ks"k dk;Z ds fy;s

fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls rst vkSj cMs dEI;w Vj gks rs gSAbu dEI;w Vj es s a vusd lhih;w dks ,d lekUrj dz e es a yxs jgrs gSA ftl ds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh {kerkcgq r vf/kd gks rh gSAHkkjr dk igyk lqij dEI;w Vj ije gSA

lq ij dEI;w Vj ds dk;Z %&1 va rfj{k ;k=k ds fy;s 2 ekS le foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy;s

3 high resolution and action Movies cukus ds fy;s

4 ;q} ds fy;s


14/68


14

Components of Computer System:-

Secondary Memory

Primary Memory

Control Unit(CU)

Airthmetic Logical Unit(ALU)

InputUnit Output

Unit

Data &Commands Results

CPUCentral Processing Unit


15/68


15

CPU dk iw jk uke Central Processing Unit gSA lhih;w fuEu ;w fuV ls feydj cuk gks rk gSA

CU

ALU MEMORY

INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT

1. CU :- bldk iw jk uke Control Unit gSA blds }kjk iw js dEI;w Vj flLVe dks fu;af=r djus dk dk;Z djrhgSA ;g ;w fuV lhih;w dh egRoiw .kZ ;w fuV gks rh gSA

2. ALU :- bldk iw jk uke Airthmetic Logical Unit gSA ;g dEI;w Vj dh izeq[k ;qfuV gks rh gSA blds

}kjk dEI;w Vj es a lHkh xf.krh; ,oa logical dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA ;g processor ds vUnj gks rh gSA

3. Memory :- Computer es a nks izdkj dh eseks jh gks rh gSA

A. Primay Memory B. Secondary Memory

A. Primary Memory : - Computer ;g eseks jh Main Memory gks rh gSA ;g eseks jh vLFkkbZ eseks jh gks rh

gSA bldh LihM yxHkx iz ks ls lj ds cjkcj gks rh gSA ;g lkbZt es a NksVh ,oa eagxh eseks jh gks rh gSARAM and

ROM dEI;w Vj dh Primary Memory gks rh gS aA

B. Secondary Memory:- ;g dEI;w Vj dh LFkkbZ esekjh gks rh gSA bldh LihMPrimary Memory ls

de gks rh gSA ;g lkbZt es a cMh ,oa lLrh eseks jh gks rh gSA dEI;w Vj es a secondary Memory ds rkS j ij

gkMZfMLd Vsi vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

3. Input unit :- dEI;w Vj dh os ;w fuV ftuds }kjk MkVk ,oa dekWM dks dEI;w Vj es a buiqV fd;k tkrk gSA

buiqV ;w fuV dgykrh gSA buiqV ;w fuV dbZ izdkj dh gks rh gSA tS ls dhcksMZ ] ekml ] LdSuj vkfnA

4. Output Unit :- dEI;w Vj dh os ;w fuV ftuds }kjk buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk ,oa dekWM dks iz ksfll ds ckn

ftudh lgk;rk ls mldk ifj.kke fMLisy fd;k tkrk gSA vkmViqV ;qfuV dgykrh gSA tS ls % fiz aVj ] ekWfuVj

lkmUM vkfnA


16/68


16

Primary Memory ( izFkkfed eseksjh )

Primary Memory

RAM ROM

SRAM

SDRAM

DRAM

NVRAM

PROM

EPROM

EEPROM


17/68


17

Memory :- ;g Computer dh LVks js t ;w fuV gSA ;g dEI;w Vj dk egRoiw .kZ fgLlk gks rh gSA bles a ge MkVk

] iz ksxz ke vkfn dks LVks j djds j[k ldrs gSA bles a MkVk dks ckbZujh QkeZV¼0]1½ es a LVks j fd;k tkrk gS A bldks ukius dh lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij dbZ ;w fuV gSA tS ls ckbZV] fdyksckbZV ]esxkckbZV] xhxkckbZV ,oa Vs jkckbZV bles a

lcls NksVh ;w fuV ckbZV ,oa lcls cMh ;w fuV VsjkckbZV gks rh gSA;g nks izdkj dh gks rh gSA

1. Primary Memory

2. Secondary Memory

Primary Memory :- bl eseks jh dks Main Memory Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g nks izdkj dh gks rh gSA

A. RAM

B. ROM

RAM (Randam Access Memory)

bldk iw jk uke Randam Access Memory gSA bldh fuEu fo’ks"krk,W gks rh gSA

bldks dEI;w Vj dh izeq[k eseks jh dgk tkrk gSA ;g vLFkkbZ eseks jh gks rh gSA vFkkZ r~ bles a LVks j MkVk dEI;w Vj can gksus ij fMfyV gks tkrk gSA ftldkiqu% iz kIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gS A

;g LkkbZt es a NksVh gks rh gSA tS ls 512 MB , 1 GB

;g Volatile Memory dgykrh gSA

blh ls gksdj MkVkSecondary Storage Device or Processor ds ikl tkrk gSA ;g ,d Semiconditor or Filp Flop ls feydj cuh memory gks rh gSA

;g fuEu izdkj dh gks rh gSA tS ls SRAM , DRAM SD RAM etc.

SRAM :- bldk iwjk ukeStaic Randam Access Memory gSA ;g Flip Flop ls feydj cuh gks rh gSA

blfy; ;g de Refresh gks rh gSA bles a ge MkVk dks vf/kd le; rd j[k ldrs gSA ;g ,d ea gxh eseks jh

gks rh gSA bldh data Accessing Speed vU; jse dh vis{kk vf/kd gks rh gSA


18/68


18

DRAM :- bldk iw jk uke Dyanamic Ramdam Access Memory gSA ;g eseks jh tYnh tYnh fjQs’k

gks rh gSA Refresh dk eryc Electronic Charge or Dischage ls gks rk gSA ;g ,d second es a gtkjks a

ckj Refresh gks rh gSA vr% bldhSpeed slow gks rh gSA ;g vU; jse dh vis{kk lLrh gks rh gSA

SD RAM :- bldk iwjk ukeSynchronous Dyanamic Randam Access Memory gSA bldh Speed

DRAM dh vis{kk vf/kd gks rh gSA ;g jse lhih;w dh ?kMh ds vuq lkj dk;Z djrh gSA

NV RAM :- bldk iw jk uke Non Volatil Randam Access Memory gSA bl jse dk iz;ksx usVodZ

fMokbl es a gkMZfMLd ds :Ik es a fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d ea gxh eseks jh gks rh gSA


19/68


19

ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM dk iw jk uke Read Only Memory gSA ;g dEI;w Vj dh Primary Memory gks rh gSA ;g LFkkbZ

eseks jh gks rh gSA bles a dEI;w Vj dks LVkVZ djus okys izFkkfed iz ksxz ke ,oa Setting gks rh gSA ;g dEI;w Vj ds

enjcksMZ ij LFkkbZ :Ik ls yxh jgrh gSA ;g ,d ea gxh eseks jh gks rh gSA ;g cktkj es a vyx ls miyC/k ughgks rh gSA ;g enjcksMZ ds LkkFk vkrh gSA;g rhu izdkj dh gks rh gS SA

1. PROM 2. EPROM 3. EEPROM

1. PROM: - bldk iw jk uke Programble Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi es a ,d ckj iz ksxz ke LVks j

fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;fn iz ksxz ke es a =qfV(Error) gksus ij mles a dksbZ lq/kkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

2. EPROM:- - bldk iw jk uke Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA ;g fpi us

PROM dh leL;k dks nw j fd;k FkkA bl fpi es a LVks j iz ksxz ke es a lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk FkkA fpi es a lq/kkj

djus ds fy;s fpi dks cksMZ ls fudky dj ijkcSxuh (ultraviolet Ray ) ds lkeus j[kk tkrk FkkA ftlls

fpi es a LVks j iz ksxz ke vkS j MkVk dks fMfyV fd;k tkrk FkkA blds ckn iqu% iz ksxz ke dks LVks j fd;k tkrk FkkA tks ,d dfBu ,oa eagxh izfdz;k FkhA

3. EEPROM: - bldk iw jk uke Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA bl

fpi us EPROM dh leL;k dks nw j fd;k gS A bl fpi es a LVks j iz ksxz ke ,oa MkVk es a lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fo/kq rdk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blds fy;s fpi dks enjcksMZ ls fudkys dh vko’;drk ugh gks rh gSA ;g ,d ljy,oa lLrh izfdz;k gSA vktdy ds enjcksMZ es a blh jkse dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA


20/68


20

Unit -II

Input Devices :Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Scanners, Digital Camera, MICR,OCR, OMR,

Light pen, Touch Screen. Output Devices Monitors - Characteristics and types of monitor,

Size, Resolution, Refresh Rate, Dot Pitch,Video Standard - VGA, SVGA, XGA etc.

Printers - Daisy wheel, Dot Matrix, Inkjet, Laser. Plotter, Sound Card and Speakers.

Input devices : - os fMokbl ftudh iz;ksx MkVk dks dEI;w Vj ds vanj buiqV djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

buiqV fMokbl dgykrh gS aA buiqV fMokbl nks izdkj dh gks rh gS a aA

1. Online

2. Off line

Online input device:- os fMokbl tks dEI;w Vj ls connect gksdj MkVk dks buiqV djus dk dk;Z djrh gS aAvkuykbZu buiqV fMokbl dgykrh gS aA tS ls

I. Keyboard

II. Mouse

III. Scanner

IV. Joy strick

V. Track ball

VI. Digiting tablet

VII. MICR

VIII. OCR

IX. OMR

X. BCR

XI. Light pen

XII. Touch screen

XIII. Voice Recognition


21/68


21

Key board ( dh cksMZ)

;g ,d lcls T;knk iz ;ksx dh tkus okyh vkuykbZu buiqV fMokbl gSA ;g VkbijkbZVj ds fl)ka r ij dk;Z

djrk gSA blls text ,number, symbol vkfn dks dEI;w Vj ds vanj buiqV fd;k tkrk gSA ,d LVs aMZ dhcksMZ

es a 105 dh gks rh gS multimedia key board es a blls vf/kd dh gks rh gS aA

dhcksMZ dh dks pkj Hkkxks a es a ckWVk x;k gSA

1. .Function key 2. Alfa – numeric keypad 3.Numeric key pad 4. Special key

1. Function key: - ;g dh dhcksMZ es a lcls Åij gks rh gS aA budh la[;k ckjg ( F1 –F12 ) gks rh gSA budk

dk;Z vyx vyx iz ksxz ke es a vyx vyx gks rk gSA bu ds dk;Z dks ;w tj ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrk gS

2.Alfa – Numeric keypad:- ;g dh dhcksMZ ds e/; dk fgLlk gks rk gS ;g dh lcls egROkiw .kZ dh gks rh gSA

bu ls vYQkosV ,oa U;w esfjd uEcj ds lkFk fo’ks"k fpUgks a dks dEI;w Vj es a buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s bUgs a

vYQk U;w esfjd dh dgk tkrk gSA blls A TO Z ,a TO z, 0 TO 9 ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( )

3.Numeric key:- ;g dh cksMZ es a nk;s a rjQ gks rh gS aA bles a dqy 17 dh gks rh gS aA blls uEcj ,oa ,s jks dh

nksuks a rjg ls dke djrh gSA ;fn Num key on gks rh gS rks uEcj buiqV gks rs gS vkS j ;fn ;g ca n gks rh gSA rks

;g ,s jks dh rjg dke djrh gS aA

4.Special key:- budh la[;k dh cksMZ es a de gks rh gS buls dEI;w Vj ds special dk;Z fd;s tkrs gS aA tS ls

screen printing , scroll lock, insert, power button ,home ,End, Insert etc.

