Dbms Lab Programs

DDL COMMANDS

CREATE COMMAND:

SQL> create table sub (name varchar(8),age number(5),mark1 number(4),mark2 number(4), 2 mark3 number(4));

Table created.

DESC COMMAND:SQL> desc sub; Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- NAME VARCHAR2(8) AGE NUMBER(5) MARK1 NUMBER(4) MARK2 NUMBER(4) MARK3 NUMBER(4)

ALTER COMMAND:

1)ADD COMMAND:

SQL> alter table sub add(total number(6));

Table altered.

SQL> desc sub; Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- NAME VARCHAR2(8) AGE NUMBER(5) MARK1 NUMBER(4) MARK2 NUMBER(4) MARK3 NUMBER(4) TOTAL NUMBER(6)

RENAME COMMAND:

SQL> rename sub to subha;Table renamed.

SQL> desc subha; Name Null? Type -------------------------- --------------- -------- ------------ NAME VARCHAR2(8) AGE NUMBER(5) MARK1 NUMBER(4) MARK2

2)MODIFY COMMAND:

SQL> alter table sub modify(mark3 number(6));

Table altered.

SQL> desc sub; Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- NAME VARCHAR2(8) AGE NUMBER(5) MARK1 NUMBER(4) MARK2 NUMBER(4) MARK3 NUMBER(6) TOTAL NUMBER(4) MARK3 NUMBER(6) TOTAL NUMBER(6)

TRUNCATE COMMAND:

SQL> truncate table subha;

Table truncated.

SQL> desc sub;ERROR:ORA-04043: object sub does not exist

DROP COMMAND:SQL> drop table subha;

Table dropped.

SQL> desc subha;ERROR:ORA-04043: object subha does not exist

DQL COMMANDS


Table created.

SQL> insert into sub values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3');

Enter value for name: sachinEnter value for age: 12Enter value for mark1: 90Enter value for mark2: 90Enter value for mark3: 90old 1: insert into sub values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into sub values('sachin','12','90','90','90')

1 row created.

SQL> /


1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: ranjanEnter value for age: 21Enter value for mark1: 89Enter value for mark2: 78Enter value for mark3: 80old 1: insert into sub values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into sub values('ranjan','21','89','78','80')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: gayathriEnter value for age: 12Enter value for mark1: 78Enter value for mark2: 89Enter value for mark3: 90old 1: insert into sub values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into sub values('gayathri','12','78','89','90')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: rajiniEnter value for age: 22Enter value for mark1: 90Enter value for mark2: 87Enter value for mark3: 56old 1: insert into sub values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into sub values('rajini','22','90','87','56')

1 row created.

SELECT COMMAND:TYPE 1:

SQL> select * from sub;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------------sachin 12 90 90 90sachin 22 90 89 78ranjan 21 89 78 80gayathri 12 78 89 90rajini 22 90 87 56

TYPE 2:

SQL> select name,age from sub;

NAME AGE-------- ----------sachin 12sachin 22ranjan 21gayathri 12rajini 22

TYPE 3:

SQL> select distinct name from sub;

NAME--------gayathrirajiniranjansachin

TYPE 4:

SQL> select * from sub where mark2=90;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------------sachin 12 90 90 90 SQL> delete from sub where name='sachin';

2 rows deleted.


NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------------ranjan 21 89 78 80gayathri 12 78 89 90rajini 22 90 87 56

TYPE 5:

SQL> select name from sub order by name;

NAME--------gayathrirajiniranjan

TYPE 6:

SQL> select name from sub order by name desc;

NAME--------ranjanrajinigayathri

LOGICAL OPERATION

SQL> select * from sub ;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------------ranjan 21 89 78 80gayathri 12 78 89 90rajini 22 90 87 56sachin 12 89 90 78ram 21 90 67 78

AND OPERATION:

SQL> select * from sub where name='rajini' and age=22;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------------rajini 22 90 87 56

SQL> select * from sub where name='rajini' and age=21;

no rows selected

OR OPERATION:

SQL> select * from sub where name='ranjan' or age=21;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------------------ranjan 21 89 78 80ram 21 90 67 78

NOT OPERATION:

SQL> select * from sub where not name='ram';

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------------------ranjan 21 89 78 80gayathri 12 78 89 90rajini 22 90 87 56sachin 12 89 90 78

SET OPERATION

SQL> create table root (name varchar(8),age number(5),mark1 number(4),mark2 number(4), 2 mark3 number(5));

Table created.

