dazvervis angariSvaldebulebis danergva - DCAF · Jenevis centri DSD Tavdacvis sasignalo direqtorati...

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dazvervis angariSvaldebulebis danergva: samarTlebrivi standartebi da saukeTeso praqtika

dazvervis angariSvaldebulebis danergva:

dazvervis samsaxurebze

zedamxedvelobis

samarTlebrivi

standartebi

da saukeTeso praqtika

hans borni da ian leifi

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avtorebihans borni da ian leifi

gamocemis asistentebiTorsten vetzlingi da ingrid betleri

mrCevelTa jgufiian kameroni, alistair korbeti, alain fopini, hakon huus-hanseni,kalman koCiSi, frederik sejerstedi, fred Sreieri

konsultantebiendriu batleri, marina kaparini, riCard b. doile, uiliam f. foneikeleni, piter gili, jorj lotzi, bari vikerSami

koreqtorioliver veitesi

ydis dizaininorvegiis parlamentis gamomcemloba, oslo

saavtoro uflebebisaavtoro uflebebi daculia. dauSvebelia am gamocemis raime nawilisgamoqveyneba, xelmisawvdom sistemaSi Senaxva an eleqtronuli, meqa-nikuri, fotografiuli Canaweris an raime sxva saxiT gadacema sam-xedro SeiaraRebaze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centris, annorvegiis parlamentis dazvervaze zedamxedvelobis komitetis, andurhamis universitetis adamianis uflebaTa centris (gaerTia-nebuli samefo) winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe. winamdebare publikaciisgavrceleba ar SeiZleba gayidvis, ganaTxovrebis, gaqiravebis an sxvagziT gamomcemelis winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe akinZvis an ydis sxvaformiT, garda imisa, rogorc TviT aris gamocemuli, SemdgomigamomcemlisaTvis igive pirobebis dacvis moTxovnis CaTvliT.

gadaxvevanaSromSi mocemuli Sexedulebebi da mosazrebebi (Tu sxvagvarad araris miTiTebuli) avtorebs ekuTvnis da isini, SesaZloa, yovelTvis aremTxveodes SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jeneviscentris, an norvegiis parlamentis dazvervaze zedamxedvelobiskomitetis, an durhamis universitetis adamianis uflebaTa centris(gaerTianebuli samefo) midgomebs.

gamomcemeliPublishing House of the Parliament of Norway, Oslo

originali: inglisur enaze, oslo, 2005

qarTul enaze mTargmnelinana WyoiZe

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Sesavali

dazvervis samsaxuris angariSvaldebulebis damkvidreba, romelicunda iyos rogorc demokratiuli, aseve efeqturi, Tanamedrovesaxelmwifoebis winaSe mdgari erT-erTi mwvave problemaa. es mZimeamocana gardauvalia, Tumca, rogorc politikuri saxelmZRvaneloda dazvervis samsaxurebis reformis mimarTuleba, igi xels uwyobsdarRvevaTa Tavidan acilebas da saxelmwifos yvela monawile StosqmediTobis ganmtkicebas.

dazvervis samsaxurebis demokratiuli angariSvaldebulebis siste-maturi saerTaSoriso Sedareba Zalze SezRudul farglebSia Cata-rebuli, rasac dazvervis demokratiuli angariSvaldebulebis saer-TaSoriso standartebis ganviTareba ar mohyolia. SeiaraRebul Za-lebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centrma, norvegiis par-lamentis dazvervis zedamxedvelobis komitetma da durhamis univer-sitetis adamianis uflebaTa centrma erToblivad Seqmnes winamde-bare naSromi, romlis mizania samarTlebrivi standartebis dalage-bisa da Sefasebis gziT dazvervis samsaxurebis demokratiuli anga-riSvaldebulebis sferoSi arsebuli am xarvezis gamosworeba. naS-romSi gansazRvruli da rekomendebulia agreTve saukeTeso praq-tika, romelic miesadageba rogorc gardamavali periodis, ise ganvi-Tarebuli demokratiis qveynebs.

aRniSnuli standartebi da saukeTeso praqtikis magaliTebi yvelaqveynisTvis gamosadeg demokratiuli zedamxedvelobis erTaderTmodels ar warmoadgenen. piriqiT, dazvervis samsaxurebis demo-kratiuli zedamxedvelobis sistema qveynis istoriaze, konstitu-ciur da samarTlebriv sistemasa da, agreTve, demokratiul tradi-ciebsa da politikur kulturazea damokidebuli.

erTi kuTxisaTvis misaRebi da efeqturi wesebi da praqtika, SesaZloa,sxva kuTxisaTvis Seusabamo gamodges. am realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli zogierTi rCeva romelime qveynisaTvis,SesaZloa, miuRebeli aRmoCndes. amitom, demokratiuli mmarTvelo-bis TvalsazrisiT dazvervis samsaxurebis zedamxedveloba aRmasru-lebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis erToblivipasuxismgeblobis sferoa. aucilebelia demokratiuli urTierT-kontrolis gonivruli sistemis amoqmedeba, sadac dazvervis samsa-xurebze kontrolis eqskluziuri upiratesoba aRmasrulebels areqneba. amrigad, am amocanis ganxorcielebaSi TavianTi roli undaSeasrulon TviT dazvervis erovnulma saagentoebma da parlamen-tebma, agreTve, gareSe kontrolis organoebma.

vimedovnebT, rom es publikacia mmarTvelobis am rTul da mniS-vnelovan sferoSi aamaRlebs sazogadoebis cnobierebas da xelsSeuwyobs usafrTxoebis politikisa da praqtikis mier im xalxismiswrafebis WeSmarit asaxvas, romelsac isini unda emsaxurebodnen.

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elCi leif meviki elCi doq. Teodor vinklerinorvegiis parlamentis SeiaraRebul Zalebzedazvervis zedamxedvelobis demokratiuli kontroliskomitetis Tavmjdomare Jenevis centris direqtori

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali 3

Sinaarsi 5

blokebis nusxa 7

akronimebis nusxa 10

I ganyofileba Sesavali

Tavi 1 uSiSroebisa da dazvervissamsaxurebze demokratiulizedamxedvelobis gansazRvra 13

Tavi 2 uSiSroebisa da dazvervissamsaxurebze zedamxedvelobissaWiroeba 17

Tavi 3 samarTlebrivi standartebisa dazedamxedvelobis saukeTeso gzebisZieba: amocanebi, farglebi dameTodologia 23

II ganyofileba dawesebuleba

Tavi 4 mandatis gansazRvra 31

Tavi 5 direqtoris daniSvna 37

Tavi 6 specialuri ZalauflebisgamoyenebisaTvis uflebamosilebisminiWeba 40

Tavi 7 informacia da failebi 47

Tavi 8 dawesebulebis Sida marTva dakontroli 50

III ganyofileba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis roli

Tavi 9 aRmasrulebelTa kontroli 59

Tavi 10 mTavrobis gaTviTcnobiereba dadazvervis kontroli 62

Tavi 11 faruli RonisZiebebis kontroli 65

Tavi 12 saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba 70

Tavi 13 damcavi meqanizmebi mTavrobismxridan uflebamosilebisgadaWarbebis winaaRmdeg 75

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IV ganyofileba parlamentis roli

Tavi 14 saparlamento zedamxedveloba 83

Tavi 15 saparlamento zedamxedvelobisorganos mandati 86

Tavi 16 saparlamento zedamxedvelobisorganos Semadgenloba 91

Tavi 17 zedamxedvelobis organos sakontroloSemowmeba da daSveba 94

Tavi 18 parlamentis uflebamosilebainformaciisa da dokumentebismopovebaze 97

Tavi 19 parlamentisaTvis moxsenebiswardgena 100

Tavi 20 biujetis kontroli 103

V ganyofileba gare kontrolis organoebis roli

Tavi 21 moqalaqeTa ukmayofilebisdaregulireba 115

Tavi 22 damoukidebeli organoebis mierdawesebulebis zedamxedvelobaadministraciis farglebSi 121

Tavi 23 damoukidebeli auditis samsaxurebi 124

saukeTeso praqtikis mimoxilva 133

SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolisJenevis centri (DCAF) 143

durhamis universitetis iuridiuli fakultetisadamianis uflebaTa centri 144

norvegiis parlamentis dazvervis zedamxedvelobiskomiteti 145

monawileni 147

terminTa ganmarteba 149

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blokebis nusxa

bl. #1 uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebze zedamxed-velobis saerTaSoriso organizaciebis miermiRebuli normebi da standartebi (SerCeuli) 14

bl. #2 zedamxedvelobis institutebi da subieqtebi 15bl. #3 adamianis uflebebi, romelTagan gadaxveva

dauSvebelia 19bl. #4 dazvervis samsaxurebisaTvis kanonmdeblobis

saWiroeba adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis safuZvelze (gaerTianebuli samefo) 21

bl. #5 kanonis Semowmebis xarisxi 22bl. #6 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo da

‘erovnuli usafrTxoeba’ 32bl. #7 erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakanonmdeblo ganmarteba

(bosnia-hercegovina) 34bl. #8 xelisuflebis oficialur pirTa mier maTi Sida

politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg dazvervisdawesebulebebis gamoyenebis aRkveTismeqanizmebi (argentina) 35

bl. #9 parlamentis monawileoba direqtoris daniSvnisprocesSi (avstralia) 38

bl. #10 aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis monawileobadireqtoris daniSvnis procesSi (ungreTi) 38

bl. #11 dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelis moxsnis safuZvlebi(poloneTi) 38

bl. #12 Sida usafrTxoebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebisadmiminiWebuli specialuri uflebamosilebebi 40

bl. #13 evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis 2002 wlisSerCeuli saxelmZRvanelo principebi adamianisuflebaTa dacvisa da terorizmis winaaRmdegbrZolis Sesaxeb 41

bl. #14 piradi cxovrebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuliadamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlossaqmeebi 44

bl. #15 informaciis Semowmebis ufleba (niderlandebi) 48bl. #16 moxseneba uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis

Sesaxeb bosniis kanonSi arsebul aramarTlzomierqmedebebTan dakavSirebuli debulebebis Taobaze 50

bl. #17 gamJRavnebis dacvis wesebi (kanada) 51bl. #18 samxreT afrikis respublikis dazvervis

TanamSromelTa qcevis kodeqsi 52bl. #19 bosnia-hercegovinis kanoni dazvervisa da

uSiSroebis dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb 53bl. #20 kompetenciebis gamijvna ministrsa da

samsaxuris direqtors Soris (poloneTi) 60bl. #21 ministris uflebebi _ dawesebulebis

pasuxismgeblobani 63

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bl. #22 direqtoris konsultacia ministrTan (moadgilesTan) 63bl. #23 faruli RonisZiebis ganmarteba (aSS) 65bl. #24 sazRvargareT faruli RonisZiebis Catarebaze

nebarTvis gacema (gaerTianebuli samefo) 66bl. #25 wameba 67bl. #26 farul RonisZiebaze mTavrobis kontrolis

legalizeba (avstralia) 68bl. #27 dazvervis sferoSi TanamSromlobis sxvadaxva

gamocdileba: ormxrivi gacvla 70bl. #28 dazvervis informaciis mravalmxrivi gacvla:

evrokavSirisa da aSS-is ganaxlebuli valdebuleba 71bl. #29 ucxouri dazvervis samsaxurebisaTvis sakuTari

qveynis moqalaqis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba:magaliTi germaniis dazvervis kanonmdeblobidan 73

bl. #30 bosniis dazvervis samsaxuris movaleobaiTanamSromlos yofili iugoslaviis saerTaSorisosisxlis samarTlis tribunalTan sakiTxebze 74

bl. #31 ungreTis erovnuli uSiSroebis samsaxurebismarTva da kontroli 76

bl. #32 ministris movaleobebi dawesebulebis winaSe(avstralia) 77

bl. #33 dawesebulebis miukerZoeblobis dacvis RonisZiebebi 78bl. #34 dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelis premierministrze

xelmisawvdomobis ufleba (gaerTianebuli samefo) 78bl. #35 gare da saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organoebis

Sedareba SerCeuli qveynebis magaliTze 84bl. #36 saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos amocanaTa

sruli CamonaTvali 87bl. #37 saparlamento zedamxedvelobis elementebi (germania) 88bl. #38 operatiul saqmeebze sagangebo informaciis miwodeba

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organosaTvis 89bl. #39 kanonis uzenaesobisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvaze

orientirebuli saparlamento zedamxedveloba:norvegiis magaliTi 90

bl. #40 saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos wevrTadaniSvna: magaliTebi SerCeuli saxelmwifoebidan 92

bl. #41 norvegiis parlamentis dazverviszedamxedvelobis komitetis daSvebis procedura 95

bl. #42 bosnia-hercegovinis parlamentis wevrisaTvisdaSvebaze uaris SemTxvevebis ganxilva 95

bl. #43 argentinis erToblivi komitetis ufleba informaciaze 97

bl. #44 sadazvervo saqmianobis Sesaxebkongresis komitetissruli da drouli informirebis movaleoba (aSS) 97

bl. #45 aSS-is kongresis dazvervis komitetisaTvismoxsenebis wardgena faruli RonisZiebis Sesaxeb 98

bl. #46 gare eqspertebTan konsultacia (luqsemburgi) 99bl. #47 sakanonmdeblo organosa da aRmasrulebeli Stos

informireba komitetis saqmianobisa da rekomen-daciebis Sesaxeb (samxreT afrikis respublika) 100

bl. #48 SezRudvebi parlamentis mier informaciisgamJRavnebaze (avstralia) 101

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bl. #49 germaniis saparlamento kontrolis jgufismier ganxorcielebuli finansuri auditi 105

bl. #50 parlamentis mier yovlismomcveli sabiujetokontrolis ganxorcieleba (ungreTi) 107

bl. #51 saCivrebis ganxilva: niderlandebis erovnuliombudsmeni 116

bl. #52 saCivrebis ganxilva: norvegiis parlamentisdazvervis zedamxedvelobis komiteti 116

bl. #53 saCivrebis ganxilva: kanadis uSiSroebisdazvervis kontrolis komiteti 118

bl. #54 kanadis generaluri inspeqtoris funqciebi 121bl. #55 generaluri auditori 125bl. #56 auditorisTvis samsaxurebis informaciis

kanonieri gamJRavneba (gaerTianebuli samefo) 126bl. #57 finansuri angariSvaldebuleba (luqsemburgi) 127bl. #58 proeqtebis damoukidebeli auditi: kanadis

generaluri auditoris mier kanadis uSiSroebisada dazvervis samsaxurebis (CSIS) erovnuliStab-binis proeqtis Semowmebis magaliTi 128

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akronimebis nusxa

AHRB xelovnebisa da humanizmis kvlevis sabWoASIO avstraliis uSiSroebis dazvervis organizaciaASIS avstraliis faruli dazvervis samsaxuriCAT wamebis sawinaaRmdego konvenciaCIA dazvervis centraluri saagento (aSS)CoE evrosabWoCth TanamegobrobaCSIS kanadis uSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxuriCDPC danaSaulTa problemebis evropuli komitetiDAC ganviTarebis daxmarebis komitetiDCAF SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis

Jenevis centriDSD Tavdacvis sasignalo direqtorati (avstralia)ECHR adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis

evropuli konvenciaECtHR adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTloEHRR adamianis uflebaTa evropuli moxsenebebiEOS norvegiis parlamentis dazvervis zedamxedvelobis

komitetiE U evrokavSiriFRG germaniis federaciuli respublikaGCHQ samTavrobo komunikaciaTa Stabi (gaerTianebuli samefo)ICCPR samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtiICESCR ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa

saerTaSoriso paqtiIPU parlamentTaSorisi kavSiriMI5 uSiSroebis samsaxuri (gaerTianebuli samefo)MI6 saidumlo dazvervis samsaxuri (gaerTianebuli samefo)OECD ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis

organizaciaOSCE evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciaPACE evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleaPC-S-SEC Sida usafrTxoebis samsaxurebis specialistTa jgufiPKGrG kanoni germaniis saparlamento kontrolis sabWos SesaxebPKGr germaniis saparlamento kontrolis sabWoRCMP kanadis uzenaesi samefo policiaRSA samxreT afrikis respublikaSIRC uSiSroebis informaciis ganxilvis komiteti (kanada)U K gaerTianebuli samefoU N gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaUNDHR adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaUNDP gaeros ganviTarebis programaUN GA gaeros generaluri asambleaUSC amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsiWEU dasavleT evropis kavSiri

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I ganyofileba

Sesavali

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13


Tavi 1

uSiSroebisa da dazvervissamsaxurebze demokratiuli

zedamxedvelobis gansazRvra

usafrTxoebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebze zedamxedvelobis sakiTxisgansaxilvelad albaT amaze ukeTesi dro ver gamoiZebneba. 11seqtembris, eraySi meore omisa da 2004 wlis 11 martis madridisteraqtis gamo rogorc parlamentebSi, aseve aRmasrulebel xelis-uflebaSi, mravali adamiani iyo pasuxismgebeli sadazvervo saqmia-nobis zedamxedvelobaze, romlebic amJamad dakavebulni arian am sam-saxurebis gamokvleviT da im formebis SeswavliT romlebiTac po-litikuri liderebi dazvervis sakiTxebs warmarTaven. zedamxedve-lobaSi CarTuli subieqtebi, romlebic ara mxolod parlamentarebida am sferoze pasuxismgebeli ministrebi arian, aramed sasamarTlo,media (ufro farTod) da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebic,rTuli amocanis winaSe dganan. usafrTxoebisa da demokratiis prin-cipebisadmi erTgulebis dabalansebisas maT, erTi mxriv unda gan-sazRvron, Tu ramdenad dasabuTebulia dazvervis samsaxurebiswinadadebebi samsaxurebis efeqturobis zrdis TvalsazrisiT, xolo,meore mxriv, samsaxurebi unda iyvnen angariSvaldebulni da kanonisuzenaesobis principebs akmayofilebdnen.

saerTaSoriso konsensusi

amavdroulad sul ufro izrdeba saerTaSoriso konsensusi daz-vervis samsaxurebze demokratiuli zedamxedvelobis sakiTxze.saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, rogorebicaa ekonomikuri TanamSro-mlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia (OECD),1 gaerTianebuli erebisorganizacia (UN),2 evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis or-ganizacia (OSCE),3 evropis sabWos saparlamento asamblea (PACE)4 dasaparlamentTaSoriso kavSiri5, yvela erTmniSvnelovnad aRiarebs,rom dazvervis samsaxurebi demokratiul angariSvaldebulebas undadaeqvemdebaron. pirvel blokSi mocemulia uSiSroebis da dazvervissamsaxurebze zedamxedvelobis normebis da standartebis Semdgomiganxilva, romelic regionuli da msoflio saerTaSoriso organi-zaciebis mieraa miRebuli.6

demokratiuli zedamxedveloba: sxvadasxvainstituti da subieqti

dazvervis samsaxurebis angariSvaldebuleba aRmasrulebeli xelis-uflebisa da saparlamento zedamxedvelobas da, agreTve, samoqalaqo

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bloki No. 1: uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebze zedamxedvelobis saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier miRebuli normebi da standartebi (SerCeuli) organizacia norma/standarti wyaro gaeros gan-viTarebis programa

demokratiuli samoqalaqo kontroli samxedro, policiisa da usafrTxoebis sxva Zalebze (moxsenebaSi CamoTvlilia usafrTxoebis seqtorSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi)

moxseneba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb (2002)

euTo ‘demokratiuli politikuri kontroli samxedro, saparlamento da Sinagani usa-frTxoebis Zalebze, agreTve dazvervis samsaxurebsa da policiaze’ (mocemulia debulebaTa konkretuli erToblioba)

usafrTxoebis politikur-sam-xedro aspeqte-bis qcevis kodeqsi (1994)

evrosabWo (saparlamento asamblea)

‘Sida usafrTxoebis samsaxurebma pativi unda scen adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias... Sida usafrTxoebis samsa-xurebis nebismieri operatiuli saqmia-nobiT konvenciaSi Careva kanoniT unda iyos gansazRvruli’. ‘kanonmdeblebma un-da miiRon naTeli da adekvaturi kano-nebi, romlebic Sida usafrTxoebis sam-saxurebs kanonier bazas Seuqmnian’

rekomendacia 1402 (1999)

evrokavSiri (evropis parlamenti)

gawevrianebis Sesaxeb ‘kopenhagenis kri-teriumebSi’ dafiqsirebulia: ‘policiis, samxedro da saidumlo samsaxurebis […] samarTlebrivi angariSvaldebuleba’

dRis wesrigi 2000, § 9

amerikis qveynebis samiti

‘SeiaraRebuli Zalebis da uSiSroebis Zalebis konstituciuri daqvemdebare-ba kanonieri saxelisuflo organo-ebisadmi Cveni saxelmwifoebis demo-kratiis qvakuTxedia’

kvebekis samoqmedo gegma (2001)

parlamen-tTaSorisi kavSiri

‘dazvervis struqturebze demokrati-uli zedamxedveloba mkafio samarT-lebrivi baziT unda daiwyos, romelic sadazvervo organizaciebs parlamen-tis mier damtkicebuli saxelmwifo ka-nonmdeblobis farglebSi moaqcevs. normatiuli baza unda akonkretebdes samsaxuris uflebamosilebas, misi moq-medebis meTodebs da angariSvaldebu-lebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebs’

saparlamento kontroli usaf-rTxoebis seqto-rze: principebi, meqanizmebi da praqtika, parla-mentarTa saxel-mZRvanelo #5. Jeneva:IPU/DCAF, 2003, gv. 64

dasavleT evropis kavSiri (WEU)

‘mouwodebs erovnul parlamentebs: (1) mxari dauWiron dazvervis sistemaTa gardaqmnis gegmebs da imavdroulad uzrunvelyon parlamentis prerogativa, ufro efeqturi da qmediTi demokra-tiuli kontroli ganaxorcielon daz-vervis informaciis Segrovebis saqmia-nobasa da informaciis gamoyenebaze’

rezolucia 113 (miRebulia asambleis mier erTxmad da Ses-worebebis ga-reSe 2002 wlis 4 dekembers [me-9 sesiaze])

ekonomikuri TanamSromlo-bisa da ganviTa-rebis organiza-cia OECD

usafrTxoebis sistemis (uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis CaTvliT) mar-Tva unda ganxorcieldes angariSval-debulebisa da gamWvirvalobis imave principebis Sesabamisad, romlebic ga-moiyeneba saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT _ usafrTxoebis proce-sebze mzardi samoqalaqo zedamxed-velobiT

ganviTarebis da-xmarebis komite-tis (DAC) saxelm-ZRvanelo prin-cipebi da seria ‘usafrTxoebis sistemis refor-ma da mmarTve-loba: politika da kargi praqti-ka’, 2004

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sazogadoebis CarTvas moiTxovs. saboloo mizani aris is, rom uSiS-roebisa da dazvervis saagentoebi izolirebul iqnen aramarTebulipolitikuri zegavlenisagan, magram aRmasrulebeli mmarTvelobi-sagan gamoyofis gareSe7. uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebi rea-girebas unda axdendnen xalxis moTxovnebze maT mier arCeuli war-momadgenlebis meSveobiT, anu mTavrobis kabinetsa Tu parlamentSiarCeuli samoqalaqo pirebis meSveobiT, romlebic uSiSroebisa dadazvervis samsaxurebze umaRles politikur kontrols axorciele-ben. mokled rom vTqvaT, uSiSroebis samsaxurebze demokratiuli ze-damxedveloba mTel rig institutebs da subieqtebs moicavs (ix. bloki#2).8

TiToeul subieqts da sazedamxedvelo instituts gansxvavebulifunqcia aqvs. aRmasrulebeli Sto samsaxurebs akontrolebs maTTvisdireqtivebis micemiT, amocanebis dasaxvis, prioritetebis gamokve-Tis da resursebis uzrunvelyofis CaTvliT. parlamentis mier gan-xorcielebuli zedamxedveloba ZiriTadad zogadi sakiTxebiTa dabiujetis damtkicebiT Semoifargleba. parlamenti ufro aqtiuradreagirebs skandaluri saqmeebis gamosaZiebad komitetebis Seqmnisdros. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis amocanaa specialur Zalauflebazemonitoringis ganxorcieleba (anu darRvevebis sasamarTlo ganxil-va). samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, analitikur organizaciebsa da moqa-laqeebs SeuZliaT SezRudon samsaxurebis saqmianoba maTTvis alter-natiuli mosazrebebis (analitikuri organizaciebi) miwodebiT, skan-

bloki No. 2: zedamxedvelobis institutebi da subieqtebi • TviT samsaxurebis mier ganxorcielebuli Sida kontroli maTi

saqmianobis kanoniT (parlamentis mier amoqmedebuli) legalizaciis gziT, profesiuli saqmianobisadmi damokidebulebis Sida marTva da stimulireba;

• aRmasrulebeli, romelic uSualo kontrols axorcielebs, uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis saqmianobisaTvis gansazRvravs biujets da ayalibebs saxelmZRvanelo principebsa da prioritetebs;

• sakanonmdeblo organo, romelic saparlamento zedamxedvelobas axor-cielebs uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis da, agreTve, maTi spe-cialuri uflebamosilebebis ganmsazRvravi da maregulirebeli kano-nebiT, agreTve, Sesabamisi sabiujeto saxsrebis damtkicebis gziT;

• sasamarTlo xelisufleba, romelic uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsa-xurebze monitoringsa da maTi TanamSromlebis mier Cadenil darRvevebze sisxlis samarTlebriv devnas axorcielebs;

• samoqalaqo sazogadoebis jgufebi, media, analitikosebi da kvleviTi ins-titutebi, romlebic uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis struq-turasa da saqmianobaze monitorings axorcieleben, ZiriTadad sazoga-doebrivi wyaroebis meSveobiT. calkeul moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT SezRu-don uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis specialuri Zalaufleba sa-gangebo tribunalebis, damoukidebeli ombudsmenebis an komisrebis /generaluri inspeqtorebis da, agreTve, erovnuli da saerTaSoriso sasa-marTloebis meSveobiT;

• saerTaSoriso doneze ar arsebobs uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxureb-ze zedamxedveloba, Tumca adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos, romelic adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis safuZvelze moqme-debs, SeuZlia evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos individualuri pire-bisagan miiRos saCivrebi xelisuflebis organoTa mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebze.

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dalebisa da krizisebis gaJRerebiT (media) an darRvevebTan dakav-SirebiT sarCelebis aRZvriT (moqalaqeebi).garda amisa, imis gamo rom dazvervis samsaxurebze demokratiulikontroli masSi CarTuli sxvadasxva subieqtis qcevas moicavs, igipolitikur kulturasac iTvaliswinebs. demokratiuli angariSval-debulebis iseTi fundamenturi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa gamWvirva-loba, pasuxismgebloba, angariSvaldebuleba, monawileoba da rea-girebis unari (adamianebis mimarT), kulturisa da qcevis garkveulformas gulisxmobs, romelic kanonis farglebs da sxva samarTleb-rivi wesebis CarCoebs scdeba. miuxedavad amisa, kanonebma safuZveliunda Seuqmnas sistemas, romelic sajaroobisa da adamianis uflebaTapativiscemis kulturas ganamtkicebs.

17


Tavi 2

uSiSroebisa da dazvervissamsaxurebze zedamxedvelobis

saWiroeba

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebi demokratiul sazogadoebasfaseul samsaxurs uweven erovnuli usafrTxoebis dacvasa da de-mokratiuli saxelmwifos damoukidebel mowyobaSi. imis gamo, romsamsaxurebi saqmianobas farulad ewevian da, maTi amocanebisbunebidan gamomdinare, TavianTi valdebulebebis Sesruleba faru-lad uxdebaT, isini ewinaaRmdegebian Ria sazogadoebis princips. amparadoqsis gamo (Ria sazogadoebis dacva saidumlo saSualebebiT)uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebi demokratiuli angariSval-debulebisa da samoqalaqo kontrolis sagans unda warmoadgendnen.am samsaxurebze sazogadoebrivi kontroli sul cota xuTi mizezisgamo aris mniSvnelovani.

pirveli, sajaroobis da gamWvirvalobis principis sawinaaRmdegod,romelic demokratiuli zedamxedvelobis guls warmoadgens,uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebi xSirad farulad moqmedeben.vinaidan gasaidumloebiT SesaZloa maTi saqmianoba sazogadoebisyuradRebis miRma darCes. mniSvnelovania, rom parlamentma, gansa-kuTrebiT ki aRmasrulebelma, guldasmiT adevnos Tvalyuri samsa-xurebis saqmianobas. meore, uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebsgansakuTrebuli Zalaufleba aqvT, rogoricaa pirad qonebaSi ansakomunikacio saSualebebSi Carevis SesaZlebloba, riTac aSkaradSeiZleba SeizRudos adamianis uflebebi. amitom igi gansazRvrulisazedamxedvelo institutebis mier monitoringis ganxorcielebasmoiTxovs. rogorc evrosabWos saparlamento asambleam aRniSna:

arsebobs seriozuli safrTxe, rom evrosabWos wevri qvey-nebis Sida uSiSroebis samsaxurebi xSirad individualuripiris uflebebze maRla ayeneben im interesebs, romelTacisini erovnuli usafrTxoebis da maTi qveynis interesebadmiiCneven. garda amisa, vinaidan uSiSroebis samsaxurebzesaTanado kontroli ar xorcieldeba, Zalauflebis gadame-tebisa da adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis maRali riski arse-bobs, Tu uzrunvelyofili ar iqna sakanonmdeblo da/an kons-tituciuri damcavi meqanizmebi.9

saxeldobr, problemebi warmoiqmneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca Sida uSiS-roebis samsaxurs miniWebuli aqvT garkveuli Zalaufleba, rogo-ricaa prevenciuli da aRmasrulebeli meTodebi, rasac Tan sdevsaRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxri-dan arajerovani kontroli, agreTve maSin, rodesac qveyanas mravalisaidumlo samsaxuri hyavs.10

18


mesame, civi omis Semdgom periodSi, xolo gansakuTrebiT 2001 wlis11 seqtembris Semdeg, TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos dazvervissamsaxurebi axali safrTxeebisadmi reorganizaciis procesSiimyofebian. ucxo qveynis samxedro Tavdasxma demokratiuli sazo-gadoebis funqciobis udides safrTxed aRar iTvleba. mas Caenacvlaorganizebuli danaSauli, terorizmi, gaxSirebuli regionuli kon-fliqtebi an arSemdgari saxelmwifoebi da, agreTve, adamianTa datvirTebis ukanono trefikingi. reorganizebis es procesi arCeulisamoqalaqo xelisuflebis zedamxedvelobis qveS unda warimarTos,romelsac SeuZlia uzrunvelyos am samsaxurebis mosaxleobismoTxovnaze orientirebuli restruqturizacia. garda amisa, imisgamo, rom dazvervis samsaxuri did samTavrobo biurokratias war-moadgens, romlisTvisac cvlilebebisadmi SewinaaRmdegeba da biu-rokratiuli inercia bunebrivadaa damaxasiaTebeli, gare institu-tebma, rogorebicaa aRmasrulebeli Sto da parlamenti, unda SeZ-lon sasurveli cvlilebebis qmediTi formiT ganxorcieleba.

meoTxe, uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebs SesaZlo safrTxeebzeinformaciis Segroveba, analizi da am safrTxeebis Sefaseba evalebaT.vinaidan safrTxeebis Sefaseba usafrTxoebis sxva ZalebisaTvis(samxedro, policia, mesazRvreebi) amosaval wertils warmoadgens,mniSvnelovania, rom es Sefaseba demokratiuli gziT moxdes. es gan-sakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, radgan aseTi Sefasebebi iTvaliswinebensafrTxeebis prioritetul gansazRvras, rasac xSirad Tan sdevsmniSvnelovani politikuri Sedegebi.

mexuTe mizezi exeba im qveynebs, romlebic avtoritaruli reJimisqveS iyvnen da axlo warsulSi demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzas da-adgnen. warsulSi am qveynebis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebisZiriTad amocanas avtoritari liderebis sakuTari xalxisagan dacvawarmoadgenda. uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebi ZiriTadadrepresiul funqcias asrulebdnen. advili warmosadgenia, Tu raodenrTuli amocanaa uSiSroebis Zveli samsaxurebis Tanamedrove, de-mokratiul samsaxurebad gardaqmna. am samsaxurebis represiuli me-qanizmidan usafrTxoebis politikis Tanamedrove meqanizmad gar-daqmna aRmasrulebeli Stosa da parlamentisagan intensiur moni-torings moiTxovs.

kanonmdeblobis arsebobis moTxovna

kanonis uzenaesoba demokratiis fundamenturi da ganuyofeli ele-mentia. uSiSroebisa da dazvervis saagentoebi mxolod maSin sargeb-loben legitimurobiT, roca isini kanonis safuZvelze arian Seqmnilida maTi Zalaufleba kanonieri reJimidan gamomdinareobs. aseTi sis-temis gareSe SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos saxeliT ganxorcielebuliqmedeba kanondamrRvevTa qmedebisagan gaimijnos (teroristTa CaTv-liT). ‘erovnuli usafrTxoeba’ kanonis uzenaesobis valdebulebisdaviwyebis sababad ar unda iqces, rac demokratiuli saxelmwifoe-bisaTvis TviT eqstremaluri situaciebis drosac esoden damaxa-siaTebelia. piriqiT, uSiSroebis samsaxurebis sagangebo ZalauflebasamarTlebriv struqturas da samarTlebriv kontrols unda efuZne-bodes.

19


kanonmdebloba demokratiuli nebis samarTlebrivi asaxvaa.umravles saxelmwifoSi parlamentis ZiriTad funqciaskanonmdeblobis miReba (mTavrobis moqmedebaze TvalyurisdevnebasTan erTad) warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia,rom im qveynebSi, sadac kanonis uzenaesobaa damkvidrebuli,dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebebi kanonis safuZvelzearsebobdnen da kanoniT miniWebuli Zalaufleba da araprivilegirebuli wesiT miniWebuli gansakuTrebuli ZalauflebahqondeT. es ganamtkicebs dawesebulebaTa legitimurobas dademokratiul warmomadgenlebs saSualebas aZlevs, daicvan principi,romelic marTavs saxelmwifo saqmianobis am mniSvnelovan sferos,da daafuZnon aseTi dawesebulebebis saqmianobis SezRudvebi. ufrometic, imisaTvis, rom erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis samarTlebrivgamonakliss adamianis uflebebis mimarT upiratesoba mieniWos,aucilebelia, rom uSiSroebis seqtoris uflebamosileba kanon-mdeblobidan gamomdinareobdes.

parlamentis mier uSiSroebis saagentoebis Seqmnis, maTi mandatisada Zalauflebis damtkiceba kanonis uzenaesobis dacvisaTvis saWiro,magram arasakmarisi pirobaa. samarTlebrivi safuZveli zrdisrogorc am saagentoebis arsebobis, aseve maTi (xSirad sagangebo)Zalauflebis legitimurobas. iseve rogorc sxva sferoebSi,administraciisaTvis uflebamosilebis delegireba da agreTvediskreciuli Zalauflebis struqturireba da misi kanonis CarCoebSimoqceva kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi amocanaa.

konstituciuri da adamianis uflebebis SezRudva

kanonmdebloba saWiroa maSinac, rodesac, saxelmwifos usafrTxoebisinteresebidan gamomdinare, individTa konstituciuri uflebebisgansazRvra an SezRudvaa gaTvaliswinebuli. aman SesaZloa origansxvavebuli gziT iCinos Tavi: pirveli aris adamianis uflebaTa

bloki No. 3: adamianis uflebebi, romelTagan gadaxveva dauSvebelia samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis me-4 mux-lis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia gadaxveva Semdegi uflebe-bidan: • sicocxlis ufleba (muxli 6); • wamebis an sastiki, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis, an

sasjelis dauSvebloba (muxli 7); • monobis an daymevebis dauSvebloba (muxli 8); • aravin SeiZleba imyofebodes patimrobaSi im safuZvliT, rom mas

unari ar Seswevs Seasrulos saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba (muxli 11);

• retroaqtiuri sisxlis samarTlebrivi RonisZiebis dauSvebloba (muxli 15);

• samarTlis subieqtad aRiarebis ufleba (muxli 16); • azris, sindisis da religiis Tavisuflebis ufleba (muxli 18).

wyaro: samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti (ZalaSi Sevida 1976 wels)

20


regularuli SezRudva sazogadoebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebismizniT.11 amis TvalsaCino magaliTia dazvervis muSakTa azris gamo-xatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, romlis mizanicaa maTs saqmiano-basTan dakavSirebuli saidumloebis dacva. meore, sagangebo mdgo-mareobis dros, rodesac saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba seriozul zemo-qmedebas ganicdis, dasaSvebia zogierTi uflebis droebiTi Sewyvetagadaxvevis gziT, Tumca, rogorc me-3 blokSia naCvenebi, adamianiszogierTi uflebidan gadaxveva dauSvebelia.

im uflebaTa Soris, romelTa SezRudva saerTaSoriso donezeaaRiarebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia uSvebsSesaZleblobas, SeizRudos sasamarTloSi Ria mosmenis, piradicxovrebis pativiscemis, religiis Tavisuflebis, azris gamoxatvisada Sekrebis Tavisuflebis uflebebi ‘kanonis Sesabamisad’ (ix. bloki#5, kanonis gamocdis xarisxi) da, rodesac es ‘saWiroa demokratiulsazogadoebaSi’ erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdi-nare.12 garda amisa, Tu samsaxurebs pirad sakuTrebaSi an komunika-ciaSi Carevis kanonieri ufleba aqvT, moqalaqeebs unda hqondeTdarRvevis gasaCivrebis samarTlebriv procedurebze xelmisawv-domoba. es aris erT-erTi gza, romlis saSualebiTac adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli konvenciis xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaTSeasrulon am konvenciis me-13 muxlis safuZvelze aRebuli valde-buleba, romelic adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi efeq-turi zomis miRebis uflebas iTvaliswinebs (ix. agreTve 21-e Tavi).

Tu vigulisxmebT, rom politikuri da adamianis uflebebis SezRud-visaTvis kanonmdebloba amosavali wertilia, maSin ori Sedegi undagamovyoT: pirveli, dazvervis samsaxurebi unda Seiqmnas kanonissafuZvelze, da, meore, sagangebo Zalaufleba, romelsac axorcie-leben dazvervis samsaxurebi, kanoniT unda iqnes dadgenili.

uSiSroebis samsaxurebi kanonmdeblobis safuZvelzeunda Seiqmnas

dReisaTvis mravalma saxelmwifom daiwyo TavianTi uSiSroebis Za-lebis struqturis kanoniT gansazRvra. bolo periodis magaliTebsmiekuTvneba bosnia-hercegovinis, sloveniis, litvis, estoneTisa dasamxreT afrikis respublikis kanonmdebloba.13 Tumca maTSi sagulis-xmo gansxvavebebia. gasakviri ar aris, rom Sida sferoSi moqmedi da-wesebulebebi TviT tradiciul demokratiul qveynebSic ki garkveuliSiSis safuZvels qmnian darRvevebisa da skandaluri movlenebis mxriv.gardamavali saxelmwifoebis adgilobrivi uSiSroebis dawesebule-bebs xSirad TavianTi represiuli warsulis daRi adevT.

aqedan gamomdinare, mraval saxelmwifos aseTi dawesebulebebisaTvisamJamad kanonmdebloba aqvs Seqmnili, rac ZiriTadad am bolo aT-wleulis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielda. Zalze cota mizezi arsebobsimisTvis, rom qveyanam sakuTari sadazvervo samsaxuri saamrTlebrivbazaze daafuZnos _ am mxriv uCveulod gamoiyureba gaerTianebulisamefo, romelmac dazvervis saidumlo samsaxuri (MI6) 1994 wlisdazvervis samsaxurebis aqts daafuZna.14 samxedro dazvervis15 andazvervis koordinaciis16 Sesaxeb Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba saxel-mwifoTa kvlav Zalze mcire raodenobas aqvs.

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uSiSroebis da dazvervis dawesebulebebis mier gan-xorcielebuli gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebebikanoniT unda iyos dadgenili

kanoniereba moiTxovs, rom uSiSroebis Zalebi mxolod Sidasaxel-mwifo kanoniT gansazRvruli uflebamosilebis farglebSi moqme-debdnen. amrigad, evropuli konvenciiT dadgenili adamianis uf-lebebSi Carevisas mxolod kanonieri qmedeba SeiZleba iqnes gamarT-lebuli. magaliTad, rodesac aRmoCnda, rom saberZneTis sadazvervosamsaxuri ieRovas mowmeebze mandatis gadametebiT axorcielebdaTvalTvals, es miCneul iqna me-8 muxlis darRvevad, romelic adami-anis piradi cxovrebis pativiscemas uzrunvelyofs.19

Tumca kanonis uzenaesoba ufro mets moiTxovs (ara mxolod kanoni-erebis Sirmas). adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo damatebiTmiuTiTebs ‘kanonis xarisxis’ Semowmebaze (ix. bloki #5), rac gulis-xmobs samarTlebrivi reJimis sicxades, ganWvretadobas da xelmi-sawvdomobas. magaliTad, rodesac niderlandebis samefo dekretiTsamxedro dazvervis funqciebi Camoyalibda, magram masSi araferiiyo naTqvami samoqalaqo pirebze TvalTvalis uflebamosilebisSesaxeb, es araadekvaturad iqna miCneuli.20 analogiurad, saqmeSirotaru rumineTis winaaRmdeg,21 strasburgis sasamarTlom daadgina,rom kanoni uSiSroebis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb sakmarisad naTeli ariyo safuZvlebisa da procedurebis TvalsazrisiT, radgan igi ar aya-libebda procedurebs kartoTekis siZvelisa da moxmarebis, agreT-ve, maTi monitoringis Sesaxeb.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis ‘kanonis xarisxis’ Semowmebakanonmdeblobas gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. erT-

bloki No. 4: dazvervis samsaxurebisaTvis kanonmdeblobis saWiroeba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis safuZvelze (gaerTianebuli samefo) saqmeSi harmani da hiuti didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg,i romelic ada-mianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis safuZvelze iyo wardgenili, sakanonmdeblo bazis arqona damRupveli aRmoCnda gaerTianebuli samefos uSiSroebis samsaxurisaTvis (MI5), raTa daemtkicebina, rom TvalTvalisa da saqmeTa warmoebis saCivarTan mimarTebiT misi qmedebebi ‘kanonis Sesabamisad’ ganxorcielda, rac piradi cxovrebis uflebis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-8 muxls ewinaaRmdegeboda. 1952 wlis maqsvel-faifis administraciuli aqti arasakmarisi aRmoCnda Tval-Tvalisa da saqmeTa warmoebisaTvis, rameTu mas ar hqonda kanonis Zala da igi ar iyo samarTlebrivad savaldebulo an aRsrulebadi. garda amisa, igi ar iyo formulirebuli imgvarad, rom `damakmayo-filebeli damajereblobiT mieTiTebina saidumlo TvalTvalis gan-xorcielebisas xelisuflebis diskreciis formasa da farglebze~.ii am saqmeze miRebuli dadgenilebis Sedegad gaerTianebulma samefom miiRo sakanonmdeblo qartia MI5-isaTvis (uSiSroebis samsaxuris 1989 wlis aqti), xolo mogvianebiT igive gaakeTa sadazvervo samsaxurisa da GCHQ-Tvis (ix. sadazvervo samsaxurebis 1994 wlis aqti).