VsduksykWth ds vk/kkj ij dh cksMZ nks izdkj ds gks rs gS

1. Wired keyboard :- bl dhcksMZ dks dEI;w Vj ls connect djus ds fy;s rkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgSA bl fy;s bls wired keyboard dgk tkrk gSA


22/68


22

2. Wireless keyboard:- bl dhcksMZ dks dEI;w Vj ls connect djus ds fy;s rkj dk iz;ksx ugh fd;k

tkrk gSA bl fy;s bls wireless keyboard dgk tkrk gSA bl dh cksMZ dks dEI;w Vj ls tksMus ds fy;s ,d

fjlhoj dh vko’;drk gks rh gS ftls lhihiw ls tksMk tkrk gS ;g dhcksMZ radio Frequency ds Åij dk;Z

djrs gSA

Mouse( ekml );g GUI interface es a lcls T;knk iz;ksx gksus okyh pointer input device gSA bldk fodkl 1980 ds

n’kd ds ckn fd;k x;k FkkA gS bldk vkdkj ekml ds leku gksus ds dkj.k bls ekml dgk tkrk gSA bles a

dqy rhu cVu gks rs gSALeft and Right Button vkS j chp es a ,d Scroll button gks rk gSA

ekml rhu izdkj ds gks rs gS

1. Mechanical Mouse

2. Optical Mouse

3. Wireless Mouse

Mechanical Mouse( ;kaf=dh ekml ):- bu ekml dk iz;ksx 1990 ds n’kd es a fd;k tkrk gSA bles a ,d jcj dh xs an gks rh Fkh tks ekml ds [kksy ls FkksMh ckgj fudyh jgrh FkhA tc ge ekml dks lrg ij ?kq ekrs Fks

ftlls mlds vUnj ds lsUllZ dEI;w Vj ds k la ds r Hkstrs FksA bu lads rks a es a ckWy ds ?kw .kZu dh nw jh fn’kk rFkk xfr lfefyr gks rh Fkh A bl MkVk ds vk/kkj ij dEI;w Vj Ldz hu ij IokbaVj dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk FkkA


23/68


23

Optical Mouse( izdk’kh; ekml ):- optical mouse ,d u;s izdkj ds ekml gS vktdy bu ekml dk

iz;ksx lcls T;knk gks jgk gSA bUgs a non mechanical mouse Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bles a izdk’k dh ,d fdj.k

uhps dh lrg ls mRlftZ r gks rh gSA ftlds ijkoRrZu (reflection of light) ds vk/kkj ij ;g vkWCtsDV dh

nw jh fn’kk rFkk xfr r; djrk gSA

Cordless Mouse:- ;g vkt ds vk/kqfud ;qx ds ekml gS aA ;g ekml Qz hDosUlh ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrs

gSAbles a nks izeq[k dEiksusUVl transmitter and receiver gks rs gS aA;g electromagnetic signal ds :Ik es a

ekml dh xfr rFkk fDyd djus dh lw puk Computer dks Hksth tkrh gS fjlhoj dEI;w Vj es a tksMk tkrk gSA

rFkk bles a blds Driver dks dEI;w Vj es a install djuk iMrk gSAvkt ds dEI;w Vjvks a es a ;g bu fcYV Hkh gks rk

gSA


24/68


24

Scanner ( LdSuj )

LdSuj ,d vkWuykbZu buiqV fMokbl gSA blls ge lwpuk ,oa MkVk dks dEI;w Vj ds vUnj lh/ks buiqV dj ldrs gSA blls fdlh Hkh fdrkc QksVks ,oa vU; MkVk ds k i


25/68


25

OMR:- bldk iw jk uke Optical Mark Reader gSA ;g ,d ,s lh fMokbl gS tks OMR Sheet ij is fUly

;k isu ds fpUg dh mifLFkfr vkS j vuq mifLFkfr dks tkWprh gSA bles a dkxt ij iz dk’k Mkyk tkrk gSAvkS jijkofrZ r iz dk’k dks tkWpk tkrk gSA tgkW fpUg mifLFkr gksxk] dkxt ds ml Hkkx ls ijkofrZ r iz dk’k dh

rhoz rk de gksxhA ;gMachine ds oy OMR sheet dks tkWprh gSA

vktdy bldk iz ;ksx Competitive examination dh answer book dks Check fd;k tkrk gSA blds

iz;ksx ls de le; es a lgh ifj.kke vk tkrs gSA

OCR:- bldk iw jk uke Optical Character Recognition gSA bldh lgk;rk ls igys ls Nis dS js DVjlZ

ds ijLij QdZ ns[kdj OCR ekud dS js DVjlZ ls igpku dh tkrh gSA blds }kjk VkbZijkbZVj ] gkFk ls fy[ks

iq jkus ys[k vkS j dzsfMV dkMZ ds dS jsDVj i


26/68


26

Joystick:- bldk iz;ksx dEI;w Vj es a xsEl [ksyus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tkW;fLVd ds ek/;e ls Ldzz hu ij

mifLFkr vkdf̀r dks vklkuh ls ew o fd;k tk ldrk gS A ;g cPpks a dks dEI;w Vj fl[kkus dk vklku rjhdk gSAblls xsEl [ksyuk lqfo/kktud gks rk gSA bldk iz;ksx jkscksV dks daVksy djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

Trackball :- ;g ,d pointer device gSA ;g ekml ds leku dk;Z djrh gSA bles a ,d mHkjh gqbZ xs an gks rh

gSA vkS j nks ;k rhu cVu gks rs gS bldh xs an dks vaxqfy;ks a ;s ?kqek;k tkrk gSA ;g ysiVkWi es a ekml dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xsEl Hkh [ksys tkrs gSA ;g de txg ?ks jrk gSA bles ds oy xs an dks ?kqekuk iMrk

gS] iw jh trackball device dks ugh A


27/68


27

Light Pen:- YkkbZV isu dk iz;ksx dEI;w Vj Ldz hu ij dks bz Z fp= ;k dk vkd f̀r dk fuek.kZ djus ds fy;s fd;k

tkrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d ikabVj fMokbl gSA ykbZV isu es a ,d QksVks lsy gks rk gSA tc ge ykbZVisu ls dEI;w Vj

Ldz hu ij dks bZ fp= cukrs gSA rks bldh iYl Ldz hu ls transmit gksdj dEI;w Vj es a ls o gks tkrh gSA

ykbZVisu dk iz;ksx ehuw vkI’ku dks pquus Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy bldk iz ;ksx CAD ds dk;ks Z es a

vf/kd gks jgk gSA

Touch Screen :- Touch Screen dk iz;ksx vktdy cS afdax] jsyos ] ,;jiksV ,oa ykbcz s jh es a dSVykWx Qkby

dks


28/68


28

Voice recognition :- bldh lgk;rk ls ge MkVk dks dEI;w Vj es a cksydj buiqV djk ldrs gSA ,oa

dEI;w Vj dks Hkh vkijsV dj ldrs gSA blls MkVk dks buiqV djrs le; vkus ckyh ijs’kkuh;ks a dks nw j fd;k tk

ldrk gS A bles a ,d microphone dh vko’;drk gks rh gSA bl rduhdh ls MkVk dks dEI;w Vj es a buiqV djukvklku gks x;k A bles a dEI;w Vj ;g tkWp djrk gSA fd dkSu cksy jgk gS vkS j D;k cksy jgk gSA vkSj mlds }kjk

cksys x;s dekaM ;k MkVk dks electronic signal es a cny ns rk gSA

Bar Code Reader (BCR):- BCR dk iz;ksx O;klkf;d {kS = es a fd;k tkrk gSA blls mOikn (product )

ds iSdsV ds Åij Nis gq;s ckj dksM ds k i


29/68


29

Off line input device :- os fMokbl tks dEI;w Vj ls plug fd;s fcuk MkVk dks collect djds dEI;w Vj es a

buiqV djrh gSA vkWQ ykbZu buiqV fMokbl dgykrh gSA dSejk ,d vkWQ ykbZu buiqV fmokbl gSA

Digitel Camera :- ;g ,d vkWQ ykbZu buiqV fMokbl gS bldk iz;ksx QksVks [khpus ,oa LVks j djus ds fy;s

fd;k tkrk gSA bles a ,d Ldz hu gks rh gS ftl ij ge [khps x;s QksVks ns[k ldrs gSA bldks ,d LFkku ls nw ljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs gSA

Monitor

Monitor ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gSA bldks fotqvy fMLIys ;w fuV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g ns[kus es a Vhoh dh rjg

gks rk gSA EkkWuhVj ,d lcls egRoiw .kZ vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blds fcuk dEI;w Vj v/kw jk gks rk gSA ;g vkmViqV

dks viuh Ldz hu ij Soft Copy ds :Ik es a iznf’kZ r djrk gS A

ekWfuVj }kjk izfn’kZ r ja xks a ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu izdkj ds gks rs gSA

1. Monochrome Monitor:- ;g ’kCn nks ’kCnks a ls eksuks(Mono) vFkkZ r~ flaxy (Singal) rFkk

dz kse (Chrome) vFkkZ r~ jax (Color) ls feydj curk gSA bl izdkj ds ekWuhVj vkmViqV dks black

and white :Ik es a iznf’kZ r djrs gSA

2. Gray - Scale Monitor :- ;g ekWuhVj fo’ks"k izdkj ds eksuksdz kse ekWuhVj gks rs gSA tks fofHkUu xz s

’ksMl es a vkmViqV iznf’kZ r djrs gSA bl izdkj ds ekWuhVj vf/kdrj gSUMh dEI;w Vj tS ls yS i &VkWi es a iz;qDr fd;s tkrs FksA

3. Color Monitor:- bl izdkj ds ekWuhVjRGB (Red, Green, Blue) ja xks a ls vkmViqV iznf’kZ r

djrs gSA ;g ekWuhVj mPp jstksyw’ku es a xz kfQDl dks iznf’kZ r djus es a l{ke gks rs gS aA dEI;w Vj eseks jh dh{kerkuq lkj ,s ls ekWuhVj dyj ls djksMks a dYkj iznf’kZ r djus dh {kerk j[krs gSA