SQL> insert into root values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3');Enter value for name: sachinEnter value for age: 12Enter value for mark1: 89Enter value for mark2: 89Enter value for mark3: 90old 1: insert into root values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into root values('sachin','12','89','89','90')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: kalaiEnter value for age: 20Enter value for mark1: 90Enter value for mark2: 90Enter value for mark3: 78old 1: insert into root values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into root values('kalai','20','90','90','78')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: raniEnter value for age: 18Enter value for mark1: 78Enter value for mark2: 77Enter value for mark3: 67old 1: insert into root values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into root values('rani','18','78','77','67')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: kalamEnter value for age: 32Enter value for mark1: 90Enter value for mark2: 90Enter value for mark3: 89old 1: insert into root values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into root values('kalam','32','90','90','89')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: gokul

Enter value for age: 20Enter value for mark1: 90Enter value for mark2: 90Enter value for mark3: 90old 1: insert into root values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into root values('gokul','20','90','90','90')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from root;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------sachin 12 89 89 90kalai 20 90 90 78rani 18 78 77 67kalam 32 90 90 89gokul 20 90 90 90



UNION COMMAND:

SQL> select name,age from sub union select name,age from root;

NAME AGE-------- ----------------gayathri 12gokul 20kalai 20kalam 32rajini 22ram 21rani 18ranjan 21sachin 12

9 rows selected.

UNION ALL COMMAND:

SQL> select name,age from sub union all select name,age from root;

NAME AGE-------- ----------------ranjan 21

gayathri 12rajini 22sachin 12ram 21sachin 12kalai 20rani 18kalam 32gokul 20

10 rows selected.

INTERSECT:

SQL> select name from sub intersect select name from root;

NAME--------sachin

MINUS:

SQL> select name from sub minus select name from root;

NAME--------gayathrirajiniramranjan

SUB QUERIES

SQL> create table emp(ename varchar(12),eno number(7),deptno number(2));

Table created.

SQL> insert into emp values('&ename','&eno','&deptno');Enter value for ename: naveeEnter value for eno: 1001Enter value for deptno: 10old 1: insert into emp values('&ename','&eno','&deptno')new 1: insert into emp values('navee','1001','10')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for ename: arunEnter value for eno: 2001Enter value for deptno: 20old 1: insert into emp values('&ename','&eno','&deptno')new 1: insert into emp values('arun','2001','20')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for ename: puneethEnter value for eno: 3001Enter value for deptno: 30old 1: insert into emp values('&ename','&eno','&deptno')new 1: insert into emp values('puneeth','3001','30')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for ename: gayathriEnter value for eno: 4001Enter value for deptno: 40old 1: insert into emp values('&ename','&eno','&deptno')new 1: insert into emp values('gayathri','4001','40')

1 row created.

SQL> create table dep1(deptno number(2),place char(7));

Table created.

SQL> /Enter value for deptno: 20Enter value for place: chennaiold 1: insert into dep1 values('&deptno','&place')new 1: insert into dep1 values('20','chennai')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for deptno: 30Enter value for place: mumbaiold 1: insert into dep1 values('&deptno','&place')new 1: insert into dep1 values('30','mumbai')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for deptno: 40Enter value for place: delhiold 1: insert into dep1 values('&deptno','&place')new 1: insert into dep1 values('40','delhi')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp;

ENAME ENO DEPTNO------------ ---------- ---------------------navee 1001 10arun 2001 20puneeth 3001 30gayathri 4001 40

SQL> select * from dep1;

DEPTNO PLACE---------- ------------------ 20 chennai 30 mumbai 40 delhi

IN COMMAND:SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno in(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ ----------arun 2001puneeth 3001gayathri 4001

NOT IN COMMAND:SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno 2 not in(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ ----------------navee 1001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno>all(select deptno from dep1);

no rows selected

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno < all(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ ----------------navee 1001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno>= all(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ -----------------gayathri 4001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno <= all(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ -----------------navee 1001arun 2001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno=all(select deptno from dep1);

no rows selected

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno<> all(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ ----------------navee 1001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno> any(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ -----------------puneeth 3001gayathri 4001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno< any(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ ----------------navee 1001arun 2001puneeth 3001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno<= any(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ ----------------navee 1001arun 2001puneeth 3001gayathri 4001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno>=any(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ -----------------arun 2001puneeth 3001gayathri 4001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno=any(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ ------------------arun 2001puneeth 3001gayathri 4001

SQL> select ename,eno from emp where deptno<>any(select deptno from dep1);

ENAME ENO------------ ----------------navee 1001arun 2001puneeth 3001gayathri 4001

EXISTS COMMAND : SQL> select ename,eno from emp where exists(select deptno from dep);

ENAME ENO------------ -----------------navee 1001arun 2001puneeth 3001gayathri 4001

NOT EXISTS COMMAND:SQL> select ename,eno from emp where not exists(select deptno from dep);

no rows selected

CONSTRAINTS

NOT NULL:

SQL> create table cool1(name char(15),reg number not null,age number,place char(12));

Table created.