22


erTi SesaZlo gadawyveta gaxlavT kanonSi zogadi gancxadebebisgakeTeba, kerZod, rom dawesebulebaTa uflebamosilebebis gamoyenebaSeiZleba mxolod ‘saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi’ _ adamianis uflebaTanakleb SemzRudavi es alternativa yovelTvis ufro misaRebia, darom daculi unda iqnes proporciulobis principi.22 SesaZloa ufromizanSewonili aRmoCndes alternativa, romelic niderlandebisaxal kanonmdeblobaSia SemoRebuli, sadac TiToeuli sagamoZieboRonisZieba, romelic dawesebulebas SeuZlia ganaxorcielos,debulebebSi detalurad aris aRwerili (ix. me-6 Tavi). 23

bloki No 5: kanonis Semowmebis xarisxi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo adgens, rom demokrati-ul sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba SeizRudos piradi cxovrebis ufleba (muxli 8), azris, sindisis da religiis Tavisufleba (muxli 9), ag-reTve gamoxatvis Tavisufleba (muxli 10) da Sekrebisa da gaerTia-nebis Tavisufleba (muxli 11) erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazoga-doebrivi wesrigis interesebidan gamomdinare. Tumca konvencia amasTan adgens, rom es SezRudvebi unda ganxorcieldes ‘kanonis Se-sabamisad’. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentu-li samarTali inter alia acxadebs, rom sadazvervo samsaxurebs TavianTi sagangebo uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT maSin, Tu igi kanoniT regulardeba. am TvalsazrisiT, evropuli sasamarTlos Se-sabamisad: • kanonebi moicavs zogadi samarTlis wesebs da, agreTve, yvela ka-

nons da kanonqvemdebare aqtebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom norma ‘kanonad’ SeiZleba dakvalificirdes, Tu igi saTanadod xelmisawvdomia da jerovani sizustiTaa formuli-rebuli, rac moqalaqes misi qmedebis regulirebis saSualebas aZlevs (sandi taimsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1979 wlis 26 aprili, 2 EHRR 245,punqti 47);

• kanoni, romelic ‘individualur SemTxvevebSi SeuzRudavi dis-kreciis saSualebas iZleva, ganWvretadobis ZiriTad maxasiaTeb-lebs ar flobs da ver iqneba kanoni winamdebare miznebisaTvis. diskreciis farglebi miTiTebuli unda iqnes gonivruli damaje-reblobiT’. (silveri da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRm-deg, 1983 wlis 25 marti, 5 EHRR 347, punqti 85);

• adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan Sesabamisobis mizniT aucilebelia damkvidrdes dazvervis samsaxurebis mier Zalauflebis araswori gamoyenebis Semowmeba da aseT qmedebaTa Tavidan acilebis sxva garantiebi. unda arsebobdes damcavi meqanizmebi kanoniT dadge-nili diskreciis darRvevebis winaaRmdeg (silveri da sxvebi gaer-Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, punqti 88-89);

• am damcavi meqanizmebis TviT kanonSi Caweramde kanoni, minimum, unda adgendes Carevis pirobebsa da procedurebs (klasi germa-niis winaaRmdeg, #5029/71, 1977 wlis 9 martis moxseneba, punqti 63. kruslini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 1990 wlis 24 aprili. A/176-A, punqti 35, huvigi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 1990 wlis 24 aprili, A/176-B, punqti 34).

wyaro: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos vebgverdi http://www.echr.coe.int/

ian kameroni, erovnuli usafrTxoeba da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia 2000, Kluwer Law International

23


Tavi 3

samarTlebrivi standartebisa dazedamxedvelobis saukeTeso

gzebis Zieba: amocanebi, farglebida meTodologia

zedamxedvelobis bunebis ganmartebasa da kargi praqtikis gavrce-lebaSi daxmarebis mizniT, SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiulikontrolis Jenevis centrma, durhamis universitetis adamianisuflebaTa centrma da norvegiis parlamentis dazvervis zedamxed-velobis komitetma gadawyvites, erTiani ZalisxmeviT Camoeyali-bebinaT uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis demokratiuli anga-riSvaldebulebis samarTlebrivi normebi da Tavi moeyaraT sauke-Teso samarTlebrivi praqtikisa da zedamxedvelobis procedure-bisaTvis. publikacia gvTavazobs samarTlebriv standartebs, romle-bic SerCeulia amerikis kontinentis, evropis, afrikisa da aziisliberaluri demokratiis qveynebis zedamxedvelobis sakiTxebTandakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi bazis analizis safuZvelze. misimizania dazvervis zedamxedvelobasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxvademokratiuli qveynis samarTlebrivi bazidan saukeTeso praqtikisada procedurebis SerCeva da maTi gacnoba parlamentis wevrebisa daTanamSromlebisaTvis, zedamxedvelobis ganmaxorcielebel sxvasamTavrobo dawesebulebebis muSakebisaTvis, TviT dazvervis sam-saxurebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis (media, kvleviTi insti-tutebi da sxv.). naSromi moicavs uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsa-xurebis zedamxedvelobis ZiriTad aspeqtebs, aRmsrulebeli, sakanon-mdeblo, sasamarTlo da, agreTve, damoukidebeli sazedamxedveloorganizaciebis CaTvliT, rogorebic arian, magaliTad, ombudsmenida generaluri inspeqtori.

kargi mmarTveloba

samarTlebrivi standartebi da saukeTeso praqtika SerCeulia imissafuZvelze, Tu ramdenad warmoadgenen isini uSiSroebis seqtoriskarg marTvas an rogor uwyoben mas xels. kargi mmarTveloba, rogorcuSiSroebis seqtoris demokratiuli zedamxedvelobis mniSvnelovaniaspeqti, gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa nebismieri moqmedi xelisuf-lebisaTvis. rogorc msoflio banki acxadebs,

kargi mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ganWvretadoba,Ria da informirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesi,profesiuli suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli biurokratia,romelic iRvwis sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gaRrmavebisaTvis,kanonis uzenaesoba da saxelmwifo saqmeebSi CarTuli Zlierisamoqalaqo sazogadoeba.24

24


kargi mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi principebia:

· samarTlianoba;

· monawileoba;

· pluralizmi;

· partnioroba;

· subsiduroba;

· gamWvirvaloba;

· angariSvaldebuleba;

· kanonis uzenaesoba;

· adamianis uflebebi;

· efeqturoba;

· qmediToba;

· reagirebis unari;

· mdgradoba.25

kargi mmarTveloba asaxavs demokratiuli mmarTvelobis wesebs,institutebsa da karg praqtikas, adamianis uflebebis CaTvliT, xolocudi mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ‘politikis TviTneburiwarmarTva, ara angariSvaldebuli biurokratia, ganuxorcielebelian usamarTlo samarTlebrivi sistemebi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-lebis borotad gamoyeneba, saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi CaurTveli samo-qalaqo sazogadoeba da farTod gavrcelebuli korufcia’.26 kargimmarTvelobis principebisadmi mTavrobis erTgulebas udidesimniSvneloba aqvs misaRebi politikuri da samarTlebrivi CarCoebisdasafuZneblad uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebisaTvis.

farglebi

moqmedebis farglebi ori saxiT aris SezRuduli. pirveli, Semo-Tavazebuli samarTlebrivi standartebi exeba mxolod dazvervissamsaxurebs da ara samarTaldamcav organizaciebs. meore, vinaidanufro detaluri sakiTxebis regulireba, Cveulebriv, aRmasrulebelibrZanebebisa da gankargulebebis safuZvelze xdeba, aq demokratiulizedamxedvelobis SedarebiT zogadi sakiTxebia ganxiluli.

zedamxedvelobis samarTlebrivi standartebis Sekreba da ganxilva,rac SesaZloa sasargeblo gamodges qveynebis mier axali sazedamxed-velo kanonebis miRebisas an maTi Sesworebisas, zedamxedvelobis yvelaproblemis mimarT panaceas ar warmoadgens. ZiriTadi mizezi is gax-lavT, rom kanoni mxolod amis saSualebas iZleva. politikuri daadministraciuli kultura, masmedia da sazogadoebrivi azri demo-kratiul RirebulebaTa dacvis saukeTeso saSualebebs warmoadgens.Tanamedrove istoria savsea saxelmwifoebiT, sadac ugulebelyofi-lia adamianis uflebebi, xolo imavdroulad xeli aqvT mowerilimaRalfardovan konstituciebsa da xelSekrulebebze. miuxedavadamisa, samarTlebriv CarCos SeuZlia ganamtkicos es Rirebulebebida maT simboluri statusi misces, rac Zlier subieqtebs maTi pati-viscemisaken waaxalisebs. es gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia axaliinstitutebis Seqmnisas _ samarTlebrivi CarCo SeiZleba aRmoCndesaxali demokratiuli mowyobis danergvis da reformebis gansazRvrissaSualeba.

25


sxvadasxva politikuri da kulturuli tradiciis fonze universaluriprincipebis Zieba SesaZloa unayofod mogveCvenos. garda im gans-xvavebisa, romelic dasavleTis saxelmwifoebsa da axlad Seqmnildemokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebobs, sagulisxmo sxvada-sxvaobaa sakonstitucio modelebs Soris, rogoricaa ‘saprezidentoaRmasruleblebi’ _ rogorc es amerikis SeerTebul StatebSia, ‘ormagiaRmasruleblebi’ _ rogorc es safrangeTSia, an vestminsteris tipissaparlamento aRmasruleblebi. zogi qveyana konstituciis gadasinjvisuflebas sasamarTloebs aniWebs, romlebic aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlosmaxasiaTeblebze arian dafuZnebulni, xolo zog saxelmwifoSi (ro-melTa Soris gamorCeulia gaerTianebuli samefo) sasamarTlo parla-mentis azrs iTvaliswinebs. TviT erTi saxis sistemaSic ki SeiZlebaarsebobdes uSiSroebisa da dazvervis zedamxedvelobis sxvadasxvavariacia, romlebic, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefodan, avstra-liidan, kanadidan da axali zelandiidan aRmocendnen.27

amis gamo Cven ar SevecadeT mogvewodebina, ubralod, konspeqti anmodaluri kanoni, romlis CarTva Sidasaxelmwifo kanonSi sakonsti-tucio gansxvavebebis miuxedavad iqneboda SesaZlebeli. piriqiT,Cveni midgoma iTvaliswinebs saerTo sakiTxebis gamokveTas, romelicaseTi gansxvavebebisagan damoukideblad wamoiWreba, xolo SemdegvTavazobT maTi gadawyvetis gzebs rogorc minimaluri demokrati-uli standartebis, aseve sxvadasxva qveynis kargi samarTlebrivi ga-mocdilebis SeTavazebiT. demokratiul qveynebSi uSiSroebisa da da-zvervis samsaxurebze zedamxedvelobis kargi praqtikis Segrovebisada ganxilvis gziT SemoTavazebuli samarTlebrivi standartebis mi-zania kanonSemoqmedebs, mTavrobis wevrebsa da samoqalaqo sazoga-doebas miawodos saxelmZRvanelo principebi da arCevani kanonmdeb-lobisaTvis. SemoTavazebuli samarTlebrvi standartebi ar undaganimartos rogorc pirdapiri yalibi demokratiuli zedamxedvelo-bisaTvis. piriqiT, isini warmoadgenen principebis erTobliobas, rom-lis safuZvelzec SeiZleba Seiqmnas erovnuli wesebi. demokratiulizedamxedvelobisaTvis ‘oqros wesi’ ar arsebobs da SeuZlebelicaaarsebobdes.

meTodologia

dazvervisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis zedamxedvelobis samarTlebrivistandartebi da saukeTeso praqtika oTx doneze unda ganviTardes.TiToeuli maTgani ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc demokratiuli zeda-mxedvelobis erTi done, romelic momdevno doneSia CarTuli:

· Sida kontroli dawesebulebis doneze

· aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli kont-roli

· saparlamento zedamxedveloba

· damoukidebeli zedamxedvelobis organoebis mier ganxorcie-lebuli kontroli

pirveli, zedamxedveloba xorcieldeba TviT dawesebulebis doneze.am doneze ganxorcielebuli kontroli moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, ro-goricaa _ kanonebisa da mTavrobis strategiebis ganxorcielebebi,

26


dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelis uflebamosileba da saqmianoba, infor-maciisa da kartoTekis saTanado warmoeba, sagangebo uflebamosile-bebis kanonis Sesabamisad ganxorcieleba da dawesebulebis Sida marT-va. dawesebulebis doneze am saxis Sida kontrolis procedurebiTavisTavad mniSvnelovan safuZvels warmoadgens aRmasrulebeli,saparlamento da damoukidebeli organoebis mier ganxorcielebuligare damokratiuli zedamxedvelobisaTvis. Sida kontrolis am meqa-nizmebis meSveobiT xdeba kanonebisa da xelisuflebis strategiebisefeqturi, profesiuli da kanonieri gziT ganxorcielebis uzrun-velyofa.

meore done warmoadgens aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier ganxor-cielebul kontrols, romelic samsaxurebisaTvis amocanebisa daprioritetebis gansazRvrazea orientirebuli, saministros infor-mirebulobisa da samsaxurebze kontrolis, farul operaciebze kont-rolis, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaze kontrolisa da saministrosmxridan darRvevebis sawinaaRmdego meqanizmebis CaTvliT. mesame do-ne saparlamento zedamxedvelobaa, romelic zogad politikaze, fi-nansebsa da samsaxurebis kanonierebaze meTvalyureobis gziT mniS-vnelovan rols asrulebs sistemis kontrolsa da dabalansebaSi. um-ravles qveyanaSi samsaxurebis funqcionireba parlamentebis mieramoqmedebul kanonebzea dafuZnebuli. meoTxe done, damoukidebelorganoTa mier warmoebuli zedamxedveloba, moqalaqeTa TvalTa-xedvis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebuli Semowmebaa (mag., ombudsmeni ansaparlamento komisari), agreTve xelisuflebis politikis ganxor-cielebis Semowmeba (mag., generaluri inspeqtori) da gadamxdelTa fu-lis gamoyenebis Semowmeba (damoukidebeli auditis samsaxurebis mier).

demokratiuli zedamxedvelobis am oTxdonian midgomaSi gamokve-Tilad ar aris CarTuli ori mniSvnelovani subieqti. gamotovebuliasasamarTlo xelisufleba (saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis CaTvliT),radgan maTi funqcia am oTx doneze sxvadasxva adgilas aris ganxi-luli, magaliTad, sagangebo uflebamosilebebis gamoyenebisa Tu sa-Civrebis ganxilvisas. garda amisa, gamotovebulia samoqalaqo sazo-gadoeba, vinaidan winamdebare publikacia ZiriTadad (damoukidebel)saxelmwifo institutebzea fokusirebuli. miuxedavad amisa, moqala-qeTa pozicia am dokumentSi sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiTaa xazgasmuli,magaliTad, rodesac saqme exeba kartoTekis da informaciis warmoebasda parlamentis, rogorc moqalaqeTa warmomadgenlis, rols, aseve,saCivrebis procedurebis arsebobis ganxilvisas.

samarTlebrivi standartebisa da praqtikis magaliTebi demokratiu-li sazogadoebis intensiur SedarebiT kvlevebs emyareba. moyvanilimagaliTebi, sxvebTan erTad, moicavs iseTi qveynebis analizs,rogorebicaa, argentina, avstria, belgia, bosnia-hercegovina, bel-gia, kanada, estoneTi, germania, ungreTi, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi,norvegia, poloneTi, samxreTi afrikis respublika, TurqeTi, gaer-Tianebuli samefo da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. SerCeuli saxel-mwifoebi im demokratiul sazogadoebebs warmoadgenen, sadac miRe-buli aqvT dazvervis zedamxedvelobis Sesaxeb kanonebi, da isinimoicaven rogorc Zveli, ise axali demokratiis, agreTve sxvadasxvapolitikuri kulturis mqone saxelmwifoebs.

27


SeniSvnebi _ I ganyofileba, Sesavali

1. OECD, ganviTarebis daxmarebis komiteti, ganviTarebis TanamSromlobismoxseneba 2000, gv. 8. moxseneba ix. vebgverdze: <http://www.oecd.org/home/>.

2. UNDP, gaeros ganviTarebis programa, ganviTarebis moxseneba 2000, demo-kratiis gaRrmaveba danawevrebul msoflioSi, gv. 87. moxseneba ix.vebgverdze: <http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2002/en>.

3. OSCE, euTo, qcevis kodeqsi uSiSroebis politikur-samxedro aspeq-tebze,1994, punqti 20-21.

4. evropis sabWos saparlamento asamblea, rekomendacia 1402. ix. veb-gverdze: <http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/ta99/EREC1402.htm>.

5. h. borni, f. fluri, a. jonsoni (red.), saparlamento kontroli usafrTxo-ebis seqtorze: principebi, meqanizmebi da praqtika, (Jeneva, IPU/DCAF,2003), gv. 64-69.

6. ix. agreTve h. hangi, ‘usafrTxoebis seqtoris mmarTvelobis gonivru-loba’, gamocemaSi: hangi, h., uinkleri, t. (red.), Challenges of Security SectorGovernance. (berlini/brunsviki, NJ: LIT Publishers, 2003).

7. i. leifi, ‘Spionebi axlodan: sami aTwleulis gamocdileba’, gamocemaSi:h. borni, l. jonsoni, i. leifi, Who’s watching the Spies? Establishing IntelligenceService Accountability (dalesi, v. a.: Potomac Books, INC., 2005).

8. dafuZnebulia gamocemaze h. borni, da sxv., ‘saparlamento zedamxed-veloba’, gv. 21.

9. evropis sabWos saparlamento asamblea, rekomendacia 1402, punqti 2.

10. iqve, punqti 5.

11. ix., agreTve, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paq-tis debulebebis SezRudvebisa da gadaxvevebis sirakuzis principebi:(UN Doc, E/CN.4/1985/Annex 4), r.b. liliCi, ‘sagangebo mdgomareobis drosadamianis uflebaTa normebis parizis minimaluri standartebi’, AmericanJournal of International Law, t. 79 (1985),gv. 1072-1081.

12. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, muxlebi: me-6, me-8, me-9, me-10 da me-11-e.

13. slovenia: Tavdacvis kanoni, 1994 wlis 28 dekemberi, mux. 33-36; litviserovnuli usafrTxoebis safuZvlebi, 1996; estoneTi: usafrTxoebisorganoebis aqti, miRebulia 2000 wlis 20 dekembers; saxreT afrikisrespublika: dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti, 1994.

14. igive aqti, exeba agreTve sasignalo dazvervis samsaxurs, GCHQ.

15. ix., mag., niderlandebi, dazvervisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis 2002wlis aqti, muxli 7.

16. niderlandebis imave aqtis me-5 muxli; samxreT afrikis respublikiserovnuli strategiuli dazvervis 1994 wlis aqti.

17. harmani da hiuiti gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (1992) 14, E.H.R.R.657.

18. iqve, punqti 40.

28


19. cavaCadisi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, gancxadeba No. 28802/95, (1999) 27 E.H.R.R.CD 27.

20. v. da sxvebi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, komisiis 1991 wlis 3 dekembrismoxseneba; ix. agreTve: malone gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (1984)7 E.H.R.R. 14; xani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 2000 wlis 12 maisi,European Ct HR (2000) 8 BHRC 310; p. g. da j. h. gaerTianebuli samefos wina-aRmdeg, 2001 wlis 25 seqtemberi, ECtHR Third Section.

21. No. 28341/95, 2000 wlis 4 maisi. ix. agreTve, leanderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg(1987) E.H.R.R. 433, sadac aRiniSna, rom pirad cxovrebaSi Careva ‘kanonisSesabamisad’ rom ganxorcieldes, igi unda iyos ganWvretadi da dadge-nili, individisaTvis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT. usafrTxoebisSeswavlis konteqstSi igi ar moiTxovs, rom ganmcxadebelma SeZlosganWvritos mTeli procesi (an rom misgan Tavis daZvrena advili iyos),aramed imas, rom dadgenili kanoni iyos saTanadod naTeli, raTa iZle-odes zogad miTiTebas praqtikaze.

22. es aris estoneTSi gamoyenebuli midgoma (uSiSroebis organoebis aqti,punqti 3).

23. dazvervisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis 2002 wlis aqti, muxli 17-43.

24. msoflio banki, ‘mmarTveloba: msoflio bankis gamocdileba’, citatamoyvanilia gamocemidan: h. borni da sxvebi, ‘saparlamento zedamxed-veloba’, gv. 23.

25. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos magdi martinez solimani DemocraticGovernance Practice Manager, Bureau for Development Policy UNDP, kargimmarTvelobis principebis miseuli xedvis gamo. am gamocemis mizne-bisaTvis mimarTeT CamonaTvals, sadac daxasiaTebulia dazvervis anga-riSvaldebulebis yvelaze ufro sagulisxmo koncefciebi. sxva kon-cefciebi, mag., gaeros ganviTarebis programis CamonaTvali, SegiZliaTixiloT vebgverdze: <http://www.undp.org/bdp/pm/chapters/glossary.pdf>

26. iqve.

27. l. lustgarteni, i. leifi, In From the Cold: National Security and ParliamentaryDemocracy (oqsfordi: Oxford University Press, 1994), Tavebi me-15 da me-16,sadac srulad aris ganxiluli angariSvaldebulebis sakiTxi.

29


II ganyofileba

dawesebuleba

30


31


Tavi 4

mandatis gansazRvra

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebebis rolisa da moqmedebissferos mkafio gansazRvra maTi angariSvaldebulebis ZiriTadi as-peqtia. es unda moxdes kanonmdeblobis meSveobiT _ sadac xazi gaes-meba im faqts, rom uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebis amocanaTaCamoyalibebis pasuxismgebloba parlaments ekisreba da rom es rolikanonmdebelTa miTiTebis gareSe ar unda Seicvalos. es gansakuTre-biT daexmareba gardamaval qveynebs, raTa Tavidan aicilon mTavro-bis mxridan uflebamosilebis arajerovani gamoyeneba dawesebule-bebis mimarT. sakanonmdeblo baza, agreTve, saWiroa sagangebo uf-lebamosilebebisaTvis, romlebic aseT dawesebulebebs xSirad aqvTminiWebuli.

aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebebidiferencirebulni iyvnen sxva institutebisagan, magaliTad, samar-Taldamcavi organoebisagan, xolo amis ganxorcielebas xels Seuw-yobs kanoniT gansazRvruli mandati. aseTi mkafio gansxvavebis ganu-xorcielebloba gamoiwvevs angariSvaldebulebis bundovan gamijvnasda Seqmnis imis saSiSroebas, rom uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawese-bulebaTa sagangebo uflebamosilebebi gamoyenebul iqnes CveulebrivsituaciebSi, roca saxelmwifos raime gansakuTrebuli safrTxe aremuqreba.

erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi da sisxlissamarTlis danaSauli erTmaneTisagan mkafiod unda gaimijnos1. te-rorizmi da SpionaJi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia, romelic pirda-pir uTxris Zirs an ewinaaRmdegeba kidec demokratiul procesebs,agreTve, safrTxes uqmnis saxelmwifos da misi ZiriTadi institutebismTlianobas, Tumca organizebuli danaSauli misgan gansxvavebulia.evropis sabWom Semdegi ganmarteba miiRo:

organizebuli danaSauli niSnavs: ori an meti adamianisaganSeqmnil struqturirebul jgufebs, romlebic xangrZlividrois periodSi arseboben da miznad aqvT seriozuli dana-Saulis Cadena konkretuli qmedebebiT daSinebis, Zaladobis,korufciis an sxva saSualebebiT, raTa pirdapiri anarapirdapiri gziT miiRon finansuri an sxva saxis sargebeli.2

organizebuli danaSauli, iseve rogorc narkotikebiT vaWroba daadamianTa trefikingi, mraval saxelmwifoSi ZiriTad socialur daekonomikur daavadebas warmoadgens, Tumca safrTxes ar uqmnis saxel-mwifo aparatis stabilurobasa Tu SenarCunebas. saxelmwifoTa mcirericxvma, gansakuTrebiT gardamavali demokratiis saxelmwifoebma,SeiZleba es sakiTxebi am donis saSiSroebad miiCnion da, aqedangamomdinare, SesaZloa isini ‘erovnuli usafrTxoebis’ winaSe mdgarkanonier safrTxed miiCnion.3 mraval SemTxvevaSi organizebuli dana-

32


SaulisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia moqmedebis farglebi, xangrZlivobada konspiraciuli infrastruqtura, rac mas ‘Cveulebrivi’ danaSau-lisagan ganasxvavebs, magram ar ahyavs igi iseT doneze, rom mis gamo-saZieblad an mis dasamarcxeblad uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawese-bulebebis gamoyeneba iqnes gamarTlebuli. calkeul SemTxvevebSiSesaZloa aSkara kavSirebi arsebobdes organizebul danaSaulsa daterorizms Soris, magram amis varaudi yvela SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba.amis Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, rom uSiSroebisa da dazvervis da-wesebulebebi organizebul danaSaulze pasuxismgebel wamyvan da-wesebulebebs ar warmoadgenen, zog qveyanaSi maT mainc aqvT mini-Webuli Zalaufleba, daexmaron samarTaldamcav organoebs.4

nebismier SemTxvevaSi umjobesia erovnuli usafrTxoebis sxvadasxvaaspeqtis ganmarteba detaluri kanonmdeblobis meSveobiT moxdes,vidre ganusazRvreli mandati mieniWoT uSiSroebisa da dazvervisdawesebulebebs iseTi frazebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa ‘saxelmwifousafrTxoebis dacva’. erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciisaTviskonkretuli Sinaarsis miniWebis mniSvneloba ori magaliTiTaanaCvenebi _ erTi aris aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso arbitris prece-dentuli samarTlidan (adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo,ix. bloki #6), xolo meore _ bosnia-hercegovinis axlaxan miRebulikanonmdeblobidan (ix. bloki #7).

garda amisa, gamosadegia evropis sabWos eqspertTa moxsenebis gac-noba, sadac naTqvamia, rom ‘erovnuli uSiSroebis safrTxeebad SeiZ-leba miCneul iqnes Semdegi sakiTxebi: (a) saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

bloki No 6: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo da ‘erovnuli usafrTxoeba’ sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis safuZvelze sxva SemTxve-vaTa Soris SeiZleba Semdegi qmedebebi CaiTvalos erovnuli usafr-Txoebis winaSe mdgar safrTxeebad: • SpionaJi (mag., klasi germaniis federaciuli respublikis wina-

aRmdeg, 1978 wlis 6 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, punqti 48); • terorizmi (igive dokumenti); • terorizmis xelSewyoba/dasturi (gadawyvetileba zanas saqmeze,

1997 wlis 19 dekemberi, punqti 48-50); • saparlamento demokratiis gadatrialeba (gadawyvetileba lin-

deris saqmeze, 1987 wlis 26 marti, punqti 59); • separatistTa eqstremistuli organizaciebi, romlebic Zalado-

brivi an arademokratiuli saSualebebiT safrTxes uqmnian sa-xelmwifos mTlianobas an usafrTxoebas (1998 wlis 30 ianvris ga-dawyvetileba saqmeze TurqeTis gaerTianebuli komunisturi partia da sxvebi, punqti 39-41);

• samxedro personalis ukmayofilebis provocireba (gancxadeba #7050/75 arousmiti gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg _ ada-mianis uflebaTa evropuli komisiis moxseneba, miRebulia 1978 wlis 12 oqtombers).

wyaro: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali

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keTildReobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gare safrTxeebi, (b) iseTi xa-risxis fulis gaTeTreba, romelmac SesaZloa ziani miayenos sabankoda fulad-sakredito sistemas, (g) TavdacvasTan dakavSirebuleleqtronul monacemTa bazaSi Careva, sagareo saqmeebi an sxva sakiT-xebi, romlebic saxelmwifos sasicocxlo interesebze axdenen zemoq-medebas da (d) iseTi donis organizebuli danaSauli, romelmac Se-saZloa zegavlena iqonios sazogadoebis an misi mniSvnelovani seg-mentis usafrTxoebasa da keTildReobaze.’ 5

bosnia-hercegovinis kanoni miuTiTebs im Rirsebaze, romelic ‘erov-nuli usafrTxoebis’ kodificirebul samarTlebriv ganmartebasgaaCnia. pirveli, igi saSualebas aZlevs parlamentarebs, pirdapirCaerTon erovnuli usafrTxoebis sasicocxlo interesebis ganxil-vis procesSi. xSirad aseT zogad ganxilvebs mniSvnelovani sicxadeSemoaqvs da kanonis xarisxis gaumjobesebas uwyobs xels. meore, gan-marteba legitimurobas matebs dazvervis saqmianobas, romelic erov-nuli usafrTxoebis kanonieri interesebis dacvis mizniT xor-cieldeba. kanonis arseboba, romelic mkafiod gansazRvravs erov-nuli usafrTxoebis aspeqtebs, xels uwyobs eris dacvas misi dazvervissamsaxurebis politizirebisa da borotad gamoyenebisagan.

kidev erTi sagulisxmo aspeqti, romelic dawesebulebebis mandat-Tanaa dakavSirebuli, maTs teritoriul kompetenciebsa da saqmia-nobis sxvadasxva dones exeba. aseTi gziT SesaZlebeli xdeba erTmane-Tisagan gaimijnos oTxi sxvadasxva faqtori: Sida (adgilobrivi)samsaxuri, gare (sagareo) samsaxuri, informaciis SegrovebiTa da ana-liziT Semofargluli mandati da agreTve mandati, romelic dawese-bulebebs uflebas aZlevs, ibrZolon Sida da gare safrTxeebis wina-aRmdeg. pirvel or faqtorTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc zogadi praq-tikidan Cans, ‘dazvervis samsaxurebad’ moiazrebian dawesebulebebi,romlebsac sagareo mandati aqvT, xolo ‘uSiSroebis samsaxurebs’ ad-gilobrivi mandati aqvT. rogorc ‘dazvervis’, ise ‘uSiSroebis’ sam-saxurebs SeiZleba hqondeT an SedarebiT proaqtiuri mandati, an Sez-Rudulni iyvnen informaciis SegrovebiTa da analiziT. am ori faq-toris kombinirebiT saxelmwifoebma mravali gansxvavebuli saxisinstituciuri mowyoba Camoayalibes:

a. uSiSroebisa da dazvervis erTi dawesebuleba (rogorc Sida, isegare), rogoricaa, magaliTad, bosnia-hercegovinaSi, niderlandebSi,espaneTsa da TurqeTSi.b. uSiSrobisa da dazvervis calke dawesebulebebi, romlebsac aqvTsxvadasxva an erTmaneTis gadamfaravi teritoriuli kompetencia,rogoricaa, magaliTad, gaerTianebul samefoSi, poloneTSi,ungreTsa da germaniaSi.g. Sidasaxelmwifo uSiSroebis dawesebuleba, magram igi ar aris aRia-rebuli an, faqtobrivad, ar warmoadgens dazvervis dawesebulebas,magaliTad, rogoricaa kanadaSi.

am TvalsazrisiT unda aRiniSnos dazvervis samsaxurebis gansakuT-rebuli mdgomareoba federalur saxelmwifoebSi, rogorebicaaamerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da germania. federaluri mowyobisgamo germaniis 16 Stats (bundeslands) dazvervis sakuTari samsaxuri

34


aqvs (Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz), romlebic TanamSromloben erT-maneTTan da dazvervis federalur samsaxurTan (Bundesamt fürVerfassungsschutz). zogad WeSmaritebad aris miCneuli, rom, rac ufrometia dazvervis samsaxurTa raodenoba, miT ufro didia zedamxed-velobis danawevrebis saSiSroeba.

rodesac dazvervis samsaxurs gare moqmedebebis ganxorcielebisuflebamosileba aqvs, Cveulebriv saWiroa saxelmwifos SigniTmoiZebnos sakuTar moqalaqeTa mdgomareobis damcavi meqanizmebi (ix.,mag., kanonmdebloba, romelic marTavs avstraliis saidumlo daz-vervis samsaxursa da Tavdacvis sasignalo departaments). dazvervisdawesebulebebis specialur uflebamosilebaTa gamoyeneba dakontroli calke ganxilvas moiTxovs (ix. me-6 Tavi).

politikuri neitralitetis SenarCuneba

yofili avtoritaruli sazogadoebebis mexsierebaSi xSirad Semor-Cenilia uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis Sesaxeb warmodgena,romelic ganpirobebulia im farTo mandatiTa da ukidegano Zala-uflebiT, romelic maT diqtatoruli reJimebis sakuTari xalxis wia-Ridan gamosuli ajanyebulebisagan dasacavad hqondaT. aseTi reJi-

bloki No 7: erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakanonmdeblo ganmarteba (bosnia-hercegovina) am kanonis miznisaTvis, ‘bosnia-hercegovinis usafrTxoebis’ winaSe mdgar safrTxeebad moiazreba misi suverenitetis, teritoriuli mTlianobis, konstituciuri mowyobis da bosnia-hercegovinis Ziri-Tadi ekonomikuri stabilurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli safrTxeebi, agreTve globaluri usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli safrT-xeebi, romlebic zians ayeneben bosnia-hercegovinas, maT Soris: 1. terorizmi, saerTaSoriso terorizmis CaTvliT; 2. bosnia-hercegovinas winaaRmdeg mimarTuli an misTvis sxvagvarad

mavne SpionaJi; 3. bosnia-hercegovinis sasicocxlo erovnuli infrastruqturis

winaaRmdeg an bosnia-hercegovinas winaaRmdeg sxvagvarad mimar-Tuli sabotaJi;

4. bosnia-hercegovinis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli an bosnia-hercego-vinis usafrTxoebisaTvis sxvagvarad mavne organizebuli danaSa-uli;

5. bosnia-hercegovinis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli an bosnia-hercego-vinis usafrTxoebisadmi sxvagvarad mavne narkotikebiT, iaraRiT da adamianebiT vaWroba;

6. masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis an misi komponentebis, agreTve maTi warmoebisaTvis saWiro masalebisa da mowyobilobebis uka-nono saerTaSoriso gavrceleba;

7. saerTaSoriso kontrols daqvemdebarebuli produqciiTa da teqnologiebiT ukanono vaWroba;

8. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis safuZvelze dasjadi qmedebebi; da bosnia-hercegovinaSi eTnikuri an religiuri jgu-febis mimarT organizebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebi an daSineba.

wyaro: bosnia-hercegovinis 2004 wlis kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebis Sesaxeb, muxli 5.

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mebi samsaxurebs TavianTi politikuri oponentebis dasaTrgunad, de-monstraciebis aRsakveTad da profkavSirebis, mediis, politikuripartiebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sxva organizaciaTa lide-rebis SesazRudad iyenebdnen. amgvari saqmianobisas samsaxurebiRrmad iWrebodnen moqalaqeTa politikur da yoveldRiur cxovre-baSi. demokratiul wyobaze gadasvlis Semdeg axali liderebi mowa-dinebulni iyvnen SeekvecaT samsaxuris mandati da Zalaufleba dadaefuZnebinaT politikuri neitraliteti. aseTi praqtikis naTelmagaliTs warmoadgens argentinis 2001 wlis kanoni erovnuli dazver-vis Sesaxeb. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad kanoni moicavs oficialur pirTamier politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg samsaxurebis gamoyenebisaRkveTis instituciur da samarTlebriv meqanizmebs (ix. bloki #8).

saukeTeso praqtika

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebis roli mkafiod undaiyos gansazRvruli da detalurad Camoyalibebuli sakiTxebiTSezRuduli da iTvaliswinebdes erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSemdgar safrTxeebsa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struqturas;erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi da samoqalaqosazogadoebis struqtura kanoniT unda iyos dadgenili;uSiSroebis an dazvervis samsaxuris teritoriuli kompetenciamkafiod unda iyos gansazRvruli da teritoriis gareT gan-xorcielebuli nebismieri uflebamosileba uzrunvelyofilunda iqnes damcavi meqanizmebiT;dawesebulebis mandatiT gaTvaliswinebuli amocanebi da uf-lebamosilebebi mkafiod unda iyos gansazRvruli parlamentis

bloki No 8: xelisuflebis oficialur pirTa mier maTi Sida politi-kuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg dazvervis dawesebulebebis gamoyenebis aRkveTis meqanizmebi (argentina)

‘dauSvebelia romelime sadazvervo dawesebulebam:

1. ganaxorcielos represiuli saqmianoba, hqondes Zaladobis uflebamosileba, Seasrulos policiis funqciebi an awarmoos sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis gamoZieba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac amas moiTxovs marTlmsajuleba – samarTalwarmoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, an rodesac es kanoniTaa dadgenili. 2. miopovos informacia, Seagrovos sadazvervo informacia an Seinaxos monacemebi individualur pirebze maTi rasis, religiis, piradi qmedebebis da politikuri ideologiis safuZvelze an partiul, socialur, saTemo, kooperatiul, damxmare, kulturul Tu SromiT organizaciebSi maTi wevrobis gamo, anda nebismier sferoSi maTi kanonieri saqmianobis gamo. 3. zemoqmedeba moaxdinos qveynis instituciur, politikur, samxedro, policiis, socialur da ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, mis sagareo politikaze, da kanonierad Camoyalibebuli politikuri partiebis arsebobaze an zewola moaxdinos sazogadoebriv azrze, individualur pirebze, mediaze, anda nebismier gaerTianebaze’.

wyaro: kanoni erovnuli dazvervis Sesaxeb, muxli 4, 25520 (argentina).

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mier miRebul kanonmdeblobaSi;gansakuTrebiT yofili avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebisaTvismniSvnelovania samarTlebrivi da instituciuri damcavi meqa-nizmebis arseboba, romlebic dazvervis dawesebulebis Sida po-litikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg arajerovani gamoyenebisaRkveTas uzrunvelyofen.

37


Tavi 5

direqtoris daniSvna

direqtoris daniSvnis procesi dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebu-lebaTa warmmarTveli kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi aspeqtia. daniSnulipirisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi piradi Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa _ li-deris monacemebi, patiosneba da damoukidebloba. es udavod maRaliTanamdebobaa da mniSvnelovania, rom daniSvnis procesi am Tanamde-bobis statuss ganamtkicebdes da uzrunvelyofdes. sasurvelia, romaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis wevrebma (saxelmwifos meTaurma,xolo Sereul sistemaSi _ premierministrma) konsultaciebis SedegadaiRon iniciativa aseT daniSvnebze.

rogorc minimumi, saWiroa, rom daniSvnis procesi aRmasrulebeliStos gareT vrceldebodes, Tumca maRali rangis samTavrobo Tana-mdebobebze daniSvnis konstituciuri tradiciebi erTmaneTisagangansxvavdeba. zog qveyanaSi (mag., gaerTianebul samefoSi) ufleba-mosilebis gadametebis sawinaaRmdego damcavi meqanizmebi konven-ciebiTaa uzrunvelyofili, romelTa darRvevac gamoiwvevs politi-kur kritikasa da SesaZlo gakicxvas damoukidebeli TanamdebobispirTa mxridan. garkveul qveynebSi kanonieri damtkicebis Tu kon-sultaciebis procedura Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgens, rac sa-kanonmdeblo organos saSualebas aZlevs an veto daados, an Tavisiazri gamoxatos daniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT. es SeiZleba Caiweroskonstituciuri moTxovnis saxiT, anu oficialur daniSvnebs amtki-cebs parlamenti an maTi dablokva SeiZleba moxdes parlamentSi ken-Wisyris safuZvelze (magaliTad, aSS-is konstituciis safuZvelzekongresis mier federalur Tanamdebobis pirTa da mosamarTleTadamtkiceba). aRsaniSnavia, rom SemoTavazebul kandidaturaze par-lamentis uaryofiT verdiqts SesaZloa vetos kenWisyris de iureSedegi ar mohyves, magram mas xSirad de faqto Sedegi mohyveba. mniS-vnelovani praqtikis sxva magaliTebi agreTve aris belgiaSi, avstra-liasa da ungreTSi. belgiaSi generaluri direqtori samsaxuris daw-yebamde valdebulia fici dados dazvervisa da uSiSroebis samsaxu-rebze zedamxedvelobis saparlamento komitetis Tavmjdomaris wi-naSe.6 avstraliaSi premierministri SeTavazebul daniSvnasTandakavSirebiT valdebulia warmomadgenelTa palatis opoziciisliders moeTaTbiros (ix. bloki # 9). am debulebis mizani direq-toris daniSvnis procesSi farTo politikuri mxardaWeris miRwevaa.procesis miuxedavad am procedurebs erTi ram aqvT saerTo _mTavroba iRebs iniciativas, rameTu mxolod mas SeuZlia kandidatisdasaxeleba, xolo Semdeg Semmowmeblis roli parlaments ekisreba.Semmowmeblis am rolis meSveobiT SesaZloa Tavidan iqnen acilebuliTavdapirvelad SemoTavazebuli arasaTanado kandidatebi da es mTav-robis ganxilvis sakiTxi gaxdes an zog SemTxvevaSi adgili hqondessxva politikur subieqtebTan molaparakebas, raTa Tavi daaRwionpolitikur winaaRmdegobas da uzrunvelyofil iqnes orpartiulimidgoma.

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direqtoris daniSvnis procesSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebismonawileobis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa ungreTis kanoni (ix. bloki# 10), radgan igi exeba rogorc Sesabamis ministrs, aseve premier-ministrs. daniSvnis procesSi kabinetis wevr ministrTa raodenobisgazrdiT ungruli modeli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTaSoris maqsimaluri politikuri konsensusis miRwevas isaxavs miznad.

bloki No 9: parlamentis monawileoba direqtoris daniSvnis procesSi (avstralia) ‘(…) generaluri gubernatorisaTvis [saxelmwifos meTauri] genera-lur direqtorad piris daniSvnis rekomendaciis wardgenamde pre-mierministri valdebulia, konsultacia gamarTos warmomadgenelTa palatis opoziciis liderTan’

wyaro: dazvervis samsaxuris aqti (Cth), nawili 3, ganyofileba 17(3).

daniSvnis procesis garda damcavi meqanizmebi, agreTve, saWiroadireqtorze arasaTanado zewolis da uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebiswinaaRmdeg. aqedan gamomdinare, arsebobs uflebamosilebis vadisdamcavi da darRvevebis safuZvelze ganTavisuflebis debulebebi,rogorc es poloneTis kanonmdeblobis magaliTze SeiZleba vnaxoT(ix. bloki # 11).

bloki No 11: dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelis ganTavisuflebis safuZvlebi (poloneTi) muxli 16 dawesebulebis xelmZRvaneli SeiZleba ganTavisuflebul iqnes im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac: igi gadadgeba dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan, CamoerTmeva poloneTis moqalaqeoba an miiRebs sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas, msjavrdebulia sisxlis samarTlis an saxelmwifo SemosavlebTan dakavSirebuli da-naSaulisaTvis sasamarTlos ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCenis safuZvelze, veRar akmayofilebs Tanamdebobis dakavebisaTvis saWiro moTxov-nebs, ver asrulebs Tavis movaleobas xangrZlivi avadmyofobis gamo, romelic uwyvetad grZeldeba 3 Tveze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi.

wyaro: Sida uSiSroebis dawesebulebisa da sagareo dazvervis aqti, varSava, 2002 wlis 24 maisi.

bloki No 10: aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis monawileoba direqtoris daniSvnis procesSi (ungreTi)

ganyofileba 11, 2 (...) ministri misi mmarTvelobiTi uflebamosilebis safuZvelze j) winadadebebs warudgens premierministrs generaluri direqtoris daniSvnasa da ganTavisuflebaze.

wyaro: ungreTis kanoni erovnuli uSiSroebis samsaxurebis Sesaxeb, aqti CXXV, 1995 w.

39


saukeTeso praqtika

kanonma unda gansazRvros uSiSroebis Tu dazvervis dawese-bulebis direqtoris daniSvnis procesi da nebismieri minima-luri SemzRudavi pirobebi an faqtorebi, romlebic mis gan-Tavisuflebas gamoiwvevs;daniSvnis procesi unda gascdes aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisStos, sasurvelia, rom masSi CarTuli iyos parlamenti;sasurvelia, rom direqtoris daniSvnaSi monawileobas iRebdessaparlamento opozicia;kanonmdebloba unda moicavdes direqtorze arasaTanadozewolisa da uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebisagan damcavmeqanizmebs (magaliTad, uflebamosilebis vadis damcavi dadarRvevebis safuZvelze Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebisdebulebebi);Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisa da ganTavisuflebis kriteriumebinaTlad unda iyos kanoniT dadgenili;sasurvelia rom direqtoris daniSvnis procesSi erTze metikabinetis wevri iyos CarTuli, mag., saxelmwifos meTauri/premierministri da Sesabamisi ministri.

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Tavi 6

specialuri ZalauflebisgamoyenebisaTvis

uflebamosilebis miniWeba

dazvervis zogierT organos mxolod moxsenebebis wardgena daanalizi evaleba (mag., erovnuli Sefasebebis samsaxuri (avstralia),sainformacio sabWo (estoneTi) an erToblivi dazvervis komiteti(gaerTianebuli samefo). Tumca iq, sadac uSiSroebis da dazvervisdawesebulebebs proaqtiuri, informaciis Segrovebis uflebamo-sileba aqvT, maT, Cveulebriv, specialur samarTlebriv ZalauflebasaniWeben, gansakuTrebiT, Tu maTs funqciaSi Sedis usafrTxoebiswinaSe mdgari safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg brZola an maTi aRkveTa, daz-vervis informaciis Segroveba an samarTaldacva erovnuli usafr-Txoebis sferoSi. amrigad, ‘specialuri Zalaufleba’ niSnavs uSiS-roebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebebisaTvis gaZlierebuli ufleba-mosilebis miniWebas, rac pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens samoqalaqoTavisuflebebze (ix. bloki # 12).

bloki No 12: Sida usafrTxoebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebisadmi miniWebuli specialuri uflebamosilebebi informaciis Segrovebas SesaZloa dazvervis samsaxurebisaTvis ga-monaklisi an specialuri Zalauflebis miniWeba dasWirdes, rac maT adamianis uflebebis, gansakuTrebiT ki piradi cxovrebis uflebis SezRudvis saSualebas aZlevs. SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi saxis spe-cialuri uflebamosilebebi: 1. TvalTvali da informaciis Cawera, informaciaze midevneba; 2. daculi teritoriis an daxuruli obieqtis Cxreka; 3. werilebis da sxva gzavnilTa gaxsna gamomgzavnis an adresatis

Tanxmobis gareSe; 4. moparuli an yalbi piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTis, gasaRe-

bis, kompiuteruli programis an signalis gamoyeneba monacemTa bazaSi farulad Sesvlis, kopirebis an dazianebis mizniT;

5. saubris, telekomunikaciis, gadacemisa Tu moZraobis sxva saSua-lebis mosmena, miReba, Cawera da monitoringi _ qveynis SigniT an sazRvargareTidan;

6. sazogadoebrivi telesakomunikacio qselebis da sazogadoebrivi telesakomunikacio momsaxurebis mimwodeblebisadmi moTxovniT mimarTva, miawodon momxmarebelTa identifikaciisaTvis saWiro informacia, agreTve, monacemebi informaciis moZraobis Sesaxeb, romelsac adgili hqonda an momavalSi eqneba;

7. xelmisawvdomoba yvela adgilze saTvalTvalo aparaturis dasa-yeneblad.

wyaro: riCard besti, Intelligence Issues for Congress, kongresis kvleviTi samsaxuri, 2001 wlis 12 seqtemberi, vaSingtoni

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rogorc wesi, am dawesebulebebs ufro met Zalauflebas aniWeben,vidre policias an sxva samarTaldamcav organoebs, vinaidan usafr-Txoebis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi ufro seriozulad miiCneva, vidre

bloki No 13: evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis 2002 wlis SerCeuli saxelmZRvanelo principebi adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb II TviTnebobis akrZalva. saxelmwifos mier terorizmTan brZolis dros gatarebuli nebismieri RonisZiebisas, TviTnebobis gamoric-xvis mizniT,Ó daculi unda iqnes adamianis uflebebi da kanonis uze-naesobis principi, agreTve, isini unda eqvemdebarebodnen saTanado zedamxedvelobas. III antiteroristuli RonisZiebebis kanoniereba. 1. saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli yvela antiteroristuli RonisZieba unda iyos kanonieri. 2. rodesac RonisZiebiT adamianis uflebebi izRudeba, SezRudvebi maqsimalurad mkafiod unda iqnes gansazRvruli da igi unda iyos miznis miRwevisaTvis saWiro da proporciuli. IV wamebis absoluturi akrZalva. wameba, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyroba an dasja absoluturad akrZalulia yvela gare-moebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki terorizmSi eWvmitanili an msjavrdebuli piris dakavebis, dakiTxvis da dapatimrebis dros, im qmedebaTa bu-nebis miuxedavad, romelSic piri eWvmitanilia an romlis gamoc mas msjavri aqvs dadebuli. V saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis sferos nebismieri uflebamosili piris mier piradi monacemebis Segroveba da warmoeba. terorizmis wina-aRmdeg brZolis konteqstSi saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis sferos ne-bismieri uflebamosili piris mier piradi monacemebis SegrovebiTa da warmoebiT piradi cxovrebis pativiscemaSi Careva dasaSvebia, Tu aseTi Segroveba da warmoeba, kerZod: (i) dadgenilia saTanado Sidasa-xelmwifo kanoniT; (ii) proporciulia im miznis, romlis gamoc Segro-veba da warmoeba xorcieldeba; (iii) SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes gareSe damoukidebeli organos zedamxedvelobas. VI pirad cxovrebaSi Carevis RonisZiebebi. 1. terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebi, romlebic pirad cxovrebaSi Carevas iwveven (kerZod, piris da misi sacxovreblis Cxreka, eleqtronuli TvalTva-li, satelefono miyuradeba, korespondenciis TvalTvali da sai-dumlo agentebis gamoyeneba), kanonis safuZvelze unda ganxorciel-des. SesaZlebeli unda iyos aseT RonisZiebaTa kanonierebis sasa-marTloSi ganxilva. 2. xelisuflebis organoebma antiteroristuli RonisZiebebi imgvarad unda dagegmon da gaakontrolon, rom maqsi-malurad SeizRudos sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba, xolo mis farg-lebSi uSiSroebis Zalebis mier iaraRis gamoyeneba iyos mkacrad proporciuli adamianTa ukanono Zaladobisagan dacvis an kanonieri dakavebis ganxorcielebis miznisaTvis. XV SesaZlo gadaxvevebi (...) 2. im teroristuli saqmianobis miuxeda-vad, romelSic piri eWvmitanili an braldebulia, saxelmwifos aras-dros SeuZlia gadauxvios sicocxlis uflebas, rogorc es am doku-mentebiTaa garantirebuli, msjavris da RonisZiebebis kanonierebis princips an sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis retrospeqtruli Zalis akrZalvis princips.

wyaro: saxelmZRvanelo principebi adamianis uflebaTa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb, miRebulia

evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 2002 wlis 11 ivliss; ix. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/Themes/terrorism/CM_Guidelines_20020628.asp

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Cveulebrivi kriminali.

Cven aq ar vcdilobT ganvsazRvroT an SevzRudoT saTanadod miC-neuli zusti Zalaufleba, garda im minimumisa, romelic gamomdi-nareobs saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi standartebidan adamianis imuflebaTa dacvis TvalsazrisiT, romelTagan gadaxvevac nebismierisafrTxis arsebobis pirobebSic ki dauSvebelia; magaliTad, ararsebobs garemoeba, romlis drosac dasaSvebia oficialur pirTaxelSi saxelmwifos mier sanqcirebuli mkvlelobis an wamebis meqa-nizmebis arseboba.