30/68


30

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)Monitor :- ;g rduhdh lLrh ,oa jaxhu vkmViqV nsus es a l{ke gSA bles a

fiDpj V;w c ,yhes aV gks rk gSA tks iw jkus Vhch lsV ds rjg gks rk gSA

Flat panel Monitor : - ;g ubZ rduhdh ds ekWuhVj gS aA bls vkosf’kr jlk;uks a vkSj xS lks a dks dkWp dh IysVks a

ds e/; la ;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS A ;s iryh fMLIys fMokblst Flat Panel Display dgykrh gSA bldk iz;ksx

ysIkVkWi es a fd;k tk jgk gS ;g fo/kq r dh dk [kir djrs gSA vkSj ctu es a gYds gks rs gS aA

bles a LCD (Liquid Crystal Display )Technology dk iz;ksx gks rk gSA

nks vU; Flat panel technology ds uke GPD(Gas Plasma Display), Electroluminescent

Display (EL) gSA budh fMLIys quality LCD dh rqyuk es a vPNh gSA

vkt dh ubZ rduhdh LED gSA ftldk iw jk uke Light emitting diode gSA

Characteristics of a Monitor( ekWuhVj ds eq[; y{k.k ):-

1. Resolution ( js tksyw’ku ):- Display device dk egRRoiw .kZ xq.k jstksyw’ku ;k Ldz hu ds fp= dh

Li"Vrk gks rk gSA ekWuhVj es a fp= dk fuek.kZ NksVs NksVs fcUnqvks a ls feydj gks rk gSA ftls fiDlsydgk tkrk gS tc ;g fcUnq pedrs gSA rks fp= dk fuek.kZ gks rk gSA bdkbZ {kS =Qy es a mifLFkrfcUnqvks a dh la[;k jstksYkw ’ku dks O;Dr djrh gSA ekWuhVj dh jstksyw ’ku {kerk vf/kd gksuh pkfg;sA

js tksyw ’ku vf/kd gksxk rks fp= dh Li"Vrk vf/kd gksxhA

2. Refresh Rate:- ekWuhVj yxkrkj dk;Z djrk jgrk gS A dEI;w Vj Ldz hu ij bes t nk;s a ls ck;s a ,oa

Åij ls uhps feVrh curh jgrh gSA tks bYksDVkWu xu ls O;ofLFkr gks rk jgrk gSA bldk vuqHko ge rHkh dj ikrs gS tc Ldz hu fDyd djrh gSA ;k tc fjQz s’k nj de gks rk gS A ekWuhVj es a fjQz s’k jsV

dks gVZt es a ukik tkrk gSA

3. Dot Pitch:- MkWV fip ,d izdkj dh ekiu rduhdh gSA tks ;g iz nf’kZ r djrh gS A dh nks fiDlsy

ds e/; horizontal vUrj ;k nw jh fdruh gSAbldk ekiu feyhehVj es a fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

ekWuhVj dh xq.koRrk dks iznf’kZ r djrk gS A ekWuhVj es a MkWVfip de gksuk pkfg;sA bldks QkW LQj fip

Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dyj ekWuhVj dh MkWV fip0.15 MM ls .30 MM rd gks rh gSA

Interlacing or non Interlacing :- ;g ,d ,s lh fMLIys rduhdh gSA tks dh ekWuhVj es a jstksyw ’ku dh

xq.koRrk es a vkSj vf/kd o`f} djrh gSA bUVjysflax ekWuhVj es a bysDVkWu xu ds oy vk/kh ykbZu [khprh Fkh D;ks afdbUVjysflax ekWuhVj ,d le; es a ds oy vk/kh ykbu dks gh fjQz s ’k djrk gSA ;g ekWuhVj izR;sd fjQz s’k lkbfdy

es a nks ls vf/kd ykbuks a dks iznf’kZ r dj ldrk gS A bldh ds oy ;g deh Fkh fd bldk response time /khek

gks rk FkkAnksuks a izdkj ds ekWuhVj dh jstksyw ’ku {kerk vPNh gks rh gSA ijUrq ukWu bUVjysflax ekWuhVj T;knk vPNkgks rk gSA


31/68


31

Bit Mapping :- igys tks ekWuhVjl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk mues a ds oy VsDl dks gks fMLIys fd;k tk

ldrk Fkk vkS j budh fiDls y dh la a[;k lhfer gks rh FkhA ftlls VsDl dk fuek.kZ fd;k tkrk FkkA xz kfQDlfodflr djus ds fy;s tks rduhdh iz;ksx dh xbZ ftles a VsDl vkSj xz kfQDl nksuks a dks iznf’kZ r fd;k tk ldrkgS a og fcV eSfiax dgykrh gSA bl rduhdh es a fcV eSi xz kfQDl dk izR;sd fiDlsy vkWijsV ds }kjk fu;fU=rgks rk gSA blls vkWijsVj fdlh Hkh vkd`fr dks Ldz hu ij cuk;k tk ldrk gS A

Video Standard:-

Video Standard Color Time Company No of Pixel

CGA 4 1981 IBM 320X200

EGA 16 1984 IBM 640X320

VGA 256 1987 IBM640X320,

320X200

XGA 16 Million65536

1990 IBM 800X6001024X768

SVGA 16 billion 1993 IBM

800X600(Small)

1280X1024 or

1600X1200

CGA= Color Graphics AdapterEGA= Enhanced Graphics Adapter

VGA= Video Graphics Array

XGA= Extended Graphics Array

SVGA= Supper Video Garphics Array (VESA BIOS Extenstion)

CGA vedio Standard: - bldk iw jk uke Color Graphics Adapter blds }kjk pkj dyj dks izfnZ’kr

fd;k tkrk Fkk A bldk fodkl vkbZch,e daiuh us 1981 es a fd;k FkkA bldk jstksyw ’ku320X200 FkkA

EGA vedio Standard: - bldk iw jk uke Enhanced Graphics Adapter blds }kjk lksyg dyj dks

izfnZ’kr fd;k tkrk Fkk A bldk fodkl vkbZch,e daiuh lhth, ds rhu lky ckn 1984 es a fd;k FkkA bldk

js tksyw’ku640X320 FkkA


32/68


32

VGA vedio Standard :- bldk iw jk uke Video Graphics Array blds }kjk 256 dyj dks izfnZ’kr

fd;k tkrk Fkk A bldk fodkl vkbZch,e daiuh bth, ds rhu lky ckn 1987 es a fd;k FkkA bldk jstksyw ’ku

640X320 FkkA bles a mPp dyj okys xse ] fQYe ] fofM;ks vkfn dks fMLkIys ugh fd;k tkrk FkkA

XGA vedio Standard: - bldk iw jk uke Extended Graphics Array blds }kjk 16 fefy;u dyj dks

izfnZ’kr fd;k tkrk Fkk A bldk fodkl vkbZch,e daiuh lhth, ds rhu lky ckn 1990 es a fd;k FkkA bldk

js tksyw’ku800X600 and 1024X768 FkkA

SVGA vedio Standard: - bldk iw jk uke Supper Video Garphics Array blds }kjk 16 fcfy;udyj dks izfnZ’kr fd;k tkrk Fkk A bldk fodkl vkbZch,e daiuh lhth, ds rhu lky ckn 1993 es a s fd;k FkkA

bldk jstksyw’ku1024X768 and 1600X1200 FkhA

Printer

Printer ,d vkWu ykbZu vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blls vkmViqV dks dkxt ij Nki dj iz Lrq r fd;k tkrk gS Adkxt ij fy;s x;s vkmViqV dks hard copy dgk tkrk gSA blds }kjk dEI;w Vj ds lads rks a dks iz kd`frd

Hkk"kk ( English , Hindi) es a ifjofRkZ r djds gkMZ dkWih ds :Ik es a Nirs gS aA

Printering Technology ds vk/kkj ij fiz aVlZ nks izdkj ds gks rs gSA

Printer

Impact Printer Non-Impact Printer

Dot Matrix Printer Solid Printer Inkjet Printer Leaser Printer

Daisy WheelPrinter

Line Printer


33/68


33

Impect Printer

;g os fizVa j gks rs gSA tks fizfVax djrs le; vkokt djrs gSA blfy;s budks impact printer dgrs gSA

Impact printer nks izdkj ds gks rs gSA

1. Dot Matrix printer

2. Solid printer

Dot Matrix printer :- ;g ,d bEiSDV fizVa j gks rs gSA buds fizVa gSM es a fiuks a dk ,d eSfVDl (matrix)

gks rk gSA bu fiuks a ds fjcu ls VDdjkus ls dkxt ij fiz afVax gks rh gSA bles a NksVs NksVs fcUnvks a ls feydj

v{kjvks a dk fuek.kZ gks rk gSA buds fiz afVx gSM es a 9,14,18 ;k 24 fiuks a dk horizontal Group gks rk gSA ,d

ckj es a ,d dkye dh fiu gS M ls ckgj fudkydj MkWV~ l dks Nkirh gSA ftlls ,d v{kj vus d pj.kks a es a curkgSA bl izdkj fiafVax gSM ykbu dh fn’kk es a vkxs f[kdrk tkrk gSA bles a fiz afVax gSM dks dEI;w Vj ds }kjk

fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA budh fizfVax xfr 30 ls 600 v{kj izfr lSds aM gks rh gSA ;g fizVa j nksuks a fn’kk es a

fiz afVax djrs gSA;g fizVa j fiz fVax xq.koRkk ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds gks rs gSA

1. Draft Quality Printering: - bles a lkekU; NikbZ gks rh gSA

2. Near Letter Quality Printering: - bl fiz afVax es a ,d v{kj dks nks ckj Nkik tkr gSA bldh

fiz afVa sx xfr /kheh gks rh gSA

Solid Printer

Daisy Wheel printer:- ;g ,d Bks l eq nz k & v{kj (Solid Font Printer) impact printer gSA bldkuke Msth Oghy blfy;s iMk gS D;ks afd blds fizfVax gSM vkd`fr xqycgkj Qw y (Msth ) ds leku gks rk gSA

Msth Oghy fiz aVj /kheh xfr dk fiz aVj gS ysfdu bldh fiz afVax Quality vkS j Li"Vrk vPNh gks rh gSA blfy;s

bldk iz;ksx i= Nkius ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS blfy;s bldks letter Quality Printer Hkh dgrs gSA


34/68


34

blds fiz afVax gSM es a ,d pdz (Wheel) gks rk gS A ftlds izR;sd rkus ij ,d v{kj mHkjk jgrk gS bles ,d

NksVk gSej gks rk gS tks rkus ls Vdjkrk gS vkS j rku fjcu ls fjcu ds ihNs dkxt gks rk gS ftl ij v{kj Nkitkrk gSA Oghy /kw eus ls fiz afVax gks rh gSA vkS j Oghy fiz afVax djrs gq;s viuh {kSfrt xfr es a vkxs c


35/68


35

3. Drum Printer:- bl fiz aVj es a ,d Mªe gks rk gSA bl ij Bks l v{kj fpids jgrs gSA bles a gSej gks rs gS aA

tks dEI;w Vj ds }kjk fu;f+ =r gks rs gSA bl fiz aVj es a Mªe ds ckj iw jk /kw eus ls ,d ykbZu fiz aV gks tkrh gSAbuls Li"V ,oa rst fiz afVax gks rh gSA

Non Impect Printer

Non Impect Printer os fiz aVj gks rs gSA tks fiz afVs a sx djrs le; vkokt ugha djrs gS A ukWu bEiSDV fiz aVj

dgykrs gSA budh fiz afVax xfr ,oa Li"Vrk bEiSDV fiz aVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA

Non Impect Printer nks izdkj ds gks rs gSA

1. Ink Jet Printer

2. Leaser Printer


36/68


36

Ink Jet Printer:- Ink jet printer ,d non impact printer gSA ftles a ,d uksty ls dkxt ij

L;kgh dh ca w nks a dh ckSNkj djds dSjsDVj vkS j fp=ks a dh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA fiz s fVa gSM ds uksty es a L;kgh dhcw anks a dks pktZ djds dkxt ij mfpr fn’kk es a NksMk tkrk gSA bl fiz aVj dk fiz aVvkmV vf/kd Li"V gks rk gSAD;ks afd bles a v{kj dk fuekZ.k dbZ MkWVl ls feydj gks rk gSA

ja xhu badtSV fiz aVj es a L;kgh ds pkj uksty gks rs gSA uhye] yky] ihyk] dkyk blfy;s bldks CYMK fiz aVj

Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

bl fiz aVj es a ,d eq [; leL;k gS fd blds fiz aV gSM es a bad DykSfxax (ink clogging) gks tkrh gS ;fn blls

dqN le; rd fiz afVax uk fd tk;s rksA blds uksty ds eqgkus ij L;kgh te tkrh gSA ftlls blds fNnz cangks tkrs gSA bl leL;k dks bad fDyks afxx dgk tkrk gSA vktdy bl leL;k dks gy dj fy;k x;k gS A blds vykok bl fiz aVj dh fiz afVax ij ;fn ueh vk tk;s rks bad QSy tkrh gSA

bldh fiz afVax DokfyVh iz k;% 300 DPI (Dot Per Inch) gks rh gSA

Leaser Printer:- ;g ukWu baEiSDV ist fiz aVj gks rs gSA bldk iz;ksx dEI;w Vj es a 1970 ds n’kd ls fd;k tk

jgk gSA igys ;s esuQz se dEI;w Vj es a iz;ksx fd;s tkrs FksA1980 n’kd es a budh dher 3000 MkWyj Fkh A vkS j

blh le; budk iz ;ksx ekbdz ks dEI;w Vj es a fd;k tkus yxkA vktdy ;g lcls T;knk yksdfiz; fiz aVj gSAD;ks afd budh fiz afVax xfr ,oa DokfyVh cgq r vPNh gks rh gSA ystj fiz aVj tsjksxz kQh rduhdh ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA ts jksxz kQh rduhdh dk fodkl ts jkWDl e’khu dsfy;s gqvk FkkA ts jksxz kQh ,d QksVksxz kQh rduhdh gSA ftles a fQYe] ,d vkosf’kr inkFkZ dk ysiu ;qDr Megks rk gSA ;g Me QksVks la osfnr gks rk gSA blds }kjk dkxt ij vkmViqV dks Nkik tkrk gSA

dk;Zfof/k %& ystj fiz aVj es a fiz afVax ystj fdj.k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS bles a ystj fdj.k ysUlks a }kjk ,d /kw ers gq;s cgqHkqtkdkj niZ.k ij Qksdl dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkofrZ r gksdj vkmViqV dh ;g ystj fdj.k ys Ulks a }kjk iqu% ,d vU; niZ.k ij Qksdl dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkfofRkZ r gks dj ;g fdj.k Mªe ij fxjrh gSA ;gfdj.k Mªe ij Nkius ckyh ykbZuks a ds :Ik es a Mkyrk gSA tc ;g Mªe /kw erk gSA rks vkosf’kr LFkkuks a ij Vksujfpid tkrk gSA blds ckn ;g Vksuj dkxt ij LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gSA ftlls vkmViqV dkxt ij Ni tkrkgSA ;g vkmViqV vLFkkbZ gks rk gS bldks LFkkbZ djus ds fy;s bldks xeZ jksyj ds chp ls xqtkjk tkrk gSAftlls ;g fiz afVax LFkkbZ gks tkrh gSA

vf/kdrj ystj fiz aVj es a microprocessor , RAM and ROM gks rs gSA ROM es a QkWUV ,oa ist dks O;ofLFkr djus okys iz ksxz ke gks rs gSA

budh fiz afVax DokfyVh300 to 600 Dpi rd gks rh gS tks loZJs"B gks rh gSA blds }kjk jaxhu Hkh fy;s tk ldrs

gSA bldh fiz afVax xfr vf/kd gks rh gSA bldh xfr dks ppm es a ukik tkrk gSA vktdy budh dher de gs k

xbZ gSA


37/68


37

Plotter

;g ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gS blls fp= ,oa xz kQ dks fiz aV fd;k tkrk gSA ;g 3 D printing Hkh dj ldrs

gSA blds }kjk cSuj ]iks LVj vkfn dks fiz aV fd;k tkrk gSA;g nks izdkj ds gks rs gSA

1. Drum pen plotter

2. Fletbed plottter

Drum pen plotter :- ;g ,d ,s lk IykWVj gS ftles a isu mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA tks xfr’khy gksdj dkxt

ij fp= ;k vkd`fr dk fuekZ.k djrk gS SA bles dkxt dks Me ij p


38/68


38

Fletbed Plotter:- bles a dkxt dks ,d fLFkj voLFkk es a csM ;k Vs es a j[kk tkrk gSA bles a ,d Hkqtk ij is u

yxk jgrk gSA tks eksVj ls dkxt ij X v{k ,oa Y v{k ij /kw e dj fp= ;k vkd` fr dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA

bles a isu dEI;w Vj ls fu;af=r gks rk gSA

Sound Card & Speaker

Sound card ,d Extension board gks rk gSA ftldk iz;ksx lkmUM dks Edit djus ,oa output djus es a

gks rk gSAdEI;w Vj es a xkus lquus] fQYe ns[kus ;k fQj xse [ksyus ds fy;s bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk vko’;d gks rk

gSA vktdy ;g lkmUM dkMZ mother board es a in buit gks rk gSA lkmUM dkMZ ,oa Lihdj ,d nw ljs ds iw jdgks rs gS aA lkmUM dkMZ dh lgk;rk ls gh Lihdj /ofu mRiUu djrk gSA ekbdz ksQksu dh lgk;rk ls buiqV fd;s x;s lkmUM dks bldh lgk;rk ls gh laifnr fd;k tkrk gSA

Iz kk;% lHkh dkMZ MIDI support djrs gSAMIDI laxhr dks bysDVkWfud :Ik es a O;Dr djus dk ,d ekud gSA

lkmUM dkMZ nks rjhds ls fMftVy MkVk dks ,ukykWx flXuy es a cnyrk gSA

1. Frequancy Modulation:- synthesis iw oZ fufeZ r QkWew Zyk ds vuqlkj fofHkUu ok| ;a =ks a dh udy djrs gSA

2. Wavetable Synthesis:- okfLrfod ;a =ks a ds fjdkWfMZx ij fuHkZ j dj /ofu mRiUu djrs gSA ;g vf/kd ’kq}

/ofu mRiUu djrs gS aA ijUrq ;g vf/kd eagxs gks rs gSA

Sound Card Sound


39/68


39

Unit III

Syllabus :- Various Storage Devices - Magnetic Disks, Hard Disk Drives, Floppy, Disks,

Optical Disks, Computer Software ,Need, Types of Software’s - System software,

Application software System Software - Operating System, compiler ,Assemblers,

Interpreter .

Storage Device

Primary Storage Secondary Storage

RAM ROM sequential Access Direct Access

SRAM PROM Magnetic Tape Magnetic Optical

DRAM EPROM

NVRAM EEPROM Hard Disk CD

DVD

Floppy Disk Zip Drive

Mini Floppy Micro Floppy


40/68


40

Memory Unit

dEI;w Vj es a nks izdkj dh eseks jh gks rh gSA ,d oks tks MkVk dks dEI;w Vj es a vLFkkbZ :Ik ls LVks j djrh gS A vFkkZ r~

dEI;w Vj can gksus ij mldk MkVk fMfyV gks tkrk gSAPrimary Memory dgykrh gSA,d oks tks MkVk dks dEI;w Vj es a LFkkbZ :Ik ls LVks j djrh gS A vFkkZ r~ dEI;w Vj can gksus ij mldk MkVk fMfyV

ugha gks rk gSASecondary Memory dgykrh gSA bl eseks jh es a MkVk ds k blfy;s ls o djrs gSA rkfd bldk

iz;ksx Hkfo"; es a fd;k tk lds A

Secondary Storage Devices

Secondary Storage Device dks Auxiliary Storage Device Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g dEI;w Vj dk Hkkx

ugh gks rh gSA bldks dEI;w Vj es a vyx ls tksMk tkrk gSA bles a tks MkVk LVks j fd;k tkrk gS A og LFkkbZ gks rk

gSA vFkkZ r~ dEI;w Vj can gksus ij bles a LVks j MkVk fMfyV ugh gks rk gSA vko’;drk ds vuq lkj bldks Hkfo"; es a bles a ls o QkbZy ;k QksYMjks a dks [kksy dj ns [k ldrs gSA ;k bles a lq/kkj dj ldrs gSA ,oa bldks ;w tj ds }kjk

fMfyV Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldh Storage {kerk vf/kd gks rh gSA ,oa MkVk dks ,sDls l djus fd xfr

Primary Memory ls /kheh gks rh gSA

MkVk dks ,sDls l djus ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu izdkj dh gks rh gSA

1. Sequential Access Storage Device:- bl fdz;k es a Storage Data dks mlh dze es a ,sDls l fd;ktkrk gS ftl dz e es a LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bl ,sDll fdz;k dks lhfj;y ,s Dll fdz;k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

budk iz;ksx mu la LFkkuks a es a gks rk gSA tgkW ij vf/kd ek=k es a MkVk dks LVks j fd;k tkrk gS A vkS j mldks mlh dzekuq lkj dke es fy;k tkrk gSA iq jkus le; es a iz;ksx gksus okyh vkWfM;ks vkS j fofM;ks Vsi dSflV es a

blh esFM dk iz;ksx MkVk dks ,sDls l djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA cMh cMh daiuh;ks a es a MkVk dk cSdiysus ds fy;s ,oa mldks ,sDls l djus ds fy;s blh fdz;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA pqEcdh; Vsi blh dk

mnkgj.k gSA

Unit Sort Name Capacity

Bit (Machine Language )Bit 0,1 (Binary language)

Nibble Nibble 4 bits

Byte Byte 8 bitsKilo Byte KB 1024 Bytes=1 KB

Mega Byte MB 1024 KB = 1 MB

Giga Byte GB 1024 MB= 1 GB

Tera Byte TB 1024 GB= 1 TB


41/68


41

2. Index Sequential Access Method:- bles a MkVk dks sequential Access method ls gh MkVk

dks ,sDls l fd;k tkrk gS A ysfdu bles MkVk dks LVks j djrs le; ,d ba MsDl rS;kj dj fy;k tkrk gSAbl baMsDl es a ml MkVk dk lgh irk ekStw n gks rk gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls bldks vksfiu fd;k tk ldrkgSA ;g fdrkc es a baMsDl ist dh rjg gks rk gSA blls MkVk dk irk [kkstus es a T;knk le; u"V ughgks rk gSA

3. Direct Access Method :- bles a MkVk dks fdlh Hkh dze es a ,sDls l fd;k tk ldrk gS A ,oa fdlh Hkh

dze es a MkVk dks LVks j fd;k tk ldrk gS Abldh ,sDls l xfr flfj;y ,s Dlsl dh rqyuk es a vf/kd gks rhgSA

Type of Storage device:-

1. Magnetic Tape:- Magnetic Tape ,d LFkkbZ f}rh;d LVks js t fMokbl gSA bles a ,d IykfLVd

ds Vsi ij pq Ecdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic oxside) dk ysiu jgrk gSA LkHkh Vsi blh iz dkj ds gks rs

gSA pkgs oks vkWfM;ks ]fofM;ks ;k dEI;w Vj dh LVks jst Vsi gksA bles a LVks j MkVk dks sequential

access method ds }kjkLVks j ,oa ,sDls l fd;k tkrk gS A budk iz;ksx dEI;w Vj es a MkVk ,oa mlds

cSdi ys us ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

2. dkVsZt Vsi (Cartridge Tape):- bl Vsi dh pkSMkbZ pqEcdh; Vsi ls de gks rh gSA 1970 ds

n’kd ds va r es a ?kjsyw dEI;w Vjks a es a dkWEIksDV dS ls V dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk Vsi fMLV ,d vPNkfodYi Fkk D;ks s afd bldh ykxr fMLd dh rqyuk es a de FkhA Vsi dh LVks js t {kerk Hkh fMLd ds

leku gks rh Vsi dh {kerk dks c


42/68


42

Hard disk :- Hard Disk dk fodkl dEI;w Vj es a MkVk dks LVks j djus djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk vkt

dy bldk iz ;ksx dEI;w Vj ls vkxs c


43/68


43

Floppy Disk :- Floppy Disk dks fMDdsV ;k ds oy Floppy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx ekbdz ks

dEI;w Vj es a gks rk gSA bldk iz;ksx lhMh dh rjg fd;k tkrk Fkk bldks ,d dEI;w Vj ls nw ljs dEI;w Vj es a iz;ksx

fd;k tk ldrk Fkk A blds fy;s ,d drive dh vko’;drk gks rh gSA ftls floppy drive dgk tkrk gSA ;gk

vkdkj ,oa lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj dh gks rh gSA

1. Mini Floppy :- ;g vkdkj es a 5 ¼ dh gks rh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk1.2 MB gks rh gSA budh