SQL> insert into cool1 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place');Enter value for name: ramEnter value for reg: 1001Enter value for age: 21Enter value for place: delhiold 1: insert into cool1 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool1 values('ram',1001,21,'delhi')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: krishEnter value for reg: nullEnter value for age: 21Enter value for place: thaneold 1: insert into cool1 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool1 values('krish',null,21,'thane')insert into cool1 values('krish',null,21,'thane')*ERROR at line 1:ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SCOTT"."COOL1"."REG")

SQL> select * from cool1;

NAME REG AGE PLACE--------------- ---------- ---------- ------------ram 1001 21 delhi

UNIQUE:

SQL> create table cool2(name char(14),reg number constraint gg unique,age number,place char(8));

Table created.

SQL> insert into cool2 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place');Enter value for name: praveenEnter value for reg: 1001Enter value for age: 21Enter value for place: dehradunold 1: insert into cool2 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool2 values('praveen',1001,21,'dehradun')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: kannanEnter value for reg: 1001Enter value for age: 21Enter value for place: delhiold 1: insert into cool2 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool2 values('kannan',1001,21,'delhi')insert into cool2 values('kannan',1001,21,'delhi')*ERROR at line 1:ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.GG) violated


NAME REG AGE PLACE-------------- ---------- ---------- --------praveen 1001 21 dehradun

SQL> insert into cool2 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place');Enter value for name: subhaEnter value for reg: nullEnter value for age: 21Enter value for place: guwahatiold 1: insert into cool2 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool2 values('subha',null,21,'guwahati')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: kalkiEnter value for reg: Enter value for age: 21Enter value for place: hungaryold 1: insert into cool2 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool2 values('kalki',,21,'hungary')insert into cool2 values('kalki',,21,'hungary') *ERROR at line 1:ORA-00936: missing expression


NAME REG AGE PLACE-------------- ---------- ---------- -----------------praveen 1001 21 dehradunsubha 21 guwahati

SQL> alter table cool2 disable constraint gg;

Table altered.

SQL> insert into cool2 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place');Enter value for name: ravishEnter value for reg: 1001Enter value for age: 21Enter value for place: hungaryold 1: insert into cool2 values('&name',&reg,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool2 values('ravish',1001,21,'hungary')

1 row created.


NAME REG AGE PLACE-------------- ---------- ---------- --------praveen 1001 21 dehradunsubha 21 guwahatiravish 1001 21 hungary

CHECK:

SQL> create table cool3(name char(15),regno number,age number,place char(14),check 2 (place in('chennai','mumbai','delhi')));

Table created.

SQL> insert into cool3 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place');Enter value for name: gayathriEnter value for regno: 1002Enter value for age: 21Enter value for place: delhiold 1: insert into cool3 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool3 values('gayathri',1002,21,'delhi')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: raniEnter value for regno: 1003Enter value for age: 22Enter value for place: puneold 1: insert into cool3 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool3 values('rani',1003,22,'pune')insert into cool3 values('rani',1003,22,'pune')*ERROR at line 1:ORA-02290: check constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C004261) violated


NAME REGNO AGE PLACE--------------- ---------- ---------- --------------gayathri 1002 21 delhi

DEFAULT:

SQL> create table cool5(name char(14),reg number,age number primary key, 2 place char(13) default('kashmir'));

Table created.

SQL> insert into cool5(name,reg,age) values ('jamuna',1006,23);

1 row created.


NAME REG AGE PLACE-------------- ---------- ---------- -------------jamuna 1006 23 kashmir

PRIMARY KEY:SQL> create table cool4(name char(14),reg number,age number primary key,place char(13));

Table created.

SQL> insert into cool4 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place');Enter value for name: krishEnter value for regno: 1004Enter value for age: 12Enter value for place: puneold 1: insert into cool4 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool4 values('krish',1004,12,'pune')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: kannanEnter value for regno: 1003Enter value for age: 12Enter value for place: pondyold 1: insert into cool4 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool4 values('kannan',1003,12,'pondy')insert into cool4 values('kannan',1003,12,'pondy')*ERROR at line 1:ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C004262) violated

SQL> /Enter value for name: ganeshEnter value for regno: 1005Enter value for age: nullEnter value for place: panipet

old 1: insert into cool4 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool4 values('ganesh',1005,null,'panipet')insert into cool4 values('ganesh',1005,null,'panipet')*ERROR at line 1:ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SCOTT"."COOL4"."AGE") SQL> create table cool6(name char(14),reg number,age number,place char(13),primary key(name,age));

Table created.