TerTmeti seqtembris Sedegad evropis sabWom mizanSewonilad CaT-vala SeemuSavebina minimaluri standartebis CamonaTvali, romliTacunda ixelmZRvanelon specialuri uflebamosilebebis gamoyenebisassaerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis procesSi (ix. bloki# 13 wina gverdze).

dazvervis informaciis gamoyeneba sasamarTloprocesze

Tu vivaraudebT, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali daculia, uSiSroebisada dazvervis dawesebulebisaTvis miniWebuli zusti specialuriuflebamosilebebi gagebul unda iqnes rogorc Cveulebrivi ufleba-mosilebebi, romelic aqvs mocemuli saxelmwifos samarTaldamcavdawesebulebebs da sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis proce-duris models. specialuri uflebamosileba SeiZleba moicavdessatelefono miyuradebas, eleqtronul TvalTvals, safosto gzavni-lebisa da komunikaciis eleqtronuli saSualebebis TvalTvals, fa-rul videogadaRebas, pirad sakuTrebaSi, satransporto saSuale-bebsa da kompiuterul sistemaSi Sesvlas. samarTlebrivi sistemebigansxvavdebian im farglebiT, romliTac isini aseTi teqnikis gamo-yenebiT zogad principebs ewinaaRmdegebian, magaliTad, sakuTrebiskanons. miuxedavad amisa, zogadad miCneulia, rom TvalTvalis amgva-ri saSualebebiT pirad cxovrebaSi Careva kanoniT unda iyos dadge-nili da maTi gamoyeneba kontrols unda eqvemdebarebodes.

zog qveyanaSi, magaliTad germaniaSi, samarTalwarmoebaSi gamoi-yeneba uSiSroebis samsaxurebis mier miwodebuli mtkicebulebebi,maSin roca garkveul qveynebSi sasamarTlo gamoZiebis procesebSimaT mxolod damxmare roli akisriaT. zog sistemaSi, magaliTad ir-landiasa da espaneTSi, terorizmTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs specia-lurad Seqmnili sasamarTloebi an tribunalebi ixilaven, sadac Se-saZloa warmodgenil iqnes dazvervis informacia. swored aseve, sa-xelmwifoTa Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi arsebobs TviT sisxlissamarTlis gamoZiebis sferoSic. isini iyeneben an gamoZiebis mosa-marTles, an damoukidebel prokurors, mtkicebulebaTa ganxilvisTvalsazrisiT sasamarTlo procesi an inkvizitorulia, an Sejib-rebadobis principiT moqmedebs.

am mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis gamo specialur uflebamosilebebzezedamxedvelobis mravali sakiTxis mimarT raime detaluri erTianimidgomis SemuSavebis mcdeloba ararealuria. es rekomendaciebi

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iTvaliswineben zedamxedvelobas da ara operaciebze konkretulkontrols an adamianis uflebaTa detalur standartebs. amrigad,minimaluri dasaSvebi midgomis Sesaxeb Cveni komentari maRali doniTaris Semofargluli, rac kanonis uzenaesobisa da propociulobisprincipebs iTvaliswinebs.

specialur uflebamosilebebze zedamxedveloba

Tu ras niSnavs es erT-erT mniSvnelovan sferosTan, TvalTvalTan,dakavSirebiT, sasargeblo praqtikuli midgomiT aris naCvenebimakdonaldis komisiis (kanadis samefo cxenosani policiis dar-Rvevebis momkvlevi komisia) mier mis 1980 wlis moxsenebaSi. gadaWar-bebuli TvalTvalisagan piradi cxovrebis dacvis uzrunvelyofismizniT makdonaldis komisiam oTxi ZiriTadi principi Camoayaliba:

· mkacrad unda iqnes daculi kanonis uzenaesoba;

· sagamoZiebo RonisZiebebi safrTxis proporciuli unda iyosda isini unda Sefasdnen samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebisa dademokratiuli struqturebisadmi SesaZlo zianis miyenebismimarT;

· yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebul unda iqnes naklebadintensiuri TvalTvali; da

· diskreciis kontroli safexurebad unda daiyos. rac ufromaRalia pirad cxovrebaSi Carevis xarisxi, miT ufro maRalidonis unda iyos saWiro uflebamosilebis miniWeba.7

makdonaldis komisiis principebs sasurvelia daematos mexuTesakiTxi: gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebebis Sesaxeb kanoni undaiyos yovlismomcveli. Tu kanoni informaciis Segrovebis mxolodzogierT saSualebas iTvaliswinebs, aman SesaZloa dawesebulebasnaklebad daregulirebuli meTodebis gamoyenebisaken ubiZgos(magaliTad, iseTi meTodebis, romlebsac dawesebulebis garedannebarTvis miReba ar sWirdeba). es imavdroulad ganamtkicebs makdo-naldis komisiis mesame princips. yovlismomcveli kanonmdeblobismagaliTs warmoadgens germania, niderlandebi da gaerTianebulisamefo.8 unda aRiniSnos, rom gaerTianebuli samefos kanonmdeblobamoicavs ara mxolod TvalTvals, aramed adamianuri resursebisgamoyenebiT informaciis Segrovebasac.

miuxedavad amisa, makdonaldis komisiis principebi zedamxedvelobisgansaxilvelad sasargeblo sqemas iZleva misi Semdegi qvesaTaurebiT:kanonis uzenaesoba; proporciuloba; da sagangebo uflebamosile-bebis arajerovan gamoyenebaze kontroli.

pirvelad ganvixiloT kanonis uzenaesoba. kanonis uzenaesoba moiT-xovs, rom konkretuli uflebamosileba, romelsac uSiSroebissamsaxurebi axorcieleben, kanoniT unda iyos dadgenili. aqedangamomdinare, saWiroa konkretuli samarTlebrivi uflebamosileba,magaliTad, satelefono miyuradebis an sasmeni mowyobilobis dasa-yeneblad. Zalze sasurvelia, rom kanoni iyos naTeli, magaliTadsagangebo uflebamosilebis gamoyenebis safuZvlebis, samizne piris,SesaZlo gamoyenebuli saSualebebis da maTi gamoyenebis periodis

44


TvalsazrisiT. zogierTi es sakiTxi SeiZleba dakonkretdes sanqciaSian sxva nebarTvaSi, magram mniSvnelovania, rom mocemuli iyos konkre-tuli instruqciebi.

meore mniSvnelovani principi _ proporciuloba _ adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli konvenciis safuZvelze agreTve exeba specialuruflebamosilebebs (mag., TvalTvals); informaciis Segrovebas; uSiS-roebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebebis samarTlebriv privilegiebsada gamonaklisebs. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis uflebaTa sasamarT-lom es testi erovnuli usafrTxoebis miznebisaTvis satelefonomiyuradebasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebis gansaxilvelad gamoiyena,raTa daedgina, iyo Tu ara saWiro es kanonebi demokratiuli sazoga-doebisaTvis adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlissafuZvelze.9 amiT man ganixila sxvadasxva qveyanaSi uflebamosilebisminiWebisa da am uflebamosilebaTa gadasinjvis damcavi meqanizmebisinstituciuri farglebi. igive midgoma iqna gamoyenebuli kanon-mdeblobis mimarT, romelic saidumlo failebis gaxsnisa da Senaxvisuflebas iZleva.10

mesame, mniSvnelovania arsebobdes kontroli specialuri ufle-bamosilebebis arajerovani gamoyenebis mimarT. aseTi kontroli undaiTvaliswinebdes specialuri uflebamosilebis gamoyenebaze nebarT-

bloki No 14: piradi cxovrebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos saqmeebi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis safuZvelze ganxilul mTel rig saqmeebSi adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasa-marTlom daadastura, rom sagangebo uflebamosilebebs, rogoricaa satelefono miyuradeba, piradi sakomunikacio sistemebis TvalTva-li da eleqtronuli TvalTvali, naTeli samarTlebrivi baza sWir-debaT. ufro metic, sasamarTlom am uflebamosilebebs ‘kanonis xa-risxis’ testi miusadaga, romelic samarTlebrivi reJimis sicxadis, ganWvretis da misawvdomobis pirobebzea orientirebuli (ix. bloki # 5). es testi ver gaira satelefono miyuradebis iseTma kanon-mdeblobam, romelSic naTlad ar aris dadgenili xelisuflebisadmi miniWebuli diskreciis farglebi, gansakuTrebiT Tu visi telefo-nis mosmena SeiZleba, ra savaraudo danaSaulisaTvis da rogori xan-grZlivobiT, da ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli audio da sxva Canawerebis ganadgureba. analogiurad, advokatsa da mis klients Soris kanoniT dadgenili komunikacia TvalTvalisagan ukeTes dacvas moiTxovs da es ar unda ganxorcieldes dabali rangis moxelis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi gadawyvetilebebi adamianis uflebaTa erT-erTi, Tumca ara sayovelTao xelSekrulebis normeb-Tanaa dakavSirebuli, isini mainc warmoadgenen sasargeblo maCveneb-lebs gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebebis gamoyenebis mkacrad ka-nonze dafuZnebuli midgomisaTvis. wyaro: harmani da hiuiti gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, gancx. # 28802/95, (1999) 27 EHRR CD 27; malone gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (1984) 7 EHRR 14; xani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 2000 wlis 12 maisi, European Ct HR (2000);BHRC 310; P.G.; j. h. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, ada-mianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo, 2001 wlis 25 seqtemberi, ECtHR mesame ganyofileba; linderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (1987 w.) 9 E.H.R.R. 433.

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vis gacemis process, uflebamosilebis periods, mopovebuli masalisgamoyenebis wesebs da am uflebamosilebaTa borotad gamoyenebasTandakavSirebuli saCivrebis sasamarTlo ganxilvis saSualebebs (ix. 21-e Tavi). kontroli SeiZleba ganxorcieldes uflebamosilebaTagamoyenebamde an mas Semdeg, rogorc es qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSianaCvenebi.

TvalTvalis an informaciis Segrovebis dawyebamde mraval sistemaSimoiTxoveba nebarTva dawesebulebis garedan. es SeiZleba iyos mo-samarTle (bosnia-hercegovinaSi, estoneTSi, kanadaSi) an sasamarTlo(mag., niderlandebSi _ dazvervisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis aqtissafuZvelze, an SeerTebul StatebSi _ sagareo dazvervis TvalTvalisaqtis safuZvelze), an ministri (mag., gaerTianebul samefoSi). amukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania arsebobdes kontroli poli-tikuri Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan mi-nistri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis nawils warmoadgens. amasTandakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia germaniis kanonmdebloba, romelic moiT-xovs, rom specialuri uflebamosilebebis gamoyeneba ministrma da-amtkicos, xolo Semdeg man moxseneba warudginos dazvervis zeda-mxedvelobis saparlamento komitets. 11

RonisZiebis Semdgomi kontroli SeiZleba moicavdes kanonebs, rom-lebic adgenen, ra (mag., kasetebi, fotoebi, Canawerebi) unda iqnesSenaxuli (da ramdeni xniT) da visTvis da ra miznebiT SeiZleba maTigaxsna. mocemuli samarTlebrivi sistemidan gamomdinare, am reJimisdarRveviT miRebuli an Senaxuli informacia SeiZleba dauSvebladiqnes miCneuli. Tumca maSinac ki, roca aseT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvssaqme, igi ganxilul unda iqnes mxolod rogorc kontroli, sadacsisxlis samarTlebrivi devna sasurvelia pirvel rigSi informaciisSegrovebidan gamomdinareobdes.

saukeTeso praqtika

kanonis uzenaesoba moiTxovs, rom uSiSroebisa da dazvervissamsaxurebis nebismieri specialuri uflebamosileba an saq-mianoba kanoniT iqnes dadgenili.kanoni unda iyos naTeli, konkretuli da yovlismomcveli,raTa dawesebulebas nakleb daregulirebuli saSualebebis ga-moyenebis survili ar gauCndes;specialuri uflebamosilebebis gamoyenebisa da maTze zeda-mxedvelobis kanonmdebloba unda iTvaliswinebdes propor-ciulobis princips;unda arsebobdes kontroli specialuri uflebamosilebebisborotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg rogorc gamoyenebamde, isegamoyenebis Semdeg, romelSic CarTuli iqnebian pirebi dawese-bulebis garedan;uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis mier terorizmis wina-aRmdeg ganxorcielebuli yvela RonisZieba unda iTvaliswi-nebdes adamianis uflebebis da kanonis uzenaesobis principisdacvas.ra qmedebac unda hqonds Cadenili teroristul saqmianobaSieWvmitanil an msjavrdebul adamians, dazvervis samsaxurebma

46


ar SeiZleba gadauxvion sicocxlis uflebas, rogorc esuzrunvelyofilia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiTada samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSorisopaqtiT;specialuri uflebamosilebebis TviTneburi gamoyenebisa daadamianis uflebaTa darRvevebis Tavidan acilebis mizniTdawesebulebis moqmedebebi saTanado zedamxedvelobasa dagadasinjvas unda eqvemdebarebodes.

47


Tavi 7

informacia da failebi

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebaTa saqmianobis didi nawiliindividualur pirTa qmedebebis an ganzraxvaTa Sesaxeb informaciis(maT Soris piradi xasiaTisa) damuSavebas moicavs. pirTa mimarT dawe-sebulebebs SeiZleba terorizmTan, ZiriTadi infrastruqturis sabo-taJTan an SpionaJTan dakavSirebuli kanonieri interesi hqondeT.aseTi saqmianobis gamovlenis an maT winaaRmdeg brZolis garda, pira-di informacia SeiZleba daamuSaon uSiSroebis organoebSi daSvebismizniT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu saqme saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis korespon-dencias exeba.

miuxedavad amisa, Segrovebuli piradi monacemebis failebis Seqm-nasTan, Senaxvasa da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT aSkara safrTxeebiarsebobs. esenia: gadaWarbebis riski (informaciis Segroveba xdebaimitom, rom igi SesaZloa saWiro darCes da ara gansazRvruli miz-nisTvis); informacia SesaZloa iyos yalbi, dausabuTebeli an kvalisamrevi; SesaZloa adgili hqondes informaciis arajerovan gaxsnas(anu arasaTanado pirebisaTvis an araswori miznebisaTvis) da gamous-worebeli ziani miadges individualur pirTa SesaZleblobebsa dakarieras.

am saxis safrTxeebma piradi monacemebis damuSavebis saerTaSorisostandartebis Seqmnas daudes safuZveli. erT-erTi magaliTia ev-ropis sabWos 1981 wlis 28 ianvris konvencia piradi monacemebis avto-maturi damuSavebisas individualur pirTa dacvis Sesaxeb, romelicZalaSi Sevida 1985 wlis pirvel oqtombers. misi mizania ‘... TiToeulipiris adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacva, gansa-kuTrebiT misi piradi cxovrebis ufleba masTan dakavSirebuli piradimonacemebis avtomaturi damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT’ (muxli 1-li).erovnuli maregulirebeli debulebebis magaliTad SegiZliaTganixiloT niderlandebis bolo periodis kanonmdebloba (ix. bloki# 15 momdevno gverdze).

saxelmwifo organoebis mier piris pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSire-buli informaciis Senaxvas, mis gamoyenebas da misi uaryofis SesaZ-leblobaze uaris Tqmas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlopiradi cxovrebis pativiscemis uflebaSi Carevad miiCnevs, romelicadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxliTaa daculi.sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali informaciis Senaxvisa dagamoyenebisaTvis Sidasaxelmwifo samarTlebrivi bazis arsebobasmoiTxovs, xolo imisaTvis rom kanonma ‘kanonis xarisxis’ testi da-akmayofilos, igi xelmisawvdomi, xolo misi Sedegebi ganWvretadiunda iyos konkretuli pirisaTvis (anu formulirebuli unda iyossaTanado sizustiT, raTa pirs saSualeba mieces _ Tu saWiroa, saTa-nado konsultaciis meSveobiT gaakontrolos sakuTari qmedeba).12

48


saukeTeso praqtika

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebaTa sakanonmdeblo man-datiT unda SeizRudos garemoebebi, romelTa drosac dasaS-vebia dawesebulebis kanonieri miznebisaTvis individualurpirze informaciis Segroveba da piradi saqmis (failis) gaxsna;kanoniT, agreTve, unda dadgindes efeqturi kontroli iseTsakiTxebze, rogorebicaa informaciis Senaxvis xangrZlivoba,misi gamoyenebis gzebi da vis SeiZleba hqondes masze xelmisaw-vdomoba; arsebuli informaciis damuSavebisas, agreTve, uzrun-velyofil unda iqnes monacemTa dacvis saerTaSoriso princi-pebi. am saxelmZRvanelo principebis dacvis mizniT unda arse-bobdes auditis procesebi, gare damoukidebeli specialiste-bis CaTvliT;uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebebs ar unda SeezRudoTinformaciasTan xelmisawvdomobis Sidasaxelmwifo Tavisuf-leba da failebTan dakavSirebul kanonmdeblobaze xelmisawv-

bloki No 15: informaciis Semowmebis ufleba (niderlandebi) muxli 47 _ piradi monacemebis Semowmebis ufleba 1. Sesabamisi ministri, nebismieri piris moTxovnis Sesabamisad, SeZ-

lebisdagvarad umokles vadaSi, magram araugvianes sami Tvisa, pirs acnobebs muSavdeboda Tu ara misi piradi informacia dawe-sebulebis mier an misi saxeliT, xolo Tu muSavdeboda _ ra saxis informacias exeboda igi. Sesabamis ministrs gadawyvetilebis miRebis gaWianureba SeuZlia ara umetes oTxi kviris vadiT. moTxovnis warmomdgen pirs pirveli vadis gasvlamde werilobiT unda acnobon gaWianurebis motivaciis Sesaxeb.

2. pirvel muxlSi miTiTebuli moTxovnis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi Se-sabamisma ministrma, SeZlebisdagvarad umokles vadaSi, magram misi Setyobinebis gagzavnidan araugvianes oTxi kviris vadaSi, moTxovnis warmomdgen pirs masTan dakavSirebuli informaciis Semowmebis SesaZlebloba unda misces.

3. ministrma unda uzrunvelyos moTxovnis warmomdgeni piris zus-ti vinaobis dadgena.

muxli 51 _ piradi monacemebisagan gansxvavebuli informaciis Semowmebis ufleba 1. Sesabamisi ministri, nebismieri piris moTxovnis Sesabamisad,

SeZlebisdagvarad umokles vadaSi, magram araugvianes sami Tvisa, pirs acnobebs, SeiZleba Tu ara moTxovnaSi aRniSnuli pi-radi monacemebisagan gansxvavebuli administraciuli xasiaTis informaciis Semowmeba. Sesabamis ministrs gadawyvetilebis mi-Rebis gaWianureba SeuZlia ara umetes oTxi kviris vadiT. moT-xovnis warmomdgenma pirma pirveli vadis gasvlamde unda miiRos dasabuTebuli werilobiTi Setyobineba gaWianurebis Sesaxeb.

2. pirvel punqtSi miTiTebuli moTxovnis dakmayofilebis SemTx-vevaSi Sesabamisi ministri moTxovnis warmomdgen pirs saTanado informacias miawvdis SeZlebisdagvarad umokles droSi, magram misi gadawyvetilebis Setyobinebidan ara ugvianes oTxi kviris vadisa. wyaro: dazvervisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis aqti, 2002 w., muxli 47, 51.

(araoficialuri Targmani)

49


domoba. piriqiT, saTanado SemTxvevebSi maT ufleba unda hqon-deT, isargeblon konkretuli gamonaklisebiT sajaroobis pri-ncipebis mimarT erovnuli usafrTxoebis SezRuduli koncef-ciis da dawesebulebis mandatis gaTvaliswinebiT;13

kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulma sasamarTloebma Tu sxva damou-kidebelma meqanizmebma Tavisuflad unda gansazRvron, dawese-bulebis saqmeebSi arsebul monacemebTan saTanado xelmisaw-vdomobiT, ramdenad sworad iqna gamoyenebuli aseTi gamonak-lisebi individualur mosarCeleTa mier Semotanil nebismiersaqmeSi;rodesac informacia sazRvargareTidan an saerTaSoriso dawe-sebulebidanaa Semosuli, igi unda daeqvemdebaros rogorcwarmomavlobis qveynis, ise Sidasaxelmwifo standartebs;ucxo qveynis uSiSroebis samsaxurebis an SeiaraRebuli Zalebis,anda saerTaSoriso dawesebulebebisaTvis informaciis miwo-deba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi, Tu isini valdebulebasaiReben, rom misi damuSaveba da gamoyeneba daeqvemdebarebamimwodebeli qveynis Sidasaxelmwifo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulkontrols (im kanonebTan erTad, romlebic mimRebi dawesebu-lebis mimarT gamoiyeneba).

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Tavi 8

dawesebulebis Sida marTva dakontroli

winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia dawesebulebis SigniT arsebuliZiriTadi damcavi meqanizmebi, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyon kano-niereba da Sesabamisoba. kanonSi uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebu-lebis saqmianobis yvela detaluri sakiTxis srulad CamoyalibebaSeuZlebelia. ufro metic, SeiZleba amis gakeTeba arc iyos sasurveli,roca amiT sajarod xdeba cnobili mgrZnobiare operatiuli meTo-debi. miuxedavad amisa, mainc mniSvnelovania, rom aseTi detalebiiyos dafuZnebuli kanoniT, hqondes stadartizebuli saxe darRveve-bis Tavidan acilebis mizniT da sazedamxedvelo organoebs hqondeTSesabamis administraciul wesebze xelmisawvdomoba.

moxseneba ukanono qmedebis Sesaxeb

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebebis ukanono qmedebis Sesaxebsando informacia sasurvelia TviT dawesebulebis mier iqnesgamovlenili. aqedan gamomdinare, ukanono qmedebis moxsenebisa damisi gamosworebis movaleoba Zalze mniSvnelovania da igi agreTveganamtkicebs dawesebulebis SigniT TanamSromelTa midgomas im prob-lemaTa mimarT, romlebic ukanonobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios. magali-Tad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Tavdacvis departamentma Tavdac-vis mdivnis TanaSemwisa (dazvervis zedamxedveloba) da generalurisabWosaTvis dazvervis saeWvo an arasaTanado saqmianobis Sesaxebmoxsenebis mizniT Sida arxi Seqmna, romelic movalea saqmis kursSiCaayenos Tavdacvis mdivani da misi moadgile.14

igive mdgomareobaa e. w. agentebis debulebebTan dakavSirebiT, rome-lic aseT pirebs kanonieri represaliebisagan icavs, rodesac isini

bloki No 16: moxseneba uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis Sesaxeb bosniis kanonSi arsebul aramarTlzomier qmedebebTan dakavSirebuli debulebebis Taobaze muxli 41 Tu TanamSromeli darwmunebulia, rom man ukanono brZaneba miiRo, ukanonobasTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi mosazreba brZanebis avtors unda gaacnos. Tu brZanebis avtori am brZanebas kvlav gaimeorebs, Tana-mSromelma aRniSnuli brZanebis werilobiTi dadastureba unda moiTxovos. Tu TanamSromels miaCnia, rom damatebiTi pirobebia saWi-ro, man brZaneba misi avtoris uSualo ufross unda gadasces, xolo aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb generalur inspeqtors unda moaxsenos. TanamSromels SeuZlia brZanebis Sesrulebaze uari ganacxados.

wyaro: bosniis kanoni dazvervisa da usafrTxoebis dawesebulebis Sesaxeb.

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aseTi tipis sakiTxebs saTanado sazedamxedvelo organoebSi ayeneben.bosnia-hercegovinis qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi uCveneben, Tu ro-gor SeiZleba es daregulirdes uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebu-lebebis Sesaxeb kanonSi.

ra Tqma unda, TanamSromlebi, aseve, sruliad mkafiod unda iyvnenangariSvaldebulni ukanono qmedebebisaTvis (maT Soris ukanonobrZanebebis SesrulebisaTvis). ierarqiul da biurokratiul organo-ebSi disciplinaruli sanqciebi ufro TvalsaCino da efeqturia, vid-re gare sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba.15

garda amisa, urTierTzemoqmedebis gamo TanamSromlebi ukanono qme-debebis Sesaxeb moxsenebis procesSi daculi unda iyvnen rogorc dis-ciplinuri sanqciebisagan, ise sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnisagan. in-formaciis unebarTvo gamJRavnebisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxis-mgeblobisas sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacvis sakiTxi detalura-daa naCvenebi 15(4) ganyofilebaSi kanadis 2003 wlis informaciisusafrTxoebis aqtis magaliTze.

informaciis unebarTvo gamJRavnebisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasu-xismgeblobisas sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacvis sakiTxi deta-luradaa naCvenebi 15(4) ganyofilebaSi kanadis 2003 wlis informaciisusafrTxoebis aqtis magaliTze. kanoni adgens, rom saidumloebasTandakavSirebuli TiToeuli piri Cadis danaSauls, Tu igi ganzrax dauflebamosilebis gareSe avrcelebs specialur operatiul infor-macias an adasturebs mis arsebobas. Tumca kanoni amasTan, adgens,rom damnaSaved ar CaiTvleba piri, Tu igi daasabuTebs, rom sazogado-ebrivi interesebisaTvis moqmedebda. sazogadoebrivi interesebi-saTvis moqmedeba gulisxmobs, rom sasamarTlom an mosamarTlemdaadgina, informaciis gamJRavnebasTan dakavSirebuli sazogado-

bloki No 17: gamJRavnebis dacvis wesebi (kanada) rodesac mosamarTle an sasamarTlo adgens, aRemateboda Tu ara in-formaciis gamJRavnebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi interesi informa-ciis gaumJRavneblobis mimarT sazogadoebriv interess, maT unda gaiTvaliswinon Semdegi sakiTxebi: a. gonivruladaa Tu ara SerCeuli gamJRavnebis farglebis CarCoebi

savaraudo danaSaulis gasaxsnelad an danaSaulis Cadenis Tu misi gagrZelebis Tavidan asacileblad;

b. savaraudo danaSaulis seriozuloba; c. informaciis gamJRavnebamde Seecada Tu ara piri gamoeyenebina

sxva, gonivrulad xelmisawvdomi alternativa, da Tu ase moxda, daakmayofila Tu ara pirma saTanado saxelmZRvanelo principebi, strategiebi Tu kanonebi, romelTac igi eqvemdebareboda;

d. hqonda Tu ara pirs gonivruli safuZveli evarauda, rom infor-maciis gamJRavneba sazogadoebis interess warmoadgenda;

e. sazogadoebrivi interesi, romelic gamJRavnebiT unda yofiliyo daculi;

f. zianis an zianis riskis xarisxi, romelic gamJRavnebiT warmoiSva; g. gamJRavnebis gamamarTlebeli ukiduresi garemoebebis arseboba.

wyaro: kanada, informaciis usafrTxoebis aqti (1985 w.) s. 15 (4).

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ebrivi interesi informaciis gaumJRavneblobis sazogadoebrivinteress aRemateboda da Tavdapirvelad adgili hqonda warumatebelmcdelobas, sakiTxi Sida arxebis meSveobiT daeyenebinaT ministrismoadgilis an Sesabamisi sazedamxedvelo organoebis winaSe.16

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis profesiulieTikis kodeqsi

maRali riskis da interesis mqone mraval profesiul jgufs maTsprofesiul maxasiaTeblebze dafuZnebuli kodeqsi aqvT _ qceviTiwesebis erToblioba _ romelic saWirodaa miCneuli maTi saqmianobissamarTlianad da zneobrivad gamarTlebuli gziT ganxorcielebi-saTvis. profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis SesamuSaveblad da dazvervismuSakTa treningisaTvis sasargebloa, rom Seiqmnas, gavrceldes daminimalur doneze amoqmeddes aRiarebuli praqtika dazvervis mu-SakTa Soris. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, Tavdacvismdivnis TanaSemwes (dazvervis zedamxedvelobis dargSi), sxva sakiT-xebTan erTad, evaleba dazvervis zedamxedvelobis koncefciis sfe-roSi dazvervis yvela muSakis orientaciis institucionalizacia,maTi gacnobiereba da treningi (mag., kanonis uzenaesobis, kanoniT

bloki # 18: samxreT afrikis dazvervis TanamSromelTa qcevis kodeqsi 1994 wlis TeTr dokumentSi warmodgenili iyo Semdegi kodeqsi dazvervis Sesaxeb. igi Tanabrad exeba samxreT afrikis respublikis dazvervis samsaxurebis TiToeul TanamSromels. kodeqsi, inter alia, iTvaliswinebs: • saxelmwifosa da konstituciis erTgulebis deklarirebas; • qveynis kanonebisadmi morCilebas da kanonis uzenaesobis dacvas; • demokratiuli Rirebulebebis dacvas rogoricaa, magaliTad,

adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema; • saidumloebis dacvis Sesaxeb ficis dadebas; • politikuri neitralitetis principisadmi erTgulebas; • patiosnebis, obieqturobisa da informaciis miukerZoebeli Sefa-

sebis maRali xarisxisadmi valdebulebas; • politikis Camomyaliblebsa da dazvervis profesionalebs Soris

urTierTndobis xelSewyobis valdebulebas. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi dawesebulebam, romelsac dazvervis saqmianoba avalia, masze dakisrebuli amocanebi Semdegi saxiT unda ganaxorcielos: • misTvis pirvelxarisxovani unda iyos sazogadoebis demokratiuli

institutebis da sazogadoebis mandatis mqone konstituciuri organoebis uflebamosileba, monawileoba miiRos da/an monito-ringi ganaxorcielos dazvervis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvraSi;

• misTvis misaRebi unda iyos, rom dauSvebelia erovnuli usafr-Txoebis sistemis doqtrinebis, struqturisa da procedurebis Secvla, Tu igi damtkicebuli ar aris xalxis da misi warmo-madgenlobiTi organos mier;

• man unda ivaldebulos amomrCevelTa dakveTis Sesruleba urTi-erTSeTanxmebuli normebisa da qcevis kodeqsis dacvis meSveobiT.

wyaro: samxreT afrikis respublika, TeTri dokumenti dazvervis Sesaxeb (1994 wlis oqtomberi), danarTi A.

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miniWebuli da konstituciuri uflebebis dacva).17

samxreT afrikis respublikam dazvervis muSakebisaTvis airCia qceviskodeqsis sqematuri forma, romelic muSakebs maTi saqmianobis eTi-kuri CarCoebis Sesaxeb mkafio direqtivebs aZlevs. (ix. bloki # 18).

SesaZloa, rom profesiul maxasiaTeblebs Sida administraciul do-neze gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqondes. agreTve, mniSvnelovania arse-bobdes detaluri samarTlebrivi sistema individualur muSakTasaqmianobis warmarTvisaTvis. amas ori upiratesoba aqvs: upirvelesyovlisa, igi uzrunvelyofs, rom dawesebulebaSi diskreciuli gada-wyvetilebebis miReba struqturirebuli da Tanmimdevruli gziTmoxdes. meore, igi uzrunvelyofs mgrZnobiare operatiuli meTo-debis gamoyenebis samarTlebriv regulirebas iq, sadac isini SesaZloasazogadoebis interesebis winaaRmdeg moqmedebdnen da iZleva am

bloki No 19: bosnia-hercegovinis kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebis Sesaxeb

muxli 27 generaluri direqtori, inter alia, pasuxismgebelia gamosces Semdegi saxis wesebi, debulebebi da instruqciebi: a. eTikis kodeqsi b. monacemTa usafrTxoebis gegma c. monacemTa klasificirebisa da deklasificirebis wesebi d. uSiSroebis organoebSi daSvebis proceduris wesebi e. debuleba saidumlo monacemebisa da monacemTa Senaxvis damcavi

meqanizmebis Sesaxeb f. debuleba monacemTa gavrcelebis Sesaxeb g. informatorTa daqiravebis, maTTan muSaobisa da anazRaurebis

wesebi h. specialuri da teqnikuri operatiuli saSualebebis misadagebis,

gamoyenebis da moqmedebis wesebi i. cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis wesebi j. muSaobis wesebi k. Sromis anazRaurebis wesebi l. Sida usafrTxoebis wesebi m. disciplinuri proceduris gamoyenebis wesebi n. sazRvargareT muSaobis wesebi o. wesebi dawesebulebis TanamSromelTa ZiriTadi da zogadi profe-

siebis Sesaxeb p. bosnia-hercegovinis organoebTan da institutebTan TanamSrom-

lobis wesebi q. bosnia-hercegovinis organoebTan da institutebTan gagebis me-

morandumebis gaformebis wesebi r. wesebi saerTaSoriso organoebTan TanamSromlobisa da dazver-

vis informaciis gacvlis Sesaxeb s. wesebi mokavSire oficerTa Sesaxeb t. wesebi piradobis damadasturebeli baraTebis Sesaxeb.

wyaro: bosniis kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebis Sesaxeb, 2004 w.

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meTodebis detalur aRweras sajarod xelmisawvdom kanonmdeb-lobaSi. bloki 19 uCvenebs im sakiTxebs, romlebic SesaZloa am gziTdaregulirdes.

saukeTeso praqtika

dazvervis samsaxurebi ar unda gascdnen kanonis farglebs.aqedan gamomdinare, TanamSromlebi dawesebulebaSi ukanonoqmedebis da/an brZanebis mowmeni arian an varaudoben mas,valdebulni unda iyvnen amis Sesaxeb TavianT zemdgoms moax-senon;unda arsebobdes daSifvris praqtika, rac informatorTa saTa-nado mxardaWerasa da dacvas uzrunvelyofs;dazvervis samsaxurebis TanamSromlebs unda aswavlon qceviskodeqsi, romelic moicavs maTi saqmianobis eTikuri CarCoebisganxilvas. unda mimdinareobdes aseTi treningebis mudmiviganaxleba da igi TanamSromlebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi undaiyos muSaobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi;Sida administraciul strategiebs naTlad CamoyalibebulisamarTlebrivi statusi unda mieceT.sakiTxebi, romelTa kanonmdeblobaSi asaxva Zalze detaluradan mgrZnobiared miiCneva, unda imarTebodes Sida administra-ciuli politikiT, romelsac mkafio samarTlebrivi statusieqneba.

55


SeniSvnebi _ II ganyofileba, dawesebuleba

1. am ors Soris gansxvavebisaTvis ix. j. p. broderis da p. jilis narkvevigamocemaSi: demokratia, kanoni da usafrTxoeba: uSiSroebis Sidasamsaxurebi Tanamedrove evropaSi, (alderSoti, aSgeiti, 2003 w.).

2. evropis sabWo, danaSaulebaTa analizi: organizebuli danaSauli _ sau-keTeso praqtikis kvleva # 4 (strasburgi: evropis sabWo, 2002 w.), gv. 6.

3. ‘TiToeulma qveyanam unda gansazRvros, aris Tu ara mocemuli qmede-bebi iseTi intensiobis an iseTi mniSvnelobis, rom igi saxelmwifoserovnuli usafrTxoebis mimarT safrTxed CaiTvalos, imis gaTvalis-winebiT, rom saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT kon-kretuli mTavrobis ZalauflebaSi yofnis xangrZlivobasTan’. evropissabWo, eqspertTa moxseneba: danaSaulTa problemebis evropuli ko-miteti (CDPC), Sida uSiSroebis samsaxurebis specialistTa jgufi (PC-S-SEC), danarTi IV, Final Activity Report, 40703, punqti 3.2.

4. mag., gaerTianebul samefoSi, ix. uSiSroebis samsaxuris aqti, 1996 w.,muxli 1, sadac miTiTebulia meorad rolze ‘mxari dauWiron policiisZalebis da sxva samarTaldamcav dawesebulebaTa saqmianobas serio-zul danaSaulebaTa aRkveTasa da gamovlenaSi’.

5. evropis sabWo, eqspertTa moxseneba, punqti 3.2.

6. policiisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis saxelmZRvanelo aqti, 1991 w.,muxli 17.

7. konkretuli qmedebebis momkvlevi komisia, Tavisufleba da usafr-Txoeba kanonis safuZvelze, (otava, 1980), t. 1, gv. 513 da Semdgomigverdebi.

8. germanuli Sicherheitsüberprüfungsgesetz 1994 w., niderlandebis dazvervisada uSiSroebis samsaxurebis 2002 wlis aqti; gaerTianebuli samefos2000 wlis aqti sagamoZiebo uflebamosilebis regulirebis Sesaxeb.

9. klasi germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg, (1979 w.) 2 EHRR214; merSi luqsemburgis winaaRmdeg, (1985 w.) 43 D and R 34.

10. linderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (1987 w.) 9 E.H.R.R. 433; esbesteri gaerTia-nebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, gancxadeba No. 18601/91, 1993 wlis 2 aprili.

11. germaniis Bundesverfassungsschutzgesetz, 1990, § 9 (3) 2.

12. saqmeSi rotaru rumineTis winaaRmdeg (gancx. No. 28341/95, 2000 wlis 4maisi) strasburgis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanoni uSiSroebis dawe-sebulebaTa failebis Sesaxeb ar iyo saTanadod naTeli failebis xan-dazmulobis safuZvlebisa da procedurebis, maTi gamoyenebisa dagacnobis uflebis mqone pirTa da am failebze monitoringis ganxor-cielebis TvalsazrisiT. ix. agreTve linderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg(1987 w.) 9 E.H.R.R. 433, sadac dadginda, rom ‘kanonTan SesabamisobismizniT’ pirad cxovrebaSi Careva unda iyos ganWvretadi da xelmisawv-domi individualuri pirisaTvis. usafrTxoebis Semowmebis am kon-teqstSi es ar moiTxovs, rom ganmcxadebels mTeli procesis ganWvretaSeeZlos (an advili iyos misgan Tavis daZvrena), aramed imas, romnebarTvis gacemasTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba unda iyossaTanadod naTeli, rac arsebul praqtikaze zogad warmodgenasSeqmnis.

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13. kanadaSi aseTi gamonaklisebis ganxilvis mizniT ix: i. leifi, ‘kanonierixelmisawvdomoba uSiSroebis failebze: kanadis gamocdileba’, daz-verva da erovnuli usafrTxoeba, t. 12:2, (1997 w.), gv. 126-153.

14. damatebiTi informacia ix: <http://www.pentagon.mil/atsdio/mission.html>.

15. ix. magaliTad, bosnia da hercegovinas kanoni dazvervis Sesaxeb, muxli59. TanamSromlebi SeiZleba iyvnen pasuxismgebelni samsaxureobrivimovaleobis darRvevisaTvis, rogorc es kanoniTaa gansazRvruli. sam-saxureobrivi movaleobis darRvevad miiCneva: a) qmedebebis ganxorcie-leba, romlebic samsaxureobrivi movaleobis mimarT danaSaulad arisgansazRvruli, an sxva seriozuli an mcire danaSauli, romelic ziansayenebs dawesebulebis reputacias; b) saxelmwifo, samxedro an oficia-luri saidumloebis gamJRavneba arsebuli kanonmdeblobis an debule-bis darRveviT; g) oficialuri Tanamdebobis an uflebamosilebis boro-tad gamoyeneba; d) uSualo zemdgomis kanonieri brZanebis Seusru-lebloba; e) qmedebebi, romelmac SesaZloa moqalaqeebs an sxva pirebsxeli SeuSalos TavianTi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi am da sxva Sesaba-misi kanonebis Sesabamisad; v) arsebiTi xasiaTis materialur zaralsayenebs TanamSromlis saqmianobas, Segnebuli an ukiduresad gulgriliqmedebis gamo; z) samuSaos arasapatio mizeziT gacdena; T) dakisrebulamocanaTa da movaleobebis droulad da saTanadod Seusrulebloba;da i) eTikis kodeqsis darRvevisaTvis am muxlis safuZvelze discip-linuri pasuxismgebloba ar unda iqnes imgvarad gagebuli, rom saTana-do SemTxvevaSi igi sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxavs.disciplinuri pasuxismgeblbis proceduris gansazRvra unda Camoya-libdes generaluri mdivnis mier gamocemul instruqciaSi.

16. kanadis 2003 wlis aqti informaciis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, ganyofileba5.5.

17. damatebiTi informacia ix.: <http://www.pentagon.mil/atsdio/faq.html>.

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III ganyofileba

aRmasrulebelixelisuflebis roli

58


59


Tavi 9

aRmasrulebelTa kontroli

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebssasicocxlo mniSvnelobis roli akisriaT. konkretuli safrTxeebisSesaxeb informaciis SegrovebiT, analiziTa da maT winaaRmdeg brZo-lis meSveobiT isini daxmarebas uweven mTavrobebs saSinao, Tavdacvisada sagareo politikis gatarebaSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sida usaf-rTxoebis (gansakuTrebiT terorizmis, SpionaJis da adgilobrivixasiaTis safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg brZolis kuTxiT) da saerTaSoriso,diplomatiuri da Tavdacvis sferoebis mimarT. Tumca mniSvnelo-vania, rom am rolis Semsrulebeli dawesebulebebi da muSakebi arCe-uli politikosebis demokratiul kontrols eqvemdebarebodnen damxolod sakuTari Tavis winaSe ar iyvnen angariSvaldebulni; demo-kratiul sazogadoebaSi sajaro samsaxuris TvalsaCino damcvelsswored arCeuli politikosebi warmoadgenen.

dazvervis dawesebulebebis maqsimaluri Zalaufleba da legitimu-roba damokidebulia maTs uflebamosilebebze, saqmianobasa da re-sursebze, rasac sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba amtkicebs. Tumca praq-tikuli miznebidan da sakiTxis mgrZnobiare bunebidan gamomdinare,am dawesebulebaTa efeqturi gare kontroli SeiZleba mTavrobas,anu aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas daekisros. aRmasrulebeli Stosmxridan ganxorcielebul kontrolsa da saparlamento zedamxedve-lobas Soris raime damaxasiaTebeli winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs (ix.me-4 ganyofileba). piriqiT: efeqturi saparlamento zedamxedvelobaministrebis mier dawesebulebaTa efeqtur kontrolzea damokide-buli. parlamentebs SeuZliaT mxolod pasuxi mosTxovon ministrebsdazvervis dawesebulebaTa qmedebebze, Tu ministrebs marTlac aqvTmaTi kontrolis realuri Zalaufleba, an saTanado informacia moiT-xovon maTi saxeliT ganxorcielebul RonisZiebebze. iq, sadac esuzrunvelyofili ar aris, saparlamento organos an oficialur pirserTaderTi demokratiuli arCevani aqvs _ Seavsos es vakuumi, Tumcaes ususuri Semcvlelia, radgan sakanonmdeblo organos Zalaufle-bisa da saxsrebis gamoyenebis efeqturi Sefaseba ex post facto SeuZ-lia, magram saTanado samTavrobo struqturebis arsebobis pirobebSiisini bunebrivad ar arian kargad aRWurvilni imisaTvis, rom es sakiT-xebi warmarTon.

jansaR konstituciur sistemaSi ministrebs sWirdebaT rogorcZalaufleba, ise dazvervis dawesebulebebze kontrolis jerovanixarisxi da maTgan informaciis moTxovnis ufleba, raTa ganaxorci-elon TavianTi movaleobebi rogorc saxelmwifos saxeliT moqmediaRmasrulebeli Stos arCeulma wevrebma. ministrebs, eris interese-bidan gamomdinare, mTavrobis strategiebis ganxorcielebisas dawe-sebulebaTa loialobis uzrunvelyofa evalebaT. maT, aseve, esaWi-roebaT adekvaturi kontrolis meqanizmebi da informacia, raTa

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angariSi warudginon parlaments dawesebulebebis mier maTi Zala-uflebisa da saxsrebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.

Tumca aRmasruleblis mxridan efeqturi kontroli uSiSroebisa dadazvervis operaciebis marTvis pirdapir pasuxismgeblobas ar iTva-liswinebs. rogorc uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebis aRkveTis, iseefeqturi kontrolis winapirobebis Seqmnis mizniT pasuxismgebelministrTa da dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelTa Sesabamisi kompetenciebisamarTlebrivi debulebebiT unda ganisazRvros. efeqturobis inte-resebidan gamomdinare, isini erTmaneTisagan unda gansxvavdebodnen,magram imavdroulad erTmaneTs unda avsebdnen. Tu ministrebi Zalianaqtiurad arian CarTuli yoveldRiur sakiTxebSi, maSin isini veRarganaxorcieleben gare kontrolis funqcias da amiT zedamxedvelo-bis saerTo sqema Sesustdeba. ministrTa da dawesebulebaTa xelm-ZRvanelebis Sesabamisi funqciebis mkafio gamijvna sakmaod rTulia,Tumca erT-erT karg models warmoadgens kanadis 1984 wlis aqti uSiS-roebis dazvervis samsaxuris Sesaxeb. igi miuTiTebs samsaxuris direq-torze, romelic ‘samsaxurs akontrolebs da marTavs’ ministris ‘xelm-ZRvanelobiT’.1 poloneTis dazvervis kanonmdeblobaSi aris sagu-lisxmo debuleba, romelic mkafiod mijnavs premierministrisa dadawesebulebaTa xelmZRvanelebis Sesabamis kompetenciebs (ix. qvemoT,bloki # 20).

yuradRebiT ganxilvas imsaxurebs niderlandebis dazvervis kanon-mdeblobac. igi moiTxovs, rom ‘samsaxurebma da koordinatorma Ta-vianTi movaleobebi Seasrulon kanonis dacviT da Sesabamis ministr-Tan SeTanxmebiT’.2 amiT debuleba gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs ‘ka-nonis Sesabamisad’ moqmedebaze, romelic, agreTve, ministrs avalebsxelmZRvanelobas.

gardamavali periodis sazogadoebebSi, sadac samoqalaqo mTavro-basa da samxedros Soris gamyofi xazi sakmaod bundovania, mizanSewo-nilia, gaTvaliswinebul iqnes detaluri akrZalvebi, rac momavalSixels Seuwyobs uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebis Tavidan acilebas.

bloki No 20: kompetenciebis gamijvna ministrsa da samsaxuris direq-tors Soris (poloneTi) muxli 7: • ministri instruqciebis meSveobiT gansazRvravs dawesebulebis

saqmianobis mimarTulebebs. • dawesebulebaTa xelmZRvanelebi, TiToeuli Tavisi kompetenciis

farglebSi, premier ministrs warudgenen momavali wlis samoq-medo gegmas araugvianes sami TviT adre yoveli kalendaruli wlis damTavrebamde.