Drive Hkh vkdkj es a blh ds vkdkj dh gks rh gSA

2. Micro Floppy:- ;g vkdkj es a 3 ½ bap dh gks rh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk1.44 MB gks rh gSA

budk vkoj.k vf/kd etcw r gks rk gS A

;g ?kuRo ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh gks rh gSA

Mcy Ms aflVh ;g 0.7 MB data dks LVks j djds j[krh gSAbles a 1440 Sector gks rs gSA

gkbZ Ms aflVh ;g 1.44 Mb MkVk dks LVks j djrh gS A rFkk bles a 1880 Sector gks rs gSA

Floppy Disk ek;yj inkFkZ dh cuh gks rh gSA bldh lrg ij pq Ecdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic Oxide ) dk

ysiu jgrk gSA bles a track and Sector gks rs ftles a MkVk ds k LVks j fd;k tkrk gS A bldks IYkkfLVd ds doj

ds vUnj j[kk tkrk gS rkfd blds ?kw eus ij [kjks ap ls cpk;k tk lds A

bl vkoj.k dk ,d fgLlk [kqyk jgrk gS tgkW ls MkVk dks jhM ,oa jkbZV fd;k tkrk gSA bldh drive bles a

,d gsM gks rk gSA ftlls MkVk dks jhM jkbZV fd;k tkrk gSA bles a ,d uks ap gks rk gSA tc ;g uks ap can gks rk gSA rks fMLd es a ds oy MkVk dks jhM fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc ;g [kqyk gks rk rks bles a MkVk dks jkbZV fd;k tk ldrk gS A


44/68


44

Optical Disk :- Optical Disk os fMLd gks rh gS aA ftles a MkVk dks jhM vkS j LVks j djus ds fy;s ykbZV dk

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkWifVdy fMLd dgykrh gS aA bl fMLV es a ,d jklk;fud inkFkZ dk ysi jgrk gSA bles a ,d MkbZ o gks rh gSA ftldh lgk;rk ls bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu fMLd dh MkbZ o es a ,d ys a l gks rk gSAftlls che fudyrh gSAvkWifVdy fMLd nks izdkj dh gks rh gSA1 lhMh 2 MhohMh

Computer Software

System Software Application Software

Utility Software

Need of Software :- Computer Hardware and Software ls feydj curk gSA dEI;w Vj es a gkMZ os;j

dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s dEI;w Vj es a mlds dk;Z dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk iMrk gSA rkfd og vius dk;Z dks vPNh

rjg ls dj lds A blds dk;Z dks Software ds ek/;e ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZ r~ dEI;w Vj dk iz;ksx

djus ds Software dh vko’;drk gks rh gS A dEI;w Vj es a fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s ,d software dhvko’;drk gks rh gSA

dEI;w Vj es a hardware and Software ,d nw ljs ds iw jd gks rs gSA

Software :- Computer dksbZ Hkh dk;Z vius vki ugh djrk gS a mlls dk;Z djuk ds fy;s mls igys

ifjHkkf"kr djuk iMrk gSA ftlds fy;s Computer language dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;w Vj es a dkekWMl

ds lew g dks iz ksxz ke dgk tkrk gSA ftles a dekWMl dks rkfdZd dze es a tek;k tkrk gSA tls lk¶Vos;j dgktkrk gSA

Software nks izdkj ds gks rs gSA System Software

Application Software


45/68


45

System Software:- ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd iz ksxz ke dk lew g gks rk gSA bl software ds }kjk dEI;w Vj

mlds gkMZ os;j dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;w Vj dk izeq[k iz ksxz ke gks rk gSA blds fcuk dEI;w Vj dks

LVkVZ ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA;g Software System ds fy;s dk;Z djrs gSA blfy;s budks System

Software dgk tkrk gSA

buds }kjk fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA

1. ;g ;w tj ,oa gkMZ os;j ds chp interface dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

2. ;g Application Software dks execute djus ds fy;s IysVQkeZ miYkC/k djrs gSA

3. Uk;s gkMZ os;j dk iz ;ksx djus ds fy;s lg;ksx iznku djrs gSA

4. ;g dEI;w Vj dks esUVsUl dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA

5. ;g dEI;w Vj dks fu;af=r djrs gSA

dqN egROkiw .kZ System Software fuEufyf[kr gSA

Operating System:- izR;sd Computer es a vkWijsfVax dh vko’;drk gks rh gSA fcuk blds

dEI;w Vj dks iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS A ;g ;w tj ,oa dEI;w Vj ds chp bUVjQs l dk fuekZ.kfd;k tkrk gSA

Programming Language Translators:- Computer language es a tks Translator iz;ksx

gks rs gSA og flLVe software gks rs gSA tks ;w tj Hkk"kk dks e’khu Hkk"kk es a cnyrs gSA vkSj e’khu

Hkk"kk dks ;w tj Hkk"kk es a cnyrs gSA

Communication Software :- vktdy ,d dEI;w Vj ls nw ljs dEI;w Vj es a MkVk dks Transfer

fd;k tkrk gSA ftles a System Software dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Utility Software:- bu Software dh lgk;rk ls dEI;w Vj dk j[kj[kko fd;k tkrk gSA

;w fVfyVhsoftware dgykrs gSA tS ls Defregmenter, diskcleanup, backup, system

restore vkfnAApplication Software:- ;g os iz ksxz ke gks rs gSA ftudk iz;ksx ;w tj vius Daily ruten ds dk;Z djrk gSA

;g iz ksxz ke flLVe software ds Åij fuHkZ j jgrs gSA budk fuek.kZ dEI;w Vj Hkk"kk es a fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy

gtkjks a Application Software miyC/k gSA ftudh lgk;rk ls vkius dk;Z dks vklkuh ls fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k%&Word prossing software, Database software, Graphic Software vk


46/68


47/68


47

6 dEI;w Vj es fd;s tkus okys dk;ks Z dh lw ph vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk gh rS;kj dh tkrh gSA fd dkSu lkdk;Z dc vkSj dSls gksxkA7 iz ks ls lj eS ustes aV blds vUrxZ r fofHkUu dk;Z iz ks lslj dks lkSis tkrs gSA tksfd ,d dEI;w Vj flLVe }kjkIkw .kZ fd;s tkrs gSA8 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;w Vj gkMZ os;j vkSj ;w tj ds chp la okn LFkkfir djrk gSA

9 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;w Vj es a lq j{kk dk izca/ku djrk gSA10 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;w Vj es a u;s lkW¶Vos;j ,oa u;s gkMZ os;j dks LFkkfir djus dh vuqekfr ns rk gSAblds vykok dbZ vU; egRoiw .kZ dk;Z vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk fd;s tkrs gSA11 fofHkUu ,jj lans’kks a dk fuekZ.k djuk A12 fofHkUu dekWMl vkS j funs Z’kks a ds chp vkilh le> LFkkfir djuk A13 fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ks a dk lapkyu djuk A14 bUVjuy VkbZe Dykd dk j[k j[kko djuk ,oa mldks eSust djuk A

15 dqN fo’ks"k daVªksy iz ksxz keks a }kjk tkWc es a vkWVksesfVd ifjorZu djuk AType of Operating System ¼vkWijsfVax fLkLVe ds izdkj ½:

vkWijsfVaxz fLkLVe fuEu izdkj ds gks rs gSA

1. Single User System:- Single User System og vkWijsfVax flLVe gksrk gSA ftlesa dsoy

,d izksxzke ,d okj esa fdz;kfUor gksrk gSA igys le; esa vf/kdka’k vkWijsfVax flLVe fla;wtj vkWijsfVax flLVe gksrs FksAbl vkWijsfVax dh leL;k ;g gSA fd bles a ,d iz ksxz ke ls vf/kdiz ksxz ke ,d ckj es a ugh pyk;s tk ldrs FksA blfy;s bl flLVe es a iz ksxz ke ,d ykbZu es a O;foLFkr jgrs FksA ,d dEI;w Vj flLVe ,d iz ksxz ke dks rq jUr ekU;rk ugh ns rk gS tcrd dh mlds LkkFk dksbZ igpkuuk gks blds fy;s lw pukvks a dk lkFk gksuk cgq r t:jh gS A ftlls fd ml iz ksxz ke dks igpkuk tk lds AvU; isjhQsjy fMokbl Hkh iz s kxz ke fdz;kfUor djus ds fy;s bu lw pukvks dh ekax djrs gSA ;g lkjs funs Z’k ,d fo’ks"k tkWo daVksy Hkk"kk es a fy[ks tkrs gSA ftls dh vkWijsfVa z x flLVe le>rk gSA

2. Multi Programming:- vkWijsfVax fLkLVe fo’ks"k izksxz keks a dk ,d lew g gSA tks dEI;w Vj dh fdz;kvks a dk lapkyu djrk gSA vkS j dEI;w Vj dh fdz;kvks a dks ,d iz ksxz ke dks nw ljs iz ksxz ke es a LFkkuuUrfjr djds xfr ns rk gSA dEI;w Vj vkWijsfVax flLVe dh lgk;rk ls Loa; dh fdz;kvks a ij fuxjkuh j[krk gSA vkS j

Lokpkfyr :Ik ls vU; ,Iyhds’ku iz ksxz keks a dk dk;Z ckWVrk gSA ;g lHkh iz ksxz keks a ds funs Z’kks a dk e’khu ds le>us ;ksX; cukrk gSA ;g dEI;w Vj ds lHkh xfrfof/k;ks a ds lapkyu vkS j fu;a =.k ds vkykok ekUko }kjk

izfo"V fd;k x;s MkVk vkS j vkmViqV fd;s tkus okys ifj.kke dks Hkh ,d fMokbl ls nw ljh fMokbl es a LFkkukUrfjr djrk gSA vktdy dbZ vkWijsfVax fLkLVe vusd dk;Z ,d lkFk djus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSA ftls eYVh izksxzkfeax dgrs gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd iz,d gh le; esa ,d gh dEI;wVj }kjk fdz;kfUor gksuk gSA gh eYVh izksxzkfeax dgykrk gSA


48/68


48

eYVh izksxzkfeaXk fLkLVe esa dqN fuf’pr dk;Z gh fdz;kfUor fd;s tkrs gSA mUgsa eYfon fQDLM VkLd dgrs gSA rFkk tgkW dk;ksZ dh la[;kk vfuf’pr gksrh gSA ogkW mizksxzkfeax fon osfj;scy VkLd dgrs gSA