SQL> insert into cool6 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place');Enter value for name: gunaEnter value for regno: 1004Enter value for age: 12Enter value for place: puneold 1: insert into cool6 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool6 values('guna',1004,12,'pune')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: gunaEnter value for regno: 1006Enter value for age: 21Enter value for place: panipetold 1: insert into cool6 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool6 values('guna',1006,21,'panipet')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: gunaEnter value for regno: 1007Enter value for age: 12Enter value for place: burgurold 1: insert into cool6 values('&name',&regno,&age,'&place')new 1: insert into cool6 values('guna',1007,12,'burgur')insert into cool6 values('guna',1007,12,'burgur')*ERROR at line 1:ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C004265) violated


NAME REG AGE PLACE-------------- ---------- ---------- -------------guna 1004 12 puneguna 1006 21 panipet

FOREIGN KEY:SQL> create table par_cool(name char(12),age number(4),des char(9) primary key);Table created.

SQL> create table ch_cool(name char(12),des char(9) references par_cool(des));Table created.SQL> > insert into par_cool values('&name',&age,'&des');SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "> insert i..." - rest of line ignored.SQL> insert into par_cool values('&name',&age,'&des');Enter value for name: arunEnter value for age: 12Enter value for des: MDold 1: insert into par_cool values('&name',&age,'&des')new 1: insert into par_cool values('arun',12,'MD')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: kumarEnter value for age: 13Enter value for des: GMold 1: insert into par_cool values('&name',&age,'&des')new 1: insert into par_cool values('kumar',13,'GM')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: ramEnter value for age: 21Enter value for des: old 1: insert into par_cool values('&name',&age,'&des')new 1: insert into par_cool values('ram',21,'')insert into par_cool values('ram',21,'')*ERROR at line 1:ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SCOTT"."PAR_COOL"."DES")

SQL> /Enter value for name: ramEnter value for age: 21Enter value for des: MDold 1: insert into par_cool values('&name',&age,'&des')new 1: insert into par_cool values('ram',21,'MD')insert into par_cool values('ram',21,'MD')*ERROR at line 1:ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C004286) violated

SQL> insert into ch_cool values('&name','&des');Enter value for name: arunEnter value for des: MDold 1: insert into ch_cool values('&name','&des')new 1: insert into ch_cool values('arun','MD')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: ranjanEnter value for des: GMold 1: insert into ch_cool values('&name','&des')new 1: insert into ch_cool values('ranjan','GM')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for name: kannanEnter value for des: stenoold 1: insert into ch_cool values('&name','&des')new 1: insert into ch_cool values('kannan','steno')insert into ch_cool values('kannan','steno')*ERROR at line 1:ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C004287) violated - parent key notfound

SQL> select * from par_cool;

NAME AGE DES------------ ---------- ---------arun 12 MDkumar 13 GM

SQL> select * from ch_cool;

NAME DES------------ ---------arun MDranjan GM

SQL> delete from par_cool where age=12;delete from par_cool where age=12*ERROR at line 1:ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C004287) violated - child recordfound

SQL> delete from ch_cool where des='MD';

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from ch_cool;

NAME DES------------ ---------ranjan GM


NAME AGE DES------------ ---------- ---------arun 12 MDkumar 13 GM

SQL> delete from par_cool where des='MD';

1 row deleted.


NAME AGE DES------------ ---------- ---------kumar 13 GM

DML & DCL COMMANDS


Table created.

INSERT COMMAND:TYPE 1:

SQL> insert into sub values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3');


1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: ranjanEnter value for age: 22Enter value for mark1: 89Enter value for mark2: 78Enter value for mark3: 65old 1: insert into sub values('&name','&age','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')new 1: insert into sub values('ranjan','22','89','78','65')

1 row created.


NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------------sachin 12 78 78 67ranjan 22 89 78 65

TYPE 2:

SQL> insert into sub(name,age,mark1,mark2,mark3) values ('ram',20,90,90,98);

1 row created.


NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------------

sachin 12 78 78 67ranjan 22 89 78 65ram 20 90 90 98

TYPE 3:

SQL> insert into sub values ('gayathri',13,90,100,98);

1 row created.


NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------sachin 12 78 78 67ranjan 22 89 78 65ram 20 90 90 98gayathri 13 90 100 98

UPDATE COMMAND:

SQL> update sub set age=13 where name='ranjan';

1 row updated.


NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- -------------- ------------sachin 12 78 78 67ranjan 13 89 78 65ram 20 90 90 98gayathri 13 90 100 98

SQL> alter table sub add(total number(5));

Table altered.


NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3 TOTAL-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------------------sachin 12 78 78 67ranjan 13 89 78 65ram 20 90 90 98gayathri 13 90 100 98

SQL> update sub set total=mark1+mark2+mark3;

4 rows updated.


NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3 TOTAL-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------------------------------

sachin 12 78 78 67 223ranjan 13 89 78 65 232ram 20 90 90 98 278gayathri 13 90 100 98 288

SQL> select avg(mark1) from sub;

AVG(MARK1)---------- 86.75

SQL> select count(name) from sub;

COUNT(NAME)----------- 4

SQL> select sum(mark2) from sub;

SUM(MARK2)---------- 346

DELETE COMMAND:

SQL> delete from sub where name='ram';

1 row deleted.SQL> select * from sub;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3 TOTAL-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------------------sachin 12 78 78 67 223ranjan 13 89 78 65 232gayathri 13 90 100 98 288

SQL> delete from sub;

3 rows deleted.


no rows selected

JOINS

SQL>create table emp1(ename char(10),eno number(3),mangerno number(3));

Table created.