• dawesebulebaTa xelmZRvanelebi, TiToeuli Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi, yoveli wlis 31 ianvramde premierministrs warudge-nen moxsenebas dawesebulebis mier ganxorcielebul saqmianobaze wina kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi.

wyaro: Sida uSiSroebis dawesebulebisa da sagareo dazvervis dawesebulebis 2002 wlis aqti, poloneTi

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magaliTad, bosnia-hercegovinis axal kanonmdeblobaSi, maSin rocaministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomares politikis gansazRvrisa da Semow-mebis mTeli rigi funqciebi3 aqvs, me-10 muxli mas aSkarad zRudavs:‘mTlianad an nawilobriv’ Tavis Tavze aiRos generaluri direqtorisan generaluri direqtoris moadgilis ‘uflebebi da pasuxismgeblo-bebi’.4

igive kanoni, agreTve, adgens generaluri direqtoris uflebebsa dapasuxismgeblobebs, sadac mkafiod aris gansazRvruli maTi yovel-dRiuri menejeruli funqciebi. sxva amocanebs Soris igi iTvalis-winebs dawesebulebis yovelwliuri biujetis momzadebas da dawese-bulebis gare operaciebs. masSi, agreTve, CamoTvlilia informaciiswyaroebis, gegmebisa da operaciebis unebarTvo gamJRavnebisagan dac-vis saSualebebi da gaTvaliswinebulia, Tavmjdomaris meSveobiT, sa-gareo saqmeTa ministris nebarTvis miReba da mxardaWera iseTi saqmia-nobisaTvis, romelmac SesaZloa seriozuli zemoqmedeba iqonios bos-nia-hercegovinis sagareo politikaze.5

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Tavi 10

mTavrobis gaTviTcnobiereba dadazvervis kontroli

efeqturi demokratiuli kontroli da mxardaWera ministrebsa daxelmZRvanelebs Soris xelmisawvdomobis ormxriv proceszea damo-kidebuli. ministrebs sWirdebaT dawesebulebaSi arsebul infor-maciasa da masze dafuZnebul Sefasebebze xelmisawvdomoba da saWi-roebis SemTxvevaSi maT unda SeeZloT, saxelmwifos saxeliT pasuxiagon uSiSroebis seqtoris saqmianobaze. da, piriqiT, xelmZRvanelobasunda SeeZlos, samTavrobo ministrebs informacia miawodos gan-sakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare sakiTxebze. amrigad, aucilebelia, rom mi-nistrebi dawesebulebaTa mimarT Ria karis politikas atarebdnen.

kanonmdebloba unda iTvaliswinebdes mkafio politikur xelmZRva-nelobas, xolo Sida dawesebulebebis SemTxvevaSi _ maTs politikurdamoukideblobas, raTa strategiuli sakiTxebis gansazRvra sazoga-doebis winaSe angariSvaldebuli politikosebis mier xdebodes. sa-survelia, rom kanonmdebloba adgendes sxvadasxva konkretul meqa-nizms da maT zurgs umagrebdnen saTanado samarTlebrivi valdebule-bebi. es imisaTvis ar aris saWiro, rom dawesebulebebsa da ministrebsSoris yoveldRiuri urTierToba kanonis safuZvelze ganxorci-eldes. aseTi midgomis mizani is aris, rom sakanonmdeblo CarCo, ro-melic naTlad gansazRvravs uflebamosilebebsa da pasuxismgeblo-bebs, TavisTavad ewinaaRmdegeba Zalauflebis gadaWarbebas da xelsuwyobs saqmiani da Ria samuSao urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas.

kanonmdeblobaSi unda ganimartos Semdegi sakiTxebi (ix. bloki #21): mTavrobasTan mimarTebiT dazvervasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebiTunda dadgindes: maTi pasuxismgebloba uSiSroebisa da dazvervissakiTxebis politikis formulirebaze (ra Tqma unda, dawesebulebaTakanonieri mandatis farglebSi); maTi ufleba, informacia miiRon da-wesebulebebidan; maTTvis politikurad mgrZnobiare sakiTxebis (mag.,sxva saxelmwifoTa dawesebulebebTan TanamSromloba)6 an iseTi saxisRonisZiebaTa damtkicebis uflebis SenarCuneba, romlebic zemoqme-debas axdenen ZiriTad uflebebze (rogoricaa, magaliTad, specia-luri uflebamosilebebis gamoyenebis dadastureba, miuxedavad imisa,moiTxoveba Tu ara damatebiTi sanqcia gare instanciidan, magaliTad,mosamarTlisgan).7 dawesebulebis mimarT kanoniT unda dadgindesSesabamisi movaleobebi: saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcilebis mova-leoba, mTavrobisaTvis moxsenebis wardgenis movaleoba da konkre-tuli mgrZnobiare sakiTxebis damtkicebis uzrunvelyofa. momdevnoblokSi ministris uflebebi Sedarebulia dawesebulebaTa SesabamismovaleobebTan.

aRmasrulebeli Stos mier ganxorcielebuli kontrolis meqanizmebi

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SeiZleba moicavdes iseT moTxovnebs, rogorebicaa _ direqtivebiswerilobiTi formiT gacema, dawesebulebis prioritetebis war-marTvisaTvis strategiebisa da miznebis werilobiT formulireba,saqmis kursSi Cayenebis ufleba, mgrZnobiare sakiTxebis uSualod mi-nistris mier damtkiceba, sabiujeto damtkicebis procesebi da regu-laruli moxsenebebi da auditi.

kanadis kanonmdeblobaSi CamoTvlilia situaciebi, sadac kanadisuSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxurs moeTxoveba sakiTxebi SeaTanxmosdawesebulebis gareT, ministris moadgilesTan (anu departamentisxelmZRvanelTan). es xdeba maSin, rodesac direqtors iseT sakiTxzeuxdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba, rac ‘samsaxuris ZiriTadi saqmianobisstrategiebs’ exeba, sadac ministrs werilobiTi direqtiviT aqvs moT-xovnili masTan molaparakeba, da es unda moxdes TvalTvalze sasa-marTlo sanqciis moTxovnamde (ix. bloki # 22, qvemoT).

bloki No 21: ministris uflebebi

mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba uSiSroebisa da dazvervis politikis Camoyalibebaze;

mTavrobis ufleba moxsene-bebi miiRos dawesebulebebi-sagan;

politikurad mgrZnobiare sakiTxebis (rogoricaa sxva qveynis dawesebulebebTan TanamSromloba) an iseTi saxis saqmianobis damtkice-bis uflebis SenarCuneba, romlebic zemoqmedebas ax-denen ZiriTad uflebebze (specialuri uflebamosile-bebis gamoyenebis dadastu-reba, miuxedavad imisa, moi-Txoveba Tu ara damatebiTi sanqcia gare instanciidan, mag., mosamarTlisgan).

dawesebulebis pasuxismgeblobebi

mTavrobis politikis ganxorcielebis movaleoba;

ministrisaTvis moxsenebebis wardgenis movaleoba;

unda Seecados uzrunvelyofil iqnes konkretuli mgrZnobiare sakiTxebis damtkiceba.

bloki No 22: direqtoris konsultacia ministrTan (moadgilesTan) ganyofileba 7. 1. direqtorma ministris moadgilesTan unda SeaTanxmos samsaxuris

ZiriTadi operatiuli strategiebi. 2. direqtorma an nebismierma muSakma, romelsac 21-e da 23-e gan-

yofilebebis Sesabamisad ministrisagan sanqciis moTxovnis uf-lebamosileba aqvs miniWebuli, sanqciis an sanqciis gagrZelebis moTxovnamde sakiTxi ministris moadgilesTan unda SeaTanxmos.

wyaro: kanadis uSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxuris aqti, 1984 w. ganyofileba 7(1) da (2).

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mraval qveyanaSi ministrs kontrolis amocanis ganxorcielebaSigeneraluri inspeqcia exmareba. es aris instituti, romelic umravlesSemTxvevaSi kanonis safuZvelze iqmneba da mTeli rigi uflebebi dapasuxismgeblobebi aqvs miniWebuli rogorc aRmasrulebelTan, iseparlamentTan mimarTebiT (generalur inspeqciasTan dakavSirebiTufro sruli damatebiTi informacia mocemulia me-5 ganyofilebaSi_ gare Semowmebis organoebis roli). am konteqstSi generaluri ins-peqcia axorcielebs samsaxurebis mier dazvervis sferoSi saxel-mwifo politikis ganxorcielebis monitorings.

faqtia, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis uflebebi unda dabalan-sdes dawesebulebaTa aRmasruleblebis mier, raTa Tavidan iqnesacilebuli Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba. am miznis ganxorcie-lebisaTvis gamosadegi damcavi meqanizmebis sxvadasxva forma deta-luradaa ganxiluli me-13 TavSi.

saukeTeso praqtika

dazvervis sferos kanonmdebloba unda moicavdes or, erTma-neTisagan gansxvavebul uflebas xelmisawvdomobaze: aRmas-rulebeli xelisuflebis xelmisawvdomoba dawesebulebaSi ar-sebul informaciaze da dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelis uflebaSesabamis ministrTan daSvebaze;ministri kanonis Sesabamisad unda iyos pasuxismgebeli uSiS-roebisa da dazvervis sferos politikis Camoyalibebaze. mas,agreTve, kanoniT unda hqondes miniWebuli ufleba drois re-gularul monakveTSi moxsenebebi miiRos dawesebulebidan, ag-reTve, kanoniT unda iyos pasuxismgebeli politikurad mgrZno-biare sakiTxebis damtkicebaze.

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Tavi 11

faruli RonisZiebis kontroli

faruli RonisZieba aris dazvervis dawesebulebis mier sxva qveynisteritoriaze miRebuli zomebi an mis saqmeebSi Careva, romelic aRia-rebuli ar aris. magaliTad, aSS-is aRmasrulebeli brZaneba 12333‘specialur RonisZiebebs’ Semdeg ganmartebas aZlevs (ix. bloki # 23):

faruli RonisZieba angariSvaldebulebis sakiTxs, sul cota, orimizezis gamo wamoWris. pirveli, vinaidan aseTi saxis RonisZieba gasai-dumloebulia, sakanonmdeblo organosaTvis misi gakontrolebarTuli iqneba (Tundac kanonmdeblebma amis Sesaxeb icodnen). miuxe-davad amisa, parlaments kanonieri interesi aqvs RonisZiebis mimarT,romelsac saxelmwifo moxeleebi saxelmwifo saxsrebiT axorciele-ben. meore, mas aqvs eTikuri ganzomileba. istoriulad, faruli Ro-nisZiebebis programebi saeWvo strategiebsa da meTodebs moicaven.imis gamo, rom RonisZieba farulia da igi, Cveulebriv, ukanonoa imsaxelmwifos kanonis Tanaxmad, romlis teritoriazec xorcieldeba,rac darRvevis mosalodnelobas kidev ufro aZlierebs. amitom yve-laze ufro mniSvnelovania, rom arCeulma politikosebma sabazisowesebi SeimuSavon imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris dasaSvebi (mag.,adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso dokumentebTan SesabamisobiskuTxiT) da vin aris pasuxismgebeli faruli RonisZiebis ganxorcie-lebaze.

am sakiTxze samarTlebrivi precedenti cotaa. mcirericxovanikonkretuli modelebidan erT-erTs warmoadgens gaerTianebulisamefos kanonSi samTavrobo nebarTvis debuleba, romelic kanonieridacvis tolfasia qveynis gareT dazvervis dawesebulebebis mierganxorcielebuli qmedebebisaTvis, romelic arRvevs samoqalaqo Tusisxlis samarTlis kanons (bloki # 24).

sagulisxmoa ori sakiTxis asaxva, romlebsac es sqema ar iTvalis-

bloki No 23: faruli RonisZiebis ganmarteba (aSS) ‘specialuri RonisZiebebi niSnavs RonisZiebebs, romlebic xorci-eldeba sagareo politikis miznebis mxardasaWerad qveynis gareT, rac igegmeba da xorcieldeba imgvarad, rom sazogadoebisaTvis ame-rikis SeerTebuli Statebis roli TvalsaCino an aRiarebuli ar aris, da moqmedebs am RonisZiebaTa mxardasaWerad, magram maTi mi-zani ar aris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikur procesebze, sazogadoebriv azrze, strategiebze an mediaze zemoqmedeba da ar moicavs diplomatiur saqmianobas an informaciis Segrovebas an warmoebas, anda Sesabamis damxmare funqciebs’. 8

wyaro: aSS-is aRmasrulebeli brZaneba 12333, 1981, punqti 3.4(h).

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winebs. pirveli, aseTi qmedebebis ministris mier damtkiceba kanoniTar aris moTxovnili. meore xarvezi kanonierebis sakiTxs exeba.gasagebi mizezebis gamo saxelmwifo SeiZleba Seecados, sakuTarisamarTlebrivi sistemidan amoiRos pasuxismgebloba faruliqmedebisaTvis, romelic mis farglebs gareT xorcieldeba da imavemizezis gamo aseTi RonisZiebebiT dairRveva samarTlebrivis sistema,romlis dacvac maT evalebaT. miuxedavad amisa, es kanonierebissferoa, romlisTvis gverdis axveva an ignorireba ar SeiZleba _kerZod, es aris adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis sfero.

bloki No 24: sazRvargareT faruli RonisZiebis Catarebaze nebarTvis gacema (gaerTianebuli samefo) 7(1) Tu, am ganyofilebis garda, piri gaerTianebul samefoSi iqneba pasuxismgebeli britaneTis kunZulebis gareT ganxorcielebuli qmedebisaTvis, mas ar daekisreba pasuxismgebloba, Tuki es qmedeba nebadarTulia saxelmwifo mdivnis mier am ganyofilebis safuZvelze (...) 7(3) saxelmwifo mdivanma nebarTva ar unda gasces am ganyofilebis safuZvelze, Tu igi darwmunebuli ar aris: a. rom nebismieri qmedeba, romelic nebarTvis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, an operacia, romlis drosac SeiZleba ganxorciel-des es qmedebebi, saWiro aris dazvervis samsaxuris mier Tavisi fun-qciebis jerovani ganxorcielebisaTvis; da b. rom arsebobs saTanado maregulirebeli meqanizmebi, rac uzrun-velyofs: i. rom araferi ganxorcieldeba nebarTvis safuZvelze, rac saWiro

ar aris dazvervis samsaxuris mier Tavisi funqciebis jerovani ganxorcielebisaTvis; da

ii. rom nebarTvaze dayrdnobiT ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi, maTi buneba da mosalodneli Sedegebi iqneba gonivruli im miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTaTvisac igi xorcieldeba; da

c. rom arsebobs saTanado maregulirebeli meqanizmebi, 2(2) ganyofi-lebis safuZvelze, informaciis gamJRavnebasTan dakavSirebiT, ro-melic mopovebul iqna am ganyofilebis safuZvelze da rom nebismie-ri informacia, romelic mopovebul iqna nebarTvis safuZvelze gan-xorcielebuli nebismieri qmedebiT, am maregulirebel meqanizmebs daeqvemdebareba.

wyaro: dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti, gaerTianebuli samefo, 1994, ganyofileba 7.

samarTlebrivi uflebebi da valdebulebebi, romlebic am kanonisteqstidan gamomdinareobs, SeiZleba sayovelTaod iqnes gamoyene-buli, anu maTi gamoyeneba ar icvleba Sida mowyobis cvlilebebisSedegad. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali individu-alur pirTa da jgufebis mTavrobis qmedebebisagan damcav sayovel-Tao samarTlebriv garantiebs aRwers, rodesac xdeba sayovelTaoTavisuflebebisa da adamianis Rirsebis xelyofa.9 sul ufro naTelixdeba, gansakuTrebiT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciismagaliTze, rom saxelmwifoebi adamianis uflebaTa darRvevisaTvispasuxismgebelni arian ara mxolod sakuTar teritoriaze, aramed imteritoriebzec, sadac isini iurisdiqcias axorcieleben, an, Tu dar-

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Rveva warmoadgens maTi saxelmwifo moxeleebis qmedebis Sedegs, amqmedebis Cadenis adgilis miuxedavad.

dazvervis samsaxurebis mier faruli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebi-sas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces samoqalaqo da politi-kuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqts (ICCPR)10, agreTve konvencias wa-mebis da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis, andasjis winaaRmdeg (CAT)11, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa mzardi sa-marTlis nawils warmoadgenen. saxeldobr, esenia _ sicocxlis uf-leba (ICCPR, muxli 6), ufleba _ aravin daeqvemdebaros wamebas an sas-tik, araadamianur an damamcirebel mopyrobas, an dasjas (ICCPR, muxli7) da, agreTve, piris Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba (ICCPR,muxli 9), romlebic faruli RonisZiebebis Sedegad SeiZleba Seila-xos. SeiZleba dasaxeldes ori saxis praqtika, romelic pirdapiraadakavSirebuli zemoaRniSnulTan, kerZod: ukanono mokvdineba da wa-meba/damamcirebeli mopyroba.

ra mizanic unda hqondes an ramdenad saimedodac unda iTvlebodessaidumlo RonisZieba, ukanono mokvdineba, magaliTad, dazvervisagentebis mier (sazRvargareT) Cadenili mkvleloba, samoqalaqo dapolitikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtiT aRiarebuli uflebisaSkara darRvevaa. vinaidan sicocxlis ufleba TiToeul adamiansaqvs miniWebuli, rogorc ganuyofeli ufleba, misgan gadaxveva dauS-vebelia (ICCPR, muxli 4(2)). am naSromze muSaobis periodSi xelSekru-lebis wevrad 152 saxelmwifoa aRniSnuli.12

farul RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebul kidev erT ukanono praqtikaswarmoadgens dakiTxvis meTodebi, rac wamebis da damamcirebeli mopy-robis akrZalvis darRvevis tolfasia (ICCPR, muxli 7).

dakiTxvis meTodebi, romelTa gamoyenebiT es ufleba irRveva,adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos cnobil gadawyveti-

bloki No 25: wameba wamebis sawinaaRmdego konvenciis 1-li muxli wamebasTan dakavSi-rebul danaSauls Semdegnairad ganmartavs: ‘konvenciis miznebisaTvis termini wameba niSnavs nebismier qmedebas, romelic iwvevs mZafr tkivils an tanjvas, fizikurs an suliers, ganzrax xorcieldeba piris mimarT iseTi miznebisaTvis, rogore-bicaa, misgan an mesame pirisagan informaciis an aRiarebis miReba, misi dasja mis mier an mesame piris mier Cadenili qmedebisaTvis, an rodesac arsebobs eWvi, rom man es qmedeba Caidina, an raime saxiT daSineba, rodesac tkivili an tanjva miyenebulia sajaro piris mier an misi waqezebiT, an sxva piris mier, romelic oficialuri ufleba-mosilebiT moqmedebs. igi ar moicavs tkivils an tanjvas, romelic gamowveulia bunebrivad an SemTxveviT, kanonieri qmedebis ganxor-cielebisas ’.

wyaro: konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da dasjis winaaRmdeg,

G.A. Res 39/46, 39 U.N. G.A.O.R. Supp. (No. 51) at 197, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (1984), ZalaSi Sevida 1986 wlis 26 ivniss.

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lebaSia CamoTvlili. esenia:

· kedelTan miyeneba: patimris iZuleba ‘gaunZrevlad’ idgesramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi; rogorc mas TviTmxilvelebiaRweren, is kedelze aris gakruli, xelebi Tavs zemoT kedelzeaqvs midebuli, fexebi gaSlili da terfebi ukan daweuli, risgamoc mas uwevs dgoma TiTis wverebze da tanis mTeli simZimemxolod fexis TiTebze gadmodis;

· Tavis daburva: Savi an muqi lurji feris tomris Camocmevapatimris Tavze da misi am mdgomareobaSi datoveba, garda da-kiTxvis periodisa;

· xmauris gamowveva: dakiTxvamde patimars amyofeben oTaxSi,sadac mudmivi da sisinis msgavsi xmauria;

· Zilis saSualebis aRkveTa: dakiTxvamde patimars Zilis saSua-lebas ar aZleven; da

· sakvebisa da wylis miwodebis Sewyveta: dakiTxvamde patimri-saTvis sakvebisa da wylis Semcireba.13

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi wamebis Sedegad miRebuli informaciiskanonieri miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba mkacradaa akrZaluli (ix. me-12Tavi).

bloki No 26: farul RonisZiebaze mTavrobis kontrolis legalizeba (avstralia) ganyofileba 6 avstraliis saidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris (ASIS) funqciebi: 1. avstraliis saidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris funqciebia (...): e. ganaxorcielos sxva aseTi saxis RonisZiebebi, romelTac pasuxis-

mgebeli ministri warmarTavs avstraliis gareT adamianebis Tu organizaciebis SesaZleblobebTan, gegmebTan da saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.

2. pasuxismgebel ministrs SeuZlia avstraliis saidumlo dazvervis samsaxurs direqtiva misces, daavalos (1)(e) punqtSi miTiTebuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ministri: a. SeuTanxmda sxva ministrebs, romlebsac Sesabamisi pasuxis-

mgebloba akisriaT; da b. darwmunebulia, rom arsebobs saTanado meqanizmebi, romlebic

uzrunvelyofen, rom direqtivis Sesrulebisas araferi gan-xorcieldeba im farglebs gareT, rasac direqtivis mizani iT-valiswinebda; da

c. darwmunebulia, rom arsebobs saTanado meqanizmebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen, rom direqtivis Sesrulebisas ganxorciele-bul qmedebaTa buneba da Sedegebi iqneba gonivruli direqti-vis miznis TvalsazrisiT.

3. (1)(e) punqtiT gansazRvruli direqtiva werilobiTi saxiT unda iyos warmodgenili.

ganyofileba 6A komitetis informireba sxva RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb Tu pasuxismgebeli ministri direqtivas gascems (1)(e) punqtis Sesa-bamisad, man SeZlebisdagvarad umokles droSi komitets unda acnobos gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebis an RonisZiebebis bunebis Sesaxeb.

wyaro: dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti, avstralia, 2001, ganyofileba 6.

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Cveulebriv, Sidasaxelmwifo operaciebisaTvis kanonierebis ufromaRali standartebi arsebobs, vidre sazRvargareT ganxorcielebu-li operaciebisaTvis. amis miuxedavad, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasumiSvnelovanesi roli ekisreba dazvervis samsaxurebis faruliRonisZiebebis kanonierebis monitoringSi _ man, inter alia, unda ganaxor-cielos adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi debulebebis dacvis monito-ringi. avstraliis dazvervis samsaxurebis aqtidan moyvanili maga-liTebi kargad uCveneben, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba aRmasrulebelxelisuflebas farul RonisZiebaTa kontrolSi (ix. bloki # 26).

Tu CavTvliT, rom es operaciebi ewinaaRmdegebian im qveynis kanonebs,sadac maTi ganxorcieleba xdeba, damcavi meqanizmebi unda arsebobdesmoqmedi qveynis sakuTari moqalaqeebisaTvis, romlebsac dazvervisfaruli operaciebis Sedegad SesaZloa ziani miadgeT. am mxriv sagu-lisxmoa avstraliis 2001 wlis dazvervis samsaxurebis aqtis me-15ganyofileba, sadac dadgenilia, rom avstraliis saidumlo dazver-vis samsaxurze pasuxismgebeli ministri valdebulia, ‘werilobiTisaxiT Camoayalibos wesebi, romlebic avstraliis saidumlo samsa-xuris mier avstraliis moqalaqeebTan dakavSirebuli informaciisgavrcelebasa da Senaxvas aregulireben’. am dros ministri valde-bulia ‘gaiTvaliswinos avstraliis moqalaqeTa piradi cxovrebisdacvis uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba im farglebSi, ramdenadac igixels ar uSlis avstraliis saidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris mier Tavi-si funqciebis jerovan ganxorcielebas’.14

saukeTeso praqtika

yvela faruli RonisZieba unda damtkicdes aRmasrulebeliStos pasuxismgebeli piris mier im samarTlebrivi CarCos Sesa-bamisad, romelic parlamentis mier aris miRebuli. unda gakeT-des regularuli moxsenebebi;dauSvebelia faruli moqmedebis programis farglebSi raimeRonisZiebis ganxorcieleba an pasuxismgebeli piris mier misidamtkiceba, Tu amiT SeiZleba dairRves adamianis saerTaSorisouflebebi.

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Tavi 12

saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba

saerTaSoriso/supranacionaluri organoebis saqmianoba da ormx-rivi TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebebi15 erT-erT sferos warmoadgenen,romelic gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs uqmnis saxelmwifos minist-rebisa Tu kanonmdebelTa yoveldRiur saqmianobas. 11 seqtembrisSemdeg am sistemebma sul ufro mzardi da farTod aRiarebuli mniS-vneloba SeiZines. iqac ki, sadac ori saxelmwifos interesebi mTli-anad ar Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs, dazverva xSirad iyenebs princips _ ‘xelixels bans’. ormxrivi TanamSromloba, Cveulebriv, iTvaliswinebs daz-vervis informaciisa da analizis gacvlas saerTo interesebSi Sema-val sakiTxebze. aseTi ormxrivi urTierTobebis damyareba da Senar-Cuneba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac orive mxare sruladda zustad asrulebs ZiriTad SeTanxmebas, sadac maTi informaciisgacvlis sakiTxebia xazgasmuli: anu is, rom partniori samsaxurismier miwodebuli informaciis warmomavloba da detalebi daculiiqneba misi klasifikaciis Sesabamisad da mas mesame mxares ar gadas-cemen.

bloki No 27: dazvervis sferoSi TanamSromlobis sxvadasxva gamocdileba: ormxrivi gacvla saerTo interesebSi Semaval sakiTxebze informaciis ormxrivi gacv-la da analizi dazvervis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli formaa. aseTi ormxrivi gacvlis gar-da SeiZleba arsebobdes sxva, ufro mWidro TanamSromloba an sagan-gebo urTierTobebi da TanamSromlobis sqemebi, romlebsac SeiZleba sxvadasxva forma hqondeT. • ori saxelmwifo SeiZleba SeTanxmdes, rom TiToeuli garkveul

sferoSi Seagrovebs informacias, an moaxdens mis analizs, xolo Semdeg moxdeba maTi urTierTgacvla;

• erTma saxelmwifom SeiZleba meores ufleba darTos gamoiyenos misi teritoria informaciis Sesagroveblad, im pirobiT, rom me-ore mxare Segrovebuli informaciis Sedegebs gauziarebs;

• erTi saxelmwifo SeiZleba daexmaros meores informaciis Segro-vebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis SeqmnaSi sakuTari miznebidan gamom-dinare, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Sedegebs mas gaacnoben;

• SeiZleba ganxorcieldes informaciis Segrovebis erToblivi ope-raciebi, sadac saxelmwifos dazvervis muSakebi TavianT ucxoel partniorebTan erTad imuSaveben an erTmaneTis samuSaos Seavseben;

• analitikosTa an teqnikur muSakTa gacvla ori saxelmwifos daz-vervis samsaxurebs Soris;

• erTma saxelmwifom SeiZleba uzrunvelyos treningebi meore sa-xelmwifos dazvervis samsaxuris mier gaweuli momsaxurebis sa-nacvlod, rodesac ucxo qveynis samsaxurs unikaluri unar-Cveve-bi SeuZlia Sematos sxva Zalisxmevas.

71


ucxour dawesebulebebTan TanamSromloba udavod saWiroa praqti-kuli TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad, terorizmis dasamarcxeblad. Tum-ca dauregulirebeli TanamSromloba safrTxes uqmnis saxelmwifoskonstituciur normebs da, uares SemTxvevaSi, TanamSromlobis sqeme-bis winaswarganzraxuli gamoyenebiT SeiZleba Tavidan iqnes acile-buli Sidasaxelmwifo kontroli informaciis mopovebaze an piradicxovrebis dacvaze. swored amitom aucilebelia, rom dazvervis sam-saxurebis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas jerovani uflebamosilebahqondes miniWebuli da igi minimalur damcav meqanizmebs eqvemde-barebodes. qvemoT mocemul blokSi ufro konkretuladaa CamoTv-lili sxvadasxva RonisZieba, romlebic dazvervis sferoSi saerTa-Soriso TanamSromlobis sistemas qmnian.

dazvervis informaciis ormxrivi gacvlis mniSvnelobam dazvervisTanamSromlobis mravalmxriv formebSi farTo gamoyeneba pova misiurTierTsasargeblo xasiaTis gamo. tradiciulad, dazvervis Tana-mSromlobis konkretuli detalebi saidumlos warmoadgens _ yvelazecnobili magaliTi, albaT, aris dazvervis signalebis gacvla aSS-s,gaerTianebul samefos, avstralias, kanadasa da axal zelandias So-ris, rasac meore msoflio omis dros daedo saTave da savaraudod1947 wlis gamouqveynebel xelSekrulebazea dafuZnebuli.16 maga-liTad, evropis regionSi am TvalsazrisiT suverenitetis Serwymisada ubralo politikuri nebis demonstrirebis gadalaxvisaken pirve-li nabiji miRweul iqna 2004 wlis martSi, terorizmis winaaRmdegbrZolis evrokavSiris koordinatoris postis SemoRebiT.17 am axaliinstitutis erTaderTi amocanaa, daakvirdes da koordinireba gau-wios evropuli sabWos muSaobas terorizmTan brZolis sferoSi _ramac dazvervis informaciis mravalmxrivi gacvla unda uzrunvel-yos.

am regionuli donis garda, dazvervis informaciis mravalmxrivigacvlis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisada evropis kavSiris amaswinandeli deklaracia terorizmTan brZo-lis Sesaxeb, romelic terorizmis safrTxis winaaRmdeg brZolisSesaZleblobebs aZlierebs (ix. bloki # 28).

zogadad, ucxo qveynis dawesebulebebTan TanamSromloba unda gan-xorcieldes mxolod demokratiulad angariSvaldebuli politiko-

bloki No 28: dazvervis informaciis mravalmxrivi gacvla: evrokavSi-risa da aSS-is ganaxlebuli valdebuleba 3.3. Cven erTad vimuSavebT, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, dazvervisa da samarTaldamcav dawesebulebebs Soris informaciis gacvlis sferoSi Cveni SesaZleblobebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT da aRvkveToT teroristuli saqmianoba da ukeT gamoviyenoT mgrZnobiare informacia, rogorc amis saSualebas iZ-leva erovnuli kanonmdebloba teroristTa winaaRmdeg sisxlis sa-marTlebrivi devnis gansaxorcieleblad iseTi formiT, rom dacul iqnes informacia samarTliani sasamarTlos uzrunvelyofis dros.

wyaro: aSS _ evrokavSiris deklaracia terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, xelmowerilia SenonSi, irlandia, 2004 wlis 26 ivnisi

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sebis mier damtkicebuli sqemis Sesabamisad, rac, Cveulebriv,aRmasrulebeli Stos amocanas warmoadgens.18

qvemoT mocemulia im situaciaTa magaliTebi, sadac angariSvalde-bulebis principis dacvis mizniT dazvervis TanamSromlobazesamTavrobo kontroli moiTxoveba.

· ‘damajerebeli uaris’ sakiTxi

damajerebeli uari politikuri doqtrinaa, romelic 1950-ian wlebSiganviTarda da gulisxmobs Zalauflebis struqturebis da brZanebaTaTanmimdevruli jaWvis Seqmnas, romelic imdenad Tavisufali daaraformaluria, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi masze uaris Tqma advi-lia. es idea civi omis strategiuli dagegmvis nayofia, riTac daz-vervis samsaxurebs SeeZloT mieRoT urTierTsawinaaRmdego instruq-ciebi Zalauflebis mqone aRmasrulebeli pirebisagan, magram saWi-roebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda am instruqciebis arsebobasa da maTsWeSmarit wyaroze uaris Tqma; Tu, magaliTad, operacia uxeSi Secdo-mebiT ganviTarda da administracia iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva mas-ze. am doqtrinis Tanamedrove gamoyeneba SeiZleba ixiloT iseT si-tuaciaSi, rodesac mTavrobas sTxoven gamosasyids misi moqalaqisgatacebis Semdeg. aseT situaciaSi mTavroba amjobinebs, pirdapirimolaparakeba awarmoos teroristebTan, rasac garkveuli politi-kuri mizezebi aqvs. imavdroulad, maT ar undaT gulgrilni gamoCn-dnen gatacebuli piris bedis mimarT. xSirad saidumlo samsaxuriswevrebs eZlevaT garkveuli instruqciebi, romlebic mTavrobissaxeliT kontaqts amyareben gamtaceblebTan. aseT situaciebSimniSvnelovania balansis SenarCuneba saidumlos dacvis saWiroebasada maTs qmedebebze saxelmwifo muSakebis pasuxismgeblobas Soris.

· TanamSromloba ucxo qveynis dazvervis samsaxurebTan, ro-melTa praqtikac arRvevs adamianis uflebebs, romelTaganacgadaxveva dauSvebelia.

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli polemikis miuxedavad, gamonaklis SemTx-vevebSi, dazvervis samsaxurebma SesaZlebelia dasaSvebad CaTvaloninformaciis mopoveba nebismieri meTodiT, Tu igi erovnuli inte-resebis sferos mikuTvnebul mwvave sakiTxebs exeba. Tumca saerTa-Soriso samarTali krZalavs, magaliTad, teroristTa sisxlis samar-Tlebrivi devnisas an deportaciasTan dakavSirebul samarTalwar-moebaSi iseTi informaciis gamoyenebas, romelic sxva qveyanaSi piriswamebis Sedegadaa mopovebuli.19 gaeros wamebis winaaRmdeg konven-ciis me-15 muxlis safuZvelze, wamebis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkice-buleba dauSvebelia ‘nebismier procesze’, garda im SemTxvevisa, rocawamebis savaraudo ganmxorcilebelis saqme ganixileba. es dacva kidevufro gavrcobilia Jenevis konvenciebSi da sxva saerTaSoriso nor-mebSi, romlebic dauSveblad miiCneven informacias, romelic miRe-bulia sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis,an dasjis Sedegad, aseve wamebis Sedegad.20

miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali aq konkretikas ariZleva, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igive mosazrebebi exeba sxva saxelmwifos

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uSiSroebis samsaxurebis mier wamebis Sedegad mopovebuli infor-maciis arapirdapir gamoyenebasac.

[wamebis gamoyenebiT an Tundac misi Sedegis gamoyenebiT, de-mokratiuli saxelmwifo asustebs Tavis pozicias terorizmismimarT; maTive meTodebis gamoyenebiT igi kargavs Ria demo-kratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moralis mkvidrsafuZvels.21

wamebis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis gamoyeneba per se unda iyosakrZaluli. igi laxavs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs. da kvlav, daz-vervis samsaxurebze samTavrobo kontroli safuZvels uyris saWirodamcav meqanizmebs, riTac uzrunvelyofili iqneba am akrZalvis dac-va nebismier dros.

· ucxo qveynis uSiSroebis samsaxurebisaTvis sakuTari qveynismoqalaqis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba

kanonmdebloba, Sidasaxelmwifo kanonis meSveobiT, mkafiod unda aya-libebdes damcav meqanizmebs ucxo qveynebis dawesebulebebTan Ta-namSromlobaze kontrolis Tavidan acilebis winaaRmdeg. amis Tval-saCino magaliTi mocemulia germaniis kanonmdeblobaSi (ix. bloki #29).

rodesac informacia ucxo qveynis an saerTaSoriso dawesebulebi-danaa miRebuli, igi unda eqvemdebarebodes rogorc warmomavlobisqveynis kontrols, aseve Sidasaxelmwifo samarTliT gaTvaliswi-nebul normebs. ucxo qveynis uSiSroebis dawesebulebaa an saerTaSo-riso dawesebulebas informacia unda miewodos im SemTxvevaSi, Tuisini valdebulebas iReben, rom informaciis Senaxva da gamoyeneba

bloki No 29: ucxouri dazvervis samsaxurebisaTvis sakuTari qveynis moqalaqis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba: magaliTi germa-niis kanonmdeblobidan muxli 19 (3) dawesebulebas SeuZlia sakuTari qveynis moqalaqis Sesaxeb informa-cia miawodos ucxouri dazvervis an sxva samsaxurebs, aseve, suprana-cionalur da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, Tu es informacia auci-lebelia misi profesiuli movaleobebis Sesasruleblad an Tu mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs mimRebi dawesebulebis usafrTxoebis intere-sebisaTvis. informaciis miwodeba wydeba, Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeba germaniis federaciuli respublikis prioritetul sagareo intere-sebs an rodesac mizanSewonilia zemoqmedebis qveS myofi kerZo piris uzenaesi interesebis dacva. informaciis miwodeba unda dafiqsirdes sajaro failebSi. mimReb mxares unda ecnobos, rom informaciis gadacema iTvaliswinebs mona-cemebis gamoyenebas mxolod im konkretuli miznisaTvis, ra mizni-Tac moxda informaciis gadacema. dawesebuleba itovebs uflebas, mimReb mxares mosTxovos informacia monacemTa gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.

wyaro: Bundesverfassungsschutzgesetz (BVErfSchG), germania, 2002 wlis noemberi, muxli 19 (araoficialuri Targmani).

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iseTive kontrols daeqvemdebareba, rogoric moiTxoveba infor-maciis mimwodebeli dawesebulebis Sidasaxelmwifo kanoniT (im ka-nonebTan erTad, romlebsac informaciis mimRebi dawesebulebebi eq-vemdebarebian).

miaqcieT yuradReba, rom saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba erovnulidazvervis samsaxurebs Soris ormxrivi Tu mravalmxrivi sqemebiT arSemoifargleba, igi imavdroulad iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso tri-bunalTan TanamSromlobis valdebulebas. miTiTeba exeba yofiliiugoslaviis saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunals (ix. qvemoT,bloki # 30).

saukeTeso praqtika

mniSvnelovania, rom saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba saTanadodiyos nebadarTuli uflebamosili ministrebis mier da eqvem-debarebodes minimalur damcav meqanizmebs, raTa uzrunvel-yofil iqnes Sesabamisoba Sidasaxelmwifo samarTalTan da saer-TaSoriso samarTlebriv valdebulebebTan;gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmebi,raTa dazvervis informaciis gacvliT ar Seilaxos adamianisuflebaTa is normebi, romelTaganac gadaxveva dauSvebelia anar daarRvios Sidasaxelmwifo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulikontroli.

bloki No 30: bosniis dazvervis samsaxuris movaleoba, iTanamSromlos yofili iugoslaviis saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunalTan muxli 6 dawesebulebam unda iTanamSromlos yofili iugoslaviis sisxlis sa-marTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalTan, inter alia, miawodos tribunals in-formacia im pirTa Sesaxeb, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian saer-TaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis seriozul darRvevebze, romel-Tac adgili hqonda yofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze 1991 wlidan.

wyaro: kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebis Sesaxeb, bosnia-hercegovina, 2004 w., muxli 6.

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Tavi 13

damcavi meqanizmebi mTavrobismxridan uflebamosilebis

gadaWarbebis winaaRmdeg

wina TavebSi vaxseneT, rom aRmasrulebeli Stosa da ministrTa mxri-dan kontroli uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis demokratiuliangariSvaldebulebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementia. Tumca arsebobssaSiSroeba, rom samsaxurebi aRmasrulebeli Stos politikurizemoqmedebis qveS moeqcevian. ara mxolod gardamaval qveynebSi, da-savleTis ganviTarebuli demokratiis saxelmwifoebSic ki mowmenivyofilvarT politikuri areulobisa, romlis mizezic ministrTamier uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis piradi an politikurimotiviT gamoyeneba gaxldaT, magaliTad, maTTvis davalebis micema,moesminaT politikuri oponentebis satelefono saubrebi, an samsa-xurebis qonebis gamoyeneba sakuTari komerciuli interesebisaTvis.ZiriTadad am mizezebis gamo uaRresad mniSvnelovania damcavi meqa-nizmebis arseboba, romlebic samsaxurebis miukerZoeblobasa da pro-fesionalizms uzrunvelyofen. Semdgom ganxilvaSi aqcenti gadata-nili iqneba instituciur damcav meqanizmebze (ix. agreTve me-8 Tavi _dawesebulebis Sida marTva da kontroli).

uSiSroebis seqtorze aRmasrulebeli Stos kontrols, miuxedavadimisa, rom es demokratiis miznebisTvisaa saWiro, potenciuri uar-yofiTi mxareebi aqvs. pirveli, arsebobs gadaWarbebuli gasaidum-loebis riski, rodesac xelisuflebaSi myof mTavrobas miaCnia, romsajaro moxeleebis mier mopovebuli informacia mis pirad sakuTre-bas warmoadgens; magaliTad, mas SeuZlia damalos informacia uSiS-roebis samsaxurebis angariSvaldebulebis Sesaxeb an procedurebi,romlebic kanonierad sajaro ganxilvis sagania, da es yvelaferi‘erovnuli usafrTxoebiT’ SeniRbos. meore, arsebobs cduneba, romuSiSroebis dawesebulebebi an maTi SesaZloblobebi SidapolitikurimiznebisaTvis iqnes gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, adgilobriv politi-kur oponentebze informaciis Segroveba an maTi diskreditacia.swored amitom uaRresad mniSvnelovania arsebobdes meqanizmebi,romlebic muSakebs saSualebas miscemen, uari ganacxadon mTavrobisaragonivruli instruqciebis Sesrulebaze (mag., miawodon informa-cia Sida politikur oponentebze).

uSiSroebis seqtoris jerovani demokratiuli kontrolis uzrun-velyofasa da politikuri manipulirebis Tavidan acilebas Sorisdelikaturi balansi arsebobs. me-5 TavSi Cven mivuTiTeT dawese-bulebis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis samarTlebrivi damcavi meqanizmebisarsebobis aucileblobaze, rac unda ganxorcieldes daniSvnis vadisdacviT, dawesebulebaTa saqmianobis samarTlebrivi CarCoebiT da

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damoukidebeli meqanizmebis CamoyalibebiT, romlebic uflebamo-silebis gadaWarbebis sakiTxebs ganixilaven. Tu uSiSroebis dawe-sebulebaTa muSakebs araswori politikuri manipulaciebi aSinebT,Zalze mniSvnelovania, maTTvis arsebobdes procedurebi, romelTameSveobiTac isini aseT sakiTxebs dawesebulebis farglebs gareTaRZraven. am mxriv sayuradReboa procedurebi agentebisa da saCivre-bisaTvis (ix. me-2 ganyofileba, me-8 Tavi _ moxseneba ukanono qmedebisSesaxeb).

damcavi meqanizmebi

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobapolitikuri marTvis mkafio sqemas unda moicavdes, xolo Sida dawe-sebulebebisaTvis _ politikuri damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofas,rac strategiuli sakiTxebis sazogadoebisadmi angariSvaldebulipolitikosebis mier gadawyvetas uzrunvelyofs. aRmasrulebelTauflebebi unda dabalansdes, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli aRmas-rulebelTa mier dawesebulebebis borotad gamoyeneba. am mizniTSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes damcavi meqanizmebis sxvadasxva forma.kanadaSi, ungreTsa da avstraliaSi garkveuli saxis direqtivebiswerilobiTi formiT wardgenis moTxovna arsebobs (ix. qvemoT ung-reTis magaliTi, bloki # 31).

bloki No 31: ungreTis erovnuli uSiSroebis samsaxurebis marTva da kontroli ganyofileba 11

1 (b) ministrma dawesebulebebis generaluri direqtorebisaTvis eqvs TveSi erTjer werilobiTi formiT unda Camoayalibos samsa-xurebis Tematuri amocanebi; werilobiTi formiT unda gasces brZaneba mTavrobis wevrebisagan Semosuli moTxovnebis informaci-uli uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb.

wyaro: erovnuli uSiSroebis samsaxurebis aqti, 1995 w., ungreTi, ganyofileba 11.

SeiZleba agreTve moiTxovebodes, rom saministros instruqciebigaxsnili iyos dawesebulebis farglebs gareT. mag., kanadis kanonimoiTxovs, rom isini gadascen makontrolebel organos, xolo avst-raliis kanoniT isini dazvervis da uSiSroebis generalur inspeqciasunda gadascen direqtivis gacemidan umokles vadaSi (ix. bloki # 32).

demokratiuli kontrolisa da dabalansebis ufro farTo farglebSiavstraliis dazvervis kanonmdebloba kidev erTi damcavi meqanizmismaxasiaTeblebs ayalibebs, kerZod es aris generaluri direqtorismovaleoba informacia miawodos opoziciis liders.22 miaqcieT yu-radReba, rom es agreTve gavrcelebuli araformaluri praqtikaasxvadasxva erovnul sistemaSi, romlis mizanicaa, inter alia, mTavrobismxridan uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebis Tavidan acileba. uSiSroe-bisa da dazvervis sistemisadmi orpartiuli midgoma ufro mizan-

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Sewonilia, raTa wamyvanma saparlamento opoziciam Tavi ‘saidumlowridan’ sruliad gariyulad ar igrZnos. avstraliis magaliTi vest-minsteris tipis demokratiaSi erTi moqmedi magaliTia, Tumca fede-racias warmoadgens. ufro rTul federaciul saprezidento saxel-mwifoSi SeiZleba iyvnen mTeli rigi subieqtebi, visac informaciaunda miawodon ‘informaciis flobis saWiroebis’ safuZvelze.23

qvemoT mocemuli magaliTebi bosnia-hercegovinisa da gaerTianebu-li samefos kanonmdeblobidan sagulisxmoa imdenad, ramdenadacmaTSi mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli debulebebi, romelTa safuZvelzecdazvervis/uSiSroebis samsaxurebi ar unda danebdnen mcdelobebs,romlebic safrTxes uqmnis maTs damoukideblobas _ iqneba es qveynisSigniT konkretuli politikuri partiebis interesebis gaRrmavebaTu legitimuri politikuri moZraobebis avtoritetis Selaxva (ix.blokebi # 33 da # 34).

mesame saxis damcavi meqanizmia zemoaRniSnuli ‘Ria karis politika’,romliTac dawesebulebis xelmZRvanels xeli miuwvdeba premier-ministrsa da prezidentze. mag., gaerTianebul samefoSi, uSiSroebissamsaxuris dawesebulebis, saidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris da sam-Tavrobo komunikaciaTa Stabis xelmZRvanelebs, agreTve SesabamisadSinagan saqmeTa mdivansa da sagareo mdivans aqvT premierministrzexelmisawvdomobis ufleba.24

saukeTeso praqtika

dazvervis sferos kanonmdebloba unda moicavdes damcavmeqanizmebs mTavrobis mxridan uflebamosilebaTa gadametebiswinaaRmdeg. arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis SesaZlo damcavi meqaniz-mebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, ministris instruqciebis weri-lobiTi formiT wardgena da/an gare makontrolebeli organo-saTvis misi miwodeba, agreTve ministris valdebuleba _ saqmiskursSi Caayenos opoziciis lideri;

bloki No 32: ministris movaleobebi dawesebulebis winaSe (avstralia) ganyofileba 32B: ministrma direqtivebi da saxelmZRvanelo princi-pebi unda misces generalur inspeqtors 1. es ganyofileba exeba nebismier miTiTebasa Tu direqtivas, ro-

melsac pasuxismgebeli ministri avstraliis saidumlo dazvervis an Tavdacvis sasignalo direqtoratis xelmZRvanels aZlevs.

2. dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelisaTvis direqtivis an miTiTebis mi-cemidan an misi gamocemis dRidan SeZlebisdagvarad umokles droSi, ministrma direqtivis an miTiTebis erTi asli generalur inspeqtors unda gadasces.

3. gamocemis dRidan SeZlebisdagvarad umokles droSi ministrma generalur inspeqtors unda gadasces yvela im direqtivisa Tu miTiTebis TiTo asli, romelic am dRemde iqna miRebuli da kvlav moqmedebs.

wyaro: avstraliis dazvervis da uSiSroebis generaluri inspeqtoris aqti, 1986 w., ganyofileba 32B.

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dazvervis samsaxurebma ar unda ganaxorcielon raime qmedeba,riTac xels Seuwyoben romelime politikuri partiis intere-sebis gaRrmavebas;dazvervis samsaxurebma ar unda gamoiZion saprotesto, mxar-damWeri Tu ukmayofilebis aqcia, romelic demokratiuli pro-cesis nawils warmoadgens da kanonis Sesabamisad tardeba.

bloki No 33: dawesebulebis miukerZoeblobis dacvis RonisZiebebi A. magaliTi bosniis kanonmdeblobidan: muxli 39 TanamSromlebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen politikur partiaTa wevrebi; maT ar SeiZleba miiRon miTiTebebi politikuri partiebidan an ganaxor-cielon raime anazRaurebadi saqmianoba, an sxva sajaro Tu pro-fesiuli movaleobebi, romlebic Tavsebadi ar arian dawesebeulebis saqmianobasTan. muxli 56 1. dawesebuleba unda iyos apolitikuri da ar unda CaerTos ro-

melime politikuri partiis, kanonieri politikuri organizaci-is Tu xelmZRvanel pirTa interesebis gaRrmavebis, dacvis Tu ZirgamomTxrel procesebSi.

2. dawesebulebam ar unda gamoiZios saprotesto, mxardamWeri Tu ukmayofilebis gamomxatveli aqciebi, romlebic kanonierad iyo organizebuli da kanonieri formiT Catarda.

wyaro: kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebis Sesaxeb, bosnia-hercegovina, 2004 w.

