Day2 10 Site Selection and Camp Planning

8/8/2019 Day2 10 Site Selection and Camp Planning

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Shelter Training 08b Belgium, 16th18th November, 2008based on content developed by

based on content developed by

The key learning objectives of this session are to form an

understanding of:

1. camps in conflicts and natural disasters

2. self-settled camps and planned camps

3. managing influx

4. evaluating and selecting sites

5. laying out a camp

6. scheduling and managing works

7. closure of a camp

Session objectives


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understanding of:



3. managing influx





Session objectives


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Camps following natural disasters:

should be as close as safely possible to where thecommunity used to live so that they may remain close to their

livelihoods, property, belongings, crops and livestock

should exist for as short a time period as possible, until

there is no further risk from the hazard

Camps following conflicts:

should be at a safe distance from the conflict

care should be taken to ensure that political factions or

ethnic groups do not dominate

political or ethnic groups that are hostile to each other should

be segregated through planning and dispersing settlement

should be planned for medium term occupation through

phased development and expansion

Camps in conflicts and natural disastersMacedonia FYR, 2005


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understanding of:



3. managing influx





Session objectives


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hostfamilies

rural self-settlement

urban self-settlement

collectivecentres

self-settled

camps

planned

camps

Self-settled and planned camps

Self-settled and planned camps are two of the six transitional

settlement options for displaced populations:

Camps may be supported because they are convenient to the

government or to humanitarian organisations

Except in special circumstances, such as extreme insecurity,

camps should be a last resort following both conflicts and disasters

Preference should be given to supporting other transitional

options selected by affected populations, such as through rural

and urban self-settlement

The vast majority of camps are self-settled

Transitional

Settlement:

Displaced

Populations

(Corsellis andVitale, 2005)


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Shelter Training 08b Belgium, 16th18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by


understanding of:



3. managing influx





Session objectives


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A contingency plan should be a part of an integrated strategy that

includes other transitional settlement options such as host

families

A contingency plan should include:

A. forming committees to consider site selection, planning,

standards, assessments and coordination

B. identifying a series ofsites for camps before displacement

occurs, preparing sites and stock-piling materials

The plan should also include:

estimated size of the affected population

estimated time, duration, size and location ofinfluxes

initial schedule and management of works (Gantt chart)

Contingency plan for supporting camps


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For each camp consider the needs of

affected populations, host

populations and the environment.

Is one big camp preferable to

several smaller camps?

The dispersal of camps may havepositive or negative impacts on:

Dispersal of camps

relations with host populations

diversity ofwater sources

environment and natural resource

management as illustrated

access to livelihoods

vulnerability to hazards

vulnerability to internal and

and external threats

Pakistan, 2005


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understanding of:



3. managing influx





Session objectives


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The site of a self-settled camp needs to be evaluated

Sites forplanned camps need to beident

if

ied, pr

ior

it

ised and

selected

Assess sites in relation to:

security and hazards

land tenure and use

access routes

topography, ground conditions and climate

water resources

impacts on the host population

potential for future growth

impacts on environment including available natural

resources such as fuel wood

Evaluating and selecting sitesMalta, 2007


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p

Detailed assessment of self-settled camps is required in order to

decide whether to:

select a new site in consultation with the displaced

population and host populations

upgrade the infrastructure and facilities of the existing camp

Self-settled camps: evaluating sites

Self-settled camps are established in an emergency phase without

reference to international standards

Self-settled camps

Liberia, 1998

103


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p

Through participation, involve all stakeholders in identifying the

positive and negative factors of each potential camp location in

order to reach consensus on appropriate site selection

All sites will have negative factors which will affect the host

and affected community to varying degrees

For each site list and compare positive and negative factors:

for the displaced population

on the host community

on the environment

for government and assisting agencies

Planned camps: selecting sitesPlanned camps

Albania, 1999

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understanding of:



3. managing influx





Session objectives


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Before laying out a camp, the following steps can be

undertaken:

1. identify possible sites

2. decide on size and numbers of camps

3. determine how to maintain and group communities

4. phase the plan to stay ahead ofinflux

5. plan for future growth and contingencies for scenarios6. confirm site borders and land and resource use with local

populations, affected populations, authorities and agencies

7. map topography and features such as rock outcroppings, etc.