SQL> insert into emps1 values('&ename',&eno,&emangerno);

Enter value for ename: nagaEnter value for eno: 101Enter value for emangerno: 121old 1: insert into emps1 values('&ename',&eno,&emangerno)new 1: insert into emps1 values('naga',101,121)

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for ename: navinEnter value for eno: 111Enter value for emangerno: 121old 1: insert into emps1 values('&ename',&eno,&emangerno)new 1: insert into emps1 values('navin',111,121)

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for ename: ramEnter value for eno: 121Enter value for emangerno: 131old 1: insert into emps1 values('&ename',&eno,&emangerno)new 1: insert into emps1 values('ram',121,131)

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for ename: rajEnter value for eno: 141Enter value for emangerno: 131old 1: insert into emps1 values('&ename',&eno,&emangerno)new 1: insert into emps1 values('raj',141,131)

1 row created.

SQL> create table customers1(eno number(3),salary number(9,2),location char(10)); Table created.

SQL>insert into customers1 values(&eno,&salary,'&location');

Enter value for eno: 101

Enter value for salary: 10000Enter value for location: chennaiold 1: insert into customers1 values(&eno,&salary,'&location')new 1: insert into customers1 values(101,10000,'chennai')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for eno: 111Enter value for salary: 10500Enter value for location: maduraiold 1: insert into customers1 values(&eno,&salary,'&location')new 1: insert into customers1 values(111,10500,'madurai')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for eno: 131Enter value for salary: 8000Enter value for location: pondyold 1: insert into customers1 values(&eno,&salary,'&location')new 1: insert into customers1 values(131,8000,'pondy')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for eno: 141Enter value for salary: 5000Enter value for location: avadiold 1: insert into customers1 values(&eno,&salary,'&location')new 1: insert into customers1 values(141,5000,'avadi')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for eno: 151Enter value for salary: 9800Enter value for location: locoold 1: insert into customers1 values(&eno,&salary,'&location')new 1: insert into customers1 values(151,9800,'loco')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emps1;

ENAME ENO MANGERNO---------- ---------- ----------naga 101 121navin 111 121

ram 121 131raj 141 131

SELF JOINS:

SQL> select emps1.ename,emps1.eno,emps1.mangerno from emps1 where emps1.eno=emps1.mangerno;

no rows selected

SQL> select * from customers1;

ENO SALARY LOCATION ---------- ---------- ---------- 101 10000 chennai 111 10500 madurai 131 8000 pondy 141 5000 avadi 151 9800 loco

EQUI JOINS:

SQL>selectemps1.ename,emps1.eno,customers1.eno,customers1.salary from emps1,customers1 where emps1.eno=customers1.eno; ENAME ENO ENO SALARY---------- ---------- ---------- ----------naga 101 101 10000navin 111 111 10500raj 141 141 5000

NON EQUI JOINS:

SQL> select emps1.ename,emps1.eno,customers1.salary,customers1.eno,customers.location from emps1,customers1.eno<>customers1.eno;

ENAME ENO SALARY ENO LOCATION---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------navin 111 10000 101 CHENNAIram 121 10000 101 CHENNAIraj 141 10000 101 CHENNAInaga 101 10500 111 PONDYram 121 10500 111 PONDYraj 141 10500 111 PONDYnaga 101 8000 131 AVADInavin 111 8000 131 AVADIram 121 8000 131 AVADIraj 141 8000 131 AVADInaga 101 5000 141 LOCOnavin 111 5000 141 LOCOram 121 5000 141 LOCOnaga 101 9800 151 CHOOLAInavin 111 9800 151 CHOOLAIram 121 9800 151 CHOOLAIraj 141 9800 151 CHOOLAI

17 rows selected.

LEFT OUTER JOINS:

SQL>select emps1.ename,emps1.eno,customers1.salary,customers1.eno from emps1,customers1 where emps1.eno(+)=customers1.eno;

ENAME ENO SALARY ENO---------- ---------- ---------- ----------naga 101 10000 101navin 111 10500 111 8000 131raj 141 5000 141

9800 151

RIGHT OUTER JOINS:

SQL> select emps1.ename,emps1.eno,customers1.eno,customers1.salary from emps1,customers1 where emps1.eno=customers1.eno(+);

ENAME ENO ENO SALARY---------- ---------- ---------- ----------naga 101 101 10000navin 111 111 10500ram 121raj 141 141 5000

RELATIONAL OPERATION



SQL> select * from sub where age<20;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------------------gayathri 12 78 89 90sachin 12 89 90 78