B. magaliTi gaerTianebuli samefos kanonmdeblobidan: ganyofileba 2 generaluri direqtori 2.— (1) samsaxuris saqmianoba grZeldeba direqtoris kontrolis qveS, romelsac niSnavs saxelmwifo mdivani. (2) generaluri direqtori pasuxismgebelia samsaxuris qmediTobaze da misi movaleobaa, uzrunvelyos _ (a) meqanizmebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs, rom dawesebuleba moipo-vebs mxolod im informacias, romelic misi funqciebis jerovani gan-xorcielebisTvisaa saWiro, an ar gaamJRavnebs informacias, rome-lic scdeba miznis saWiroebebs, an seriozuli danaSaulis aRkveTis an gamovlenis mizans, an nebismieri sisxlis samarTlis procesis mi-zans; da (b) rom samsaxuri ar ganaxorcielebs raime qmedebas, riTac xels Se-uwyobs romelime partiis interesebs;

wyaro: uSiSroebis samsaxuris aqti, gaerTianebuli samefo, 1989 w., ganyofileba 2.

bloki No 34: dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelis premierministrze xelmisa-wvdomobis ufleba (gaerTianebuli samefo) dazvervis samsaxuris ufrosma premierministrs da saxelmwifo mdi-vans yovelwliurad unda warudginos moxseneba dazvervis samsaxu-ris muSaobis Sesaxeb da SeuZlia, nebismier dros moaxsenos maT sam-saxurTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.

wyaro: ganyofileba 2(4), dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti, 1994 w., gaerTianebuli samefo

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SeniSvnebi _ III ganyofileba, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis roli

1. dazvervis samsaxuris aqti, kanada, R.S. 1985 w.

2. dazvervisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis aqti, 2002 w., niderlandebi,muxli 2.

3. kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebis Sesaxeb, 2004 w., bosnia-hercegovina, muxli 8 da 9.

4. kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebis Sesaxeb, 2004 w., bosnia-hercegovina, muxli 10.

5. kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebis Sesaxeb, 2004 w., bosnia-hercegovina, muxli 27.

6. kanadis uSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxuris aqti, 1984 w., s. 13.

7. avstraliis kanonmdebloba avstraliis saidumlo dazvervis samsa-xurze pasuxismgebeli ministrisagan da Tavdacvis sasignalo depar-tamentze pasuxismgebeli ministrisagan moiTxovs, werilobiTi formiTgamoscen miTiTebebi im situaciebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebSic dawe-sebulebaTa xelmZRvanelebs avstralielebze uxdebaT informaciisSegroveba: dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti, 2001 w., gany. 8(1).

8. aSS-is aRmasrulebeli brZaneba saprezidento kontrolis RonisZiebasawesebs: ‘arcerT dawesebulebas, garda dazvervis centraluri saagen-tosi (an aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa, kongresis mier gamocxadebuliomianobisdros an nebismier periodSi, romelsac micavs prezidentismoxseneba kongresisadmi omis dros ZalauflebaTa Sesaxeb rezoluciis[87 Stat. 855] safuZvelze, ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos raime specialuriRonisZieba, Tu prezidenti ar miiRebs gadawyvetilebas, rom konkretulimiznis misaRwevad sxva dawesebulebis meSveobiT ufro mizanSewonilia’.

9. h.n. konde, adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebaTa terminologiis saxel-mZRvanelo, (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), gv. 111.

10. gaeros generaluri asambleis rezolucia 2200 A (XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp.(no 16.) at 52, UN Doc. A /6316 (1966), ZalaSi Sevida 1976 wlis 23 marts..

11. gaeros generaluri asambleis rezolucia 39/46, 39 GAOR Supp. (no 51) at197,UN Doc. A/39/51 (1985), ZalaSi Sevida 1987 wlis 26 ivniss.

12. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris ofisi, Status of Ratificationof the Principal International Human Rights Treaties (as of 09.06.2004), ix. vebgverdze:<http://www.unhchr.ch/pdf/report.pdf>

13. irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, adamianis uflebaTaevropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, gv. 96, ix. vebgverdze: <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/Hudoc1doc/HEJUD/sift/91.txt>.

14. ministrTa mier SemuSavebuli es wesebi gamoqveynebulia da xelmisaw-vdomia vebgverdze: <http://www.asis.gov.au/rules_to_privacy.html>.

15. magaliTad, bulgareTis konstituciis 85-e muxli, romelic moiTxovssamxedro da politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli SeTanxmebebissaparlamento damtkicebas..

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16. ix. j. riCelsoni, d. boli, The Ties That Bind, (londoni: Allen & Unwin, 1990).

17. evrokavSiris sabWos deklaracia terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, briu-seli, 2004 wlis 25 marti, gv. 13. ix. vebgverdze:<http://www.delrus.cec.eu.int/en/news_561.htm>

18. ix., mag., bosnia-hercegovinis kanoni, muxli 64, romelic, dazvervisada uSiSroebis samsaxurebis sxva qveynebTan TanamSromlobis dawye-bamde moiTxovs mis damtkicebas Tavmjdomaris mier (garda amisa, ucxoqveynis dawesebulebasTan, saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso organizacieb-Tan an institutebTan TanamSromlobis ganviTarebamde informaciaunda miewodos sagareo saqmeTa ministrs). Tavmjdomare valdebulia,dazvervis komitets acnobos yvela amgvari gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb.

19. ix. adamianis uflebaTa komitetis ganmarteba samoqalaqo da politi-kuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtze: zogadi komentari 20, punqti12, 1992 wlis 10 marti, SeniSvna 188; gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebiprokurorTa rolis Sesaxeb, principi 16 (miRebulia gaeros merve kon-gresze ‘danaSaulTa aRkveTisa da damnaSaveTa mimarT mopyrobis Sesa-xeb’, havana, kuba, 1990 wlis seqtemberi).

20. Jenevis III konvenciis 99-e muxli adgens: ‘dauSvebelia raime saxis mora-luri an fizikuri Zaladoba samxedro tyveze im mizniT, rom Tavi damna-Saved cnos im qmedebis CadenaSi, romlisTvisac mas brali aqvs wayenebu-li’. Jenevis IV konvenciis 31-e muxli acxadebs: ‘dauSvebelia daculipirebis mimarT raime saxis moraluri an fizikuri Zaladobis gamoyeneba,gansakuTrebiT maTgan an mesame mxarisagan informaciis miRebis mizniT’.ix. agreTve deklaracia yvela piris mimarT wamebis da sxva sastiki, ara-adamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis da dasjis dauSveblobis Sesa-xeb, muxli 12; romis statuti saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlissaerTaSoriso tribunalis Sesaxeb, muxli 69(7); gaeros ZiriTadi prin-cipebi raime formiT dakavebuli an patimrobaSi myofi yvela piris dac-vis Sesaxeb, principi 27.

21. lordi jastis neubergeri (gansxvavebuli mosazreba), saqmeSi A dasxvebi saSinao saqmeTa departamentis saxelmwifo mdivnis winaaRmdeg,saapelacio sasamarTlo (samoqalaqo palata), [2004] EWCA Civ 1123.

22. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti, avstraliis dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti,ganyofileba 19.

23. sagulisxmoa me-6 muxli bosnia-hercegovinis axali kanonmdeblobidan:‘am kanonis safuZvelze misi movaleobebis ganxorcielebisaTvis, dawe-sebulebam dazvervis sakiTxebze droulad unda miawodos informaciaSemdeg oficialur pirebs da organoebs rogorc sakuTari iniciati-viT, ise maTi moTxovnis safuZvelze: bosnia-hercegovinis prezidentissamsaxurs, ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomares, sagareo saqmeTa ministrs,Tavdacvis ministrs, federaciis da serbiis respublikis prezidentebs,viceprezidentebsa da premierministrebs, Sinagan saqmeTa ministrebs,bosnia-hercegovinis saparlamento asambleis Tavmjdomares da Tav-mjdomaris moadgiles, serbiis respublikis erovnuli krebis spikersda spikeris moadgileebs da federaciis warmomadgenelTa palatisTavmjdomaresa da mis moadgiles, agreTve bosnia-hercegovinis sa-parlamento asambleis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis komitets.

24. uSiSroebis samsaxuris aqti, 1989 w., gany. 2(4); dazvervis samsaxurisaqti, 1994 w., gany. 2(4), 4(4).

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IV ganyofileba

parlamentis roli

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83


Tavi 14

saparlamento zedamxedveloba

uSiSroebis seqtoris zedamxedveloba an misi Semowmeba ar SeiZlebamxolod mTavrobis xelSi iyos da aman potenciuri darRvevebi argamoiwvios. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom sakanonmdeblo funqciisgarda parlamentebs mTavrobis saqmianobis kontrolic evalebaT.

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo saqmianobis romelime sfe-ro ar SeiZleba iyos parlamentisaTvis ‘xelSeuvali’ zona, uSiSro-ebisa da dazvervis seqtoris CaTvliT. parlamentis monawileoba le-gitimurobasa da demokratiul angariSvaldebulebas afuZnebs. misidaxmarebiT uSiSroebisa da dazvervis organizaciebi emsaxurebianmTlianad saxelmwifos da icaven konstitucias da ara viwro politi-kur an pirad interesebs. jerovani kontroli uSiSroebis sistemismdgrad, politikurad orpartiul midgomas uzrunvelyofs, racsasargebloa rogorc saxelmwifosTvis, ise TviT organizaciebis-Tvis. parlamentarTa CarTva xels uwyobs uSiSroebisa da dazvervissistemis mier saxelmwifo saxsrebis gamoyenebis saTanado damtki-cebisa da angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofas.

Tumca saparlamento kontrolTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli saSiS-roeba arsebobs. uSiSroebis seqtori SesaZloa CaiTrion partiaTapolitikur dapirispirebaSi _ parlamentarTa moumwifebelma midgo-mam SesaZloa sajaro debatebSi sensacia gamoiwvios da braldebebisada konspiraciulobis Teoriebis korianteli daayenos, rac saaSka-raoze gamova saparlamento privilegiis safuZvelze. amis Sedegad,presaSi da sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes araswori warmod-gena da uSiSroebis muSakebs undobloba gauCndeT parlamentarTamimarT. gasaidumloebuli masalis _ romelzedac xelmisawvdomobisprivilegia aqvT kanonmdeblebs _ sajaroobisa Tu gamJRavnebisakengulwrfelma ltolvam SesaZloa ziani miayenos samxedro anuSiSroebis operaciaTa efeqturobas.

uSiSroebis sistemis efeqturi kontroli politikosebisaTvis Sro-matevad da aramomxiblav samuSaos warmoadgens, romelic TiTqmismTlianad kulisebs miRma xorcieldeba. gasaidumloebuli sapar-lamento gamoZiebis efeqturobisaTvis saWiroa Seiqmnas usafrTxogaremo mowmeebisa da dokumentebisaTvis. konfidencialurobisdacvis aucileblobam SesaZloa garkveuli barierebi Seqmnas gamoZie-baSi CarTul parlamentarebsa da danarCen parlamentarebs Soris.saidumlo wreSi CarTuli wevrebis mimarT SesaZloa eWvi an undob-loba gauCndeT maT danarCen kolegebs saidumlo masalebze maTixelmisawvdomobis gamo. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania, rom amsaqmeSi CarTuli pirebi sayovelTao maRali ndobiT sargeblobdnen.

is, rom uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebze saparlamento zeda-

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85


mxedveloba demokratiul sazogadoebebSi farTod gavrcelebulifenomenia, naTlad Cans 35-e blokSi. igi warmodgenas iZleva samsaxu-rebze saparlamento zedamxedvelobis struqturasa da uflebamosi-lebebze, rac mocemulia Svidi SerCeuli demokratiuli sazogadoebismagaliTze _ amerikis, evropisa da afrikis kontinentebidan. am blo-kis elementTa didi umravlesoba ganxilul iqneba momdevno TavebSi.

bloki #35 asaxavs situacias Svid SerCeul demokratiul sazogado-ebaSi. xazi unda gaesvas im faqts, rom uSiSroebisa da dazvervis sam-saxurebze saparlamento zedamxedveloba TviT ganviTarebuli demo-kratiis qveynebSic ki axali fenomenia.1 1970-iani wlebis Sua period-Si uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis mier ganxorcielebulidarRvevebi liberaluri demokratiis qveynebis yuradRebis centrSimoeqca, ramac ZiriTadi katalizatoris roli Seasrula mTel msof-lioSi saparlamento zedamxedvelobis inicirebis TvalsazrisiT.2

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Semdeg, Sesabamisad 1979 da 1984 wlebSi,dazvervis zedamxedvelobis kanonmdebloba miiRes avstraliam dakanadam.3 anglo-saqsur samyaroSi dawyebuli reformebis talRa(Tumca man gaerTianebul samefomde 1989 wlamde ver miaRwia) evropaSi1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi gavrcelda; 1988 wels reformebi gan-viTarda daniaSi, 1991 wels _ avstriaSi, 1993 wels _ rumineTSi, 1994wels _ saberZneTSi, 1996 wels _ norvegiaSi da 1997 wels _ italiaSi.4

movlenaTa amgvar ganviTarebas mxari dauWires evropis sabWosa dadasavleT evropis kavSiris saparlamento asambleebma.5 evropisfarglebs gareT progresi neli tempiT mimdinareobda, Tumca arisgarkveuli gamonaklisebi, rogorc amas argentinisa da samxreTafrikis respublikis magaliTebi uCvenebs.

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Tavi 15

saparlamento zedamxedvelobisorganos mandati

saerTaSoriso normiT parlaments uSiSroebisa da dazvervis yvelaZiriTad dawesebulebaze sazedamxedvelo organos Seqmna evaleba(zedamxedvelobis ‘funqciuri midgoma’), rac ufro mizanSewoniladaris miCneuli, vidre konkretul dawesebulebebze mravali zeda-mxedvelobis organos arseboba (‘instituciuri’ midgoma). ‘funqciu-ri’ midgomisaTvis naklebi ryevebia damaxasiaTebeli, radgan dazver-vis manqanis sxvadasxva komponentebi erTmaneTTan mWidrod muSaoben.arsebobs riski, rom xeli SeeSleba wminda ‘instituciur’ safuZvelzeSeqmnili sazedamxedvelo organos mier warmoebul gamoZiebas, Tumas mivyavarT dawesebulebis mier mowodebuli an misdami mimarTuliiseTi informaciis mimarTulebiT, romelic kanonieri saqmianobisfarglebs scdeba.

Tumca am midgomas mniSvnelovani gadaxrebi aqvs. amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis kongresSi cal-calke komitetebia Seqmnili warmomadge-nelTa palatasa da senatSi. gaerTianebuli samefos dazvervisa dauSiSroebis komitetis samarTlebrivi areali dazvervis institutismxolod nawils faravs (Tavdacvis dazvervis aparati, dazverviserToblivi komiteti da erovnuli kriminaluri dazvervis samsaxurikomitetis samarTlebriv kompetenciaSi ar Sedian), Tumca praqtikaSi,mTavrobasTan TanamSromlobiT, dazvervisa da uSiSroebis komitetsmaTi saqmianoba Seumowmebia.

ufro farTod Tu vimsjelebT, saparlamento zedamxedvelobiskomitetis roli kanonSi ori saxiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes. upirve-les yovlisa mas farTo areali eZleva, xolo Semdeg yalibdebakonkretuli sakiTxebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoZiebuli ar iqnes; ammidgomis magaliTebi aris gaerTianebuli samefosa da avstraliiskanonmdeblobaSi.6 meore SemTxvevaSi xdeba funqciaTa farTo Camo-naTvalis SemuSaveba, rogorc es qvemoT mocemul blokSia naCvenebi(aRebulia aSS-is senatis dazvervis SerCevis komitetis wesebidan).

meore, da gadamwyveti saxis gansxvaveba zedamxedvelobis organoskompetencias exeba, anu _ SeuZlia Tu ara mas operatiuli detalebisSemowmeba, Tu mxolod politikis da finansuri sakiTxebiT arisSezRuduli (ix. bloki # 37). germaniis bundestagma saparlamentokontrolis jgufs rogorc politikis, ise operaciebis Semowmebismandati mianiWa. politika moicavs procedurebs, romliTac daz-vervis samsaxurebi moqmedeben da TavianT amocanebs asruleben.germaniis saparlamento kontrolis jgufma kargad icis es oriveprocedura da misi ganxorcieleba. germaniis saparlamento kon-trolis jgufs unda moaxsenon dazvervis samsaxurebis operaciebisda agreTve dazvervasTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

87


mediaSi gavrcelda. garda amisa, kontrolis jgufs sruli informa-cia unda miawodon im ZiriTad gadawyvetilebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebicdawesebulebaTa Sida procedurebs cvlian.7

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organo, romelsac dazvervis opera-ciaTa gakontroleba SeuZlia, didi ndobiT unda sargeblobdes damas SeiZleba farTo uflebamosilebebi hqondes (mag., mtkicebulebaTawarmodgenis moTxovna). Tumca mis winaSe aucileblad dadgeba sir-Tuleebi, kerZod: rogor awarmoebs igi Tavis gamoZiebas da ra SeiZ-leba moaxsenos parlaments da ra _ sazogadoebas. mis saqmianobazegavlenas iqoniebs gasaidumloebis wre da bariers Seqmnis am organosada danarCen parlaments Soris. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom igi damou-kideblobisa da sruliad Zirfesviani midgomis reputacias amkvid-rebs, aman zemoqmedeba ar unda iqonios mis legitimurobaze. Tumcaparlamentma da sazogadoebam garkveuli xarisxiT unda irwmunos,rom operatiul sakiTxebze jerovani zedamxedveloba xelmisawvdomimtkicebulebebis gareSe xorcieldeba. meore saSiSroebas warmoad-gens aseTi tipis zedamxedvelobis organoebis zedmeti siaxlovedawesebulebebTan, romelTa Semowmebis pasuxismgeblobac ekisrebaT.

bloki No 36: saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos amocanaTa sruli CamonaTvali ganyofileba 13 (redaqtirebuli) (a) SerCevis komiteti Seiswavlis Semdeg sakiTxebs: 1. SeerTebuli Statebis sagareo dazvervis samsaxurebis analiti-

kuri SesaZleblobebis xarisxs da analitikuri informaciisa da politikis formulirebis ufro mWidro integrirebis saSuale-bebs;

2. aRmasrulebeli Stos departamentebisa da dawesebulebaTa uflebamosilebebis farglebsa da bunebas dazvervis saqmianobaSi maTi CarTvis TvalsazrisiT da dazvervis TiToeuli dawesebu-lebisa Tu departamentisaTvis wesdebebis SemuSavebis mizanSewo-nilobas;

3. aRmasrulebel StoSi dazvervis saqmianobis organizebas, raTa maq-simalurad efeqturi gaxdes dazvervis saqmianobis mimdinareoba, zedamxedveloba da angariSvaldebuleba; Semcirdes saqmianobis dublireba da urTierTgadafarva; da gaumjobesdes sagareo daz-vervis dawesebulebaTa muSakebis moraluri suliskveTeba;

4. faruli da saidumlo saqmianobis ganxorcieleba da kongresi-saTvis aseTi saxis saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebis procedurebi;

5. nebismieri kanonis, senatis wesisa Tu proceduris, an nebismieri aRmasrulebeli gankargulebis, wesisa Tu maregulirebeli aqtis Secvlis mizanSewonileba, raTa gaumjobesdes dazvervis saidum-loebis dacva da uzrunvelyofil iqnes informaciis gaxsna, ro-desac misi gasaidumloebisaTvis safuZvliani mizezi ar arsebobs;

6. dazvervis saqmianobaze senatis mudmivmoqmedi komitetis Seqmnis mizanSewonileba;

7. dazvervis saqmianobaze senatisa da warmomadgenelTa palatis erToblivi komitetis Seqmnis mizanSewonileba;

8. dazvervis saqmianobisaTvis fondebis damtkiceba. wyaro: aSS-is senatis dazvervis SerCevis komitetis wesebi.

88


magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom samarTlebrivi moTxovnis Sesaba-misad dawesebulebis garkveuli moqmedebebis Sesaxeb winaswar undaiyos cnobili, riTac garkveulwilad zedamxedveloba unda ganm-tkicdes, magram imavdroulad amiT SeiZleba zedamxedvelobis orga-nos xeli SeeSalos operatiul sakiTxTa Semdgom kritikaSi.

alternatiuli midgoma gaxlavT saparlamento zedamxedvelobisfunqciis SezRudva mxolod politikuri da finansuri sakiTxebiT.es is sakiTxebia, romelTa Seswavla sazogadoebriv arenaze ufroswrafad SeiZleba im gacilebiT mcire moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT,romelic informaciis gaxsnaze erovnul interesebs ukavSirdeba(Tumca biujetis detaluri elementebis gamoqveyneba SesaZloasafrTxes uqmnides erovnul usafrTxoebas). Tumca am meore midgomissirTule saparlamento Semowmebis erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanisdakninebas iwvevs: uzrunvelyofil iqnes mocemul sferoSi mTavrobispolitikis efeqturi ganxorcieleba. zogierT operatiul detalzexelmisawvdomobis gareSe zedamxedvelobis organo ver iqneba darw-munebuli da verc imis garantias uzrunvelyofs, rom uSiSroebisada dazvervis dawesebuleba sajarod gacxadebuli politikis jero-van ganxorcielebas SeZlebs. igive exeba kanonierebis sakiTxebis andawesebulebaTa mier adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa pativiscemisSeswavlas _ am amocanaTa ganxorcieleba zogierT qveyanaSi sapar-lamento zedamxedvelobis organoebs ekisrebaT. saparlamentozedamxedvelobis amgvari ganxorcieleba ndobas moklebulia, Tu igidawesebulebis qcevis Sesaxeb mkafio mtkicebulebebs ar efuZneba.

bloki No 37: saparlamento zedamxedvelobis elementebi (germania) ganyofileba 1(1): konstituciis dacvis federalur samsaxurTan (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz), samxedro kontrdazvervis samsaxurTan (Militärischer Abschirmdienst) da dazvervis federalur samsaxurTan (Bundesnachrichtendienst) dakavSirebiT, federaluri mTavroba unda dae-qvemdebaros saparlamento kontrolis jgufis (Parlamentarisches Kontrollgremium) zedamxedvelobas. ganyofileba 2: federalurma mTavrobam saparlamento kontrolis jgufs sruli informacia unda miawodos 1(1) ganyofilebaSi CamoTv-lili organoebis ZiriTadi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, aseve gansakuT-rebuli mniSvnelobis mqone operaciebis Sesaxeb. saparlamento kon-trolis jgufis moTxovniT federaluri mTavroba valdebulia wa-radginos moxseneba sxva danarCen operaciebzec. ganyofileba 2a: federalurma mTavrobam, me-2 ganyofilebis safuZ-velze informaciis miwodebis valdebulebis farglebSi, moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, saparlameno kontrolis jgufs saSualeba unda misces Seamowmos samsaxurebis dokumentacia da failebi, gaesaubros samsa-xurebis TanamSromlebs da agreTve organizeba gauwios samsaxurebSi jgufis vizitebs.

wyaro: germaniis federaciis mier dazvervis saqmianobaze saparlamento kontrolis saxelmZRvanelo aqti. saparlamento kontrolis jgufis aqti

(PKGrG), 1978 wlis aprili (citirebul teqstSi gaTvaliswinebulia 1992 da 1999 wlebis Sesworebebi), ganyofileba 2, 2a.

89


maSin savaraudoa, rom saidumloebis barieri saparlamento zeda-mxedvelobas dilemis winaSe daayenebs; berieris farglebSi ze-damxedveloba SesaZloa efeqturi iyos, magram igi aseTad ver war-moCndeba, barieris farglebs gareT man SeiZleba paralelurad imoq-medos, magram realurad arasodes Seexeba mocemul dawesebulebaTaqmedebebs.

am Tavsatexis gadasalaxad praqtikaSi ramdenime strategiis gamo-yeneba SeiZleba. erT-erTi aris institutebis an samsaxurebis Seqmna,romlebic parlamentis saxeliT gascdebian saidumloebis wres damoxsenebebs warudgenen saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos.zog qveyanaSi am rols generaluri inspeqcia asrulebs (Tumca isiniimavdroulad aRmasrulebeli Stos zedamxedvelobis ganmtkicebissxvadasxva funqciebsac axorcieleben _ ix. 22-e Tavi).

meore meTodi iTvaliswinebs saparlamento zedamxedvelobis orga-nosaTvis (rogorc am sferoSi aRiarebuli saeqsperto organosaTvis)mTavrobis mier an TviT parlamentis mier sagangebo informaciiswardgenas operatiuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. momdevno bloki uCvenebsTu rogor aris dakanonebuli es meTodi avstraliaSi.

rodesac dawesebulebaTa savaraudo qmedebebi polemikis saganixdeba, yvelaze ufro sasurvelia sagangebo gamoZiebis Catareba. aseTSemTxvevaSi sasurvelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes saWiro informaciazexelmisawvdomoba, radgan mTavrobas da dawesebulebebs survili eq-nebaT TanamSromlobisaTvis mzaoba gamoxaton, Tumca molaparake-bebisas zedamxedvelobis organos pozicia SeiZleba ganmtkicdes, Tuigi uars ityvis ganaxorcielos amgvari sagangebo gamoZieba, sanamuzrunvelyofili ar iqneba saTanado informaciiT.

ufro SezRuduli mandatis magaliTs warmoadgens norvegiis parla-mentis dazvervis zedamxedvelobis komiteti. am komitetis wevrebiparlamentis wevrebi ar arian, magram daniSnuli arian parlamentismier da mis winaSe arian angariSvaldebulni. misi mandati iTvalis-winebs Seamowmos, Tu ramdenad icaven dawesebulebebi kanonis uzenae-sobasa da adamianis uflebebs (ix. bloki # 39). am miznobrivi mandatisfarglebSi komitets farTo sagamoZiebo uflebebi gaaCnia, romelicnorvegiis dazvervis mTel sistemas moicavs. igi zedamxedvelobas

bloki No 38: operatiul sakiTxebze sagangebo informaciis miwodeba saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organosaTvis ganyofileba 29 _ komitetis funqciebi (1) komitetis funqciebia: b. komitetSi (i) pasuxismgebeli ministrisagan an (ii) parlamentis ro-melime palatis rezoluciiT Semosuli nebismieri sakiTxis ganxil-va, romelic exeba avstraliis uSiSroebis dazvervis organizacias, avstraliis saidumlo dazvervis samsaxurs an Tavdacvis sasignalo direqtorats.

wyaro: dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti, 2001 w., avstralia, ganyofileba 29.

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bloki No 39: kanonis uzenaesobisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvaze orientirebuli saparlamento zedamxedveloba: norvegiis magaliTi ‘ganyofileba 2. monitoringis mizania: 1. nebismieri piris mimarT usamarTlobis dadgena da aRkveTa, da imis uzrunvelyofa, rom gamoyenebuli Carevis saSualebebi ar aWarbeben garemoebiT moTxovnil farglebs, 2. imis uzrunvelyofa, rom RonisZiebebma gadaWarbebuli ziani ar miayenon samoqalaqo cxovrebas, 3. imis uzrunvelyofa, rom RonisZiebebi ar gascdnen kanoniT, admi-nistraciuli an samxedro gankargulebebiT da arastatutoruli sa-marTliT dadgenil farglebs (...)’

wyaro: dazvervis, TvalTvalisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis monitoringTan dakavSirebuli aqti. aqti # 7, 1995 wlis 3 Tebervali, norvegia.

faqtis moxdenis Semdeg axorcielebs (ex post facto), SeiZleba operaci-ebsac moicavdes, magram mxolod kanonierebis kuTxiT.

saukeTeso praqtika

mandatis horizontaluri Wrili: dazvervis mTeli sistema,yvela damxmare departamenti da oficialuri piri saparla-mento zedamxedvelobis erT an met organos unda eqvemdebare-bodes;mandatis vertikaluri Wrili: saparlamento zedamxedvelobisorganos mandati SeiZleba moicavdes dazvervis samsaxurebisqvemoT CamoTvlil zogierT an yvela aspeqts _ (a) kanoniereba,(b) efeqturoba, (g) qmediToba, (d) sabiujeto da sabuRaltroprocesebi, (e) adamianis uflebaTa saTanado konvenciebTanSesabamisoba da (v) politikis/administraciuli sakiTxebi;zemoaRniSnuli eqvsive aspeqts unda moicavdes an saparlamen-to zedamxedvelobis organo, an sxva damoukidebeli saxel-mwifo organoebi, mag., erovnuli auditis samsaxuri, generalu-ri inspeqcia, ombudsmeni an sasamarTlo. Tavidan unda iqnesacilebuli uflebamosilebaTa gadafarva;rac ufro didia dazvervis sistema da rac ufro meti daz-vervis samsaxuria masSi CarTuli, miT ufro saWiroa specia-lizebuli saparlamento zedamxedvelobis komitetebis (qve-komitetebis) arseboba;saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos mandati unda iyosmkafio da konkretuli;saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos rekomendaciebi damoxsenebebi unda (a) gamoqveyndes; (b) ganxilul iqnes parla-mentSi; (g) moxdes mTavrobis da dazvervis sistemis mier maTiganxorcielebis monitoringi;saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos resursebi da kano-nieri uflebamosilebebi unda Seesabamebodnen misi mandatisfarglebs.

91


Tavi 16

saparlamento zedamxedvelobisorganos Semadgenloba

kanonierebisa da jerovani ndobis mopovebisaTvis uaRresad mniS-vnelovania, rom saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos am sferoSifarTo mandati hqondes, TviT parlamentis mier iyos daniSnuli dapolitikur partiaTa speqtrs warmoadgendes. garda imisa, romSesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi mis wevrebs, sasurvelia, hqondeT saTanadogamocdileba (magaliTad, adre namsaxurebi iyvnen saministroSi), CvenmniSvnelovnad migvaCnia, rom isini samoqalaqo pirebs warmoadgendnen_ kontrolis efeqturobisaTvis zedamxedvelobis organo mkafiodunda gaimijnos im dawesebulebebisagan, romelTa Semowmebasac axor-cielebs. iq, sadac samsaxurebi yofili represiuli reJimebis Senar-CunebaSi iyvnen CarTulni, es ukavSirdeba sazedamxedvelo proce-sisadmi ndobis Selaxvas da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze ukeTsamarTlebrivi akrZalviT SeiZleba Tavidan iqnes acilebuli.

analogiurad, saparlamento komitetis efeqturobisaTvis aucile-belia, rom maT hqondeT ndoba im dawesebulebaTa mxridan, romlebsacakontroleben. aqedan gamomdinare, efeqturobis TvalsazrisiTsaukeTeso iqneba SedarebiT mcirericxovani komitetis Seqmna (TumcaamiT ar unda dairRves mravalpartiuli Semadgenlobis principi).

vinaidan uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis zedamxedvelobamoiTxovs gamocdilebas da dros, zogierTma parlamentma arCiakomiteti parlaments gareT Seeqmna, romelTa wevrebic parlamenta-rebi ar arian, magram maT niSnavs parlamenti da isini angariSvalde-bulni arian parlamentis winaSe (mag., norvegiaSi; kanadaSi [SemoTava-zebuli reformebi]8).

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos Semadgenloba sxvadasxvaqveynebSi gansxvavebulia. zog qveyanaSi mas mTavrobis xelmZRvaneliniSnavs (saparlamento opoziciis liderTan SeTanxmebis Sedegad, ro-gorc es gaerTianebul samefoSia)9, zogan aRmasrulebeli Sto wa-radgens kandidatebs da maT parlamenti niSnavs (rogorc avstra-liaSia)10, xolo zog qveyanaSi daniSvnaze samarTlebrivi pasuxis-mgebloba mTlianad sakanonmdeblo organos eniWeba (rogorc es ger-maniasa11 da norvegiaSia12). daniSvnis sakiTxi aSkarad aris dakav-Sirebuli sakontrolo Semowmebasa da daSvebasTan (ix. Tavi 17): aRmas-rulebeli Sto daSvebasTan dakavSirebiT ufro mSvidad grZnobs Tavs,roca mas kanoniT aqvs miniWebuli daniSvnis uflebamosileba, ankandidatTa wardgenaze monopoliiT sargeblobs.

zedamxedvelobis organos Tavmjdomares ueWvelad eqneba mniSvne-lovani roli mis xelmZRvanelobasa da saqmianobis warmarTvaSi.

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garda komitetis savaldebulo sxdomebisa, man agreTve unda uxel-mZRvanelos dawesebulebebTan kontaqtebis damyarebas. saparlamentosistemebSi arsebobs saparlamento komitetebis Tavmjdomareobissxvadasxva tradicia. sxvadasxva tradiciebisadmi mgrZnobiarobismiuxedavad, saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos legitimurobaufro ganmtkicdeba, Tu mas opoziciis wevri uxelmZRvanelebs, anmoxdeba Tavmjdomaris postze opoziciisa da samTavrobo partiiswarmomadgenelTa rotacia.

bloki No 40: saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos wevrTa daniSvna: magaliTebi SerCeuli saxelmwifoebidan germania: ‘ganyofileba 4(1) yoveli saarCevno periodis dasawyisSi germaniis bundestagi irCevs saparlamento kontrolis jgufs misi Semad-gelobidan; ...(3) arCeulad CaiTvlebian is deputatebi, romlebic germaniis bundestagis wevrebis xmaTa umravlesobas miiReben. ’

wyaro: aqti germaniis federaciis saparlamento kontrolis jgufis Sesaxeb, 1978 w., Sesworeba (PKGrG)

gaerTianebuli samefo: ‘10(2) komiteti Sedgeba cxra wevrisagan (a) romlebic arian rogorc warmomadgenelTa palatis, ise lordTa palatis wevrebi da (b) samefo kabinetis ministri ar unda iyos romelime maTgani; (3) komitetis wevrs niSnavs premierministri opoziciis liderTan SeTanxmebis Sedegad (...)’

wyaro; dazvervis samsaxuris aqti, 1994 w. niderlandebi: ‘komitetma [saparlamento zedamxedvelobis] gadawyvita, rom misi funqciobis legitimuroba Zalze SeizRuda da amis gamo yvela sapar-lamento fraqciis Tavmjdomares unda hqondes adgili komitetSi.’

wyaro: uSiSroebisa da dazvervis komitetis moxseneba 2003 wlis bolo xuTi Tvis manZilze ganxorcielebuli

saqmianobis Sesaxeb, parlamentis me-2 palata, 2003-2004 wlis sasesio periodi, 29622, #. 1, 2004 wlis 3 ivnisi

argentina: ‘komiteti (orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo organo) Sedgeba 14 deputa-tisagan, Svids niSnavs deputatTa palata, xolo Svids _ senati. er-Toblivi komitetis Tavmjdomares, mis or moadgiles da mdivans ir-Ceven misi wevrebis xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT, ori wlis vadiT, orive palatis warmomadgenelTa rotaciiT. (...) warmodgenil wevreb-ze vetos an erToblivi komitetidan maTi gayvanis raime specialuri procedura ar arsebobs, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac komitetis wevrs ara aqvs an dakarguli aqvs sakuTari fraqciis wevrTa ndoba, gansakuTrebiT _ fraqciis Tavmjdomaris. nebismier deputats aqvs ufleba gaxdes erToblivi komitetis wevri.’

wyaro: e. estevezi, ‘argentinis axali saukunis gamowveva: dazvervis sistemis zedamxedveloba’, gamocemaSi: h. borni, l. jonsoni, i. leifi, (red.)

Who’s Watching the Spies? Establishing Intelligence Service Accountability, (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, Inc., 2005).

ungreTi: ‘(...) komitetis Tavmjdomare yovelTvis unda iyos mxolod opozici-is warmomadgeneli.’

wyaro: ganyofileba 14, 1, aqti nr. CXXV erovnuli uSiSroebis samsaxurebis Sesaxeb, 1995 w., ungreTi.

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umjobesia Tavmjdomares irCevdes parlamenti an TviT komiteti damas mTavroba ar niSnavdes. Tavmjdomaris mimarT ndoba imdenad ga-izrdeba, ramdenadac damoukidebeli iqneba igi mTavrobisagan. erTa-derT gardauval SemTxvevas, rodesac mTavrobis mxardamWeri Tavmj-domareobs komitets, adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac es yvela sxva sapar-lamento komitetsac exeba. aseTi mdgomareobis drosac ki sasurve-lia, Tavmjdomared arCeul iqnes parlamentis uflebamosili wevrian TviT komitetis wevri, xolo Tavmjdomare postze imyofebodesparlamentis an komitetis nebis safuZvelze.13

saukeTeso praqtika

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organoebis ‘mesakuTre’ parla-menti unda iyos;parlamenti pasuxismgebeli unda iyos im organos wevrTa daniS-vnaze, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ ganTavisuflebaze, rome-lic sazedamxedvelo funqcias misi saxeliT axorcielebs;saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organoTa warmomadgenlobamravalpartiuli unda iyos, sasurvelia parlamentSi arsebulpolitikur partiaTa Zalebis gaTvaliswinebiT;7

samTavrobo ministrebs ar unda hqondeT wevrobis ufleba (xo-lo parlamentarebs unda moeTxovebodeT, gadadgnen wevrobi-dan maTi ministrad daniSvnis SemTxvevaSi), sxvagvarad adgilieqneba komitetis damoukideblobis kompromentacias.15 igiveexeba Sesamowmebel dawesebulebaTa yofil muSakebs;umjobesia komitetis wevrobis vada gansazRvruli iyosparlamentis nebiT da ara mTavrobis mier;16

umjobesia Tavmjdomares irCevdes parlamenti an TviT komi-teti, vidre iniSnebodes mTavrobis mier.

94


Tavi 17

zedamxedvelobis organossakontrolo Semowmeba da

daSveba

sakontrolo Semowmeba aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac fasdebapiris piradi monacemebi da politikuri kuTvnileba, raTa ganisaz-Rvros Tu ramdenad Seesabameba igi erovnuli usafrTxoebis proble-matikasTan dakavSirebul Tanamdebobas. saparlamento komitetis wev-rebisadmi wayenebuli sakontrolo Semowmebisa da daSvebis moTxov-nebi Sesabamis faqtorzea damokidebuli.

Tu daniSvnis an kandidatTa wardgenis process ganagebs mTavroba,maSin sasurvelia, rom wardgenamde an daniSvnamde moxdes kandidatTaaraformaluri Semowmeba da usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT sariskopirebi ar moxvdnen pirvel rigebSi. analogiurad, sakontrolo Se-mowmebisa da daSvebis saWiroeba exeba komitetis amocanebsa da ufle-bamosilebebs. komitets, romlis amocanac politikis sakiTxebiTSemoifargleba an romelsac dazvervis operaciebTan an wyaroebTandakavSirebiT ara aqvs piris dasakiTxad gamoZaxebis an gasaidum-loebuli mtkicebulebis miRebis ufleba, sakontrolo Semowmebisgavla praqtikulad ar esaWiroeba.

aseve arsebiTia konstituciuri gansxvavebebi. iq, sadac konstituciaewinaaRmdegeba uSiSroebisa da dazvervis sferoze pasuxismgebel mi-nistrTa sakontrolo Semowmebas, zedamxedvelobaSi CarTul parla-mentarTa Semowmeba arasasurveli iqneboda.

meore mxriv, iq (rac sasurvelia), sadac komitets farTo funqciebida uflebamosilebebi aqvs, mniSvnelovania, rom zedamxedvelobisorganos wevrebs saTanado xelmisawvdomoba hqondeT informaciasada dokumentebze. iq, sadac zedamxedvelobis organos aseTi saxismasalebs ar andoben (magaliTad, saTanado SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi xa-risxis daSvebis moTxovniT), zedamxedveloba srulyofili ver iqneba.amis gamo zogierTma parlamentma (mag., norvegiis) miiRo kanonmdeb-loba, romelic sazedamxedvelo organos wevrebs yvela saxis infor-maciaze xelmisawvdomobis (dauyovnebeliv) uflebas aniWebs, romelicmaT sazedamxedvelo organos winaSe mdgari amocanebis gadasaWreladesaWiroebaT.

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos wevrTa sakontroloSemowmeba bunebriv dilemas warmoSobs: vin unda iyos pasuxismgebeliSemowmebaze? interesTa aSkara konfliqti arsebobs Sesamowmebelzedamxedvelebsa da im pirTa Soris, romelTa zedamxedvelobazec maTpasuxismgebloba aqvT dakisrebuli. Tumca, es garkveulwilad

95


bloki No 41: norvegiis parlamentis dazvervis zedamxedvelobis komitetis daSvebis procedura ‘(saparlamento zedamxedvelobis komitetSi) arCeulma pirebma unda gaiaron umaRlesi donis erovnuli usafrTxoebis klasifikaciis daSvebis procedura da igi unda Seesabamebodes im xelSekrulebebs, romelTa xelmomwer mxares norvegia warmoadgens. arCevis Semdeg uflebamosileba unda mieniWoT daSvebis Sesabamisad.’

wyaro: dazvervis, TvalTvalisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebze monitoringis instruqciebi, norvegia. 1995 w., ganyofileba 1, punqti 2.

gardauvalia. eWvs, imis Taobaze, rom Semowmebis kriteriumebiTSesaZloa gamovlindnen uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebe-bisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili pirebi, saukeTesod upirispirdebasakontrolo Semowmebis mkafio saxelmwifo kriteriumi da daSvebazeuaris SemTxvevaSi gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba. sakontrolo Semowmebiskriteriumi da procesi unda iyos saTanadod mkafio, Tanmimdevrulida mdgradi, raTa gauZlos demokratiul Semowmebas. Tumca undagvaxsovdes, rom mraval qveyanaSi sakontrolo Semowmebis Sedegebiubralod sakonsultacio xasiaTisaa _ aseT SemTxvevebSi SesaZloasakmarisi iyos damniSnavi organosaTvis ubralo dadastureba, romarasasurveli Sedegis miuxedavad SeuZlia gaagrZelos daniSvnebi (ix.bloki # 42).

umjobesia, rom komitetis wevrTa sakontrolo Semowmeba xdebodeskanonis safuZvelze da ara araformaluri procesebis meSveobiT. esufro samarTliania parlamentarTa mimarT (romlebsac ecodinebaT,rom kontrols daeqvemdebarebian) da saTanado procesebs daafuZ-nebs, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba arasasurveli gadawy-vetilebis dasabuTeba an misi gauqmeba.

Semowmebis Sedegad miRebuli uaris gauqmebis procedura rTulsferos warmoadgens, radgan daculi unda iqnes balansi samarTlianproceduras, erovnul usafrTxoebasa da piradi cxovrebis dacvasSoris. sazogadod umjobesia Tu parlamentarebTan dakavSirebuliSemTxvevebi ganxiluli iqneba daSvebaze uaris gadawyvetilebismiRebisaTvis saxelmwifo organoebis xelT arsebuli Cveulebrivi

bloki No 42: bosnia-hercegovinis parlamentis wevrisaTvis daSvebaze uaris SemTxvevebis ganxilva ‘(...) im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac dawesebuleba dasaxelebuli piris usa-frTxoebis daSvebaze uars eubneba, saparlamento asambleis kolegi-as SeuZlia mosTxovos dawesebulebas mis mier miRebuli gadawyveti-lebis gadasinjva, Tu is daasabuTebs mosazrebebs mis legitimuro-basTan dakavSirebiT. Tu dawesebuleba kvlav daadasturebs uars, kolegias SeuZlia wamoayenos sxva kandidatura an daamtkicos misi pirvandeli winadadeba (...).’

wyaro: muxli 18, bosnia-hercegovinis kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebaTa Sesaxeb, 2004 w.

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meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, Tanac imgvarad, rom igi ar gaxdes sajarodiskusiis an saparlamento debatis sakiTxi.

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis komitetis wevris sakontrolo Se-mowmeba unda ganxorcieldes mxolod iq, sadac, komitetis kompeten-ciidan da uflebamosilebidan gamomdinare, maT SesaZloa gasaidum-loebul operatiul masalasTan mouxdeT Sexeba. iq, sadac Semowmebaaucilebelia, mas kanonieri saxe unda hqondes: parlamentarma undaicodes, rom igi Semowmebas eqvemdebareba. Sedegebi xelmisawvdomiunda iyos rogorc damniSnavi organosaTvis (iseTi formiT, romelicmaqsimalurad daicavs mocemuli piris piradi cxovrebis uflebas),aseve parlamentarisaTvis, da unda arsebobdes damoukidebel orga-noSi Sedegis gasaCivrebis saSualeba.

saukeTeso praqtika

parlamentis wevris sakontrolo Semowmeba unda moxdes mxo-lod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu komitetis mandati iTvaliswinebs ope-ratiulad mgrZnobiare masalis ganxilvas;uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis mier parlamentis wevrisdaSvebaze uaris SemTxvevaSi unda arsebobdes procedura,romelTa meSveobiTac dava oficialurad gadawydeba da sabo-loo gadawyvetileba miewodeba parlaments an mis prezidiums;sakontrolo Semowmebis kriteriumi unda iyos mkafio, sajaro,Tanmimdevruli da mtkice, raTa man demokratiuli kontroligaiaros.