3. Multi Processing :- Multiprossing word dk iz;ksx ,d iz ks ls flax dks Li"V djus ds fy;s fd;k

tkrk gSA tgkW ij nks rFkk vf/kd iz ks ls lj ,d nw ljs ls tqMs jgrs gSA bl izdkj ds flLVe es a vyx ,oa Lora = iz ksxz keks a ds funs Z’k ,d gh le; es a ,d ls vf/kd iz ks ls ljks a }kjk fdz;kfUor fd;s tkrs gSA ;k

iz ks ls ljks a }kjk fofHkUu funs Z’kks a dk fdz;kfUo;u ,d ds ckn ,d fd;k tkrk gSA tks fd ,d gh iz ksxz ke ls iz kIr gq;s gks s aA ;g vkWijsfVx fLkLVe dk gh dk;Z gSA fd og buiqV vkmViqV rFkk iz ks ls flax {kerkvks a ds chp vPNk rkyesy LFkkfir dj ldsA

]bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSA fd eYVh iz ks ls flax dk iz;ksx vkil es a tqMs gq,s dEI;w Vl ftues a nks ;k nks ls vf/kd lh ih ;w yxs gks a rFkk mues a ;g {kerk gks fd og fofHkUu iz ksxz keks a dk fd;kfUou;u ,d lkFk dj lds a

eYVh iz ks ls flax ls dEI;w Vj dh dk;Z {kerk es a of̀} gks rh gSA ;g rduhd lekUrj iz ks ls flax dks lgk;rk iznkudjrh gSA bl rduhdh es a ,d lhih;w [kjkc gksus ij dk;Z nw ljs lhih;w ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

4.Batch Processing :- cSp iz ks ls flax ,d cgq r iqjkuk rjhdk gSA ftlds ek/;e ls fofHkUu iz ksxz keks a dksfdz;kfUor fd;k tkrk gSA vkS j budk iz ;ksx fofHkUu MkVk iz ks ls flax ls aVj ij dk;ks Z dks fdz;kfUor djus dsfy;s fd;k tkrk gSA vkWijsfVax fLkLVe dh ;g rduhd vkWVkseSfVd tkWc ifjorZu ls fl}ka r ij fuHkZ j gS A;gh fLk}ka r vkWijsfVax flLVeks a }kjk iznku fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds vkWijsfVax fLkLVe es a izR;sd ;wtjvius iz ksxz ke dks vkWQykbZu rS;kj djrk gSA ;g dk;Z iw jk gks tkus ij mls MkVk iz ks ls flax ls aVj ij tekdjk ns rs gSA ,d dEI;w Vj vkWijsVj mu lkjs iz ksxz keks a dk ,df=r djrk gS A tks fd ,d dkMZ ij iap jgrs gSA tc vkWijsVj iz ksxz keks a dks ,df=r dj ys rk gSA rc og ml cSp dks dEI;w Vj es a yksM dj ns rk gS fQj

mu iz ksxz keks a dks ,d ,d djds fdz ;kfUor djrk gSA vUr es a vkWijsVj mud k;ks Z ds fiz afVM vkmViqV dksiz kIr djrk gSA rFkk mu vkmViqVks a dks lacaf/kr ;w tjks a dks iznku dj fn;k tkrk gSAcSp iz ks ls flax dks ge dzfed ]vuq orhZ ]vkWQykbZu rFkk ladfyr tkWc iz ks ls flax Hkh dgrs gSA


49/68


49

Computer Languages

Low level Language High Level Language

Machine Assembly High level Language

Hkk"kk dk eryc gks rk gSA ftl ds ek/;e ls ge vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gSA 'kCnks a ds ,ls lew g dks Hkk"kk dgk

tkrk gSA ftldk dksbZ vFkZ gks rk gSA dEI;w Vj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s ftl Hkk"kk es a vius fopkjks a dks O;Dr djrs gS og ;w tj Hkk"kk gks rh gSA vkS j dEI;w Vj ftl Hkk"kk dks le>rk gS dEI;w Vj Hkk"kk ;k ckbZujh ;k e’khu Hkk"kdgykrh gSA ;w tj Hkk"kk dks e’khu Hkk"kk es a cnyus ds fy;s ,d flLVe lk¶Vos ;j dh vko’;drk gks rh gSA ftls

Translator dgk tkrk gSA ;g ;w tj Hkk"kk dks e’khu Hkk"kk vkS j e’khu Hkk"kk dks ;w tj Hkk"kk es a cnyrk gSA

dEI;w Vj ds fodkl ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu izdkj dh gks rh gSA

1. Machine Language:- ;g og Hkk"kk gks rh gSA tks dEI;w Vj le>rk gSA bls ckbujh Hkk"kk Hkh d

tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx izFke ih


50/68


50

buds iz ksxz ke dks igys e’khu Hkk"kk es a cnyk tkrk FkkA ftlls budh xfr e’khu Hkk"kk ls de gks rh gSA

;g e’khu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk gks rh gSA blds fy;s nwljs software dh vko’;drk gks rh gSA

Code :- HLT, ADD , CLA , SUB, STA vkfnA

3. High Level Lanuage:- Assembley Language dh deh;ks a dks nw j djus ds fy;s gkbZ ysfoy

Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A bles a dksM ds LFkku ij dEI;w Vj es a vaxzth Hkk"kk es a funs Z’k fn;s tkus yxsAftl ls iz ksxz ke dks le>uk ,oa fy[kuk vklku gks x;k gSA ;g e’khu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk ugh gks rh gSA

bles a iz ksxz ke dks e’khu Hkk"kk es a cnyus ds fy;s compiler and Interperter dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

vktdy dEI;w Vj es a iz ksxz kfeax djus ds fy;s blh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA bl Hkk"kk dks dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij nks oxks Z es a ckaVk x;k gSA

1. Prosesser oriented language 2. Object oriented language

YkkHk%&1. Machine Indepentent :- bl Hkk"kk es a iz ksxz kfeax djus ds y;s fdlh fo’ks"k dEI;w Vj dh vko’;drk

ugh gks rh gSA fdlh Hkh dEI;w Vj ij iz ksxz ke cukdj fdlh Hkh dEI;w Vj ij pyk ldrs gSA

2. fl[kuk ,oa iz;ksx djuk vklku%& bl Hkk"kk es a vaxzth dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls bldks fl[kuk,oa iz;ksx djuk vklku gks rk gSA

3. Fewer Error:- bles a cgq r de xyrh gks rh gSA ;fn gks rh gSA rks mudks vklkuh ls nw j dj fy;k tkrk

gS

4. bles a iz ksxz kfeax djuk lLrk gks rk gSA D;ks afd bles a dksbZ fo’ks"k gkMZ os;j dh vko’;drk ugh gks rh gSA

5. Better documentation :- bles a iz ksxz ke dk Documentation djuk ljy gks rk gSA

dEkh%&

Lower Efficiency

Less flexibility


51/68


51

Some High level Languages:-

1. ForTran:- bldk iwjk ukeFormula Translation Lanuage gSA bldk fodkl IBM

Company ds Engineer John Backus ds }kjk Qkew Zyk dks Translate djus ds fy;s lu~

1957 fd;k x;k FkkA

2. COBOL:- bldk iw jk uke Common Busssinus oriented language gSA bldk fodkl1959 es a O;kikfjd dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA

3. BASIC :- bldk iwjk ukeBeginers all purposes symbolic instruction code gSA bldk

fodkl lu~ 1964 es a fd;k x;k FkkA

4G Languages :- os Hkk"kk;s a ftudk iz;ksx pkSFkh ih


52/68


52

Assembler :- Assembler ,d System Software gks rk gSA;g ,d translator gks rk gSA tks

assembley Hkk"kk ds iz ksxz ke dks e’khu Hkk"kk es a cnyrk gSA vkSj e’khu Hkk"kk dks Assembley language es a

cnyrk gSA

Assembly Language input Output Machine Language

Application Software

Application os Software gks rs gSA ftudk mi;ksx ;w tj vius Msyh :Vhu ds dk;Z djus ds fy;s djrk gS SA

tS ls i= fy[kuk] MkVkcs l rS ;kj djuk] xkuk lquuk ]fQYe ns[kuk vkfn A ,sIyhds’ku lkW¶Vos;j dks fcuk flLVe lkW¶Vos;j ds ugh pyk;k tk ldrk gS A vktdy cktkj es a vf/kdk’ka lkW¶Vos;j ,Iyhds’ku lkW¶Vos;j gSA ftudk

;w t ihlh es a fd;k tkrk gSA ,Iyhds’ku lkW¶Vos;j dk fuekZ.k ;w tj vius dk;Z ds vuq lkj dj ldrk gS A

Word-processing:- oMZ iz ks ls flax dk eryc oS lh 'kCn izfdz;k ls gSA ftlds vUrxZ r vO;ofLFr 'kCnks a dks

O;ofLFkr djds ds lgh


53/68


53

Spreadsheet: - Speradsheet dk iz;ksx iz k;% l[;kvks a Vsfcy ,a o MkVk dks xz kQ pkVZ vkfn ds :Ik es a

izfnZf’kr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d Vsfcy gks rh gSA ftles a ge MkVk dks Vsfcy QkWeZV es a LVks j djrs gSAbles a MkVkcs l es a iz ks ls l djus ds fy;s dbZ Vw y gks rs gSA blds vykok bles vyx vyx iz dkj ds MkVk dsfy;s vyx vyx iz dkj ds QkWD’ku gks rs gSA ftlls ge vius dk;Z ds fy;s ljyrk ls dj ldrs gSA bles a dqy256 dkWye ,oa 65536 js k gks rh gSA js k vkSj dkWye ls feydj lS y curh gS a A ftles a MkVk dks LVks j fd;k tkrkgSA izR;sd lSy dk ,d lS y ,Ms l gks rk gSA ftldh ,d igpku gks rh gSA lsy ,sMl jks vkSj dkWye ls feydjcuk gks rk gSAbles a ge fofHkUu izdkj dh x.kuk,s a vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSA bles a ge x.kukvks a ds k djus ds fy;s vius vuq lkj QkWeZ w yk Hkh cuk ldrs gSA bles a ,d odZcqd es a 255 cdZ lhV gks rh gSA

mnkgj.k %& ,e,l ,sDly ] yksV~ l vkfn


54/68


55/68


55

Data Base Management Software:-

Date Base Management Software ds ek/;e ls ge MkVk dks ,df=r ,oa lqO;ofLFkr dj ldrs gSA

;g NksVs Lrj ls cMs Lrj rd ds MkVk izca/ku ds dk;Z es a iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;w Vj VsDukWykth ds cMs Hkkxks a es a ,d gSA ;g O;klkf;d ] ljdkjh ,oa gj izdkj ds MkVkocs l dks LVks j djds ml ij fofHkUu izdkjvkWijs’ku dj ldrs gSA tSls MkVk dks fQYVj djuk ] u;s MkVk dks tksMuk MkVk dks fMfyV djuk vkfnA blds ek/;e ls ge vius O;kikj ,oa vU; la LFkkvks a ds MkVk dks vklkuh ls gs aMy dj dlrs gSA vkt ds ;qx es a bysDVkWfud MkVkos l dks MkVkos l lkW¶Vos;j es a LVks j fd;k tkrk gS A blds vykok bles a LVks j MkVk dks 'ks;jfd;k tk ldrk gS A blds ek/;e ls ge MkVkcs l dks vklkuh ls eSust dj ldrs gSA blds fy;s fuEu

lkW¶Vos;j gSAtS ls ,e,l ,sDll ] QkWDliz ks ] ,lD;w ,y loZj vkfn

lHkh MkVkos l lkW¶Vos;j es a MkVk dks Vsfcy ds QkWeZV es a LVks j fd;k tk tkrk gS A bl MkVkos l dks ge fofHkUu lkW¶Vos;j ls vklkuh ls tksM ldrs gSA bues a ge fjiksVZ vkfn dks vklkuh ls tujs V dj ldrs gSA