SQL> select * from sub where age>20;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------------------ranjan 21 89 78 80rajini 22 90 87 56ram 21 90 67 78

SQL> select * from sub where age>=21;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------------------ranjan 21 89 78 80rajini 22 90 87 56ram 21 90 67 78

SQL> select * from sub where age<>22;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2 MARK3-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------------------ranjan 21 89 78 80gayathri 12 78 89 90sachin 12 89 90 78ram 21 90 67 78

SQL FUNCTION Select abs(-6) from dual;ABS(-6)---------------

6

SQL> select cos(0) from dual;COS(0)---------------

1SQL>select cosh(3) from dual;Cosh(3)--------------10.067662

SQL>select exp(0) from dual;EXP(0)---------------

1SQL>select ceil(4.56) from dual;CEIL(4.56)--------------------

5SQL>select floor(4.5) from dual;FLOOR(4.5)-------------------

4SQL>select ln(9) from dual;LN(9)----------------------------

2.1972246SQL>select power(6,3) from dual;POWER(6,3)----------------------

216SQL>select sign(-5) from dual;SIGN(-5)--------------------

-1SQL>select sin(0) from dual;SIN(0)--------------------

0

SQL>select concat(‘get’,’ready’)from dual;CONCAT-----------------------

Get ready

SQL>select initcap(‘my country’)from dual;INITCAP(‘MY COUNTRY’)-------------------------

My countrySQL>select lower (‘APPLE’)from dual;LOWER---------------------Apple

SQL>select upper (‘apple’)from dual;UPPER--------------------APPLESQL>select lpad(‘abc’,5,’**’) from dual;LPAD(‘ABC’,5,’**’)----------------------**abc

SQL>select rpad(‘abc’,5,’**’) from dual;RPAD(‘ABC’,5,’**’)---------------------------abc**

SQL> select replace(‘aprc’,r,’e’) from dual;REPL-----------------------apec

SQL> select substr(‘INKPEN’,4,6) from dual;SUB---------------------PEN

SQL> select length(‘time’) from dual;LENGTH(‘TIME’)-------------------4

SQL> select greatest(‘aaa’,’xxx’) from dual;GRE----------------xxx

SQL> select least(‘ddd’,’aaa’) from dual;LEA

----------------aaa

SQL> select sysdate from dual;SYSDATE-----------------16-sep-06

SQL> select last_day(‘8_nov_06’) from dual;LAST_DAY----------------------30-NOV-06

SQL> select mod(5,2) from dual;MOD(5,2)------------------1

SQL> select round(543.877,3)from dual;ROUND(543.877,3)---------------------543.877

SQL> select add_months(‘8_nov_06’,4)from dual;ADD_MONTHS--------------------08-MAR-06

SQL> select last_day(‘7-nov-06’)from dual;LAST_DAY--------------------30-NOV-06

SQL> select months_between(‘5-aug-06’,’3-dec-06’)from dual;MONTHS_BETWEEN(‘5-aug-06’,’3-dec-06’) ------------------------------15.93548

SQL> select next_day(‘7-dec-06,’’fri’)from dual;NEXT_DAY(‘7-dec-06,’’fri’)-----------------------14-DEC-06

SQL> select to_date(‘3-4-06’,’mm-dd-yy’) from dual;TO_DATE(‘3-4-06’,’mm-dd-yy’)----------------------------04-mar-06

SQL>select * from aa;

NAME AGE MARK1 MARK2------------------------------------------------------------Mani 18 98 83Ramesh 19 98 89

SQL>select avg(mark1) from aa;AVG(MARK1)--------------------98

SQL>select sum(mark2) from aa;SUM(MARK2)-------------------172

SQL>select count(name) from aa;COUNT(NAME)----------------------2SQL>select max(mark1) from aa;MAX(MARK1)--------------------98

SQL>select min(age) from aa;MIN(AGE)---------------------18

ARITHMETIC OPERATION

MAIN PROGRAM:

declarea number(10);b number(10);c number(10);d number(10);e number(10);f number(10);g number(10);begina:=&a;b:=&b;c:=a+b;d:=a-b;e:=a*b;f:=a/b;g:=a%b;dbms_output.put_line('The addition of two numbers is '||c);dbms_output.put_line('The subraction of two numbers is '||d);dbms_output.put_line('The multiplication of two numbers is '||e);dbms_output.put_line('The division of two numbers is '||f);dbms_output.put_line('The division of two numbers is '||g);end;

INPUT & OUTPUT:

Enter value for a: 6old 10: a:=&a;new 10: a:=6;Enter value for b: 5old 11: b:=&b;new 11: b:=5;The addition of two numbers is 11The subraction of two numbers is 1The multiplication of two numbers is 30The division of two numbers is 1The division of two numbers is 1

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

EBILL WITHOUT CURSOR

BEFORE EXECUTION

SQL> select * from ebill;