97


Tavi 18

parlamentis uflebamosilebainformaciisa da dokumentis

mopovebaze

mTavrobidan da dazvervis samsaxurebidan informaciis mosapoveb-lad parlaments, da gansakuTrebiT saparlamento zedamxedvelobisorganos, saTanado Zalaufleba sWirdeba. saparlamento zedamxed-velobis organos mier uSiSroebisa da dazvervis informaciaze misa-wvdomobis zusti farglebi da informaciis saxe mis konkretul rol-zea damokidebuli. sazedamxedvelo organos, romlis funqciaSicsakiTxTa kanonierebis, efeqturobis da adamianis uflebebis dacvisganxilva Sedis, ufro metad sWirdeba specifikur informaciaze xel-misawvdomoba, vidre im organoebs, romelTa kompetenciac mxolodpolitikis sferoTi aris Semofargluli. swored aseve, mas ufromtkice pozicia aqvs raTa hqondes dokumentebze xelmisawvdomobisufleba (vidre informaciaze Tu gancxadebebze, romlebsac konkre-tuli mowmeebi iZleva).17 Tumca naTelia, rom zedamxedvelobis orga-nos, Tavisi movaleobebis ganxorcielebisaTvis, saWiro informaciazeSeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba unda hqondes.

bloki No 43: argentinis erToblivi komitetis ufleba informaciaze mux. 32 erTobliv komitets (dazvervis samsaxurze da saqmianobaze zeda-mxedvelobis) aqvs sruli uflebamosileba Tavad awarmoos kontro-li da gamoZieba. misi moTxovnis safuZvelze, da me-16 muxliT da-fuZnebuli debulebebis Sesabamisad, erovnuli dazvervis sistemis dawesebulebebma komitets unda warudginon moTxovnili informa-cia da dokumentacia.

wyaro: erovnuli dazvervis kanoni, # 25520, 2001 w., muxli 32. bloki No 44: dazvervis saqmianobis Sesaxeb kongresis komitetis sruli da drouli informirebis movaleoba (aSS) 1. prezidenti uzrunvelyofs, rom dazvervis komitetebs miewodoT

sruli da drouli informacia aSS-is dazvervis RonisZiebaTa Se-saxeb, nebismieri mniSvnelovani mosalodneli RonisZiebis CaTv-liT, rogorc am qveTavSia moTxovnili (...). (b) moxsenebebi dazvervis ukanono RonisZiebTa Sesaxeb. prezi-

denti uzrunvelyofs, rom dazvervis nebismieri ukanono Ro-nisZiebis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv moxsendes dazvervis komitets iseve, rogorc msgavs ukanono RonisZiebasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri koreqtivis Sesaxeb, romelic ganxorcielda, an romlis ganxorcielebac dagegmilia.

wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsi, kari 50, ganyofileba 413 (a)

98


bloki No 45: aSS-is kongresis dazvervis komitetisaTvis moxsenebis wardgena faruli RonisZiebis Sesaxeb ‘(…) (b) dazvervis komitetisaTvis moxsenebebis wardgena; informa-ciis warmoeba dazvervis gasaidumloebul wyaroebTan da meTodebTan, an sxva gamo-naklis gasaidumloebul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli klasificire-buli informaciis ukanono gamJRavnebisagan dacvis saTanado farg-lebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dazvervis centraluri saagentos direqto-ri da yvela departamentis xelmZRvaneli, agreTve farul Ronis-ZiebaSi CarTuli SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis yvela struqtura: 1. dazvervis komitets awvdis srul da droul informacias yvela faruli RonisZiebis Sesaxeb, romelzedac pasuxismgebelia nebismie-ri departamenti, saagento Tu SeerTebuli Statebis samTavrobo struqtura, an CarTulni arian aseT RonisZiebaSi, an xorcieldeba maTTvis an maTi saxeliT, mniSvnelovani warumatebeli SemTxvevebis CaTvliT; da 2. dazvervis komitetebs warudgens farul RonisZiebebTan dakavSi-rebul nebismier informacias an masalas, romelsac flobs, icavs an akontrolebs nebismieri departamenti, saagento Tu SeerTebuli Statebis samTavrobo struqtura da romelsac moiTxovs dazvervis romelime komiteti misi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. (c) moxsenebis vadebi; mokvleul masalebze xelmisawvdomoba 1. prezidenti uzrunvelyofs, rom am ganyofilebis (a) qvepunqtis Se-sabamisad damtkicebuli mokvlevis nebismieri masala aseTi damtki-cebis Semdeg umokles droSi da mokvlevis Sedegad damtkicebuli faruli RonisZiebis dawyebamde miewodos dazvervis komitetebs, garda im SemTxvevebisa Tu sxvagvarad ar aris dadgenili (2) da (3) punqtebiT.’

wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsi, kari 50, ganyofileba 413b.

rolebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebiT SeiZleba aixsnas sxvadasxvasakonstitucio sistemaSi operatiul detalebze zedamxedvelobisorganoebis xelmisawvdomobis sxvadasxva xarisxi. zog qveyanaSi, maga-liTad, aSS-Si, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas evaleba regularuladmiawodos informacia sazedamxedvelo organos.

garda amisa, aSS-is kongresis sazedamxedvelo debulebebi moiTxoven,rom prezidentma kongresis dazvervis komitetebs miawodos infor-macia faruli operaciebis Sesaxeb (ix. me-11 Tavi). blokSi #45 naCve-nebia aRmasrulebeli Stos movaleobebi am kuTxiT.

sistemebi erTurTisagan gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, Tu rogor awar-moeben isini saidumlo masalebis moxsenebas. SeerTebul StatebSi,informaciis miRebis valdebulebis tvirTi awevs ara mxolod zeda-mxedvelobis organos, aramed aRmasrulebel Stosac. meore mxriv,avstraliaSi, parlaments ekrZaleba moiTxovos ‘operatiulad mgrZ-nobiare informaciis’ gaxsna;18 komitets ar SeuZlia dokumentebi mo-Txovos dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelebs, TanamSromlebs an generalurinspeqtors, xolo ministrebs ufleba aqvT mtkicebulebis gacemasveto daadon.19 am saxis vetos ufleba informaciaze xelmisawvdomo-basTan dakavSirebuli polemikis politikur arenaze dabrunebas efeq-turad uwyobs xels.

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bloki No 46: gare eqspertebTan konsultacia (luqsemburgi) ‘rodesac [saparlamento] kontroli exeba sferos, romelic specifi-kur gamocdilebas moiTxovs, [saparlamento kontrolis] komitets, sruli Semadgenlobis ori mesamedis mxardaWeriT da dazvervis sam-saxuris direqtorTan molaparakebis Sedegad, SeuZlia miiRos gada-wyvetileba eqspertis daxmarebis Sesaxeb.’

wyaro: muxli 14(4), 15 ivnisis kanoni saxelmwifo dazvervis samsaxuris Sesaxeb, Memorial-Journal Officiel du Grand-Duché, luqsemburgi, 2004 w., A-No. 113

(araoficialuri Targmani)

Tumca informacia an dokumentebi rac ufro xSirad exeba gasaidum-loebul (pirovnebebis Sesaxeb) da/an erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiT-xebs, mTeli rigi qveynebi miT ufro met Zalisxmevas aniWeben infor-maciis unebarTvo gamJRavnebisagan dacvas. arsebobs mizezi imisaTvis,rom saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos wevrebs an maT damxmarepersonals mkacrad aekrZaloT informaciis unebarTvo gamJRavneba.informaciis unebarTvo gamJRavnebiT SeiZleba ziani miadges aramxolod erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebs, aramed ndobasac, raczedamxedvelobis organosa da samsaxurebs Soris efeqturi urTier-TobebisTvisaa aucilebeli. es nawilobriv kanonmdeblobis sferoSiSedis (ix. aSS20 da norvegia21), xolo nawilobriv dakavSirebulia zeda-mxedvelobis organos wevrTa saTanado qcevaze, rac klasificirebu-li informaciisadmi sagangebo mopyrobasa da yuradRebas moiTxovs.

saukeTeso praqtika

zedamxedvelobis organos unda hqondes gamoZiebis dawyebiskanonieri ufleba;zedamxedvelobis organos wevrebs unda hqondeT SeuzRudavixelmisawvdomoba yvela saxis informaciaze, rac maTi zedamxed-velobis amocanebis gansaxorcielebladaa saWiro.zedamxedvelobis organos unda hqondes mowmeTa gamoZaxebisada maTgan ficis qveS Cvenebis miRebis ufleba;iq, sadac zedamxedvelobis organos kompetencia amas moiT-xovs, aRmasrulebel Stos unda ekisrebodes valdebuleba in-formirebuli hyavdes zedamxedvelobis organo;sazedamxedvelo organom unda ganaxorcielos saTanadoRonisZiebebi da zomebi, raTa informacia unebarTvogamJRavnebisagan daicvas;dawesebulebebsa da zedamxedvelobis organos Soris infor-maciis xelmisawvdomobasTan dakavSirebuli davebis sabolooanalizi unda gaakeTos TviT parlamentma.

rigma qveynebma zedamxedvelobis organos ufleba misces moipovosinformacia da dokumentebi rogorc samsaxurebis, aseve samoqalaqosazogadoebis eqspertebisagan, mag., universitetis samecniero wri-dan. aseTi debuleba parlaments saSualebas aZlevs mTavrobis pozi-ciasTan erTad miiRos alternatiuli mosazrebebi. es debulebebiufro mZlavri iqneba, Tu zedamxedvelobis organos mowmeTa gamo-Zaxebis da maTgan ficis qveS Cvenebis miRebis ufleba eqneba.

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Tavi 19

parlamentisaTvis moxsenebiswardgena

saparlamento komitetis mier moxsenebis wardgena ZiriTadi proce-sia, romlis meSveobiTac sazogadoebas saparlamento zedamxedve-lobisadmi ndoba uCndeba. zog qveyanaSi komitets SeuZlia moxsenebawarudginos mTel parlaments, sxvadasxva politikuri partiebiswarmomadgenlebisagan Semdgar jgufs an prezidiums, magram ar xdebamoxsenebis gamoqveyneba. sxva qveynebSi arsebobs tradicia, romlisTanaxmadac parlamentisadmi wardgenili yvela moxseneba sajaro do-kuments warmoadgens.

usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT gardauvalia arsebobdes SezRudva _ra SeiZleba an ra unda gamoqveyndes sajarod. miuxedavad amisa, sanamkomiteti Tavad ar iqneba pasuxismgebeli amgvari gadawyvetilebebismiRebaze, zedamxedvelobis organosadmi yovelTvis iqneba ndobisdeficiti da igi SeiZleba borotad gamoiyenon, raTa miCqmalon ara-qmediToba da gadacdomebi.

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis komitets kanoniT unda evalebodesmoxsenebis wardgena, sul cota _ yovelwliurad (ix. bloki # 47).saparlamento komitetis moxsenebis vadisa da formis gansazRvrazeda mtkicebulebaTa gamoqveynebaze ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba TviTkomitets unda ekisrebodes. umjobesia saparlamento zedamxedve-lobis komitetma pirdapir warudginos moxsenebebi parlaments daara mTavrobis meSveobiT, rameTu es ganamtkicebs parlamentis ‘mesa-

bloki No 47: sakanonmdeblo organosa da aRmasrulebeli Stos infor-mireba komitetis saqmianobisa da rekomendaciebis Sesaxeb (samxreT afrikis respublika) 1. komitetma, misi pirveli daniSvnidan xuTi Tvis vadaSi, da amis Sem-

deg yoveli wlis 31 martidan ori Tvis vadaSi, parlaments unda wa-rudginos moxseneba komitetis wina wlis saqmianobis Sesaxeb, ro-melsac unda daerTos mis mier mokvleuli masalebi da saTanadod miCneuli rekomendaciebi, xolo asli unda gaegzavnos prezidents da TiToeul samsaxurze pasuxismgebel ministrs.

2. komitets, parlamentis, prezidentis an TiToeul samsaxurze pasu-xismgebeli ministris moTxovnis safuZvelze, an nebismier dros, rodesac komiteti saWirod miiCnevs, SeuZlia specialuri moxse-neba moumzados parlaments, prezidents an Sesabamis ministrs misi funqciebis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebul nebismier sakiTxze; da amgvari moxsenebis asli unda miewodos parlaments an prezi-dents da dainteresebul ministrs.

wyaro: dazvervis samsaxuris kontrolis aqti, 1994 (2002)

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kuTreobas’ komitetze. Tumca kargia mTavrobas winaswar Seatyobinonsaboloo moxsenebis Sesaxeb, raTa mas publikaciaze gamoxmaurebissaSualeba mieces. iq, sadac moxsenebis wardgena mTavrobis meSveobiTxdeba, samTavrobo ministrebs kanoniT unda evalebodeT gansazR-vruli vadiT adre sruli moxseneba warudginon parlaments.

komitetis mxridan gasaidumloebuli informaciis gamJRavnebisproblemebi SeiZleba gadaiWras samarTlebrivi movaleobiT, romeliciTvaliswinebs dawesebulebebTan konsultacias maTgan miRebulimasalebis Sesaxeb, romlebic CarTulia moxsenebaSi an mtkicebulebebSi(rac yvela SemTxvevaSi kargi praqtikaa), an Zalze SezRudulikategoriis informaciis sajaro gamoqveynebis akrZalviT (mag., daz-vervis operatiul muSakTa vinaobis), magram mTavrobas an dawesebu-lebebs vetos ufleba ar unda hqondeT.

bloki No 48: SezRudvebi parlamentis mier informaciis gamJRavnebaze (avstralia) komitetma parlamentis palatisadmi wardgenil moxsenebaSi ar unda gaamJRavnos: a. piris vinaoba, romelic aris an iyo avstraliis uSiSroebis dazver-vis organizaciis an avstraliis saidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris Ta-namSromeli, an avstraliis uSiSroebis dazvervis organizaciis, avs-traliis saidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris an Tavdacvis sasignalo direqtoratis agenti; an b. nebismieri informacia, romlidanac aseTi piris vinaobis dadgena SesaZlebelia; an c. operatiulad mgrZnobiare informacia, an informacia, romelmac SeiZleba ziani miayenos:L

(i) avstraliis erovnul usafrTxoebas an avstraliis mier sagareo urTierTobebis warmarTvas; an

(ii) dawesebulebis mier misi funqciebis ganxorcielebas. wyaro: dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti, 2001, gegma 1, nawili 1, debuleba 7,1

gamoqveynebaze samTavrobo vetos uflebis arqona warmoadgens sauke-Teso praqtikas. Tumca im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac vetos ufleba moq-medebs, mTavrobas an dawesebulebebs kanoniT mainc unda moeTxo-vebodeT zogadad ganacxadon Tu ra da ra mizeziT aris gamotovebu-li gamoqveynebuli moxsenebidan. es saSualebas iZleva Cveulebrivisaparlamento procesis saxe mieces aseTi gadawyvetilebebis politi-kur Semowmebas.

saukeTeso praqtika

saparlamento komitetis moxsenebis vadisa da formis gansaz-Rvraze da mtkicebulebaTa gamoqveynebaze ZiriTadi pasuxis-mgebloba TviT komitets unda ekisrebodes;komitetma parlaments moxseneba unda warudginos sul cotayovelwliurad an im sixSiriT, rogorc is miiCnevs mizanSewo-nilad;parlamentma unda miiRos saboloo gadawyvetileba imasTan da-

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kavSirebiT, Tu ra masala unda iqnes amoRebuli moxsenebidanusafrTxoebis mizniT.mTavrobas da dawesebulebebs winaswar unda hqondeT warmod-gena moxsenebis proeqtis Sesaxeb, raTa usafrTxoebis mizniTmoxdes saTanado masalis amoReba.

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Tavi 20

biujetis kontroli

biujetis kontroli saparlamento kontrolis gulia. sabiujetowinadadebebis Sefasebisa da damtkicebisadmi sistemuri midgoma mra-val qveyanaSi SeimuSaves an muSavdeba. yvela qveyanaSi parlamenti sxva-dasxva rols asrulebs uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis sabiu-jeto da angariSsworebis procedurebSi, magaliTad, biujetis farg-lebis kontroli, biujetis Sesworebis uflebamosileba, damatebiTibiujetis moTxovnis damtkicebis ufleba, klasificirebul infor-maciaze xelmisawvdomoba (ix. Tavi 18) da damoukidebeli finansuriauditorebis daniSvna (ix. Tavi 23). rac ufro didi iqneba am sferoebSiparlamentis Zalaufleba, miT ufro efeqturad imoqmedebs igi mTav-robasTan debatebSi. saxazino ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebiT arse-bobs sami tipis parlamenti, romlebic gavlenis klebis mixedviTaadalagebuli:

· parlamenti, romelsac biujetis formirebis ufleba aqvs:parlaments SeuZlia Seasworos an uari Tqvas uSiSroebisa dadazvervis samsaxurebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul sabiujeto wina-dadebaze, agreTve SeuZlia Camoayalibos sakuTari alternati-uli sabiujeto winadadeba;

· biujetze zemoqmedebis mqone parlamenti: parlaments SeuZ-lia Seasworos an uari Tqvas biujetze, magram ar SeuZlia wamoa-yenos sakuTari winadadebebi;

· parlamenti, romelsac umniSvnelo zemoqmedebis moxdena Se-uZlia biujetis formirebaze, an sul ara aqvs aseTi ufleba-mosileba: parlamenti ar aris uflebamosili Seasworos an ua-ri Tqvas biujetze an wamoayenos sakuTari winadadebebi. sauke-Teso SemTxvevaSi igi mxolod Sefasebas aZlevs mTavrobis mierwarmodgenil biujets.22

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, minimaluri moTxovnaa, rom parlaments sityvaeTqmodes sabiujeto sakiTxebze, rameTu uSiSroebisa da dazvervissamsaxurebis dafinanseba gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa fuliT xdeba.am TvalsazrisiT mTeli msoflios masStabiT parlamentebi moiTxovenmonawileoba miiRon uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis sabiu-jeto da angariSsworebis procesebSi.

saxazino Zalaufleba, rogorc mas parlamenti axorcielebs, ormagkonteqstSi unda iqnes ganxiluli _ mTeli sabiujeto procesis, daagreTve im saparlamento organos mandatis kuTxiT, romelsac mTav-robis am konkretul saqmianobaze zedamxedveloba evaleba.

sabiujeto procesi

parlamenti yuradRebiT unda miudges uSiSroebisa da dazvervis sam-

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saxurebis biujetis ciklis yvela fazasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs,ris gamoc umravles qveyanaSi miRebulia dagegmvis, programirebisada sabiujeto sistema:23

biujetis momzadeba: zogadad es faza aRmasrulebel Stos exeba,romelmac unda Camoayalibos sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis fuladi sax-srebis ganawilebis winadadebebi, magram parlaments da mis wevrebs amprocesSi sxvadasxva formaluri Tu araformaluri meqanizmebiT Se-uZliaT TavianTi wvlili Seitanon.

biujetis damtkiceba: am fazaSi parlaments unda SeeZlos Seiswavlosda gansazRvros saxelmwifo interesi da ganawilebuli saxsrebis mi-zanSewoniloba da garkveul konteqstebSi konkretuli rekomenda-ciebiT Seavsos uSiSroebasTan dakavSirebuli asignebebi. aseTi kon-kretuli rekomendaciebis magaliTs warmoadgens SeerTebuli State-bis kongresi, sadac kongresi gansazRvravs finansur zeda zRvars(maT Soris operatiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis biujetis CaTv-liT) da ayalibebs saStato zRvars, sadac gansazRvrulia TanamSro-melTa maqsimaluri raodenoba, romlis daqiravebac SeuZliaT samsa-xurebs momavali fiskaluri weliwadis ganmavlobaSi.24

ganxorcieleba an gaxarjva: am fazaSi parlamenti amowmebs da ata-rebs monitorings mTavrobis xarjebze da cdilobs ganamtkicos gam-Wvirvaloba da angariSvaldebuleba (ix. qvemoT Sesabamisi ganyofile-ba). damatebiTi biujetis moTxovnebis SemTxvevaSi parlamenti swav-lobs da amowmebs aseT moTxovnebs, raTa Tavidan aicilos TanxebisfuWi xarjva. zogierT qveyanaSi, mag., SeerTebul StatebSi, kongresisdazvervis zedamxedvelobis komitetebs da safinanso komitets undaacnobon dazvervis sistemis mier Tanxis erTi muxlidan sxva muxlzegadatanis Sesaxeb. 25

auditi da gadasinjva: am fazaSi parlamenti adgens xom ar hqondaadgili mTavrobis mxridan gamoyofili Tanxebis araswor gamoyenebas.garda amisa, angariSvaldebulebis, qmediTobisa da sizustis uzrun-velyofis mizniT, parlamenti periodulad afasebs mTlian biujetsda auditis process. auditis samsaxuris roli 23-e TavSia ganxiluli.

biujetis kontroli da saparlamento zedamxedvelobisorganos mandati

biujetis kontroli aseve ganixileba saparlamento zedamxedvelo-bis organos mandatis konteqstSi. zogierT qveyanaSi, am organos,rogorc xalxis nebis gamomxatvels, mkafiod aqvs miniWebuli saxazinouflebamosileba. zogan, mag., norvegiaSi, parlamentma arCia saxazinoZalaufleba ar mieniWebina (damoukidebel eqspertTa) zedamxedve-lobis komitetisaTvis, magram es uflebamosileba SeunarCuna parla-mentis plenarul sxdomas an parlamentis sabiujeto komitets. aseTimidgomis ukan dgas mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sabiujeto kontrolisSedegad SesaZloa zedamxedvelobis organo mTavrobis politikazeTanapasuxismgebeli gaxdes. amitom, norvegiis parlamentis dazverviszedamxedvelobis komiteti, mxolod imazea orientirebuli, Tu ro-

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gor icaven samsaxurebi kanonis uzenaesobis da adamianis uflebaTadacvis principebs, xolo sabiujeto zedamxedveloba parlamentissxva organoebisaTvis aqvT mindobili. aseTi gziT dazvervis komi-tets SeuZlia SeinarCunos damoukidebloba samsaxurebis Semowmebisas.

Tumca sxva qveynebis parlamentebSi, rogoricaa argentina, nider-landebi, germania Tu SeerTebuli Statebi, saparlamento zedamxed-velobis komitets miniWebuli aqvs saxazino Zalaufleba, rac am par-lamentebs ukeTes warmodgenas uqmnis samsaxurebis mier Tanxebis xar-jvaze. ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, SeerTebul StatebSi da,agreTve, germaniaSi, saxazino Zalaufleba xSirad sabiujeto komi-tetsa da dazvervis zedamxedvelobis komitets Sorisaa gadanawi-lebuli. pirveli maTgani fokusirebulia asignebebze, xolo meoreorientirebulia samsaxurebis politikis aspeqtebze da fondebisdamtkicebas axorcielebs.

momdevno blokSi naCvenebia germaniis gamocdileba.

germaniis saparlamento kontrolis jgufis Sesaxeb kanonis me-2 gan-yofilebis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad, samsaxurebis wliuri biujetisproeqti sakonsultaciod gadaecema saparlamento kontrolisjgufs. Tumca konsultacia ar iTvaliswinebs kontrolis jgufismier biujetis proeqtis Semowmebas im saxiT, rogorc amas sabiujetokomiteti axorcielebs. samagierod igi biujetis safuZvelze akeTebsdazvervis samsaxurebis saqmianobis saerTo politikur da amomwuravmonacemTa analizs, romelic moicavs samsaxurebis struqturas, kad-rebs, proeqtebsa da RonisZiebebs. konsultaciebis dasrulebis Sem-deg Sefaseba gadaecema germaniis bundestagis sabiujeto SerCeviskomitetis konfidencialur forums, romelsac praqtikulad eva-leba biujetis proeqtebis ganxilva. federaluri mTavroba sapar-

bloki No 49: germaniis saparlamento kontrolis jgufis mier ganxorcielebuli finansuri auditi ganyofileba 2e 1. Tavmjdomares, mis moadgilesa da uflebamosil wevrs SeuZliaT, mrCevlis statusiT, monawileoba miiRon konfidenciuri komitetis (Vertrauensgremium, romlis wevrebic agreTve arian bundestagis sabiuje-to SerCevis komitetis wevrebi) sxdomebSi, romelic federaluri bi-ujetis kodeqsis (Bundeshaushaltsordnung) 10a ganyofilebis Sesabamisad moqmedebs. analogiurad, konfidenciuri komitetis Tavmjdomares, mis moadgilesa da uflebamosil wevrs SeuZliaT mrCevelis statusiT monawileoba miiRon saparlamento kontrolis jgufis sxdomebSi. 2. samsaxurebis yovelwliuri ekonomikuri gegmebis proeqtebi unda waredginos saparlamento kontrolis jgufs. federalurma mTav-robam jgufs unda miawodos informacia sabiujeto wlis ganmavlo-baSi ekonomikuri gegmebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. samsaxurebis ekono-mikur gegmebTan da maT ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebul ganxilveb-ze orive organos warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTis sxdomebze daswreba mrCevlis statusiT.

wyaro: dazvervis saqmianobaze saparlamento kontrolis aqti, germania, 1978 wlis aprili (1992 da 1999 wlis Sesworebebis mixedviT)

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lamento kontrolis jgufs agreTve awvdis informacias sabiujetowlis ganmavlobaSi biujetebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.26

gamWvirvaloba da angariSvaldebuleba

angariSvaldebuleba da gamWvirvaloba efeqturi sabiujeto proce-sebis ZiriTadi pirobebia. angariSvaldebulebis realizebis saukeTe-so gzas biujetis formirebis gamWvirvale procesi warmoadgens. je-rovani angariSvaldebuleba da gamWvirvaloba efeqturi sabiujetoprocesebis qvemoTmocemuli principebis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganvi-Tardes:27

uflebamosilebis winaswari miniWeba _ parlamentma uflebamo-sileba unda mianiWos mTavrobas ganaxorcielos xarjebi.

erTianoba _ yvela gasavali da Semosavali parlaments unda warud-ginon erTi, konsolidirebuli biujetis dokumentis saxiT.

regularoba _ aRmasrulebel Stos evaleba daicvas parlamentSiwliuri biujetis wardgenis regularuli grafiki (mag., nacvladyoveli xuTi wlisa). regularoba agreTve iTvaliswinebs gamoyofiliasignebebis xarjvis grafikis gansazRvras.

specifikuroba _ TiToeuli sabiujeto punqtis raodenoba da aR-weriloba unda warmoadgendes mTavrobis danaxarjebis mkafioSemowmebis Sedegs. aqedan gamomdinare, sabiujeto punqtebis aRwe-ra ar unda iyos bundovani, xolo sabiujeto punqtebTan dakavSi-rebuli fondebi ar unda iyos uzomod didi. parlamentisaTvisuSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis wliuri biujetis mxolodsaerTo raodenobis miwodebiT aSkarad dairRveva specifikurobisprincipi.

kanoniereba _ yvela danaxarji da RonisZieba kanonis Sesabamisadunda ganxorcieldes. am konteqstSi samsaxurebs ufleba ara aqvTmoipovon fondebi saxelmwifo biujetis garedan (mag., komerciulisaqmianobis saSualebiT).

xelmisawvdomoba _ aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas moeTxoveba parla-ments gaacnos gasavlebis gegmebi, romelic aRqmadi da gasagebi iqnebafarTo da sxvadasxva tipis auditoriisaTvis, romelic CveulebrivparlamentSia warmodgenili.

yovlismomcveloba _ uSiSroebis seqtoris sxvadasxva aspeqtebTandakavSirebuli saxelmwifo biujeti unda iyos yovlismomcveli dasruli. arcerTi danaxarji ar unda darCes aRuricxavi. am konteqstSi,‘faruli’ programebi an saidumlo biujetebi _ romlebzedac dazver-vis zedamxedvelobis saparlamento komitets xeli ar miuwvdeba _aSkarad daarRveven am princips. dazvervis zedamxedvelobis sapar-lamento komitets da sabiujeto komitets unda hqondes xelmisawv-domoba klasificirebul informaciaze. ungreTis kanonis me-14 gan-yofilebis 4.9 punqti uCvenebs Tu rogor unda dakanondes sabiujetokontrolis yovlismomcveloba.

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Tanmimdevruloba _ mkafio kavSiri unda damyardes strategiebs,gegmebs, sabiujeto xarjebsa da saqmianobis Sedegebs Soris.

efeqturoba _ biujetis axsnis saSualebiT naTlad unda aisaxebodesbiujetis miznebi a) resursebis xarjvis, b) saqmianobis an misaRweviamocanebisaTvis saWiro simZlavreebis da g) gegmebis gazomvadi Sede-gebis TvalsazrisiT. moqnili biujeti am sami parametridan nebis-mieris cvlilebis saSualebas unda iZleodes.

Tanamedrove, jerovani sabiujeto sistemisaTvis, es principebi praq-tikulad SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc xarisxis kriteriumi.isini moiTxoven, rom efeqturi mmarTvelobis (ix. Sesavali) standar-tuli principebi, romlebic mTavrobis sxva RonisZiebebs warmar-Taven, uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebsac unda exebodes. saidum-loebasTan dakavSirebuli gamonaklisebi kanoniT unda iyos SezRu-duli.

iq, sadac parlamentarebs uSiSroebis seqtoris Sesaxeb saTanadoinformacia ar miewodebaT, isini samsaxurebis biujetTan dakavSire-bul sakiTxebs ver wamoWrian. saxelmwifos sxva Stoebis msgavsad undaarsebobdes damcavi meqanizmebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli klasi-ficirebuli informaciis araswori gamJRavneba. es sakiTxi me-18 Tav-Sia ganxiluli, romelic klasificirebul informaciaze parlamen-tarTa xelmisawvdomobas exeba. rac Seexeba sazogadoebis xelmisawv-domobas sabiujeto informaciaze, zog qveyanaSi uSiSroebisa da daz-vervis samsaxurebis saerTo biujeti sajarod qveyndeba. ase aris,mag., gaerTianebul samefoSi.28

saukeTeso praqtika

zedamxedvelobis organos xeli unda miuwvdebodes yvela saTa-nado sabiujeto dokumentze, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arse-bobs klasificirebuli informaciis gaJonvisagan damcavi meqa-nizmebi;uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis biujetis zedamxed-veloba unda warimarTos imave principebiT, romlebic sxva sam-Tavrobo RonisZiebebs aregulireben. gamonaklisi SemTxvevebikanoniT unda daregulirdes. am TvalsazrisiT biujetze zeda-

bloki No 50: parlamentis mier yovlismomcveli sabiujeto kontrolis ganxorcieleba (ungreTi) ‘saparlamento kontrolis ganxorcielebisas, komitetma (...) Tavisi Sefaseba unda misces erovnuli uSiSroebis samsaxurebis detaluri biujetis proeqts, sxva organizaciebis biujetebis punqtebs, rom-lebsac aseT RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis Segroveba evalebaT, da unda Seadginos detaluri moxseneba wliuri biujetis kanonis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb da wamoayenos winadadebebi parlamentSi mocemuli kanonis miRebis mizniT gamarTuli debatebisas (...).’

wyaro: muxli 14, 4g, ungreTis aqti erovnuli usafrTxoebis samsaxurebis Sesaxeb, 1995 w.

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mxedveloba unda iyos sabiujeto komitetisa da zedamxedve-lobis komitetis erToblivi uflebamosileba;Zlier parlaments unda hqondes biujetis damtkicebis ufleba;dazvervis dawesebulebas RonisZiebebisaTvis mxolod maSinSeuZlia fondebis gamoyeneba, Tu es fondebi sakanonmdebloorganos mier uSualod am mizniT aris gamoyofili;dazvervis samsaxurs ar unda hqondes ufleba dawesebulebisgareT gadasces fondebi sakanonmdeblo organos nebarTvisgareSe.

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SeniSvnebi _ IV ganyofileba, parlamentis roli

1. momdevno teqsti dafuZnebulia i. leifis narkvevze ‘zedamxedvelobissami ganzomileba’, gamocemaSi: h. borni, i. leifi (red.), Who’s Watching theSpies? Establishing Intelligence Service Accountability, (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, Inc.,2005).

2. zog qveyanas institucionalizebuli da legalizebuli saparlamentozedamxedveloba 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodidan aqvs, mag., germaniasada niderlandebs.

3. avstraliis uSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxuris aqti 1979 da kanadis uSiS-roebis dazvervis samsaxuris aqti 1984, Sesabamisad, Australian SecurityIntelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth) and Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act 1984,respectively. lustgarteni, l., leifi, i., In from the Cold: National Security and ParliamentaryDemocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994).

4. sxva SedarebiTi analizisaTvis ix. j-p. broderi, p. jili, d. tolborgi,D., Democracy, Law and Security: Internal Security Services in Contemporary Europe (Aldershot:Ashgate, 2003); dasavleT evropis kavSiris asamblea, saparlamento zeda-mxedveloba dazvervis samsaxurebze dasavleT evropis qveynebSi _ arse-buli situacia da reformebis perspeqtiva (Document A/1801, 4 December 2002);<http://assemblyweu.itnetwork.fr/en/documents/sessions_ordinaires/rpt/2002/1801.html>

5. evropis sabWo, saparlamento asamblea, rekomendacia 1402/1999; aRmo-savleT evropis kavSiris asamblea, rezolucia 113, miRebulia 2002wlis 4 dekembers (me-9 sesia).

6. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 2001 No. 152, 2001, ganyofileba 28 da 29(Committee on ASIO, ASIS and DSD).gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT 30-e ganyofilebas.3. komitetis funqciebi ar moicavs:(a) avstraliis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis organizaciis, avstraliis sa-

idumlo dazvervis samsaxuris da Tavdacvis sasignalo direqtora-tis mier informaciis Segrovebis prioritetebis Semowmebas; an

(b) avstraliis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis organizaciis, avstraliissaidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris da Tavdacvis sasignalo direq-toratis informaciis wyaroebis, sxva operatiuli daxmarebisa Tuoperatiuli meTodebis Semowmebas; an

(c) avstraliis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis organizaciis, avstraliissaidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris da Tavdacvis sasignalo direq-toratis mier Catarebuli, mimdinare Tu dagegmili operaciebisSemowmebas; an

(d) dawesebulebis an ucxo qveynis mTavrobis mier mowodebuli in-formaciis Semowmebas, Tu ar aris misi Tanxmoba informaciis gamJ-Ravnebaze; an

(e) avstraliis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis organizaciis, avstraliissaidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris da Tavdacvis sasignalo direq-toratis saqmianobis aspeqtebis Semowmebas, romelic zemoqmedebasar axdens avstraliis moqalaqeze; an

(f) am aqtis me-15 ganyofilebaSi Camoyalibebuli wesis gadasinjvas; an(g) avstraliis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis organizaciis, avstraliis

saidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris da Tavdacvis sasignalo di-reqtoratis saqmianobis Sesaxeb individualuri saCivrebismokvlevas.

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dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 1994, ganyofileba 10 (gaerTianebuli same-fo) afuZnebs dazvervisa da uSiSroebis komitets, romelsac uflebaaqvs Seiswavlos uSiSroebis samsaxuris (MI5), saidumlo dazvervis samsa-xuris (MI6) da samTavrobo komunikaciaTa Stabis politika, adminis-trireba da finansebi.

7. germaniis bundestagi, saparlamento kontrolis komisiis samdivno, daz-vervis samsaxurebis saparlamento kontroli germaniaSi (berlini: 2001)

8. 2004 wlamde kanadis parlamentSi zedamxedvelobis komiteti ar arse-bobda, Tumca uSiSroebis dazvervis Semowmebis komiteti (statuto-ruli organo Sedgeboda kerZo konsultantebisagan) Seiqmna kanadisuSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxuris 1984 wlis aqtis safuZvelze.saparlamento zedamxedvelobis komiteti male Seiqmneba: ix. s. farsoni,‘The Delicate Balance Revisited: Parliamentary Democracy, Intelligence, and the War againstTerrorism in Canada’, gamocemaSi: Born, H. et al, Who’s Watching.

9. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 1994, ganyofileba 10.

10. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 2001, ganyofileba 14. premierministrs,kandidatis wardgenamde, moeTxoveba konsultaciebi gamarTos par-lamentis partiebis liderebTan: gany. 14(2).

11. kanoni federaluri dazvervis samsaxurebis saqmianobaze saparlamen-to kontrolis Sesaxeb (PKGrG) (1978; 1992, 1999 da 2001 wlebis Seswore-buli varianti). PKGrG adgens, rom yoveli saarCevno periodis dawye-bisas bundestagi irCevs saparlamento kontrolis jgufis wevrebsmisi Semadgenlobidan (PKGrG-is muxli 4, punqti 1), da mis damfuZnebelrezoluciaSi unda ganisazRvros misi wevrebi, Semadgenloba da saqmia-noba (muxli 4, punqti 2).Semadgenloba: saparlamento komisiis maregulirebeli aqtis (1995 w.)Sesworebis safuZvelze wevrTa raodenoba cxramde gaizarda. arCevi-saTvis saparlamento kontrolis jgufis wevrma unda miiRos bundes-tagis wevrTa xmebis umravlesoba (muxli 4, punqti 3).

12. dazvervis, TvalTvalisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis monitoringisinstruqciebi, 1995, ganyofileba 1.‘komiteti Sedgeba Svidi wevrisagan, Tavmjdomarisa da Tavmjdomarismoadgilis CaTvliT, romelsac irCevs stortingi (norvegiis parla-menti), misi prezidiumis rekomendaciis safuZvelze, maqsimum xuTiwlis vadiT.’

13. mag., ix. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 2001, gany. 16 (avstralia).

14. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 2001, gany. 14(5).

15. mag., ix. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 2001, gany. 14(6) (avstralia).

16. mag., ix. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 2001, gany. 15(1) (avstralia).

17. dokumentebis mopovebis uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb ix. dazvervis samsa-xurebis aqti 2001, gany. 30.2; (4) (avstralia).

18. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 2001, gany. 30 (avstralia); igi arc imas mo-iTxovs, rom gamJRavndes ‘informacia, romelic zians ayenebs avstra-liis erovnul usafrTxoebas an avstraliis sagareo urTierTobaTawarmarTvas’.imave aqtis 29-e ganyofilebis mixedviT, operatiulad mgrZnobiare

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informacia niSnavs:(a) avstraliis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis organizaciis, avstraliis

saidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris da Tavdacvis sasignalo direq-toratis xelT arsebul informacias informaciis wyaroebis, sxvaoperatiuli daxmarebisa da operatiuli meTodebis Sesaxeb; an

(b) avstraliis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis organizaciis, avstraliissaidumlo dazvervis samsaxuris da Tavdacvis sasignalo direq-toratis mier Catarebuli, mimdinare Tu dagegmili operaciebisSesaxeb informacias; an

(c) dawesebulebis an ucxo qveynis mTavrobis mier mowodebul in-formacias, Tu ar aris misi Tanxmoba informaciis sajarod gamJ-Ravnebaze;

sakiTxis Semowmebis TvalsazrisiT ‘pasuxismgebeli ministri’ niSnavsministrs, romelic mocemul dawesebulebazea pasuxismgebelikonkretul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.

19. dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 2001, gany. 32 (avstralia). am cnobebisacileba sasamarTloSi ar SeiZleba, magram isini unda inaxebodnenparlamentSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom amiT izRudeba sazedamxedveloorganos uflebamosileba, igi agreTve politikur arenazeinformaciis gavrcelebas uSlis xels, sadac SeiZleba moxdes misidasabuTeba an uaryofa.

20. SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsi, 413-e ganyofileba. kongresis zogadizedamxedvelobis debulebebi. (d).

21. dazvervis, TvalTvalis da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis monitoringTandakavSirebuli aqti, 1995 w., ganyofileba 9, (norvegia), romelic moiT-xovs, rom komitetma da misma samdivnom daicvas saidumloeba da doku-mentebis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi.

22. adaptirebulia narkvevidan: p. nortoni, Does Parliament Matter?, (New York:Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993).

23. h. borni, f. fluri, a. jonsoni (red.), saparlamento kontroliusafrTxoebis seqtorze: principebi, meqanizmebi da praqtika(saxelmZRvanelo # 5 parlamentarebisaTvis), (Geneva: IPU-DCAF), gv. 130.

24. 2004 fiskaluri wlis aqti dazvervis uflebamosilebisaTvis, gany. 102.

25. ix. magaliTad, aSS-is kodeqsi, ganyofileba 414 da 415.

26. germaniis bundestagi, saparlamento kontrolis komisiis samdivno,dazvervis samsaxurebis saparlamento kontroli germaniaSi, 2001 wlisivlisi.

27. h. borni da sxvebi, saparlamento zedamxedveloba, gv. 131-132.

28. asignebaTa aqti, Tavi 9, gegma 2, nawili 48, ‘uSiSroebisa da dazvervisdawesebulebebi’, ix. vebgverdze: <http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/40009-az.htm#sch2pt48>

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113


V ganyofileba

gare kontrolisorganoebis roli

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115


Tavi 21

moqalaqeTa ukmayofilebisdaregulireba

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebebs xSirad gansakuTrebuliZalaufleba eniWebaT, rogoricaa TvalTvali an daSveba, rac, uzustoan SecdomiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, individualur pirTa mimarTarasamarTliani mopyrobis risks warmoSobs. aqedan gamomdinare,mniSvnelovania, rom adamianebs, romlebic Tavs usamarTlobis msxver-plad miiCneven, sakuTari uflebebis aRdgenis saSualeba hqondeT Tu,mag., moxda maT pirad cxovrebaSi Careva, an ziani miadga maT karieras.garda amisa, uSiSroebis an dazvervis dawesebulebaSi, iseve rogorcsxva did organizaciaSi, saCivrebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoCndesadministraciuli warumateblobebi an sasargeblo gakveTilebi, rom-lebic saqmianobis gaumjobesebas uwyoben xels. Tumca am dawesebu-lebaTa saqmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesebis gasaidumloe-bis, mtikicebulebaTa mopovebis sirTulis da saidumlo informaciissajaro gamJRavnebisagan dacvis kanonieri moTxovnis gamo, Cveuleb-riv sasamarTloebSi am sakiTxebis sajaro ganxilva iSviaTad arisefeqturi an sasurveli. aq agreTve saWiroa uzrunvelyofil iqnes,rom samarTlianobis aRdgenis raime sistema ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuliqnes uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebis muSaobis specifikisgagebis mizniT. saCivrebis ganxilvis nebismier sistemaSi proble-maturia balansis damyareba erTi mxriv, damoukideblobas, gonivru-lobasa da samarTlianobas, xolo meore mxriv, usafrTxoebis moT-xovnebis mgrZnobiarobas Soris, Tumca es SeuZlebeli ar aris.

am sxvadasxva sistemas erTmaneTisagan ZiriTadad ganasxvavebs is, romigi SeiZleba iyos:

· arasasamarTlo procesi (ombudsmeni an saparlamento komi-teti);

· sasamarTlos tipis procedura (sasamarTlo an tribunali).

saCivarTa ganxilva arasasamarTlo procesis meSveobiT

zedamxedvelobis sxvadasxva sistema saCivrebs gansxvavebuli gziTganixilavs. damoukidebel organos, mag., ombudsmens, SeiZleba hqon-des dawesebulebis mimarT saCivris gamoZiebis da mis Sesaxeb moxsenebiswardgenis ufleba (ase xdeba niderlandebSi, ix. bloki # 51). zogqveyanaSi, uSiSroebisa da dazvervis damoukidebeli generaluri ins-peqcia, dawesebulebaTa winaaRmdeg Semotanil saCivrebs msgavsi for-miT ixilavs (ix. Tavi 21). ase xdeba axal zelandiasa da samxreT afrikisrespublikaSi. garda amisa, dawesebulebaTa mimarT Semosuli saCiv-rebis gamoZiebaSi SeiZleba garkveuli roli Seasrulon informaciisTavisuflebis an monacemTa dacvis kanonmdeblobis safuZvelzeSeqmnilma konkretulma samsaxurebma.

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ombudsmenis tipis sistema damoukidebel oficialur gamoZiebas eyr-dnoba, romelic mosarCelis saxeliT moqmedebs. isini ZiriTadadreagireben administraciuli saxis darRvevebze da ara samarTlebrivgadacdomebze. am dros naklebi yuradReba eqceva procesSi mosarCe-leTa uSualo monawileobas da gamWvirvalobas. rogorc wesi, pro-cesi sruldeba moxsenebiT da (Tu saCivars mxars uWeren) rekomenda-ciiT, raTa sakiTxi sworad warimarTos da samomavlo qmedeba ganxor-cieldes, xolo gadawyvetilebis gamotana an kanonieri sasamarTlodacvis saSualebaTa gamoyeneba aq ar xdeba.

bloki No 51: saCivrebis ganxilva: niderlandebis erovnuli ombudsmeni muxli 83 yovel adamians ufleba aqvs saCivriT mimarTos ombudsmens Sesabami-si ministrebis, samsaxurebis ufrosebis, koordinatorebis da samsa-xurebisaTvis an koordinatorisaTvis momuSave pirebis qmedebebTan an savaraudo qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT, sadac, am aqtis an, uSiSroe-bis gamoZiebis aqtis ganxorcilebisas, gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba ker-Zo piri an iuridiuli piri.

wyaro: dazvervisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis aqti 2002, niderlandebi, muxli 83.

moqalaqeTa saCivrebi an ukmayofileba SeiZleba agreTve ganixilossaparlamento zedamxedvelobis komitetma, rogorc es xdeba, magali-Tad, germaniasa da norvegiaSi (ix. bloki # 52).

bloki No 52: saCivrebis ganxilva: norvegiis parlamentis dazvervis zedamxedvelobis komiteti ‘saCivris miRebisas komitetma unda ganaxorcielos administrirebis gamoZieba saCivris Sesabamisad. komitetma, angariSis momzadebamde, unda miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu ramdenad safuZvliania saCivari Semdgomi qmedebisaTvis. saCivrebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli angariSi unda iyos maqsimalu-rad sruli, sadac ar unda gamJRavndes klasificirebuli informa-cia. Tumca uSiSroebis samsaxuris TvalTvalis RonisZiebebTan da-kavSirebuli saCivrebis pasuxad momzadebuli angariSebi unda aRniS-navdnen mxolod im faqts, Seicavda Tu ara saCivari kritikis safuZ-vels. Tu komitets miaCnia, rom saCivars ufro detaluri ganmarteba esaWiroeba, mas SeuZlia winadadeba warudginos Sesabamis ministrs. Tu saCivari kritikis Tu sxva komentaris sando safuZvels Seicavs, mocemuli samsaxuris xelmZRvanels an Sesabamis ministrs unda gaeg-zavnos dasabuTebuli angariSi. saCivrebTan dakavSirebuli angari-Sebi yovelTvis unda gaegzavnos im samsaxuris xelmZRvanels, romel-zedac saCivari iyo Semosuli.’

wyaro: dazvervis, TvalTvalisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis monitoringis instruqciebi, gany. 8, dazvervis, TvalTvalisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis

monitoringis 1995 wlis aqtis 1-li ganyofilebis Sesabamisad, norvegia.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom saCivrebi saparlamento zedamxedvelobidangamoyofilia, maT Soris kavSiri arsebobs. parlamentarebs xSiradmimarTaven, warmoadginon moqalaqeTa ukmayofileba, romelic sam-Tavrobo dawesebulebaTa winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. saparlamentozedamxedvelobis organosaTvis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebu-lebaTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saCivrebis ganxilva SeiZleba sasar-gebloc iyos, radgan igi iZleva warmodgenas potenciuri warumateb-lobebis Sesaxeb politikis, kanonierebisa da qmediTobis Tvalsaz-risiT. meore mxriv, Tu zedamxedvelobis organo Zalze mWidrodidentificirdeba dawesebulebebTan, romelsac igi akontrolebs, ansaidumloebis wreSi moqmedebs, SesaZloa saCivrebis ganxilvisaTvisaseve araxelsayreli aRmoCndes. momCivans SeiZleba gauCndes gancda,rom saCivris ganxilvis procesi saTanadod damoukidebeli ar aris.im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saCivrebis ganxilvas da zedamxedvelobaserTidaigive organo axorcielebs, umjobesia am ori gansxvavebulirolis SesrulebisaTvis samarTlebrivi procedurebi arsebobdes.mTlianobaSi sasurvelia, rom es ori gansxvavebuli roli sxvadasxvaorganos daekisros, magram TviT procesebi imgvarad iqnes uzrunvel-yofili, rom zedamxedvelobis organos hqondes srulyofili infor-macia individualuri saCivrebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb.

zog qveyanaSi, ara mxolod moqalaqeebs, aramed samsaxurebis TanamS-romlebsac aqvT ufleba ombudsmenis an saparlamento zedamxed-velobis organos yuramde miitanon samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli sa-kiTxebi. mag., germaniis samsaxurebis TanamSromlebs am sakiTxebisdayeneba SeuZliaT saparlamento kontrolis jgufSi, ‘Tumca ara saku-Tari an am samsaxurebis sxva wevrTa interesebidan gamomdinare,aramed im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac samsaxuris xelmZRvanelma ver moaxer-xa konkretuli sakiTxis mogvareba. aseTi saqcielis TanamSromlebsar unda eSinodeT an ar SeiZleba maTi amis gamo dasja’.1

saCivarTa ganxilva sasamarTloSi

alternativis saxiT SeiZleba Seiqmnas specializebuli tribunalebi,romlebic konkretuli dawesebulebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul anspecialuri Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul saCivrebsganixilaven, rogorc es gaerTianebul samefoSia. SesaZloa, agreTve,rom saCivrebs ixilavdes specializebuli zedamxedvelobis organo,rogorc es kanadaSia (ix. bloki # 53).

sasamarTlo procedura yovelTvis ar iTvaliswinebs sasamarTloganxilvas. uSiSroebasa da dazvervasTan dakavSirebuli saCivrebisganxilvisas tribunali Cveulebriv sasamarTlosTan SedarebiT gar-kveuli upiratesobiT sargeblobs: mas SeuZlia konkretuli eqsper-tiza Caataros uSiSroebisa da dazvervis sferoSi, saWiroebis SemTx-vevaSi ganaxorcielos mosamarTleTa da advokatebis sakontroloSemowmeba da konkretuli procedurebi SeimuSavos gasaidumloebu-li informaciis warmoebisaTvis. sakiTxis bunebidan gamomdinare,sasurveli ar aris es yvelaferi sajaro sasamarTlo ganxilvis meSve-obiT moxdes. meore mxriv, zogierTma tribunalma SesaZloa momCivanisajaro ganxilviT uzrunvelyos, mas (momCivans) SesaZloa saqmis war-moebisas mwvave praqtikuli saxis problemebi Seeqmnas saTanado mtki-

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cebulebebze xelmisawvdomobis Tu movlenebTan dakavSirebiT dawese-bulebis versiis gasaCivrebis TvalsazrisiT. am problemaTa gark-veuli nawilis dasaZlevad, kanadasa da gaerTianebul samefoSi Seqmni-lia specialuri advokatura, romlis wevrebsac gavlili aqvT sa-kontrolo Semowmeba daSvebaze. am advokatTa amocanaa uSiSroebas-Tan dakavSirebuli argumentebis gasaCivreba, gansakuTrebiT im aspeq-tebis, romlebic momCivnisaTvis cnobili ar aris. es tribunalsmtkicebulebebis da argumentebis ufro obieqturi Sefasebis miRwe-vaSi exmareba.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia (ECHR) dasaCivrebis ganxilva

saxelmwifoebma, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciismonawileni arian, saCivris meqanizmebis Seqmnisas unda gaiTvaliswi-non konvenciis me-6, me-8 da me-13 muxlebiT dadgenili uflebebisdacva. me-6 muxli afuZnebs samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas,romelsac axorcielebs damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli tribunalipiris sisxlis samarTlebrivi braldebis an samoqalaqo uflebebisada movaleobebis gansazRvrisas. mag., me-6 muxli gamoyenebul iqnasisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi2 informatorebisa da faruli saxelmwi-fo moxeleebisagan miRebuli mtkicebulebebis ganxilvis procedure-

bloki No 53: saCivrebis ganxilva: kanadis uSiSroebis dazvervis kontrolis komiteti kanadis 1984 wlis uSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxuris aqtis safuZvel-ze, kanadis uSiSroebis dazvervis kontrolis komiteti (SIRC’), rome-lic kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnili organoa da kerZo konsultante-bisagan Sedgeba, agreTve pasuxismgebelia Seiswavlos individualur pirTa mier Semotanili saCivrebi ‘romlebic samsaxuris mier ganxor-cielebul nebismier qmedebas an sakiTxs exeba’ (ganyofileba 41), agreTve sarCelebi, romlebic daSvebaze uarTan arian dakavSire-bulni (ganyofileba 42). momCivnebma, romlebic am debulebebs iyene-ben, pirvel rigSi sakiTxi unda daayenon Sesabamis samaTavrobo uwye-baSi da werilobiT unda mimarTon uSiSroebis dazvervis kontrolis komitets. gamoZieba konfidencialurad mimdinareobs, Tumca momCi-vans aqvs warmomadgenlobis saSualeba (gany. 46) da ufleba aqvs mas advokati warmoadgendes. arc momCivans da arc samsaxurs ara aqvs ufleba Sexvdes erTmaneTis warmomadgenlebs. uSiSroebis dazver-vis kontrolis komitets aqvs uwyebis gagzavnis da ficis qveS Cve-nebis miRebis ufleba (gany. 50). mokvlevis masalebis angariSTan da-kavSirebiT, kontrolis komiteti valdebulia: (a) 41-e ganyofilebis safuZvelze Semosuli saCivris gamoZiebis das-rulebisas ministrs da direqtors warudginos angariSi mokvleuli masalis Sesaxeb da rekomendaciebi, romelsac komiteti mizanSewo-nilad miiCnevs; (b) imavdroulad, an (a) punqtis Sesabamisad angariSis wardgenis Sem-deg, mokvlevis Sesaxeb informacia miawodos momCivans, da Tu saWi-rod CaTvlis, mas warudginos am qvepuntiT gaTvaliswinebuli reko-mendaciebic.

wyaro: kanadis uSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxuris aqti, 1984.