56/68


56

Number System:- xf.kr ds fodkl ds lkFk vUksd uacj flLVe O;ogkj es a vk;s gSA izR;sd uacj flLVe es a

iz;qDr vadks a dh la[;k vyx vyx gks rh gSA ftlls muds vk/kkj Hkh fofo/k gks rs gSA uacj flLVe dk uke Hkh

mles a iz;qDr vadks dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij gks rk gSA dqN izfpfyr uacj fLkLVe es a n’keyo uacj ckbZujh ]Ms lhey] vkWDVy ] gSDlkMs lh ey vkfn dk iz ;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj la[;k es a izR;sd dk ekufuEufyf[kr ij fuHkZ j djrk gS A

vad

la [;kk es a vad dh fLFkfr

uacj flLVe dk vk/kkj

Ms lhey ua cj flLVe (Decimal Numbe System):- bl uacj fLkLVe dk vk/kkj nl gks rk gSA D;ks afd bles

dqy nl va d ¼0 ls 9 rd ½gks rs gSA bl uacj flLVe es a fy[kh xbZ fdlh Hkh la[;k dk eku fuEufyf[kr nks xq.k j[krk gSA igyk lads r eku ;s 0 ls 9 rd ds vad gks rs gSA nw ljk LFkkuh; eku bues a la[;k ds nka;h ls ck;ha

fn’kk es a vk/kkj nl dh ?kkr ds dze es a of̀} gks rh gSA tS ls gtkj & > lS dMk&>ngkbZ&>bdkbZ


57/68


57

Coding System :- Computer keyboard }kjk nckbZ tkus ckyh izR;sd dh dk ,d la ds r buiq V gks rk gSA

0 ls 9 rd ds vad ,oa A To Z rd dh o.kZekyk ;k fo’ks"k fpUgks a vkfn dqy 256 v{kj gks rs gSA izR;sd v{kj

dh ,d fuf’pr ckbZujh la[;k gks rh gSA dEI;w Vj es a v{kjks a dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s ckbZujh la[;kvks a ds fofHkUu

la ds r gks rs gSA tS ls ASCII, EBCDIC,BCD vkfn A izR;sd dksM fdlh v{kj dks O;Dr djus gs rq ckbZujh

vadks dh ,d fuf’pr la [;k vkSj O;oLFkk iznku djrk gS A

ASCII CODE:- bldk iw jk uke American Standard Code for Information Interchange gSA

bles a 128 v{kjks a ds fy;s lkr ckbZujh vadks ckys dksM gks rs gSA bl dksM es a nks Hkkx gks rs gSA ,d nka;h vks j dhpkj fcV U;w esfjd Hkkx vkS j oka;h vks j dh 3 fcV tks u gks rh gSA vf/kdrj ekbdz ks iz ks ls lj vkSj vkbZch,e ihlh

blh ASCII CODE dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tSls A dk vkldh eku 65 gks rk gSA bldk ckbZujh dksM fuEu gks rkgS ¼1000001½2 gks rk gSA


58/68


58

EBCDIC. :- bldk iw jk uke Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code gSA ;g ,d

v{kj dks vkB ckbZujh vadks ls O;Dr djrk gSA bles a lHkh 256 v{kj ds dqy 256 fofHkUu lads r gks rs gSA ,dbchlhMhvkbZ lh la ds r es a nks Hkkx gks rs gSA igyk U;w esfjd Hkkx nk;ha vks j ls pkj foV O;Dr djrk gSA nwljk tksuHkkx tks oka;h vks j dh pkj foV O;Dr djrk gSA ;g lads r iz .kkyh vkbZch,e ds esuQz se vkSj vU; cMs dEI;w Vjvks es a iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

BCD :- bldk iw jk uke Binary Coded Dacimal gSA blds izR;ds vadks dks pkj ckbZujh vadks ls O;Dr

fd;k tkrk gSA 0 ls 9 rd dk chlhMh dksM fuEu gSA


59/68


60/68


60

3. Full Duplex Communication:- bl Commuication es a nks auks a End Singnal ,d gh le; es a

signal Hkst ,oa fjlho dj ldrs gSAFull duplex Commuication dgykrk gSA

tS ls ekscby baVjusV pSfVax vkfn A

Data Communication Technique:- ;g rduhdh rhu izdkj dh gks rh gSA Unicaste:- ;g ou Vw ou communication gks rk gSA vFkkZ r~ ,d le; es a ,d gh dEI;w Vj ls

communication fd;k tkrk gSAunicaste Communication dgykrk gSA

Multicaste:- ;g ou Vw esuh (group) communication gks rk gSA vFkkZ r~ ,d le; es a ,d lew g ls

communication fd;k tkrk gSAmalticaste Communication dgykrk gSA

Broadcaste :- ;g ou Vw vky communication gks rk gSA vFkkZ r~ ,d le; es a lHkh dEI;w Vjl ls

communication fd;k tkrk gSABroadcaste Communication dgykrk gSA

Type of Network

Physical ,oa HkkSxksfyd {kS = ds vk/kkj ij usVodZ rhu izdkj ds gks rs gSA

LAN

WAN

MAN

LAN Network :- bldk iw jk uke Local Area Network gSAblls nks ;k nks ls vf/kd dEI;w Vjl ,oa vU;fMokbl dks vkil es a tksMk tkrk gSA ;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gS A ;g ,d cs fldusVodZ gks rk gSA ysu usVodZ es a dEI;w Vj dks vko’;drk ds vuq lkj vkil es a fofHkUUk izdkj ls tksMk tkrk gSAdEI;w w Vj dks vkil es a tksMus dh izfdz;k dks VksiksykWth dgk tkrk gSA fo’ks"krk,s a%&;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gS A

Bldh MkVktransfer speed rs t gks rh gSAbles a ckgjh usVodZ dks fdjk; ij ugh ys uk gks rk gSAbles a MkVk lq jf{kr jgrk gSA

bldks Maintane djuk vklku gks rk gS


61/68


61

WAN Network:- bldk iw jk uke Wide Area Network gSA ;g {kS =Qy dh n` f"V ls cMk usVodZ gks rk

gSA ;g usVodZ ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer ugh gks rk gSA gSAbles a nw ljh da iuh dh ykbZu dks fdjk;s ij fy;k tkrkgSA ;g eagxk usVodZ gks rk gSA ;g ysu usVodZ ls feydj curk gSA blds }kjk nks vyx vyx vkWfQl dks vkil es a tksMk tkrk bles a MkVk dks lqjf{kr Hkstk ,oa iz kIr fd;k tkrk gSA fo’ks"krk,W%&

;g VPN connection ds }kjk vkil es a tqMs jgrs gSA bldk iw jk uke Virtual Private Network gks rk

gSA

MAN Network:- bldk iw jk uke Metropolitan Area Network gSA bl usVodZ ls ,d 'kgj dks nw ljs

'kgj ;k ,d ns ’k ls nw ljs ns’k dks vkil es a tksMk tkrk gS A ;g mPp xfr okyk usVodZ gks rk gSA ;g ysu ,oa osu usVodZ ls feydj cuk gks rk gS bles mixzg ,oa Qkboj vkiVhdy dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS a bles a

usVodZ dks vkil es a tksMus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj dh usVodZ fMokbl dk iz;kdx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk j[kj[kko dfBu gks rk gSA tks fofHkUUk daiuh;ks a ds lg;ksx ls gks rk gSA

Components of LAN

Computer

NIC (Network Interface Card) or LAN Card

Protocol

Media (Cable or Connector)

Computer:- : LAN es a dEI;w Vjl dks vkil es a tksMk tkrk gSA vFkkZ r~ ;g usVodZ dh eq[; ;w fuV gks rh gSA

NIC:- bldk iw jk uke Network Interfacr card gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ,d dEI;w Vj dks nw ljs dEI;w Vj dks dsfcy ls tksMk tkrk gSA ;g usVodZ dk lcls egRoiw .kZ fgLlk gks rk gSA

Protocol:-Computer es a fofHkUu usVodZ l es a vkil es a dE;w fuds’ku djkus ds fy;s dqN fu;e gks rs s gSA ftls

iz ksVksdkWy dgk tkrk gSA ;g fu;e software ds :Ik es a gks rs gSA

Media fefM;k dk eryc usVodZ es a dsfcy ,oa connter ls gks rk gSA


62/68


62

Toplogy

Computers dks vkil es a tksMus ,oa mles a MkVkFlow dh fof/k VksiksykWth dgykrh gSA

;g nks izdkj dh gks rh gSA

1. Physical:- bl VksiksykWth es a computers or devices dks Physical :Ik ls tksMk tkrk gSA

2. Logical:- Network es a MkVkFlow gksus dh izfdz;k ykftdy VksiksykWth dgykrh gSA

Type of Topology

Bus Topology :- Bus Topology es a ,d cs dcksu dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls LkHkh dEI;w Vj ,oa

usVodZ fMokbl dks tksMk Tkkrk gSA lHkh fMokbl ,d flfj;y dze es a tw Mh jgrh gS aA dsfoy ds iz kjaHk ,oa va r es a

,d fo’ks"k izdkj dk midj.k yxk jgrk gSA ftls terminator dgrs gSA ;g flaxuy dks fu;af=r djrk gSA

bles a csdcksu dsfcy ds :Ik es a coxial Cable dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Data dks send djus ds fy;s

Half Duplex and Broadcaste Technology dk iz;ksx djrh gSAykHk%&

bldks LFkkfir djuk vklku gks rk gSA

bles a de ds foy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bles a usVodZ leL;k dks vklkuh ls gVk;k tkrk gSA

dksbZ ,d fMokbl [kjkc gksus ij us VodZ dke djrk jgrk gSA

gkfu%&

back bone cable [kjkc gksus ij iw jk usVodZ dke djuk can dj ns rk gSA

bles a Broadcasting dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls performance izHkkfor gks rk gSA

cMk usVodZ ugh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

bles a vf/kdre 10Mbps speed gks rh gSA tks cgq r de gS A


63/68


63

Star Topology:- bl VksiksykWth es a lHkh dEI;w Vj dks ,d gks LV dEI;w Vj ;k usVodZ fMokbl dh lgk;rk ls

vkil es a tksMk tkrk gSAYkkHk%&

bldh ykxr de gks rh gSA

,d dEI;w Vj (Node) [kjkc gksus ij iwjk usVodZ [kjkc ugh gks rk gSA

bldh data transfer speed rs t gks rh gSA

bles a u;s dEI;w Vj dks vklkuh ls tksM ldrs gSA

bldk j[k[kko vklu ,oa lLrk gks rk gSAgkfu%&

gks LV dEI;w Vj [kjkc gksus ij iw jk usVodZ [kjkc gks tkrk gSA

Mesh Topology :- bl VksiksykWth es a dEI;w Vj ;k usVodZ fMokbl dks vkil es a dbZ baVjdus’ku ls tksMk

tkrk gSA bles a ,d uksM dks vU; lHkh uksM ls tksMk tkrk gSA es’k VksiksykWth dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx loZ j

lkbZM fd;k tkrk gSAykHk%&

bles a usVodZ dHkh Mkmu ugh gks rk gSAgkfu%&

;g eagxk usVoVZ gks rk gSA

;g complex network gks rk gS bldks LFkkfir djuk dfBu gks rk gSA


64/68


64

Tree Topology :-;g ,d fefJr Vks iksykWth gSA ;g nks ;k nks ls vf/kd VksiksykWth ls feydj gks rk gSA

bles ,d back bone cable gks rh gSA ftlls lHkh usVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSA bldk vkdkj o`{k dh rjg gksus

ls bldks tree topology dgk tkrk gSA

YkkHk%&

blls cMs usVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSAgkfu%&

bldks cuuk dfBu gks rk gSA

;g eagxh gks rh gSA

bldks lq/kkjuk dfBu gks rk gS a

Ring Topology :- bles a lHkh dEI;w Vjl dks fjax vkdkj es a tksMk tkrk gS SA bles a tks dEI;w Vj iz;ksx fd;s

tkrs gSA bles a nw ljh vU; usVodZ fMokbl dk iz;ksx ugh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g NksVs usVodZ es a iz;ksx gks rh gSA