CNAME CNO NOU BILL---------- ---------- ---------- ----------ram 101 100 0ranjan 102 250 0gayathri 203 23 0

PL/SQL BLOCK:

DeclareCn ebill.cname%type;No ebill.cno%type;Units ebill.nou%type;Cost ebill.bill%type;

Begin No:=&customerno; Select cname,cno,nou,bill into cn,no,units,cost from ebill where cno=no; If(units<200)then Cost:=units*0.5; Elsif (units between 200 and 500) then Cost:=units*0.75; Else Cost:=units; End if; Update ebill set bill=cost where cno=no; End;

INPUT & OUTPUT:

Enter value for customerno: 101old 7: No:=&customerno;new 7: No:=101;


AFTER EXECUTION:

SQL> select * from ebill;

CNAME CNO NOU BILL---------- ---------- ---------- ----------ram 101 100 50ranjan 102 250 0gayathri 203 23 0

FIBONACCI SERIES

PROGRAM:

declare a number(3); b number(3); c number(3); n number(4); begin n:=&n; c:=0; a:=-1; b:=1; for i in 1..n loop c:=a+b; a:=b; b:=c; dbms_output.put_line(c); end loop; end;

INPUT & OUTPUT:Enter value for n: 5old 7: N:=&N;new 7: N:=5;01123


FUNCTIONS-BANK DETAILS

select * from bank;

ACCNO CUNAME BALANCE------ -------------------- -------------------------- 101 siva 6000 102 vinu 5000 103 san 6709

Main program:

declareno number(10);ch char(10);am number(10);bb number(10);

beginno:=&no;ch:='&ch';am:=&am;if ch='w'then

bb:=withdrl(no,am);update bank set balance=bb where accno=no;

elsif ch='d'thenbb:=got(no,am);update bank set balance=bb where accno=no;

elsedbms_output.put_line('no char found');

end if; end;

Withdrawal function:

create or replace function withdrl(acno in number,amt in number) return number is bal number(10,2);begin

select balance into bal from bank where accno=acno;if(amt<bal) then

bal:=bal-amt;end if;return(bal);

end;

Deposit function:

create or replace function got(acno in number,amt in number) return number is bal number(10,2);begin

select balance into bal from bank where accno=acno;bal:=bal+amt;return(bal);

end;

INPUT & OUTPUT:SQL> @z:\dbms\bank\withdrawl.sql 9 /

Function created.

SQL> @z:\dbms\bank\deposit.sql 7 /Function created.

SQL> @z:\dbms\bank\bank.sql 20 /Enter value for no: 101old 7: no:=&no;new 7: no:=101;Enter value for ch: wold 8: ch:='&ch';new 8: ch:='w';Enter value for am: 500old 9: am:=&am;new 9: am:=500;


SQL> select * from bank;

ACCNO CUNAME BALANCE---------- -------------------- ------------------------------ 101 siva 5500 102 vinu 5000 103 san 6709

SQL> @z:\dbms\bank\bank.sql 20 /Enter value for no: 102old 7: no:=&no;new 7: no:=102;Enter value for ch: dold 8: ch:='&ch';new 8: ch:='d';Enter value for am: 1000old 9: am:=&am;new 9: am:=1000;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.SQL> select * from bank; ACCNO CUNAME BALANCE---------- -------------------- -------------------------- 101 siva 5500 102 vinu 6000 103 san 6709

PROCEDURE-ADDITION OF TWO NUMBERS

MAIN PROGRAM:

declareget number(5);f1 number;f2 number;beginf1:=&f1;f2:=&f2;aq(f1,f2,get);dbms_output.put_line('the value is:'||get);end;

SUBPROGRAM: create or replace procedure aq(no1 in number,no2 in number,result out number) isbeginresult:=no1+no2;end;

INPUT & OUTPUT:SQL> @z:\dbms\add1.sql 5 /

Procedure created.

SQL> @z:\dbms\add2.sql 11 /Enter value for f1: 4old 6: f1:=&f1;new 6: f1:=4;Enter value for f2: 6old 7: f2:=&f2;new 7: f2:=6;the value is:10


REVERSAL OF A NUMBER

Program:

Declare n number:=&n; c varchar2(20); s varchar2(20); l number; begin c:=to_char(n); l:=length(c); while(l>0) loop s:=s||substr(c,l,1); l:=l-1; end loop; dbms_output.put_line('reverse'||s); end;

INPUT & OUTPUT:

Enter value for n: 567 old 2: n number:=&n; new 2: n number:=567; reverse765

EBILL WITH CURSOR

BEFORE EXECUTION:

CNAME CNO NOU BILL --------------------------------------------Arun 100 100Balu 200 200Carl 300 300

PL/SQL BLOCK:

DeclareCn ebill.cname%type;No ebill.cno%type;Units ebill.nou%type;Cost ebill.bill%type;Cursor c is select * from ebill;

T ebill.cno%type;Begin Open c;Loop Exit when c% not found;If(c%is open)thenFetch c into cn,no,units,cost;T:-no;If(units<200)thenCost:=units*0.5;Elseif units between 200 and 500 thenCost:=units*0.75;ElseCost:=units;Endif; Update ebill set bill=cost where cno=t;Endif;Endloop;Close c;End;

AFTER EXECUTION

SQL>select * from ebill;

Cname cno nou bill-------------------------------------------Arun 100 100 50Balu 200 200 150Carl 300 300 225

FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER

MAIN PROGRAM:

DECLARE n number(10); s number(10);BEGIN n:=&n; s:=1; while(n>=1) loop s:=s*n; n:=n-1; end loop; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(s); END;

INPUT & OUTPUT:SQL>Enter value for n: 4old 5: n:=&n;new 5: n:=4;24

FUNCTION-PHONE DETAILS

BEFORE EXECUTION

SQL> select * from phone;

NAME PHONENO CITY STATE-------------------- ---------- -------------------- --------------aaa 246789 chennai tamilnaduccc 346578 avadi tamilnadueee 246789 salem tamilnaduddd 4536789 ooty tamilnadu

MAIN PROGRAM:

declarena phone.name%type;pho phone.phoneno%type;ci phone.city%type;sta phone.state%type;beginpho:=&phone_number;na:=ph(pho);select city,state into ci,sta from phone where name=na;dbms_output.put_line('phone number is:'||pho);dbms_output.put_line('name is:'||na);dbms_output.put_line('city is:'||ci);dbms_output.put_line('state is:'||sta);end;

FUNCTION:

create or replace function ph(phnum in number)return varchar asuname varchar(20);na varchar(20);beginselect name into uname from phone where phoneno=phnum;na:=uname;return na;end;

INPUT & OUTPUT:

SQL> set serveroutput onSQL> @z:\dbms\fun1.sql 9 /

Function created.

SQL> @z:\dbms\fun2.sql 15 /Enter value for phone_number: 4536789old 7: pho:=&phone_number;new 7: pho:=4536789;phone number is:4536789name is:dddcity is:ootystate is:tamilnadu


IMPLICIT CURSOR

SQL> select * from bank;

CNAME ACCNO AMT------------- ---------- ----------ram 1001 3000ranjan 1002 3500gayathri 2002 3900

MAIN PROGRAM:

DeclareM bank.amt%type;E number(2):=0;Name bank.cname%type;Cursor c is select accno from bank;BeginFor I in cLoopUpdate bank set amt=amt-100 where accno=i.accno;Exit when sql%notfound;Select cname,amt into name,m from bank where accno=i.accno;Dbms_output.put_line(‘name is:’||name);Dbms_output.put_line(‘changed amount is:’||name);E:=e+to_char(sql%rowcount);End loop;Dbms_output.put_line(‘the total rows selected is:’||e);End;

INPUT & OUTPUT:name is:ramchanged amount is:2900name is:ranjanchanged amount is:3400name is:gayathrichanged amount is:3800the total rows selected are:3


REVERSAL OF A STRING

PROGRAM: declare c char(10); s varchar2(20); l number; begin c:='&c'; l:=length(c); while(l>0) loop s:=s||substr(c,l,1); l:=l-1; end loop; dbms_output.put_line('reverse'||s); end;

INPUT & OUTPUT:

Enter value for c: fatold 6: c:='&c';new 6: c:='fat';reverse taf


TRIGGERS

SQL> CREATE TABLE T4 (a INTEGER, b CHAR(10));

Table created.

SQL> CREATE TABLE T5 (c CHAR(10), d INTEGER);

Table created.

MAIN PROGRAM:

SQL> CREATE TRIGGER trig1 2 AFTER INSERT ON T4 3 REFERENCING NEW AS newRow 4 FOR EACH ROW 5 WHEN (newRow.a <= 10) 6 BEGIN 7 INSERT INTO T5 VALUES(:newRow.b, :newRow.a); 8 END trig1; 9 /

Trigger created.

INPUT & OUTPUT:SQL> insert into t4 values(&a,'&b');Enter value for a: 4Enter value for b: gyold 1: insert into t4 values(&a,'&b')new 1: insert into t4 values(4,'gy')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for a: 67Enter value for b: hjold 1: insert into t4 values(&a,'&b')new 1: insert into t4 values(67,'hj')

1 row created.

SQL> /Enter value for a: 10Enter value for b: jkoold 1: insert into t4 values(&a,'&b')new 1: insert into t4 values(10,'jko')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from t4;

A B---------- ---------- 4 gy 67 hj 10 jko

SQL> select * from t5;

C D---------- ----------gy 4jko 10

Dbms Lab Programs

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