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bisaTvis, da im wesebisaTvis, romlebic zRudaven mtkicebulebaTagamoyenebas an gamJRavnebas sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdi-nare, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis, ise samoqalaqo procesebSi.3 spe-cialuri daSvebis mqone advokatTa gamoyeneba rekomendebulia ada-mianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier da igi mas adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxliT dafuZnebuli samarT-liani sasamarTlos uflebis dacvis erT-erT saSualebad miiCnevs.4

Tumca maSinac ki, rodesac me-6 muxli ar miesadageba, saCivrebis pro-cesebSi proceduruli dacva SeiZleba moiTxovebodes me-8 da me-13muxlebis safuZvelze. es muxlebi garkveul ex post facto kontrols awe-seben uSiSroebis RonisZiebebze, romlebic piradi cxovrebis ufle-baSi Carevas iwveven, magaliTad, rogoricaa _ TvalTvali da sakont-rolo Semowmeba. Tumca raime evropuli konvenciis modeli ar arse-bobs (mag., pirs, romelzedac TvalTvali ganxorcielda, yovelTvisar aris aucilebeli RonisZiebis dasrulebis Semdeg amis Sesaxeb acno-bon).5 me-13 muxli efeqturi zomis miRebis uflebas aniWebs erovnulixelisuflebis winaSe yvelas, visac daerRva konvenciiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli uflebebi. es yvela SemTxvevaSi unda iyos sasamarTlo, xolouSiSroebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze adamianis uflebaTa evro-pulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom adekvaturi iqneba sxvadasxva sazeda-mxedvelo da saCivrebis meqanizmebis kombinacia.6 evropis sabWos samu-Sao jgufis gansazRvris Tanaxmad:

konvenciis me-8 da me-13 muxlebze sasamarTlos preceden-tuli samarTlis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom efeq-turi zomis moTxovnis dakmayofileba mxolod sasamarTlozeubralo xelmisawvdomobaze ar aris damokidebuli, aramedamisTvis aucilebelia sazedamxedvelo meqanizmebis mTeliarsenali da maTi efeqturoba.7

saCivarTa sistemis ZiriTadi sando kriteriumebia:

· igi mkafiod unda iyos damoukidebeli uSiSroebis an dazvervisdawesebulebisagan,

· mas saCivris ganxilvisaTvis unda hqondes saWiro uflebamosi-leba da xelmisawvdomoba informaciaze, romelsac dawesebu-leba flobs,

· saCivris mxardaWerisas unda SeeZlos efeqturi zomis uzrun-velyofa, xolo saCivris uaryofisas _ saTanado axsna-ganmar-tebis micema.

kargi iqneba Tu iarsebebs daxmarebis garkveuli forma momCivnebis-Tvis, romlebic gaTvicnobierebulni ar arian samarTlebriv pro-cesSi, riTac maT saCivris aRZvraSi daexmarebian. igi momCivans ag-reTve saSualebas unda aZlevdes saTanado monawileoba miiRos gamo-Ziebis Tu sasamarTlo procesebSi, raTa process samarTliani saxemieces, imis miuxedavad, moxdeba Tu ara saqmis oficialuri mosmena.gamoZiebis procesma, erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamom-dinare, SesaZloa moiTxovos momCivanisaTvis informaciis an safuZv-lebis miwodebis SezRudva. Tumca es unda moxdes saWiroebis minima-lur farglebSi da masze gadawyvetileba umjobesia miiRos saCivrisganmxilvelma pirma an organom da ara dawesebulebam, romelic gamo-

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Ziebis subieqts warmoadgens. amasTan uzrunvelyofil unda iqnessxva proceduruli dacviT kompensacia (mag., specialur advokatTajgufis gamoyeneba dawesebulebis saqmis gasaCivrebisaTvis).

saukeTeso praqtika

uflebamosili piri an tribunali, romelic saCivars ixilavs,unda akmayofilebdes am donis TanamdebobisaTvis saWiro kons-tituciur da samarTlebriv moTxovnebs da Tanadebobaze yof-nis periodSi unda sargeblobdes Tanamdebobaze yofnis vadissamarTlebrivi dacviT;procesis umetesi nawili SesaZleblobis farglebSi sajarodunda ganxorcieldes. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca procesi sazoga-doebisaTvis daxurulia, igi SesaZleblobis farglebSi maqsi-malurad Ria unda iyos momCivanisaTvis da misi kanonieri war-momadgnlebisaTvis;uflebamosil pirs an tribunals ufleba unda hqondes gamoZi-ebis gareSe acileba misces saCivrebs, romlebsac isini arake-Tilsindisierad an aSkarad dausabuTeblad miiCneven;Tu erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare saWi-roa SeizRudos momCivnis monawileoba ganxilvis procesSi,aseTi gadawyvetileba unda miiRos mxolod saCivris ganxilvazeuflebamosilma pirma an tribunalma da uzrunvelyofil undaiqnes kompensaciis damcavi meqanizmebi (rogoricaa ‘eSmakis ad-vokatis’ an ‘advokatTa specialuri jgufis’ gamoyeneba), racprocesis samarTlianobas da miukerZoeblobas uzrunvelyofs;tribunals an uflebamosil pirs unda hqondes samarTlebrivadsavaldebulo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis ufleba, riTacuzrunvelyofili iqneba efeqturi zoma momCivnisaTvis, romlissaqmec kanonieri xasiaTisaa. es SeiZleba moicavdes kompensa-ciis gacemas da uSiSroebis an dazvervis dawesebulebebis xelTarsebuli masalis ganadgurebas;ganxilvis farglebi da safuZvlebi mkafiod unda iyos dadge-nili kanoniT da unda moicavdes uSiSroebis Tu dazvervis sam-saxurebis qmedebaTa arss (da ara mxolod ubralo procedu-rul aspeqtebs).

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Tavi 22

damoukidebeli organoebis mierdawesebulebis zedamxedveloba

administraciis farglebSi

Tu uSiSroebis dawesebulebebs politikuri manipulaciebis Tavidanacilebis mizniT politikuri direqtivebisagan garkveuli konsti-tuciuri ‘izolacia’ aqvT miniWebuli, rogor darwmundes mTavroba,rom igi yvela saTanado informacias flobs, xolo saidumlo dawe-sebulebebi misi politikis Sesabamisad moqmedeben?

am mizniT mTelma rigma qveynebma Seqmnes iseTi samsaxurebi, rogori-caa generaluri inspeqcia, sasamarTlo komisrebi Tu auditorebi,romlebsac uSiSroebis seqtoris saqmianobisa da informaciasa daTanamSromlebze maTi kanonieri uflebamosilebebis SesabamisobisSemowmeba evalebaT.8

es idea pirvelad SeerTebuli Statebis dazvervis sistemaSi daibada,romelsac dRes daaxloebiT Tormetamde generaluri inspeqcia aqvs.yoveli maTgani damoukidebelia mocemuli dawesebulebisagan. Tumcaaq aris garkveuli variaciebi: zogi ofisi kanoniT aris dafuZnebuli(mag., centraluri dazvervis sammarTvelos da Tavdacvis departamen-tis generaluri inspeqciebi), zogi mxolod administraciuli wesiTaris Seqmnili Sesabamisi mdivnis mier (mag., Tavdacvis dazvervis saa-gento da erovnuli dazvervis ofisi). am gansxvavebis miuxedavad,zogi maTgani moxsenebas warudgens kongress da agreTve aRmasru-lebel xelisuflebas. zogierTis kompetencia moicavs qmediTobas,fuWi danaxarjebis Tavidan acilebasa da audits, agreTve kanoniere-

bloki No 54: kanadis generaluri inspeqtoris funqciebi generaluri inspeqtori pasuxismgebelia Sesabamisi samTavrobo de-partamentis uflebamosili piris winaSe (iusticiis ministris moad-gilis) da mas Semdegi funqciebi ekisreba:

(a) samsaxuris operatiul strategiebTan Sesabamisobis monitor-ringi;

(b) samsaxuris operatiuli saqmianobis kontroli; da (c) ministrisaTvis yovelwliuri werilobiTi cnobis wardgena, sa-

dac aRniSnuli iqneba Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs generalur inspeqtors samsaxuris wliuri moxseneba da samsaxuris saqmia-nobiT xom ar dairRva aqti an saministros instruqciebi, an ad-gili xom ar hqonda samsaxuris mier misi uflebamosilebebis aragonivrul an arasaWiro gamoyenebas.1

wyaro: kanadis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxuris aqti, 1984, 30-e da 32-e ganyofileba.

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bisa da politikis Sesabamisobis monitorings.

am saxis generaluri inspeqcia saidumlo wreSia CarTuli: maT pirve-lad funqcias ara angariSvaldebulebis sajaro uzrunvelyofa, ara-med aRmasruleblis winaSe angariSvaldebulebis ganmtkiceba warmo-adgens. am tipis ofisis mkafio magaliTi kanadis kanonmdeblobaSiamocemuli.

kanadis generalur inspeqtors, am funqciebis ganxorcielebis miz-niT, SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba aqvs samsaxuris xelT arsebulinformaciaze.

analogiurad, bosnia-hercegovinis generalur inspeqtors pasuxis-mgeblobebi ekisreba bosniis dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawesebulebisSesaxeb kanonis 33-e muxlis safuZvelze, romelic mas ‘Sida kontrolisfunqcias’ aniWebs. am mizniT generalur inspeqtors SeuZlia Seamow-mos dawesebulebis saqmianoba, Seiswavlos saCivrebi, sakuTari inicia-tiviT daiwyos inspeqtireba, auditi da gamoZieba da SeimuSavos reko-mendaciebi. generalur inspeqtors evaleba, aranakleb eqvs TveSierTjer, moxseneba warudginos uSiSroebis dazvervis komitets damovlenaTa mimdinareobis Sesaxeb regularuli da jerovani infor-macia miawodos aRmasrulebeli Stos ZiriTad subieqtebs. genera-luri inspeqtoris uflebamosilebebi moicavs dawesebulebis TanamS-romlebTan gasaubrebas da dawesebulebis Senobebsa da monacemebzexelmisawvdomobas.

sxva qveynebSi _ gansakuTrebiT samxreT afrikis respublikaSi3 _ Se-iqmna generaluri inspeqcia, romelmac moxseneba unda warudginosparlaments. aseT SemTxvevebSi generaluri inspeqcia saidumlo wrisxids warmoadgens, anu, es aris mcdeloba, rom parlamentSi wardgenilimoxsenebis saSualebiT sazogadoeba daarwmunos imaSi, rom damouki-debelma pirma, romelsac xeli miuwvdeba saTanado masalebze, Seamow-ma uSiSroebis Tu dazvervis dawesebuleba. Tumca gardauvalia, romdawesebulebis muSaobis Sefasebisas gamoyenebuli masalis didi um-ravlesoba kvlav saidumlo wreSi darCeba, oRond igi zedamxedve-lobis sxva organoebs SeiZleba gauziaron.

zogi generaluri inspeqtori, romelsac kanoniT moeTxoveba aRmas-rulebeli StosaTvis moxsenebis wardgena, araformalur samuSaourTierTobebs inarCunebs saparlamento organoebTanac. mag., aseTipraqtika aris avstraliaSi, da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTe-buli Statebis generalur inspeqtorTa garkveuli nawili periodulmoxsenebebs warudgens kongress.

imis miuxedavad, aseTi ofisi moxsenebas mTavrobas warudgens Tuparlaments, orive SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia misi samarTlebrivifunqciebi, damoukidebloba da uflebamosilebebi samarTlebrivadmkafiod iyos gamijnuli. damoukidebel oficialur moxeleebsSeiZleba sTxovon dawesebulebis saqmianobis Semowmeba erTi an ram-denime standartis safuZvelze: qmediTobis, saxelmwifo politi-kisTan an miznebTan Tavsebadobis, marTlzomierebis an kanonierebiskuTxiT. Tumca saimedo Sefasebis momzadebis mizniT ofiss nebismier

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SemTxvevaSi dasWirdeba failebze da personalze SeuzRudavi xelmi-sawvdomoba. praqtikaSi damoukidebeli moxele dawesebulebis muSao-bis mxolod garkveuli fragmentis Semowmebas axerxebs. zogi aseTiofisi Sesamowmebeli dawesebulebis muSaobis da failebis ‘SerCevis’meTods iyenebs _ amiT dawesebulebas stimuli eZleva ufro yovlis-momcveli procedurebis dasafuZneblad da igi talRis efeqts war-moqmis. zog maTgans, agreTve, individualuri saCivrebis ganxilviskompetencia aqvs (rogorc es avstraliis sqemis safuZvelSia).11

saukeTeso praqtika

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebaTa im funqciebis Se-mowmeba, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen individualur pireb-ze, unda ganxorcieldes damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli uf-lebamosili pirebis mier (ombudsmeni an generaluri inspeq-tori) da Semdeg standartebs unda akmayofilebdes;uflebamosili piri, romelic makontroleblis funqcias asru-lebs, unda akmayofilebdes konstituciur da samarTlebrivmoTxovnebs, romelic am donis postis dasakaveblad aris saWi-ro da maTi samuSao vada samarTlebrivad unda iyos daculi;12

Semowmebis farglebi da safuZvlebi mkafiod unda ganisazR-vros kanoniT da unda moicavdes uSiSroebis da dazvervis dawe-sebulebaTa arss (da ara mxolod ubralo procedurul aspeq-tebs);uflebamosil pirs saTanado samarTlebrivi uflebamosile-bebi unda hqondes, raTa man SeZlos uSiSroebisa da dazvervisdawesebulebaTa mier Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSire-buli faqtebisa da mtkicebulebaTa Semowmeba;uflebamosil pirs maqsimaluri uflebamosileba unda hqondesraTa gansazRvros procesis Sedegebidan gamomdinare gankar-gulebebis, moxsenebebis Tu gadawyvetilebebis forma da farg-lebi.

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Tavi 23

damoukidebeli auditissamsaxurebi

aRmasruleblisa da parlamentis sazedamxedvelo movaleobebi daz-vervis samsaxuris biujetis miRebiT ar sruldeba. ara mxolod aRmas-rulebelma, aramed parlamentmac unda ganamtkicos misi sazedamxed-velo da auditoruli funqciebi, da unda axsovdes, rom parlamentSidetalurad Semowmebuli angariSebis wardgena demokratiuli pro-cesis nawilia da rom auditis procesi unda moicavdes rogorc anga-riSebis, aseve saqmianobis Semowmebasac. uSiSroebisa da dazvervissamsaxurebis angariSebi da wliuri moxsenebebi parlamentisaTvis in-formaciis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens, riTac maTTvis cnobi-li xdeba, Tu rogor gaixarja saxelmwifo Tanxebi wina sabiujetowlis ganmavlobaSi.

damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa

umravles qveyanaSi, erovnuli auditis ofisi (zogjer mas generalurauditors, erovnuli auditis samsaxurs, sabiujeto ofiss an anga-riSis palatas uwodeben) konstituciuri kanoniT iqmneba rogorcaRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo Stoebisagan damouki-debeli instituti. misi damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad gene-ralur auditors:

niSnavs parlamenti da misi uflebamosilebis vada zustad arisgansazRvruli;aqvs misi funqciis damoukideblad ganxorcielebisaTvis saWi-ro samarTlebrivi da praqtikuli saSualebebi;aqvs damoukidebeli uflebamosileba nebismier dros warud-ginos moxseneba parlaments da mis sabiujeto komitets xar-jebTan dakavSirebul nebismier sakiTxze.

parlamentma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom arsebobdes kanoniT dadge-nili samarTlebrivi sanqciebi da xdebodes maTi gamoyeneba saxel-mwifo moxeleTa da politikur organoTa korufciis an saxelmwiforesursebis araswori marTvis dros. parlamentma agreTve unda gaiT-valiswinos darRvevebis dros efeqturi zomis gamoyenebis uzrun-velyofa.

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis auditi

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis auditis mizani xarjebiskanonTan Sesabamisobis efeqturi da jerovani formiT dadasturebaa.am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania rom samsaxurebi gaxsnili iyvnengeneraluri auditoris mier ganxorcielebuli sruli Semowmebi-

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saTvis, im mcire SezRudvebis gamoklebiT, romelic informaciisgarkveuli wyaroebis indetificirebasa da gansakuTrebiT mgrZno-biare operaciebis detalebTanaa dakavSirebuli.13

swored imitom, rom samsaxurebi saidumloebis dacvis pirobebSifunqcioben, romelic moklebulia sazogadoebis mxridan Tval-yuris devnebas mediis an samoqalaqo sazogadoebis moTvalTvaleTameSveobiT, mniSvnelovania, rom auditorebs klasificirebulinformaciaze hqondeT farTo misawvdomoba. mxolod am gziTSeiZleba dadasturdes samsaxurma saxelmwifo fondebi kanonisfarglebSi gamoiyena, Tu adgili hqonda ukanono qmedebebs, anu,korufcias.

bloki No 55: generaluri auditori ‘auditis ofisi imperatiulad unda iyos damoukidebeli da WeSmari-tad avtonomiuri, miuxedavad imisa, Tu visi gavlenis qveS aris igi _ aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo Tu sasamarTlo xelisuflebis. amas-Tanave, mas unda hqondes adekvaturi resursebi misi misiis Sesasru-leblad. mas sammagi funqcia aqvs: finansuri zedamxedveloba auditis ofisma unda Seamowmos yvela aRmasrulebeli organosa da sa-xelmwifo departamentis finansebis sizuste, saimedoba da sisrule. man unda Seamowmos, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba yvela finansuri opera-cia saxelmwifo fondebis maregulirebeli aqtebis moTxovnebs. zeda-mxedvelobis am funqciis konteqstSi auditis ofisma unda ganaxorci-elos misi uflebamosileba saxelmwifo xazinadarTa da im moxeleTa mimarT, romlebic angariSsworebas axorcieleben. yoveli maTgani an-gariSvaldebuli unda iyos mis mier gankarguli Tanxebis mimarT, gar-da im SemTxvevisa, roca es pasuxismgebloba moxsnili aqvs. Tanxebis gaflangvis an korufciis SemTxvevaSi auditis ofiss kanoniT evaleba sasamarTlo xelisuflebas acnobos faqtis Sesaxeb. samarTlebrivi zedamxedveloba auditis ofisma unda Seamowmos, rom yvela saxelmwifo danaxarjisa da Semosavlis warmoeba biujetis kanonis Sesabamisad xdebodes. saxelmwifo fondebis swori gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofa Tanamedrove auditis ofisma, romelic efeqturi mmarTvelobis inte-resebis gaTvaliswinebiT funqciobs, unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifo fondebis swori gamoyeneba Semdegi sami kriteriumis safuZvelze: (i) gadaxdili Tanxebi: adasturebs gamoyenebuli resursebis optima-

lurad moxmarebas, rogorc raodenobis, ise xarisxis kuTxiT; (ii) efeqturoba: afasebs, Tu ramdenad dakmayofilda amocanebi da

miznebi; (iii) qmediToba: afasebs, Tu ramdenad optimalurad iqna gamoyenebuli

resursebi moxmarebuli im Sedegis misaRwevad, romelsac miaRwies.

es zedamxedveloba xocieldeba auditis ofisis iniciativiT an par-lamentis moTxovniT.

nawyvetebi parlamentTaSorisi kavSiris (IPU) seminaris ZiriTadi moxsenebidan, romelic parlamentisa da sabiujeto procesis sakiTxs

mieZRvna (bamako, mali, 2001 wlis noemberi)

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efeqturi mmarTvelobis zogadi principis TvalsazrisiT, auditisCveulebrivi wesebi, romelic mTavrobis saqmianobas exeba, aseve undaexebodes samsaxurebis xarjebis auditsac, im mcire SezRudvebis gaT-valiswinebiT, romelic zemoT iyo naxsenebi. dazvervis samsaxurebisauditi Cveulebrivi auditisagan moxsenebis meqanizmebiT gansxvav-deba. samsaxurebis operaciaTa uwyvetobis, meTodebisa da wyaroebisdacvis mizniT mraval qveyanaSi moxsenebis meqanizmebia Seqmnili. mag.,gaerTianebuli samefos parlamentSi, finansuri auditis srul Sede-gebs mxolod saxelmwifo angariSworebis komitets da uSiSroebiskomitets moaxseneben. masSi SeiZleba CarTuli iqnes angariSebi dana-xarjebis kanonierebisa da efeqturobis da SesaZlo darRvevebis Sesa-xeb da agreTve informacia imasTan dakavSirebiT, samsaxurebi gamoyo-fili asignebebis farglebSi moqmedebdnen Tu biujets gadaaWarbes.germaniis SemTxvevaSi, dazvervis samsaxurebis buRalterTa da finan-suri menejmentis kontrols specialuri instituti (i.e. Dreierkollegium)axorcielebs, romelic erovnuli auditis ofiss (Bundesrechnungshof)ekuTvnis. dazvervis samsaxurebis buRalterTa da finansuri menej-mentis Semowmebis Sedegad gamovlenil saidumlo masalebs erovnuliauditis ofisi warudgens parlamentis biujetis komitetis specia-lur qvekomitets (anu, konfidencialur forums), dazvervis zeda-mxedvelobis saparlamento kontrolis jgufs, federalur kancela-rias (Bundeskanzlerarmt) da agreTve finansTa ministrs.14 parlamenti (daara dazvervis samsaxurebi) Rebulobs gadawyvetilebas dazvervissamsaxurebis biujetis romel elementebs esaWiroebaT gasaidumloe-ba.15

garda amisa, mraval qveyanaSi, finansuri auditis Sedegebi CarTuliauSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxuris (mag., niderlandebSi) an sapar-lamento zedamxedvelobis organos (mag., gaerTianebul samefoSi)yovelwliur sajaro moxsenebebSi.16

momdevno blokSi naCvenebia Tu rogor SeiZleba moxdes samsaxurebTandakavSirebuli informaciis gamJRavneba.

mraval qveyanaSi isec xdeba, rom auditi konkretuli proeqtebiskanonierebis, efeqturobisa da qmediTobis sakiTxebs swavlobs,rogoricaa, axali ofisebis mSenebloba (mag., kanadasa da gaerTiane-bul samefoSi), an axali sasaignalo sistemebis SeZena (mag., gaerTiane-bul samefoSi), an samsaxurebs Soris informaciis gacvla antitero-

bloki No 56: auditorisaTvis samsaxurebis informaciis kanonieri gamJRavneba (gaerTianebuli samefo) ‘informaciis gamJRavneba unda ganixilebodes rogorc dazvervis samsaxuris funqciis jerovani ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro elemen-ti Tu igi moicavs (...) makontroleblisaTvis da generaluri audito-risaTvis informaciis gamJRavnebas, romelic eqvemdebareba saxelm-wifo ministris mier damtkicebul wesebs da maT Sesabamisad xor-cieldeba da makontroleblisa da generaluri auditoris funqcia-Ta miznebs emsaxureba’

wyaro: dazvervis samsaxurebis aqti 1994, gany. 2(3)b, gaerTianebuli samefo.

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ristuli politikis koordinirebis mizniT (niderlandebSi). 58-eblokSi mocemulia kanadis generaluri auditoris gamoZiebis ufle-bamosilebis mandati da farglebi.

erovnuli auditis ofisi vakuumSi ar moqmedebs. igi finansuri anga-riSvaldebulebis procedurebis arsebul sistemaSia CarTuli,romelic kanoniT aris gansazRvruli. Cveulebriv, angariSvaldebu-lebis Cveulebrivi Tu specifikuri debulebebi gamoiyeneba, zogadadfinansuri angariSvaldebulebis Sesaxeb kanonebiTaa gansazRvruli,xolo konkretulad _ kanonebiT dazvervis samsaxurebis Sesaxeb. 57-e blokSi mocemulia luqsemburgis dazvervis samsaxurebis finansuriangariSgebis proceduraTa zogierTi magaliTi. luqsemburgis maga-liTze finansuri audutis sistemebis sami mniSvnelovani elementianaCvenebi.pirveli, dazvervis samsaxurebis specialur buRalters niSnavs Sesa-bamisi ministri da ara dazvervis samsaxuris direqtori. es debuleba

bloki No 57: finansuri angariSvaldebuleba (luqsemburgi) ‘(1) dazvervis samsaxurebis danaxarjebs axorcielebs dazvervis sam-saxuris specialuri buRalteri, romelsac niSnavs biujetze pasu-xismgebeli ministri 68-e muxlis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo biujetis, angariSebisa da xazinis Sesaxeb kanonis 1999 wlis 8 ivnisis Seswore-bis mixedviT. (2) zemoxsenebuli kanonis 68-73 muxlebis debulebebidan gamonak-liss warmoadgens: _ dazvervis samsaxuris menejmentis perioduli kontroli, romel-sac erovnuli auditis ofisi axorcielebs; _ specialuri buRaltris mier miRebuli fondebi nawildeba dazver-vis samsaxuris xarjebis gadaxdaze; da maTi Cawera xdeba specialuri buRaltris mier warmoebul angariSebSi; _ yoveli kvartlis bolos specialuri buRalteri fondebis gamoye-nebis Sesaxeb angariSebs warudgens moxeles, romelsac xarjebis dam-tkicebis uflebamosileba aqvs, rac unda ganxorcieldes fondebis ganawilebis dadgenilebaSi gansazRvruli grafikis mixedviT; _ fondebi, romlebic fiskaluri wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebuli ar iqna im xarjebis dasafarad, romlisTvisac isini iyvnen gamoyofili, saxelmwifo xazinas ar ubrundeba. nacvlad amisa, es fondebi Caiwe-reba dazvervis samsaxurebis parametrebSi momavali fiskaluri wli-saTvis; _ moxele, romelsac xarjebis damtkicebis uflebamosileba aqvs, specialuri buRaltrebis angariSebs dasamtkiceblad warudgens erovnuli auditis ofiss; _ erovnuli auditis ofisi, angariSebs, mis mier gakeTebul daskvneb-Tan erTad, premierministrs, saxelmwifo ministrs warudgens; _ yoveli fiskaluri wlis bolos, premierministri, saxelmwifo mi-nistri, biujetze pasuxismgebel ministrs sTavazobs gadawyvitos specialuri buRaltrisaTvis misi funqciebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi. funqciebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi unda gadawydes im fiskaluri wlis momdevno fiskaluri wlis 31 dekembramde, romelzedac specialur buRalters angariSebi hqonda wardgenili.’

wyaro : 15 ivnisis kanoni saxelmwifo dazvervis samsaxuris Sesaxeb, muxli 7, Memorial - Journal Officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, A-No. 113 (araoficialuri

Targmani)

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buRalters samsaxuris SigniT mtkice pozicias aniWebs da misi ofisisdamoukideblobas uwyobs xels.meore, erovnuli auditis samsaxuris mandati samsaxurebis finansurimenejmentis periodul Semowmebas iTvaliswinebs. es imas niSnavs, rommandati scdeba mxolod xarjebis kanonierebis da angariSebis farg-lebs da igi agreTve mocemuli samsaxuris saqmianobis, qmediTobisda efeqturobis Sefasebasac moicavs.mesame, kanoni acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo biujetis, angariSgebisa da

bloki No 58: proeqtebis damoukidebeli auditi: kanadis generaluri auditoris mier kanadis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis (CSIS) erovnuli Stab-binis proeqtis Semowmebis magaliTi ‘amocanebi: auditis mizani iyo dagvedgina, Seesabameboda Tu ara erovnuli Stab-binis Senoba CSIS-is mier miTiTebul amocanebs da saxazino sabWos mier gamoyofil fondebs, da proeqti ganxorcielda Tu ara ekonomiurobisa da qmediTobis jerovani gaTvaliswinebiT. kriteriumiebi: Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli auditis kriteriumebi gamomdinareobda ZiriTadi saxsrebis proeqtebis Semowmebis Cveneu-li instruqciebidan, agreTve Sesabamisi saxazino sabWos strategi-ebidan da saxelmZRvanelo principebidan. farglebi: auditis Sedegad Semowmda am ZiriTadi samefo proeqtis yvela mTavari faza. konkretulad, Cven SevamowmeT moTxovnaTa gan-martebebi, alternativaTa analizi, proeqtis aRweriloba, proeqti-rebisa da Semowmebis procesi, kontraqtebis gaformebis procesi, brZanebebi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, proeqtis menejmenti, ekologiuri Sefasebebi, obieqtis gaSvebisa da proeqtis Semdgomi Sefaseba. Cveni auditi daiwyo 1995 wlis noemberSi da dasrulda 1996 wlis martSi. proeqtis sididisa da sirTulis da agreTve SezRuduli drois gaT-valiswinebiT, Cven detaluri finansuri angariSebi ar Segvimowmebia. (...) audits ar ganuxilavs kanadis uSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxuris (CSIS) mandati. Tumca Senoba-nagebobaTa moTxovnebis Seswavlisas da-vadgineT, rom isini arsebuli mandatis farglebs akmayofilebdnen da maTi ganxorcieleba saWiro iyo. midgoma: auditis mtkicebulebebi Segrovda proeqtis mSeneblebTan da kanadis uSiSroebis dazvervis TanamSromlebTan, rogorc Senobis momxmareblebTan, intensiuri gasaubrebis meSveobiT. Cven Sevamow-meT gegmarebis dokumentebi, saxazino sabWoSi wardgenili moT-xovnebi, proeqtis Canawerebi, proeqtis mrCevelTa komitetis da proeqtis menejmentis sxdomebis oqmebi, korespondencia, sakontraq-to dokumentebi da wliuri angariSebi. Cven SevamowmeT Senoba, saxu-ravidan sardafamde, saofise farTebis, specialuri daniSnulebis adgilebisa da Senobis momsaxurebis farTebis CaTvliT. CvenTan uma-Rles doneze TanamSromlobdnen (...). TanamSromlobis done gansaku-Trebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kanadis uSiSroebis dazvervis samsaxuris operaciebisa da TviT SenobisaTvis damaxasia-Tebel usafrTxoebis moTxovnebs.’

wyaro: kanadis generaluri auditoris 1996 wlis moxseneba; ix. vebgverdi http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca

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xazinis Sesaxeb kanoni dazvervis samsaxurebsac exeba (garkveulispecifikuri gamonaklisis garda). aqedan gamomdinare, kanoni miznadisaxavs iseTi situaciis damkvidrebas, sadac maqsimalurad gamoiye-neba efeqturi finansuri menejmentis Cveulebrivi praqtika.

Tumca Zalze mniSvnelovania gamafrTxilebeli SeniSvna. uSiSroebada dazverva mTlianobaSi ar SeiZleba SevadaroT mTavrobis sxvasaqmianobas. mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo misi muSaoba ufro maRalixarisxis riskTan aris dakavSirebuli da, aqedan gamomdinare, inves-ticiebi SeiZleba arasworad iqnes gamoyenebuli iseTi faqtorebisSedegad, romlebic samsaxuris pasuxismgeblobaSi ar Sedian. arCeuliwarmomadgenlebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT unda miudgnen audi-tis Sedegebs. generaluri auditoris moxsenebaze daubalansebelireagireba an misi Sedegebis gaJonva zians ayenebs samsaxurebis funq-ciobas da, sxva Tu araferi, SesaZloa daazianos ndoba politikurliderebsa da samsaxurebis xelmZRvanelobas Soris.

saukeTeso praqtika

auditis ofisis damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT misisaqmianoba kanons unda efuZnebodes, man moxseneba unda warud-ginos parlaments da auditis ofisis direqtors, parlamentiki unda niSnavdes an amtkicebdes;auditis ofisis Sesaxeb kanoni unda Seicavdes debulebebs ofi-sis mandatis, moxsenebis meqanizmebis, direqtoris daniSvnis da,agreTve, klasificirebul informaciaze xelmisawvdomobis Se-saxeb;generalur auditors sruli xelmisawvdomoba unda hqondesklasificirebul informaciaze, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iq-neba konkretuli SezRudvebi wyaroebis da mgrZnobiare ope-raciebis identificirebis dacvis mizniT;kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnil auditis ofiss unda SeeZlos aramxolod finansuri auditis Catareba, aramed konkretuli pro-eqtebis mimdinareobis detaluri Semowmebac;imis gamo, rom auditis ofiss klasificirebul informaciasTanuxdeba Sexeba, unda arsebobdes damcavi meqanizmi auditisSedegebis (fragmentebis) unebarTvo gamoqveynebis Tavidanacilebis mizniT.

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SeniSvnebi _ V ganyofileba, gare kontrolis organoebis roli

1. germaniis bundestagis saparlamento kontrolis komisiis samdivno,dazvervis samsaxurebis saparlamento kontroli germaniaSi (berlini:Bundespresseamt, 2001), gv. 19-20.

2. uindiSi avstriis winaaRmdeg, (1991), 13 adamianis uflebaTa evropismoxseneba 291; van meCeleni niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, (1998) 25 ada-mianis uflebaTa evropis moxseneba 647, teiqseira de kastro portu-galiis winaaRmdeg, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo, 1998wlis 9 ivnisis gadawyvetileba.

3. rou da devisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, (2000), 30 adamianisuflebaTa evropis moxseneba 1; tineli da makeldufi gaerTianebulisamefos winaaRmdeg, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos 1998wlis 10 ivlisis gadawyvetileba.

4. Cahali gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, (1997), 23 adamianis uflebaTaevropis moxseneba 413; tineli da makeldufi gaerTianebuli samefoswinaaRmdeg, (1999), 27 adamianis uflebaTa evropis moxseneba 249; ed-vardsi da luisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli sasamarTlo, 2003 wlis 22 ivlisis da 2004 wlis 27oqtombris gadawyvetilebebi.

5. klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg, punqti 15 (me-8 muxlis safuZvelze); lean-deri SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, punqti 68 (me-13 muxlis safuZvelze);.

6. leanderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, punqti 78.

7. ‘moxseneba Sida uSiSroebis samsaxurebTan dakavSirebuli rekomenda-ciebis realizebis Sesaxeb’, miRebulia PC-S-SEC-is meore sxdomaze (2002wlis 9-11 oqtomberi), gv. 15.

8. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi generaluri inspeqtoris uflebamosilebaTaSedarebiTi analizisaTvis, ix. dazvervisa da uSiSroebis komitetis(gaerTianebuli samefo), 2002-2001 ww yovelwliuri moxseneba, Cm 5542,danarTi 3.

9. CSIS aqti, gany. 33.2. zedamxedvelobis organos unda gaegzavnos rogorcsamsaxuris wliuri angariSi, aseve generaluri inspeqtorismoxsenebiTi baraTi, SIRC.: gany. 33.3, CSIS aqti, 1984.

10. dazvervis generaluri inspeqtoris ofisi.

11. aqti uSiSroebisa da dazvervis generaluri inspeqtoris Sesaxeb, 1986 w.,gany. 10-12.

12. mag., ix. bosnia-hercegovinis kanoni dazvervisa da uSiSroebis dawese-bulebis Sesaxeb, muxli 32:‘generalur inspeqtors Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da anTavisuflebs mi-nistrTa sabWo, Tavmjdomaris wardginebiT. generaluri inspeqtoriiniSneba oTxi wlis vadiT, romelic SeiZleba erTjer gaugrZeldes.generaluri inspeqtori Tavisi uflebamosilebis mandatis vadis gasv-lamde SeiZleba ganTavisufldes dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan sakuTarigancxadebis safuZvelze; Tu mudmivad ver asrulebs misdami dakisre-bul funqciebs; arRvevs Sesabamis kanonmdeblobasa da debulebebs;ver axorcielebs dawesebulebis zedamxedvelobis RonisZiebebs; Tumis mimarT aRZrulia sisxlis samarTlis saqme Tanamdebobis borotad

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gamoyenebisaTvis an saxelmwifo, samxedro Tu samsaxureobrivi sai-dumlos gamJRavnebisaTvis; Tu mis mimarT miRebulia gamamtyunebeliganaCeni sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisaTvis, rac mas am Tanamdebobi-saTvis Seuferebels xdis; an Tu igi ver ver axerxebs gamoZiebis, Semow-mebis an auditis ganxorcielebas droulad da kanonieri saxiT.’

13. es SezRudvebi exeba gaerTianebuli samefos sapatento uwyebas da gene-ralur auditors, ix. sapatento uwyebis xelmZRvanelisa da genera-luri auditoris moxseneba, Thames House and Vauxhall Cross, HC 1999 _ 2000sesia, 2000 wlis Tebervali, punqti 8. ix. vebgverdze:http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/9900236.pdf

14. germaniis Bundeshaushaltsordnung (BHO) (1969), punqti 10a (3); germaniis sapar-lamento kontrolis jgufis samdivno Die Parlamentarische Kontrolle derNachrichtendienste in Deutschland – Materialien, (Berlin: Bundestag, 2003), gv. 42; germaniisdazvervis samsaxuris vebgverdi: http://www.bundesnachrichtendienst.de/auftrag/kontrolle.htmBundeshaushaltsordnung>.

15. germaniis Bundeshaushaltsordnung (BHO) (1969), punqti 10a(2).

16. ix. mag., niderlandebis uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis yovel-wliuri moxseneba (2003 w.), vebgverdi: <http://www.minbzk.nl/contents/pages/9459/annual_report_2003_aivd.pdf>, gv. 69-70; dazvervisa da uSiSroebis komi-tetis yovelwliuri moxseneba, 2002-2003 ww., parlaments warudginapremierministrma misi umaRlesobis gankargulebis Sesabamisad, 2003wlis ivnisi, londoni, gv. 8-13.

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saukeTeso praqtikismimoxilva

dawesebuleba

mandatis gansazRvra

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebis roli mkafiod undaiyos gansazRvruli da detalurad Camoyalibebuli sakiTxebiTSezRuduli da iTvaliswinebdes erovnuli usafrTxoebis wi-naSe mdgar safrTxeebsa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struq-turas;erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi da samoqa-laqo sazogadoebis struqtura kanoniT unda iyos dadgenili;uSiSroebis an dazvervis samsaxuris teritoriuli kompetenciamkafiod unda iyos gansazRvruli da teritoriis gareT gan-xorcielebuli nebismieri uflebamosileba uzrunvelyofilunda iqnes damcavi meqanizmebiT;dawesebulebis mandatiT gaTvaliswinebuli amocanebi da ufle-bamosilebebi mkafiod unda iyos gansazRvruli parlamentismier miRebul kanonmdeblobaSi;gansakuTrebiT yofili avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebisaTvismniSvnelovania samarTlebrivi da instituciuri damcavi meqa-nizmebis arseboba, romlebic dazvervis dawesebulebis Sida po-litikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg arajerovani gamoyenebisaRkveTas uzrunvelyofen.

direqtoris daniSvna

kanonma unda gansazRvros uSiSroebis Tu dazvervis dawesebu-lebis direqtoris daniSvnis procesi da nebismieri minimaluriSemzRudavi pirobebi an faqtorebi, romelic mis ganTavisuf-lebas gamoiwvevs;daniSvnis procesi unda gacdes aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisStos, sasurvelia, rom masSi CarTuli iyos parlamenti;sasurvelia, rom direqtoris daniSvnaSi monawileobas iRebdessaparlamento opozicia;kanonmdebloba unda moicavdes direqtorze arasaTanado ze-wolisagan da uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebisagan damcav meqa-nizmebs (mag., uflebamosilebis vadis damcavi da darRvevebissafuZvelze Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebis debulebebi);Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisa da ganTavisuflebis kriteriumebinaTlad unda iyos kanoniT dadgenili;sasurvelia rom direqtoris daniSvnis procesSi erTze metikabinetis wevri iyos CarTuli, mag., saxelmwifos meTauri/pre-mierministri da Sesabamisi ministri.

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gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebis gamoyenebazenebarTvis gacema

kanonis uzenaesoba moiTxovs, rom uSiSroebisa da dazvervissamsaxurebis nebismieri specialuri uflebamosileba an saqmia-noba kanoniT iqnes dadgenili.kanoni unda iyos naTeli, konkretuli da yovlismomcveli, ra-Ta dawesebulebas ar gauCndes nakleb daregulirebuli saSua-lebebis gamoyenebis survili;specialuri uflebamosilebis gamoyenebisa da maTze zedamxed-velobis kanonmdebloba unda iTvaliswinebdes proporciu-lobis princips;unda arsebobdes kontroli specialuri uflebamosilebis bo-rotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc gamoyenebamde, ise ga-moyenebis Semdeg, romelSic CarTuli iqnebian pirebi dawese-bulebis garedan;uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis mier terorizmis wina-aRmdeg ganxorcielebuli yvela RonisZieba unda iTvaliswi-nebdes adamianis uflebebis da kanonis uzenaesobis principisdacvas.ra qmedebac unda hqondes Cadenili teroristul saqmianobaSieWvmitanil an msjavrdebul adamians, dazvervis samsaxurebmaar SeiZleba gadauxvion sicocxlis uflebas, rogorc es uzrun-velyofilia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiTa da sa-moqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtiT;specialuri uflebamosilebis TviTneburi gamoyenebisa da ada-mianis uflebaTa darRvevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT dawesebu-lebis moqmedebebi saTanado zedamxedvelobasa da Semowmebasunda eqvemdebarebodes.

informacia da failebi

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebaTa samarTlebrivimandati unda zRudavdes dawesebulebis kanonieri miznebi-saTvis individualur pirTan dakavSirebiT informaciis Segro-vebisa da piradi saqmeebis (failebis) gaxsnis miznebsa da gare-moebebs;kanoniT agreTve unda dadgindes efeqturi kontroli iseTsakiTxebze, rogoricaa informaciis Senaxvis xangrZlivoba,misi gamoyenebis gzebi da vis SeiZleba hqondes masze xelmisaw-vdomoba; arsebuli informaciis damuSavebisas aseve uzrun-velyofil unda iqnes monacemTa dacvis saerTaSoriso prin-cipebi. am saxelmZRvanelo principebis dacvis mizniT undaarsebobdes auditis procesebi, gare damoukidebeli specia-listebis CaTvliT;uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebebi gamonakliss ar undawarmoadgendnen Sidasaxelmwifo kanonmdeblobidan, romelicinformaciis Tavisuflebasa da failebze xelmisawvdomobas-Tanaa dakavSirebuli. piriqiT, saTanado SemTxvevaSi, maT uf-leba unda miscen isargeblon gamJRavnebis principebis konkre-tuli gamonaklisebiT, romelic erovnuli usafrTxoebis Sez-

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Rudul koncefciasa da dawesebulebis mandatTanaa dakavSi-rebuli;kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulma sasamarTloebma Tu sxva damou-kidebelma meqanizmebma Tavisuflad unda gansazRvron, dawese-bulebis saqmeebSi arsebul monacemebTan saTanado xelmisawv-domobiT, ramdenad sworad iqna gamoyenebuli aseTi gamonak-lisebi individualur mosarCeleTa mier Semotanil nebismiersaqmeSi;ucxoeTidan an saerTaSoriso dawesebulebidan miRebuli in-formacia unda daeqvemdebaros rogorc warmomavlobis qveya-naSi dawesebul kontrols, aseve Sidasaxelmwifo kanoniT gaTva-liswinebul normebs;ucxo qveynis uSiSroebis samsaxurebis an SeiaraRebuli Zalebis,an saerTaSoriso dawesebulebebisaTvis informaciis miwodebamxolod im SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi, Tu isini valdebulebas aiRe-ben, rom misi damuSaveba da gamoyeneba daeqvemdebareba mim-wodebeli qveynis Sidasaxelmwifo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulkontrols (im kanonebTan erTad, romelic mimRebi dawesebu-lebis mimarT gamoiyeneba).

dawesebulebis Sida marTva da kontroli

dazvervis samsaxurebi kanonis miRma ar unda darCnen. aqedangamomdinare, TanamSromeli, romelic eWvobs an darwmunebulia,rom adgili hqonda ukanono qmedebasa da brZanebas, valdebu-li unda iyos waradginos moxseneba Tavisi eWvebis Sesaxeb;unda arsebobdes kodificirebuli praqtika agentebisaTvissaTanado mxardaWerisa da dacvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT;dazvervis samsaxurebis TanamSromlebs unda Seaswavlon qceviskodeqsi, romelic Seicavs maTi saqmianobis eTikuri farglebisganxilvas. unda moxdes aseTi treningebis ganaxleba da igiTanamSromlebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos maTi samsaxurismTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi;Sida administraciuli strategia mkafio samarTlebrivi sta-tusis safuZvelze unda gaformdes.kanonmdeblobiT mocemuli Zalze detaluri an mgrZnobiaresakiTxebi unda warimarTos mkafio samarTlebrivi statusismqone kanonieri Sida administraciuli strategiiT.