YkkHk &

bles a MkVk lq jf{kr jgrk gSA

;g ,d ljy ,oa lLrh VksiksykWth gSAgkfu &

bldh xfr /kheh gks rh gSA

blls cMs usVodZ dks rS;kj ugh fd;k tk ldrk gS A

bles a MkVk Hkstrs le; VDdj gksus dk Mj jgrk gSA


65/68


65

VIRUS

VIRUS dk iw jk uke Vital Information Resource Under Seze gSA ok;jl dEI;w Vj es a NksVs & NksVs

iz ksxz ke gks rs gSA tks autoexecute program gks rs tks dEI;w Vj es a iz os’k djds dEI;w Vj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks

izHkkfor djrs gSA ok;jl dgykrs gSAekuo 'kjhj es a ok;jl iz os’k djds ftl rjg ekuo 'kjhj dks izHkkfor djrs gSA mlh rjg dEI;w Vj ok;jldEI;w Vj es a iz os’k djds dEI;w Vj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djrs gSA ysfdu ;g ekuo 'kjhj ok;jl ls fcYdqyfHkUu gks rs gSAbfrgkl %&

dEI;w Vj es a ok;jl 'kCn dk iz;ksx lcls igys dsyhQksfu;k fo’ofo/kky; ds ,d Nk= QsM dksgsu (Fred

Cochen) us vius 'kks/k i= es a fd;k Fkk A bl 'kks/k i= es a ;g n’kkZ;k x;k FkkA dh fdl izdkj iz ksxz ke fy[kk

tk; fd tks dEI;w Vj es s a iz os’k djds mldh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djs A ftl iz dkj ekuo 'kjhj es a ok;jliz os’k djds ekuo 'kjhj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

lu~ 1980 ds n’kd es a ok;jl ds ckjs es a dksbZ ugh turk FkkA

vk/kqfud ok;jl C Brain dks dgk tkrk gSA bldk fuek.kZ 1986 es a ikfdLrku ds nks HkkbZ;ks a ckflr ,oa vetn

us fd;k FkkA ;g nksuks a dEI;w Vj software dk O;kikj djrs FksA C Brain Virus us fo’o es Hkkjh uqdlku

fd;k FkkA blds ckn dbZ ok;jl dk fuek.kZ fd;k x;k A tks vyx vyx iz dkj ls dk;Z djrs gSAy{k.k%&

1. Computer dh xfr /kheh gks tkrh gSA

2. Dh cksMZ dh dh dk dk;Z cny tkrk gSA

3. bles a QkbZy dh lkbTk de ;k T;knk gks tkrh gSA

4. Ldz hu ij cs dkj dh lwpuk;s a vkus yxrh gSA

5. fMLd dks QkWes ZV dj ns rk gSA

6. QkbZYk ,oa QksYMj dk fuek.kZ djrk gSA vkS j mlds 'kkVZdV dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

7. dEI;w Vj es a vko’;d lwpukvks a dks u"V dj ns rk gSA

8. dEI;w Vj jhLVkVZ gksus yxrk gSA

9. dEI;w Vj dh eseks jh dks de dj ns rk gSA

10. iz ksxz ke ju gksus ls jksdrk gSA


66/68


66

ok;jl QSyus ds dkj.k %&

1. pks jh ;k udyh software dk iz;ksx djus ls%& tks Software xSj dkuw uh rjhds ls iz kIr gks rs gSA

Pirated Software dgykrs gSA;g software virus gks ldrs gSA

2. Network ls %& dEI;w Vj usVodZ es a ,d dEI;w Vj es a ok;jl vkus ls iwjs usVodZ ds iwjs dEI;w Vjl es a

ok;jl QS y tkrk gSA

3. CD and Pen Drive ls %& ,d dEI;w Vj ls nw ljs dEI;w Vj es a MkVk dkWih djus ds fy;s lhMh ;k isu

drive dk iz;ksx djrs gSA ftlls ok;jl QSyus dk Mj cuk jgrk gSA ftl dEI;w Vj ls MkVk dks dkWih fd;k

tk jgk gSA vkS j ;fn mles a ok;jl gS nw ljs dEI;w Vj es a Hkh ok;jl QSy tkrk gSA

4. Internet ls %& vktdy baVjusV dks ok;jl dk eq[; okgd ekuk tkrk gSA ok;jl fuekZ rk ok;jl dks

QSykus ds fy;s baVjusV dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tks ,d ljy ,oa lLrk ek/;e gks rk gsA

Okk;jl ds izdkj (Type of virus):-

Okk;jl dks muds dk;Z ,oa fl}ka r ds vk/kkj ij dbZ oxks Z es a ckWVk x;k gSA tks fuEu gSA

Boot Sector Virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd ds cw V lsDVj ,sfj;k es a ls o jgrs gSA vkS j tc dEI;w Vj dks

LVkVZ fd;k tkrk gSA rks ;g dEI;w Vj dks LVkVZ gksus ls jksdrs gSA vkSj dEI;w Vj dk;Z es a ck/kk mRiUu djrs gSA;g ogq r [krjukd ok;jl gks rs gSA

Partition table virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd dh partition table dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA blls MkVk

dks dksbZ uqdlku ugh gks rk gSA ;g jse dh {kerk dks de dj ns rs gSA ,oa buiqV ,oa vkmViqV fMokbl es s problem djrs gSA

File Virus:- ;g ok;jl fdz ;kafor gksus okyh QkbZyks a ds lkFk tqMdj dEI;w Vj dh dk;Z iz.kyh dks

izHkkfor djrs gSA

Stealth Virus ( xqIr ok;jl ):- ;g ok;jl vius uke ds vuq lkj viuh igpku Nq ikus dh dksf’k’k

djrs jgrs gSA vkS j dEI;w Vj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA

Polymorphic Virus:- ;g ok;jl vius vki es a ckj ckj cnys dh {kerk j[krs gSA rkfd ;g vius

vkidks dEI;w Vj es a dkQh fnuks a rd lq jf{kr j[krs gSA vkS j dEI;w Vj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA vkS j budk irk yxkikuk dfBu gks rk gSA D;ks afd ;g gj ckj fcYdqy u;s :Ik es a gks rs gSA


67/68


67

Macro Virus:- ;g fo’ks"k izdkj dh QkbZyks a dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA ;g MS Office Files ds MkVk

dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA vkSj ;g esdz ks iz ksxz ke ds :Ik es a fNis jgrs gSA

dqN egRoiw .kZ ok;jl dk ifjp; fuEu gS A

Ekkbdy ,s aftyks ok;jl %& ;g ok;jl ekbdy ,s aftyks ds tUe fnol 5 March dks dEI;w Vj dks

uqdlku igqpkrk gSA bl fnu nqfu;k es a vf/kdka’k dEI;w Vj can jgrs gSA ;g ok;jl ds oy ,d fnu gh dk;Z djrk gSA vkS j dEI;w Vj dks Hkkjh uqdlku igqpkrk gSA

Disk washer :- ;g ok;jl fMLd dks Format djds MkVk dks gVkrk gSA vkS j ckn es a ,d eS ls t

NksMrk gSADisk washer with Love blds bl eS ls t ds vk/kkj ij bldk ;g uke iMkA

Bomb :- ce lkekU; iz ksxz ke es a fNik gqvk ,d dk;Zdze gks rk gSA ce fdlh dz ksf/kr deZpkjh ds }kjk

dk;ZfUor fd;k tkrk gSA lkWWQVos;j es a ce Hkh Mkyus ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSA rkfd ;fn pks jh dh gqbZ software

dk iz;ksx fd;k tk; rks ce ml iz fr dks gkMZ fMLd ls feVk nsA ;g ok;jl rFkk Trojans dh rjg gh ;w tjce dh mis{kk djrs gSA

Trojans:- ;g ,s lk iz ksxz ke gSA tks dqN mi;ksxh rFkk ykHkdkjh dk;Z djus dk nkok djrs gSA rFkk oLrq%

fdz;kfUor fd;s tkus ij flLVe dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA dqN bl izdkj ds ok;jl la dzfer gks rs dh viuk dk;Zugha djrs cfYd ,d fo’ks"k fnukad vkus ds ckn lfdz; gks rs gSA rFkk dEI;w Vj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA tS ls gkMZfMLd dks QkW jes V djuk A

Worms( okWe )%& okWe ,d iz dkj ls ok;jl ls lekurk j[krk gSA D;ks afd ;g Hkh ok;jl dh rjg vius vki dks nqxuk djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA ijUrq ;g fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; Qkbyks a dks ladzfer ugha djrk gSA ;gvius dksM dks rsth ls nqgjkrs gq;s gkMZfMLd dks Qqy djus dh dksf’k’k djrk gSA

Email Hoaxes( besy gksDl )%& ;g ok;jl bZ esy dh lgk;rk ls Hkstk x;k ok;jl gks rk ;g ;w tj

dks ok;jl gksus dh lw puk ns rk gSA vkSj ;g vius fe=ks a dks lw fpr djus dks dgrk gSA tcfd okLro es a ,s lkdqN Hkh ugh gks rk gS a ;g ok;jl ;w tj dk le; u"V djrk gS A vkS j ekfuld :Ik ls ijs’kku djrk gSA

Companions:- ;g ok;jl fdz ;kUo;u ;ksX; QkbZyks a ds lkFk tqM tkrk gSA vkS j Qkbyks a ds LFkku ijvius vki dks ju djrk gS ftlls [krjukd ifj.kke vkrs gSA


68/68

Okk;jl ls Ckpko ,oa vfHkKku(Virus Prevention and Detection) %&

Okk;jl ls cpko djuk dksbZ dfBu dk;Z ugh gSA blds fy;s ges a FkksM+ h ls tkudkjh ,oa dqN utility software

dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA

dEI;w Vj es a orginal antivirus dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s A ;g oftware vius vki fdz;kfUor gksdj ok;jl dk

irk yxkrs gSA vkSj mldks dEI;w Vj ls gVk ns rs gSA le; le; ij antivirus dks vkiMsV djrs jguk pkfg;s

rkfd ;g u;s ok;jl dk Hkh irk yxk lds A

vktdy cktkj es dbZ daiuh;s a antivirus dk fuek.kZ djrh gSA ftles ls viuh vko’;rk ds vuq lkj

antivirus [kjhn dj iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s A

dqN yksdfiz; ok;jl iz frjks/kd fuEu gS a

McAfee Virus Scan, K5 Total Securirty, Nortron Anti Virus

vyx vyx antivius es a vyx vyx fo’ks"krk,s a gks rh gSA

DCA Fundamental All Units

Documents

Transcript of DCA Fundamental All Units