8. plan access route

9. map contour routes10. locate key facilities

11. plan utilities

12. plan sectors, blocks and communities

Laying out a campPlanned camps

DRC, 2008

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A camp with approx. 20,000 inhabitants (4 sectors)

Fire breaks:30m per built-up 300m

Roads and water follow contours

Administrative centre in the middle

Each sectorwith approx. 5,000 inhabitants (4 blocks)

fire breaks: 15m between blocks

should contain central/recreational spaces

Each block having approx. 1,250 inhabitants

(16 communities)

fire breaks: 6m (pathways)

The community with approx. 80 inhabitants

(16 plots with 16 shelters)

fire breaks: 2m between dwellings

drainage should be well planned and maintained

drain water must not pollute or cause erosion

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Transitional

Settlement:

Displaced

Populations



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Central camp facilities

In large camps, distribution centres and clinics may be needed in

each sector, while space should be left for shops in each block

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public space,

market, school,

recreational area

infrastructure including:

distribution centre, clinic,

feeding centresecure logistics

compound

supply road

supply

Liberia, 1998


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Controlled water access

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upstream

downstream

Protected collection of

waterfor drinking,cooking and bathing

using abstraction

galleries, wells, pumps,

gravity fed water

distribution from tanks

Consider other users

and livestock watering

downstream

Latrines

and cemeteries must

be kept away from

water sources

Transitional

Settlement:

Displaced

Populations



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Separate areas for livestock

If animal husbandry is common:

provision should be agreed forgrazing or fodder

seasonal activities such as lambing and migrations for

grazing should be considered

provision should be made for hygienic butchery

separate areas should be planned forwatering


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Laying out communities and blocks

There are various ways to plan the layout of a community

Options must be explored with the community throughparticipatory assessment

Different layout options include:

Staggered plan

Hollow square plan

Community road plan

Transitional

Settlement:

Displaced

Populations



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Hollow square planning

latrines

tap stand

Legend

refuse

shop

wash area

R

S

W

W W

W W

W W

W W

W W

W W

W W

W W

S R S R

S R

Transitional

Settlement:

Displaced

Populations



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Contour planning: terrace

S

R

latrines

tap stand

Legend

refuse

shop

wash area

R

S

W

W W

W W

W W

W W

W W

W W

R

R R

Transitional

Settlement:

Displaced

Populations



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Local villages, towns and settlements usually follow contours

Follow topographic features by responding to:

slope

avoiding steep areas

taking advantage of flat areas

Contour planning

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insertitagain.

maximise land use, when compared

to grid planning

minimise hazards such as land-slides,

also by stabilizing steep slopes usingerosion builds

reduce infrastructure costs

maintenance to roads and water

surface drainage

Camps should also follow contours in order to:


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Process to stay ahead of the influx rate

assess number of people in transit

assess when displaced population is expected to arrive

Set up emergency facilities to manage the emergency influx

These include:

reception centre defecation fields

emergency distribution facilities

Ensure there is sufficient labour capacity at reception centre

to receive and screen people at arrival

to clear brush and mark out sites, avoiding deforestation

Leave space forfurther development and plan for future

upgrading

PhasingLiberia, 1998


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Phased relocation can be used to upgrade orextend

self-settled camps to international standards with a displaced

population

5 steps to phased relocation:

identify community group

identify additional land adjacent

to the camp or another site

plan the extension with the

participation of the community groups

relocate the community to the new site

repeat process until entire

camp has been relocated or upgraded

Upgrading self-settled campsSelf-settled camps

Liberia, 1998


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understanding of:



3. managing influx





Session objectives


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The following 8 steps may be considered in scheduling and

managing works:

1. ensure permissions of all stakeholders

2. create a schedule of works

3. procure resources, labourand equipment

(pre-positioning of material, equipment)

4. mark out the site

5. carry out ground preparation

6. build emergencyinfrastructure

7. upgrade existing infrastructure

8. handover

Scheduling and managing works


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Schedule of works example

A schedule of works should also include:

who is responsible for each activity

critical milestones and deadlines

critical events, such as monsoons

specific capacities orequipment such as bulldozers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Permissions

Create schedule

Procurement

Ground prep

Mark out site

Emergency

infrastructureUpgrades

Monsoon season


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understanding of:



3. managing influx





Session objectives


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Camp closure

The closure of a camp must be considered during initial

negotiations with government, host populations and displaced

populations in order to agree:

land infrastructure (e.g. roads and buildings) improvements

suitable to both the camp population, and host population

upon handover, such as a therapeutic feeding centre finally

being used as a school

the activities that must be undertaken upon closure,

such as filling in pit-latrines

environmental recovery programmes

the handover of the land

the handover of purpose built infrastructure and

equipment, such as buildings, roads, bore holes and pumps


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Discussion

In pairs, discuss:

left side of the room:

list advantages of

contour planning

right side of the room:

list advantages of grid

planning

Key point

10mins

Contour planning

Grid planning

Planning a camp

Each pair agrees a key point

Discussion

in pairs


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Bibliography

Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations(Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

Handbook for Emergencies (UNHCR, 2007)

Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards

for Disaster Response (The Sphere Project, 2004)

Day2 10 Site Selection and Camp Planning

Documents

Transcript of Day2 10 Site Selection and Camp Planning