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aRmasruleblis roli

mTavrobis gaTviTcnobiereba da dazvervis kontroli

dazvervasTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba xelmisawvdomo-basTan dakavSirebiT or, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul, uflebasunda Seicavdes: aRmasrulebeli organos ufleba dawesebulebisxelT arsebul Sesabamis informaciaze da dawesebulebis xelm-ZRvanelTa ufleba, xeli miuwvdebodeT saTanado ministrTan;ministrs kanoniT unda evalebodes uSiSroebisa da dazvervissakiTxebze politikis Camoyalibeba. mas aseve kanoniT unda hqon-des miniWebuli ufleba regularulad miiRos moxsenebebi dawe-sebulebisagan, aseve kanoniT unda iyos pasuxismgebeli politi-kurad mgrZnobiare sakiTxebis damtkicebaze.

farul RonisZiebaze kontroli

yvela farul RonisZiebas amtkicebs aRmasrulebeli Stospasuxismgebeli piri parlamentis mier dadgenili samarTleb-rivi sqemis mixedviT, unda momzaddes regularuli moxsenebebi;dauSvebelia nebismieri saxelmwifo moxelis mier faruli pro-gramis farglebSi raime qmedebis ganxorcieleba an damtkiceba,Tu igi arRvevs adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebs.

saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba

mniSvnelovania, rom saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba saTanadodiqnes nebadarTuli ministrebis mier da minimalur damcav meqa-nizmebs eqvemdebarebodes, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes Sidasa-xelmwifo samarTalTan da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv val-debulebebTan Sesabamisoba;gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes samarTlebrivi damcavi meqaniz-mebi, romelic Tavidan aicilebs informaciis gacvlis imgvargamoyenebas, romelic gverds auvlis adamianis uflebaTa nor-mebs, romelTaganac gadaxveva dauSvebelia da Tavidan aici-lebs Sidasaxelmwifo samarTliT uzrunvelyofil kontrols.

damcavi meqanizmebi mTavrobis mxridan uflebamosi-lebis gadaWarbebis winaaRmdeg

dazvervasTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba unda SeicavdesmTavrobis mxridan uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebisagan dadazvervis samsaxurebis politizirebisagan damcav meqanizmebs.SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes sxvadasxva SesaZlo damcavi meqa-nizmi, rogoricaa mTavrobis yvela instruqciis werilobiTiformiT warmodgenis da/an maTi gare makontrolebeli organo-saTvis miwodebis moTxovna, agreTve mTavrobisadmi wayenebulimoTxovna _ saqmis kursSi Caayenon opoziciis lideri;dazvervis samsaxurebma ar unda ganaxorcielon raime qmedeba,riTac xels Seuwyoben romelime politikuri partiis intere-

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sebis gaRrmavebas;dazvervis samsaxurebma ar unda gamoiZion saprotesto, mxar-damWeri Tu ukmayofilebis aqcia, romelic demokratiuli pro-cesis nawils warmoadgens da kanonis Sesabamisad tardeba.

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parlamentis roli

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organoebis mandati

mandatis horizontaluri Wrili: dazvervis mTeli sistema,yvela damxmare departamenti da oficialuri piri unda eqvem-debarebodes erT an met saparlamento zedamxedvelobis orga-nos;mandatis vertikaluri Wrili: saparlamento zedamxedvelobisorganos mandati SeiZleba moicavdes dazvervis samsaxurebisqvemoT CamoTvlil zogierT an yvela aspeqts _ (a) kanoniereba,(b) efeqturoba, (g) qmediToba, (d) sabiujeto da sabuRaltroprocesebi, (e) adamianis uflebaTa saTanado konvenciebTan Sesa-bamisoba da (v) politikis/administraciuli sakiTxebi;zemoaRniSnul eqvsive aspeqts unda moicavdes an saparlamentozedamxedvelobis organo, an sxva damoukidebeli saxelmwifoorganoebi, mag., erovnuli auditis samsaxuri, generaluri ins-peqcia, ombudsmeni an sasamarTlo. Tavidan unda iqnes acile-buli uflebamosilebaTa gadafarva;rac ufro didia dazvervis sistema da rac ufro meti dazver-vis samsaxuria masSi CarTuli, miT ufro saWiroa speciali-zebuli saparlamento zedamxedvelobis komitetebis (qvekomi-tetebis) arseboba;saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos mandati unda iyosmkafio da konkretuli;saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos rekomendaciebi damoxsenebebi unda (a) gamoqveyndes; (b) ganxilul iqnes parla-mentSi; (g) moxdes mTavrobis da dazvervis sistemis mier maTiganxorcielebis monitoringi;saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos resursebi da kanoni-eri uflebamosilebebi unda Seesabamebodnen misi mandatis far-glebs.

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organos Semadgenloba

saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organoebis ‘mesakuTre’ parla-menti unda iyos;parlamenti pasuxismgebeli unda iyos im organos wevrTa daniS-vnaze, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ ganTavisuflebaze,romelic misi saxeliT sazedamxedvelo funcias axorcielebs;saparlamento zedamxedvelobis organoTa warmomadgenlobamravalpartiuli unda iyos, sasurvelia parlamentSi arsebulpolitikur partiaTa Zalebis gaTvaliswinebiT;samTavrobo ministrebs ar unda hqondeT wevrobis ufleba(xolo parlamentarebs unda moeTxovebodeT wevrobidan gadad-goma maTi ministrad daniSvnis SemTxvevaSi), sxvagvarad adgi-li eqneba komitetis damukideblobis kompromentirebas. igiveexeba Sesamowmebel dawesebulebaTa yofil muSakebs;umjobesia komitetis wevrebs hqondeT parlamentis nebiT daara mTavrobis mier gansazRvruli wevrobis vada;

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umjobesia Tavmjdomares irCevdes parlamenti an TviT komite-ti, vidre iniSnebodes mTavrobis mier.

zedamxedvelobis organos sakontrolo Semowmeba dadaSveba

parlamentis wevrTa sakontrolo Semowmeba unda moxdes mxo-lod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu komitetis mandati operatiulad mgrZ-nobiare masalis ganxilvas iTvaliswinebs;uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis mier parlamentis wevrisdaSvebaze uaris SemTxvevaSi unda arsebobdes procedurebi,romelTa meSveobiTac dava oficialurad gadawydeba da sabo-loo gadawyvetileba miewodeba parlaments an mis prezidiums;sakontrolo Semowmebis kriteriumi unda iyos mkafio, sajaro,Tanmimdevruli da mtkice, raTa man demokratiuli kontroligaiaros.

parlamentis uflebamosileba informaciisa dadokumentebis mopovebaze

zedamxedvelobis organos unda hqondes gamoZiebis dawyebiskanonieri ufleba;zedamxedvelobis organos wevrebs unda hqondeT SeuzRudavixelmisawvdomoba yvela saxis informaciaze, rac maTi sazeda-mxedvelo amocanebis gansaxorcielebladaa saWiro.zedamxedvelobis organos unda hqondes mowmeTa gamoZaxebisada maTgan ficis qveS Cvenebis miRebis ufleba;iq, sadac zedamxedvelobis organos kompetencia amas moiTxovs,aRmasrulebel Stos unda ekisrebodes valdebuleba informi-rebuli hyavdes zedamxedvelobis organo;zedamxedvelobis organom unda ganaxorcielos saTanado Ro-nisZiebebi da zomebi, raTa informacia unebarTvo gamJRavne-bisagan daicvas;dawesebulebebsa da zedamxedvelobis organos Soris informa-ciis xelmisawvdomobasTan dakavSirebuli davebis sabolooanalizi unda gaakeTos TviT parlamentma.

parlamentisaTvis moxsenebebis wardgena

saparlamento komitetis moxsenebis vadisa da formis gansa-zRvraze da mtkicebulebaTa gamoqveynebaze ZiriTadi pasuxis-mgebloba unda ekisrebodes TviT komitets;komitetma parlaments moxseneba unda warudginos sul cotayovelwliurad an im sixSiriT, rogorc is miiCnevs mizanSewo-nilad;parlamentma unda miiRos saboloo gadawyvetileba imasTan da-kavSirebiT, Tu ra masala unda iqnes amoRebuli moxsenebidanusafrTxoebis miznebisaTvis.mTavrobas da dawesebulebebs winaswar unda hqondeT warmod-gena moxsenebis proeqtis Sesaxeb, raTa usafrTxoebis mizniTmoxdes saTanado masalis amoReba.

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biujetis kontroli

zedamxedvelobis organos xeli unda miuwvdebodes yvela saTa-nado sabiujeto dokumentze, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arse-bobs klasificirebuli informaciis gaJonvisagan damcavi meqa-nizmebi;uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis biujetis zedamxed-veloba unda warimarTos imave principebiT, romlebic sxva sam-Tavrobo RonisZiebebs aregulireben. gamonaklisi SemTxvevebikanoniT unda daregulirdes. am TvalsazrisiT biujetze zeda-mxedveloba unda iyos sabiujeto komitetisa da zedamxedvelo-bis komitetis erToblivi uflebamosileba;Zlier parlaments unda hqondes biujetis damtkicebis ufleba;dazvervis dawesebulebebs RonisZiebebisaTvis mxolod maSin Se-uZliaT fondebis gamoyeneba, Tu es fondebi sakanonmdeblo or-ganos mier uSualod am mizniT aris gamoyofili;dazvervis samsaxurebs ar unda hqondeT ufleba dawesebulebisgareT gadascen fondebi sakanonmdeblo organos nebarTvisgareSe.

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gare kontrolis organoebis roli

moqalaqeTa ukmayofilebis daregulireba

uflebamosili piri an tribunali, romelic saCivars ixilavs,unda akmayofilebdes am donis TanamdebobisaTvis saWiro kons-tituciur da samarTlebriv moTxovnebs da Tanadebobaze yof-nis periodSi unda sargeblobdes Tanamdebobaze yofnis vadissamarTlebrivi dacviT;procesis umetesi nawili SesaZleblobis farglebSi sajarodunda ganxorcieldes. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca procesi sazoga-doebisaTvis daxurulia, igi SesaZleblobis farglebSi maqsima-lurad Ria unda iyos momCivanisaTvis da misi kanonieri warmo-madgenlebisaTvis;uflebamosil pirs an tribunals ufleba unda hqondes gamo-Ziebis gareSe acileba misces saCivrebs, romlebsac isini arake-Tilsindisierad an aSkarad dausabuTeblad miiCneven;Tu erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare saWi-roa SeizRudos momCivnis monawileoba ganxilvis procesSi,aseTi gadawyvetileba unda miiRos mxolod saCivris ganxilvazeuflebamosilma pirma an tribunalma da uzrunvelyofil undaiqnes kompensaciis damcavi meqanizmebi (rogoricaa ‘eSmakis ad-vokatis’ an ‘advokatTa specialuri jgufis’ gamoyeneba), racprocesis samarTlianobas da miukerZoeblobas uzrunvelyofs;tribunals an uflebamosil pirs unda hqondes samarTlebrivadsavaldebulo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis ufleba, riTac uz-runvelyofili iqneba efeqturi zoma momCivnisaTvis, romlissaqmec kanonieri xasiaTisaa. es SeiZleba moicavdes kompensa-ciis gacemas da uSiSroebis an dazvervis dawesebulebebis xelTarsebuli masalis ganadgurebas;ganxilvis farglebi da safuZvlebi mkafiod unda iyos dadge-nili kanoniT da unda moicavdes uSiSroebisa Tu dazvervis sam-saxurebis qmedebaTa arss (da ara mxolod ubralo procedu-rul aspeqtebs).

damoukidebeli organoebis mier dawesebulebis zeda-mxedveloba administraciis farglebSi

uSiSroebisa da dazvervis dawesebulebaTa im funqciebis Se-mowmeba, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen individualur pireb-ze, unda ganxorcieldes damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli uf-lebamosili pirebis mier (ombudsmeni an generaluri inspeq-tori) da unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg standartebs;uflebamosili piri, romelic makontroleblis funqcias asru-lebs, unda akmayofilebdes konstituciur da samarTlebrivmoTxovnebs, romelic am donis postis dasakaveblad aris saWi-ro da maTi samuSao vada samarTlebrivad unda iyos daculi;Semowmebis farglebi da safuZvlebi mkafiod unda ganisaz-Rvros kanoniT da unda moicavdes uSiSroebisa da dazvervisdawesebulebaTa arss (da ara mxolod ubralo procedurul

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aspeqtebs);uflebamosil pirs saTanado samarTlebrivi uflebamosile-bebi unda hqondes, raTa man SeZlos uSiSroebisa da dazvervisdawesebulebaTa mier Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSire-buli faqtebisa da mtkicebulebaTa Semowmeba;uflebamosil pirs maqsimaluri uflebamosileba unda hqondes,raTa gansazRvros procesis Sedegebidan gamomdinare gankar-gulebebis, moxsenebebis Tu gadawyvetilebebis forma da farg-lebi.

damoukidebeli auditis samsaxurebi

auditis ofisis damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT misisaqmianoba kanons unda efuZnebodes, man moxseneba unda warud-ginos parlaments da auditis ofisis direqtors parlamentiunda niSnavdes an amtkicebdes;auditis ofisebis Sesaxeb kanoni unda Seicavdes debulebebsofisis mandatis, moxsenebis meqanizmebis, direqtoris daniS-vnis da agreTve klasificirebul informaciaze xelmisawvdo-mobis Sesaxeb;generalur auditors sruli xelmisawvdomoba unda hqondesklasificirebul informaciaze, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iq-neba konkretuli SezRudvebi wyaroebis da mgrZnobiare opera-ciebis identificirebis dacvis mizniT;kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnil auditis ofisebs ara mxolod fi-nansuri auditis Catareba unda SeeZloT, aramed konkretuliproeqtebis mimdinareobis detaluri Semowmebac;imis gamo, rom auditis ofisebs klasificirebul informacias-Tan uxdebaT Sexeba, unda arsebobdes damcavi meqanizmebi audi-tis Sedegebis (fragmentebis) unebarTvo gamoqveynebis Tavidanacilebis mizniT.

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SeiaraRebul Zalebzedemokratiuli kontrolis

Jenevis centri (DCAF)

SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centri(DCAF), romelic Sveicariis mTavrobis iniciativiT 2000 wlis oqtom-berSi Seiqmna, xels uwyobs da mxars uWers saxelmwifo da arasaxel-mwifo institutebis Zalisxmevas, romelsac isini SeiaraRebuli dauSiSroebis Zalebis demokratiuli da samoqalaqo kontrolis gan-mtkicebis mizniT ewevian da daxmarebas uwevs usafrTxoebis seqtorSidemokratiuli standartebis Sesabamisad mimdinare reformebs.

centri agrovebs informacias da awarmoebs kvlevebs usafrTxoebisseqtorSi problemaTa identificirebis, miRebuli gakveTilebidangamocdilebis dagrovebis da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sferoSisaukeTeso praqtikis SeTavazebis mizniT. praqtikuli samuSao pro-gramebis meSveobiT centri Tavis gamocdilebas da mxardaWeras sTa-vazobs yvela dainteresebul mxares, saxeldobr, mTavrobebs, parla-mentebs, samxedro organoebs, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, arasam-Tavrobo organizaciebs da samecniero wreebs. centris saqmianobaZiriTadad evro-atlantikur regionzea orientirebuli, Tumca amiTar Semoifargleba.

SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centri Svei-cariis kanonze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso fondia. 2005 wels fondissabWos SemadgenlobaSi 46 mTavroba Sedioda, Sveicariis mTavrobisCaTvliT. maTgan 41 evro-atlantikuri saxelmwifo iyo, 3 _ afrikuli,xolo erTic Jenevis kantoni. Jenevis centris saerTaSoriso mrCe-velTa sabWoSi centris saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferos 60-ze meti eqs-pertia gaerTianebuli. Jenevis centrSi daaxloebiT 30 sxvadasxvaerovnebis 50-mde TanamSromeli muSaobs. SeiaraRebaze demokrati-uli kontrolis Jenevis centris biujetis yvelaze didi donorebiarian Sveicariis Tavdacvis, samoqalaqo dacvisa da sportis federa-luri departamenti da sagareo saqmeTa federaluri departamenti.

detaluri informacia centris Sesaxeb SegiZliaT ixiloTvebgverdze: www.dcaf.ch.

sakontaqto informacia:SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontrolis centri (DCAF);Santepules q. # 11. safosto yuTi 1360,CH-1211 Jeneva, Sveicariatel: ++41 22 741 77 00; faqsi: ++41 22 741 77 05;el-fosta: [email protected]: www.dcaf.ch

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durhamis universitetisadamianis uflebaTa centri

centri, rogorc universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis nawili, 2001wels daarsda adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis sferoSi fakultetiswevrTa kvleviTi interesebisa da saqmianobis koordinirebis mizniT.fakultetis TanamSromelTa naxevarze meti kvleviT programebsaxorcielebs adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi da wignebsa da statiebsaqveynebs adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva Temebze.maTi interesebis sferoSi Sedis sakiTxTa mTeli speqtri _ adamianisuflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali, regionuli sistemebi, rogori-caa evropis sabWo da evropis kavSiri, adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb amqveynis 1998 wlis aqtis ganxorcielebis sakiTxebi da sxv. centrigansakuTrebiT aqtiurad muSaobs adamianis uflebebTan dakavSire-buli sasamarTlo procesebis meTodologiaze, rogorc argumenti-rebis formebis, ise gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis kuTxiT. centrireagirebs saxelmwifo politikis specifikur sakiTxTa adamianis uf-lebaTa aspeqtebze, rodesac aseTi sakiTxebi sazogadoebis yurad-Rebis centrSi dgeba.

centri cdilobs aqtiurad iTanamSromlos specialistebTan da sasa-marTlosTan. centrs aqvs mcirericxovani mrCevelTa sabWo, romel-sac qalbatoni iustis bleki xelmZRvanelobs da misi wevrebi sxva-dasxva profesiis adamianebi da sxva organizaciebis daqvemdebarebaSimyofi iuristebi arian. centri atarebs leqciaTa yovelwliur serias_ irvinis leqciebs adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi _ romelsac safuZ-veli Caeyara 2002 wels, maSindeli lord kancleris, lergis lordirvinis iniciativiT.

xelovnebisa da humanitaruli kvlevebis sabWom (AHRB), adamianis ufle-baTa aqtis safuZvelze, sasamarTlo dasabuTebis proeqtis miznebi-saTvis centrs 139 000 evro gamouyo. proeqti iTvaliswinebs semina-rebs sasamarTlo dasabuTebis sakiTxebze, romlebic adamianis ufle-baTa aqtis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli samarTlis SerCeul sferoebsmoicavs.

sakontaqto informaciaprofesori ian leifi, Tanadireqtorinort beilis 50, durhami DH1 3ET, gaerTianebuli samefotel: 00 44 191 374 2035faqsi: 00 44 191 374 2044el-fosta: [email protected]: http://www.dur.ac.uk/Law

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norvegiis parlamentisdazvervis zedamxedvelobis

komiteti

1996 wlidan norvegiis dazvervis samsaxurebze zedamxedvelobas sa-parlamento zedamxedvelobis organo _ norvegiis parlamentis daz-vervis zedamxedvelobis komiteti axorcielebs. komiteti zedamxed-velobas uwevs norvegiis policiis uSiSroebis samsaxurs, norvegiisdazvervis samsaxurs da norvegiis erovnuli usafrTxoebis organos.komitetis wevrebs norvegiis parlamenti (stortingeti) irCevs, Tum-ca isini ar SeiZleba parlamentis wevrebi iyvnen. aseTi midgoma miznadisaxavs sazedamxedvelo struqturis mTavrobisagan damoukideblo-bis uzrunvelyofas da, imavdroulad, misi mimdinare saqmianobisdamoukideblobas _ parlamentisagan.

zedamxedveloba xorcieldeba samsaxurebis regularuli SemowmebisgziT. komiteti agreTve ixilavs kerZo pirebisagan da norvegiaSidafuZnebuli organizaciebidan samsaxurebis mimarT Semosul saCiv-rebs. pasuxismgeblobis sfero funqciuradaa gansazRvruli da igikonkretul organizaciul erTeulebTan dakavSirebuli ar aris. ze-damxedvelobis upirvelesi mizania individualur pirTa samoqala-qo uflebebis dacva, magram igi amasTan erTad moicavs zogad zeda-mxedvelobas, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes samsaxurebis RonisZiebaTaganxorcieleba kanonmdeblobis farglebSi. komiteti parlamentsyovelwliurad warudgens moxsenebas misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb da saWi-roebis SemTxvevaSi specialur moxsenebebs amzadebs. komitets farToxelmisawvdomoba aqvs informaciasa da struqturebze. maT wevrebsmkacrad evalebaT saidumloebis dacva. komiteti zedamxedvelobisex post facto princips icavs.

sakontaqto informacianorvegiis parlamentis dazvervis zedamxedvelobis komitetisafosto misamarTi: stortigenti, 0026, osloofisis misamarTi: nedre volgeiti 5-7tel: 00 47 23 31 09 30faqsi: 23 31 09 40el-fosta: [email protected]: www.eos-utvalget.no

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monawileni

avtorebi

doqtori hans borniufrosi mecniermuSaki, SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontro-lis Jenevis centri, Jeneva, Sveicaria.

profesori ian leifisamarTlis profesori, adamianis uflebaTa centris Tanadireqtori,durhamis universiteti, durhami, gaerTianebuli samefo.

saredaqcio samuSaoTa asistentebi

b-ni Torsten veclingikvlevebis asistenti, SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontro-lis Jenevis centri, Jeneva, Sveicaria.

q-ni ingrid Torburnikvlevebis asistenti, SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontro-lis Jenevis centri, Jeneva, Sveicaria.

mrCevelTa sabWos wevrebi(rogorc kerZo pirebi)

profesori lain kameronisaerTaSoriso sajaro samarTlis profesori, upsalas universiteti,SvedeTi.

b-ni alister korbetidazvervisa da uSiSroebis komitetis TanamSromeli, londoni,gaerTianebuli samefo.

b-ni alain fopinisamecniero jgufis yofili Tavmjdomaris moadgile, SeiaraRebulZalebze demokratiuli kontrolis Jenevis centri, Jeneva, Sveicaria.

b-ni hakon huz-hansenisamdivnos ufrosi, norvegiis parlamentis dazvervis zedamxed-velobis komiteti, oslo, norvegia.

b-ni kalman koCiSidazvervis sistemis reformebis eqspertTa komisiis Tavmjdomare;umaRlesi warmomadgenlis ofisi, saraevo, bosnia-hercegovina;ungreTis sagareo dazvervis samsaxuris yofili xelmZRvaneli.

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doqtori frederik seierstediadvokati, generaluri prokuroris ofisi, oslo, norvegia.

b-ni fred Sreieriufrosi konsultanti, SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontro-lis Jenevis centri, Jeneva, Sveicaria.

konsultantebi(rogorc kerZo pirebi)

doqtori endriu batlerisamefo samarTali, velingtoni, axali zelandia.

q-ni marina kapariniufrosi mecniermuSaki, SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontro-lis Jenevis centri, Jeneva, Sveicaria.

doqtori riCard doilisaxelmwifo biujetis asocirebuli profesori, samxedro flotisaspirantura, monterei, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.

doqtori uilen f. van ekelenigroningenis universitetis evropis usafrTxoebis kvlevebis centrismrCevelTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiu-li kontrolis Jenevis centris da stokholmis mSvidobis kvlevebisinstitutis mrCevelTa sabWos wevri, niderlandebis senatis yofiliwevri, niderlandebis Tavdacvis yofili ministri da dasavleTevropis kavSiris yofili generaluri mdivani.

profesori, doqtori piter gililiverpulis jon mures universitetis politikisa da usafrTxoebisfakultetis profesori, gaerTianebuli samefo.

b-ni jorj b. lotz IITavdacvis mdivani dazvervis zedamxedvelobis sferoSi, vaSingtoni,amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.

doqtori bari r. uikershamitreningebis kursis direqtori, dazvervis zedamxedvelobis sferosTavdacvis mdivnis ofisi, vaSingtoni, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.

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terminTa ganmarteba

angariSvaldebulebaarCeul Tu daniSnul warmomadgenelTa valdebuleba, angariSi mos-Txovon maTi uflebamosilebebisa da movaleobebis Sesrulebis Se-saxeb. es Tanabrad exeba rogorc dazvervis, ise uSiSroebis Tana-mSromlebs. misi politikuri mizania aRmasruleblis Zalauflebisgakontroleba da, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis gadametebisminimumamde dayvana, xolo operatiuli mizania, daexmaros mTavro-bebs maTi saqmianobis efeqtur da qmediT ganxorcielebaSi.

kontroli da dabalansebaes koncefcia aRwers konstituciur da samarTlebriv meqanizmebs,romelic gamoiyeneba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, romlismizani erTpartiuli dominirebis Tavidan acilebaa. dazvervis sam-saxurebis zedamxedvelobasTan dakavSirebiT igi niSnavs, rom aRmas-rulebeli, sasamarTlo da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs TavianTi gansazR-vruli roli aqvT dazvervis angariSvaldebulebis procesSi. ix.uSiSroebis samsaxurebis demokratiuli kontroli.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris institutebis da organizaciaTa erT-oblioba da qceva, romelic arsebobs saxelmwifos, biznesis samyarosada ojaxs Soris. konkretulad igi moicavs nebayoflobiT da aramom-gebian organizaciebs, filantropul institutebs, socialur da po-litikur moZraobebs, socialuri monawileobisa da CarTulobis sxvaelementebs da maTTan dakavSirebul Rirebulebebsa da kulturulmaxasiaTeblebs.

klasificirebuli informaciakategoria, romlis mimarTac miTiTebul unda iqnes erovnuli usaf-rTxoebis informaciisa da masalebis unebarTvo gamJRavnebiT qveynisTavdacvis an sagareo urTierTobebisadmi miyenebuli zaralis xaris-xi, da, agreTve, miTiTebul unda iqnes moTxovnili dacvis xarisxi.aseTi informaciis gasaidumloebis xarisxi mis mgrZnobiarobazea da-mokidebuli. xSirad mgrZnobiare informaciis gavrceleba xdeba in-formirebulobis saWiroebis safuZvelze. qvemoT mocemuli aSS-ismagaliTi uCvenebs klasificirebuli informaciis oficialur ierar-qias: (i)sruliad saidumlo _ es aris gasaidumloebis umaRlesi doneda ganmartebulia rogorc informacia, romlis sajarod gamJRav-nebas SeuZlia ‘gansakuTrebiT mZime ziani’ miayenos erovnul usafrT-xoebas; (ii) saidumlo _ gasaidumloebis momdevno done, romelicSeiZleba moicavdes detalebs usafrTxoebis sxva RonisZiebebis anprocedurebis Sesaxeb. igi ganmartebulia rogorc informacia, rom-lis gamJRavnebiTac SesaZloa ‘seriozuli ziani’ miadges erovnulusafrTxoebas; (iii) konfidencialuri _ es aris klasificirebis yve-laze dabali done, igi ganmartebulia rogorc informacia, romlisgamJRavnebam SesaZloa ‘ziani’ miayenos erovnul usafrTxoebas. SesaZ-loa daematos sxva kategoriebic, rogoricaa, (iv) mgrZnobiare, mag-

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ram araklasificirebuli _ monacemebi, romelic ar aris dakavSire-buli erovnul usafrTxoebasTan, magram misi gamJRavnebiT SesaZloaraime ziani miadges sazogadoebas; (v) araklasificirebuli _ igi teq-nikurad ar aris ‘klasificirebuli’ da miuTiTebs informaciaze, ro-melic Tavisuflad SeiZleba miewodos sazogadoebas. informaciisdeklasificireba unda moxdes klasificirebis vadis gasvlis Semdegan Tu kompetenturi organo mis deklasificirebas moiTxovs sazo-gadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare.

saCivariindividualuri an koleqtiuri mimarTva makontrolebeli orga-nosadmi, raTa misi yuradReba miapyron adamianis uflebaTa savara-udo darRvevebs.

demokratiaxalxis, xalxis mier da xalxisTvis warmomadgenloba. misTvis dama-xasiaTebelia Tavisufali arCevnebi, kanonis uzenaesoba, Zalauf-lebis gamijvna da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis pativiscema. ix. ada-mianis uflebebi.

dazvervis samsaxurebis demokratiuli angariSvaldebulebamiuxedavad imisa, rom gasaidumloeba dazvervis samsaxurebis saqmia-nobis mniSvnelovani pirobaa, liberaluri demokratiis qveynebSisaWiroa, rom saxelmwifom kanonis uzenaesobis, Semowmebisa da daba-lansebis da gamWvirvalobis konteqstSi imoqmedos. amrigad, dazver-vis samsaxurebis demokratiuli angariSvaldebuleba gansazRvravsdazvervis samsaxurebis marTlzomierebas da maT efeqturobas amparametrebis safuZvelze. masSi xuTi urTierTdamokidebuli RerZiaCarTuli: (1) aRmasruleblis kontroli; (2) saparlamento zedamxed-veloba; (3) sasamarTlo ganxilva; (4) sazogadoebis saxeliT ganxor-cielebuli damoukidebeli zedamxedveloba; da (5) dazvervis samsa-xurebis mier ganxorcielebuli Sida kontroli.

dazvervis direqtoridavalebas Rebulobs Sesabamisi ministrisagan da pasuxismgebelia, interalia, samsaxuris kontrolsa da menejmentze, samsaxuris misiis droulSesrulebaze, samsaxurebis xelmZRvanelobasa da maT strategiulwarmarTvaze.

aRmasruleblis/saministros mier ganxorcielebuli kontroliaRmasrulebeli Sto mTavrobis centraluri, regionuli da adgi-lobrivi doneebis meSveobiT axorcielebs dazvervis samsaxurebispirdapir kontrols. igi gansazRvravs dazvervis samsaxurebis biu-jets, ZiriTad mimarTulebebs da saqmianobis prioritetebs. aRma-srulebelTa mxridan efeqturi kontrolis ganxorcielebis mizniTministrebs xeli unda miuwvdebodeT saagentos xelT arsebul Sesa-bamis informaciaze an am informaciaze dafuZnebul Sefasebebze daunda SeeZloT, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebriv samsjavrozegamoitanon dazvervis samsaxurebis qmedebebi. gare kontrolisganxorcielebas exmarebian specialuri ofisebi an organoebi,rogoricaa dazvervis sakoordinacio komisrebi, dazvervis zeda-mxedvelobis sabWoebi, politikis gadasinjvis komitetebi da au-

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ditis ofisebi, romlebic moxsenebas warudgenen uSualod minis-trebs.

efeqturi mmarTveloba‘efeqturi mmarTvelobis’ ZiriTadi elementebi mTavrobisagan moiT-xovs, rom igi iyos xalxze orientirebuli, samarTliani, angariSval-debuli, gamWvirvale, monawileobis xelSemwyobi da konsultaciebsawarmoebdes dagegmvisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi; igiunda iyos efeqturi da qmediTi sazogadoebrivi seqtoris marTvaSi,da aqtiurad iRvwodes da xels uwyobdes samoqalaqo sazogadoebisCarTvas (msoflio banki).

adamianis uflebebinebismieri ufleba an Tavisufleba, romelic yovel adamians aqvsminiWebuli da romelTa ganxorcielebaSic mTavroba ar unda Caerios(sicocxlis da Tavisuflebis, azris da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis,kanonis winaSe Tanabari valdebulebis da sxva uflebebisa Tu Tavis-uflebebis CaTvliT, romlebic dadgenilia adamianis uflebaTa saer-TaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT, rogoricaa, adamianis uflebaTa sayo-velTao deklaracia (UNDHR), ekonomikur, socialur da kulturuluflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti (ICESCR), samoqalaqo da politikuriuflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti (ICCPR), adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvencia (ECHR) da sxva regionuli dokumentebi, mag., adamianis daxalxTa uflebebis afrikuli qartia, adamianis uflebaTa amerikulikonvencia da adamianis uflebaTa aziuri qartia).

damoukidebeli zedamxedvelobadazvervis angariSvaldebulebis xuTi sxvadasxva RerZidan erTsdamoukidebeli zedamxedveloba warmoadgens. winamdebare naSromisfarglebSi dazvervis samsaxurebze damoukidebeli zedamxedvelobaxorcieldeba iseTi institutebis mier, romelTa damoukideblobada, agreTve, moxsenebis specialuri sistema da daniSvnis meqanizmebikanoniT aris uzrunvelyofili. damoukidebeli zedamxedvelobisinstitutis magaliTia auditis ofisi, ombudsmeni, tribunali an damo-ukidebeli generaluri inspeqtori. ix. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba dasamecniero centrebi.

dazvervamTavroba agrovebs, amuSavebs da iyenebs informacias. saxelmwifosostaturad marTvis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens ‘informaciisfloba, rogorc zogadis, ise konkretulis’ (jon kegani). dazvervasmTavrobaSi SezRuduli mniSvneloba aqvs _ igi gansakuTrebiTaa da-kavSirebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebTan, TavdacvasTan, erov-nul usafrTxoebasa da saidumlosTan da specializebul institu-tebTan, romlebic ‘dazvervis’ saxeliT arian cnobili (maikl herma-ni). dazverva SesaZloa CaiTvalos ‘garkveuli saxis codnad’, ‘orga-nizaciad, romelic codnas warmoqmnis’ da ‘saqmianobad, romelsacdazvervis organizacia axorcielebs’ (Serman kenti). mTavrobaSi daz-verva organizaciaTa garkveul erTobliobas efuZneba, rasac ‘daz-vervis samsaxurebs’ uwodeben. dazvervis saqmianoba aris is, rasacisini ewevian, xolo dazvervisagan miRebuli codna aris is, rasacisini warmoqmnian (maikl hermani).

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dazvervis kontrolis, dazvervis zedamxedvelobis da dazvervisSemowmebis Sedarebakontrolis ganxorcieleba niSnavs, rom dazvervis mocemul amoca-naze gaqvs movaleoba, pasuxismgebloba, misi marTvis da masze zegav-lenis unari. zedamxedveloba ufro zogadi cnebaa, vidre kontroli,radgan igi ar iTvaliswinebs, rom savaraudo ‘Semmowmebeli’ valdebu-lia an uflebamosilia zemoqmedeba moaxdinos gadawyvetilebis miRe-baze Tu Sedegebze. Semowmeba xorcieldeba dazvervis samsaxurebissaqmianobis da maT mier ganxorcielebul qmedebaTa samarTlebrivistatusis ex post facto monitoringiT.

generaluri inspeqtoritermini _ generaluri inspeqtori, zogadad samxedro an samoqalaqosaxelmwifo muSakisaTvis gamoiyeneba, romelic gamoZiebazea pasuxis-mgebeli. dazvervis sferoSi generalur inspeqtors niSnavs da ufle-bamosilebebs aniWebs aRmasrulebeli. igi amocanaTa farTo speqtrsaxorcielebs, rogoricaa, dazvervis samsaxurebis saqmianobis kanon-Tan, saxelmwifo politikasTan da prioritetebTan Sesabamisobis mo-nitoringi, agreTve dazvervis samsaxurebis saqmianobis Semowmeba; daaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaTvis regularuli moxsenebebis ward-gena (an zogierT sistemebSi _ parlamentisaTvis).

Sida kontrolidazvervis samsaxuris muSakTa Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa demokra-tiuli wyobis standartebTan; unda arsebobdes damcavi meqanizmebismwyobri sistema. qcevis kodeqsi da wesebis wigni unda exebodes daz-vervis muSakebs. garda amisa, dazvervis samsaxuris borotad gamo-yenebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT saWiroa yvela TanamSromelma gaia-ros saTanado treningi Tu rogor imoqmedos zemdgomisagan ukanonobrZanebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. dazvervis samsaxuris SigniT unda ar-sebobdes specialuri organo, romelic kontrolsa da koordinire-bas gauwevs dazvervis samsaxuris Sida kontrolis funqciobas.

sasamarTlo ganxilvasxvadasxva konstituciur sistemebSi sasamarTlo ganxilva sxvada-sxvagvarad moiazreba. samarTlebriv sistemebSi, sadac sakonstitu-cio sasamarTloebi da oficialuri konstituciebi arsebobs, xSiradsasamarTlos miniWebuli aqvs ufleba gadasinjos kanonis an saxel-mwifo moxelis an misi warmomadgenlis aqtis/qcevis konstituciu-roba. sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs uaryos aseTi kanoni, gaauqmos aRma-srulebeli aqti an gankarguleba, Tu igi mas arakonstituciuradmiiCnevs. gaerTianebul samefoSi igi sasamarTlos uflebas aniWebssaxelmwifo organos qmedeba kanonsawinaaRmdegod gamoacxados, anmiuTiTos, rom irRveva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia. sa-samarTlos SesaZlebloba _ gansajos dazvervis samsaxurebis an mini-strebis qmedebaTa marTlzomiereba, an konstitucioroba _ aq ufroviwro gagebiT gamoiyeneba.

samarTaldamcavTa TvalTvalisa da dazvervis samsaxurebis Tval-Tvalis SedarebasamarTaldamcavTa mier organizebuli TvalTvali identificire-bul eWvmitanilze ZiriTadad xorcieldeba kriminaluri saqmianobis

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Sesaxeb mtkicebulebebis mopovebis mizniT, xolo dazvervis mier or-ganizebuli TvalTvali ZiriTadad informaciis Segrovebis meqaniz-mia iseT safrTxeebze, romelic safrTxes uqmnis erovnul usafr-Txoebas da ar aris aucilebeli, rom igi kriminalur danaSaulTaniyos dakavSirebuli. dazvervis dawesebulebebis mier ganxorciele-buli TvalTvalis mandati naklebad mkafio formiTaa gansazRvruli,sadac ‘mebadurisTvis’ meti saSualebebi arsebobs da, aqedan gamomdi-nare, ‘samiznis’ adamianis uflebebi naklebadaa daculi. drois Sez-Rudva ufro msubuqia, vinaidan dazvervis operaciebi ufro xangrZ-livad mimdinareobs, vidre samarTaldamcavTa mier ganxorciele-buli operaciebi (i. kameroni, ix. agreTve j-p. broderi da p. gili).

kanonierebaNullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege, rac marTlzomierebis principiTaa cnobi-li, acxadebs, rom garkveuli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba dasjadia mxo-lod maSin: (i) Tu am danaSaulis Cadenisas arsebobda moqmedi wesi,romelic qmedebas danaSaulis kvalifikacias aZlevda, da (ii) Tu imdroisaTvis arsebuli wesi aseTi qmedebisaTvis konkretul sasjelsiTvaliswinebda.

legitimurobawesis, wesis SemmuSavebeli an gamomyenebeli institutis legitimu-roba aris mocemuli sazogadoebis gancda, rom wesi an institutiaRWurvilia legitimurobiT, anu, misi sjeraT, afaseben da pativsscemen.

ombudsmenies aris instituti, romlis funqcia Cveulebrivi adamianebis miersaxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi organoebis mimarT warmodgenilisaCivrebis Seswavla da moxsenebis warmodgenaa. aRmasrulebeli xe-lisuflebisa da saidumlo samsaxurebisagan misi damoukideblobisuzrunvelyofis mizniT mraval qveyanaSi parlamenti niSnavs ombud-smens da igi parlaments warudgens moxsenebebs angariSs.

saparlamento zedamxedvelobasakanonmdeblo organo saparlamento zedamxedvelobas axorcielebskanonebis miRebiT _ romlebic gansazRvraven da aregulireben daz-vervisa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebs da maT Zalauflebas, da saTanadobiujetis damtkicebiT. sakanonmdeblo doneze unda arsebobdesmeqanizmebi, romlis meSveobiTac parlamentarebs SeeZlebaT pasuximosTxovon dazvervis samsaxurebze pasuxismgebel pirebs. es meqaniz-mebi unda moicavdnen:

(i) kargi funqciobis mqone dazvervis zedamxedvelobis saparla-mento komitets;

(ii) samsaxurebis biujetis kontrolis SesaZleblobas;(iii) mTavrobisa da samsaxurebisagan (klasificirebuli) informa-

ciis miRebis uflebamosilebas;(iv) klasificirebul informaciaze xelmisawvdomobas;(v) samoqalaqo sazogadoebidan eqspertebis daniSvnis SesaZleb-

lobas;(vi) parlaments, mTavrobas, samsaxurebs da farTo sazogadoebas

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Soris moxsenebebis mkafio da efeqtur meqanizmebs;(vii) ganxilvebis organizebis SesaZleblobas;(viii) sagamoZiebo uflebamosilebas;

proporciulobaproporciulobis moTxovna sami aspeqtisagan Sedgeba: (i) racionalu-ri kavSiris arseboba saeWvo RonisZiebasa da amocanas Soris; (ii) Tavis-uflebis uflebisaTvis minimaluri zianis miyeneba, da (iii) SezRuduliRonisZiebis Sedegebsa da samarTlebriv mizans Soris (kanadis uzenaesisasamarTlo) saTanado balansi. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon-vencia proporciulobis princips ganmartebis meqanizmad iyenebs,romlis mizania saxelmwifo organoTa Zalauflebis SezRudva daindividualuri piris damoukideblobis meti xarisxiT dacva.

kanonis xarisxidemokratiul sazogadoebaSi, erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazoga-doebrivi wesrigis interesebidan gamomdinare, sxva uflebebTan er-Tad SeiZleba SeizRudos adamianis iseTi uflebebi, rogoricaa _piradi cxovrebis ufleba, azris, sindisis da religiis Tavisufleba,gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba.evropul konteqstSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia (ECHR)adgens, rom aseTi SezRudvebi unda ganxorcieldes ‘kanonis Sesaba-misad’. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos (ECtHR) preceden-tuli samarTali, inter alia, ambobs, rom uSiSroebisa da dazvervis samsa-xurebs TavianTi specialuri Zalauflebis gamoyeneba mxolod maSinSeuZliaT, Tu isini kanoniTaa daregulirebuli. kanonis xarisxisSemowmebisas, igi ‘kanonad’ rom iqnes miCneuli, Semdeg pirobebs undaakmayofilebdes:

(i) norma unda iyos sakmaod gasagebi da konkretulad formu-lirebuli, raTa moqalaqem SeZlos Tavisi qcevis regulireba;

(ii) wesi unda iyos prognozirebadi da ar unda iZleodes SeuzRu-davi gadaxris ganxorcielebis saSualebas;

(iii) wesi unda ayalibebdes, sul mcire, Carevis minimalur pirobebsada wesebs.

kanonis uzenaesobakanonmdeblobas _ adamianis uflebaTa kanonmdeblobis CaTvliT _demokratiulad legitimuri xelisufleba unda qmnides da axorcie-lebdes da mas sistematurad unda iyenebdes iZulebiTi RonisZiebebisgamoyenebis uflebis mqone sasamarTlo xelisufleba. kanonis uzenae-soba angariSvaldebulebis umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa, rogorc saxel-mwifo, ise kerZo seqtorSi. kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidreba da misimdgradoba damokidebulia, erTi mxriv, mkafio kavSirze wesebs, ara-diskriminaciul gamoyenebas, efeqtur aRsrulebas, kanonebis Sinaar-sis cvlilebebisaTvis gamoyenebul ganWvretad da samarTlebrivadaRsrulebad meTodebze, xolo meore mxriv moqalaqeebze, romlebicam wesebis erTobliobas samarTlianad da legitimurad miiCneven damzad arian daicvan isini.

usafrTxoebausafrTxoeba zogjer erovnul usafrTxoebasTan aris gaigivebuli,

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anu, saxelmwifos konkretuli Rirebulebebisadmi safrTxeebisararsebobasTan. garda amisa, rogorc ‘arsebiTi’, ise ‘adamianuri’ usa-frTxoebis midgomebidan gamomdinare, usafrTxoeba niSnavs socia-luri, politikuri, ekologiuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis miRwevas,romelic xels uwyobs individualur pirTa Tavisufal da Rirseulcxovrebas.

gamoZaxebis uwyebaTu saparlamento zedamxedvelobis komitets gamoZaxebis uwyebisgagzavnis ufleba aqvs, igi uflebamosilia aiZulos piri mis winaSe(mosmenaze) gamocxaddes.

samecniero centrebi (Think Tanks)es aris organizacia, romelic warmoadgens mniSvnelovani sazogado-ebrivi sakiTxebis kvleviT da analitikur centrs. samoqalaqo sazo-gadoebis amgvari centrebi mTel rig mniSvnelovan funqciebs asru-leben, maT Soris:(i) mTavrobasa da sazogadoebas Soris mediatoris roli;(ii) mimdinare da mosalodneli sakiTxebis, problemebisa da wina-

dadebebis gansazRvra, Camoyalibeba da Sefaseba;(iiv) ideebisa da problemebis politikis sakiTxebad transformi-

reba;(v) politikis gansazRvris debatebSi informirebuli da damouki-

debeli azris gamoTqma;(vi) politikis Camoyalibebis procesSi ZiriTadi dainteresebuli

pirebisaTvis ideebisa da informaciis gasacvlelad konstruq-ciuli forumis uzrunvelyofa (jeims makgani).

samecniero centrebi ZiriTadad sazogadoebas mTavrobis mier miwo-debuli informaciis alternatiul informacias awvdian.

gamWvirvalobamTavrobaSi da samTavrobo organoebSi institutebis, qselebisa dapraqtikis danergva, rac saSualebas iZleva sistematurad moxdesmaTi Semowmeba parlamentebis, sxva institutebis da samoqalaqosazogadoebis socialuri Tu ekonomikuri speqtris warmomadgen-lebis mier.

Semowmeba da daSvebaSemowmeba moiTxoveba pirebisadmi, vinc iseTi saxis samuSaos an amo-canebs asrulebs, romlebzec specialuri saxis daSvebaa aucilebe-li. aseTi saxis samuSao an amocanebi mTavrobis yvela doneze daerovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis mimReb yvelaaparatSi moiZebneba, dazvervis samsaxurebis, Tavdacvis saministro-ebisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis CaTvliT. garda amisa, igi SeiZlebaexebodes dazvervis zedamxedvelobis saparlamento komitetiswevrebsac. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela parlamenti ar moiTxovs, rommisma wevrebma daSvebis ufleba miiRon uSiSroebis organoebidan,radgan amiT SesaZloa gamoikveTos parlamentis daqvemdebareba aR-masrulebel Stoze. daSveba niSnavs Semowmebis procesis warmatebiTgavlas, rac pirs uflebas aZlevs xeli miuwvdebodes sxvadsxvakategoriis klasificirebul informaciaze. ix. klasificirebuliinformacia.

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gamomJRavnebagamomJRavnebas adgili aqvs maSin, roca TanamSromeli aRmoaCens, rommuSaki arRvevs kanons, araeTikurad an dadgenili politikis sawi-naaRmdegod iqceva. aseTi gamomJRavneba mraval qveyanaSia aRiarebu-li da Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi aqvT miRebuli, raTa ga-momJRavneblebi daicvan rogorc samuSao adgilze sanqciebisagan,aseve devnisagan. gamomJRavnebisas TanamSromelma unda Tqvas, Tu raukanono an araeTikuri qmedeba Caidina muSakma dawesebulebis gareT.Tu TanamSromeli ubralod sayvedurs gamoTqvams muSakze kompaniisan dawesebulebis SigniT, es gamomJRavnebad ar iTvleba da mas gamom-JRavneblis Sesaxeb kanoni ar icavs. axali ambebis sainformacio saSua-lebaTa gamomJRavnebas kanoni Cveulebriv ar icavs. Sesabamis parla-mentarTa gamomJRavneba SesaZloa kanoniT iyos daculi.

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