Day 10 Environmental Systems IDay 10 Environmental Systems I

Daylight Daylight as a as a primaryprimary lighting source lighting source

ArtificialArtificial lighting as a lighting as a secondarysecondary source source

Room 102 Room 102

Architecture BuildingArchitecture Building

Recall in the discussion on artificial lighting, for a Recall in the discussion on artificial lighting, for a level of illumination of 70 footcandles for room 102 of level of illumination of 70 footcandles for room 102 of the architecture building, the calculation called for the architecture building, the calculation called for sixteen fixtures. The arrangement of the fixtures for sixteen fixtures. The arrangement of the fixtures for consistent coverage was four rows of 4 fixtures each.consistent coverage was four rows of 4 fixtures each.

The following diagram indicates the four rows of The following diagram indicates the four rows of fixtures, and also shows the approximate location of fixtures, and also shows the approximate location of the values of illumination that daylight would provide.the values of illumination that daylight would provide.

The next diagram is a cross section of the room The next diagram is a cross section of the room with the windows to the left. This drawing shows the with the windows to the left. This drawing shows the amount of light across the room that is provided by amount of light across the room that is provided by daylight. daylight.

The area in the section above the slanted, dashed The area in the section above the slanted, dashed line and the horizontal dashed line at the top indicates line and the horizontal dashed line at the top indicates the amount of artificial light that must be provided by the amount of artificial light that must be provided by fluorescent fixtures. fluorescent fixtures.

By utilizing daylight for room 102, from the By utilizing daylight for room 102, from the diagram it seems it would take a minimal amount diagram it seems it would take a minimal amount of energy of supplementary artificial lighting to of energy of supplementary artificial lighting to attain 70 footcandles at the work level near the attain 70 footcandles at the work level near the windows, a moderate amount at the center and windows, a moderate amount at the center and less than full illumination at the wall opposite the less than full illumination at the wall opposite the windows. windows.

But, if artificial lighting is installed to But, if artificial lighting is installed to accommodate the room at night, what type of accommodate the room at night, what type of controls could be utilized to satisfy both controls could be utilized to satisfy both conditions and conserve energy during the day?conditions and conserve energy during the day?

A system of switches?A system of switches?A) First a master switch to turn on or off all the A) First a master switch to turn on or off all the

lights at once – for nighttime use.lights at once – for nighttime use.B) Sub switches: An individual switch for each row B) Sub switches: An individual switch for each row

of lights, so during the day, the two inside rows can be left of lights, so during the day, the two inside rows can be left on, while the two outside rows are turned off.on, while the two outside rows are turned off.

A manual setup using individual switches would A manual setup using individual switches would probably work to some degree - but the process probably work to some degree - but the process would be simply a guess.would be simply a guess.

Human nature being what it is, what person in Human nature being what it is, what person in charge is really going to be sensitive to the process charge is really going to be sensitive to the process and turn on the proper switches and leave off the ones and turn on the proper switches and leave off the ones not needed? Most will probably simply turn on all the not needed? Most will probably simply turn on all the switches and to heck with energy conservation. That’s switches and to heck with energy conservation. That’s the way of society today. We are an ocean of waste!!the way of society today. We are an ocean of waste!!

Like this room . . . how much light do we need here Like this room . . . how much light do we need here just to do what we do? just to do what we do?

A better system of switches might be if each A better system of switches might be if each row of row of tubestubes across each row of 4 fixtures could across each row of 4 fixtures could be controlled.be controlled.

Each row of fixtures would have the Each row of fixtures would have the flexibility of control in 25% increments. flexibility of control in 25% increments.

But who is going to know if the proper number of But who is going to know if the proper number of rows are on or not?rows are on or not?

Particularly since the average person cannot Particularly since the average person cannot distinguish between about a 25 - 50 footcandle range.distinguish between about a 25 - 50 footcandle range.

So a system of positive switches sophisticated So a system of positive switches sophisticated enough to have the range of flexibility to be practical – enough to have the range of flexibility to be practical – would probably go unused, simply because the user would probably go unused, simply because the user would not be disciplined to the systemwould not be disciplined to the system..

Plenty of electronic control equipment is available, Plenty of electronic control equipment is available, but clients are not quick to utilize the additional but clients are not quick to utilize the additional expense because they do not realize the long term expense because they do not realize the long term benefits. But remember, daylight is free !benefits. But remember, daylight is free !

Since the input of energy can easily be controlled Since the input of energy can easily be controlled to each light fixtureto each light fixture, , an electronic control that has an an electronic control that has an infinite number of settings will adjust the light output in infinite number of settings will adjust the light output in a manner that for the most part would go unnoticeda manner that for the most part would go unnoticed..

And no matter what the level of daylight was And no matter what the level of daylight was available, available, the electronic control would adjust the electronic control would adjust automaticallyautomatically with the proper type of photoelectric cell. with the proper type of photoelectric cell.

Incandescent and fluorescent lamps are both Incandescent and fluorescent lamps are both capable of having light output controlled by capable of having light output controlled by “dimmers”, which can limit the input of energy.“dimmers”, which can limit the input of energy.

An electronic sensor is a device that can be set An electronic sensor is a device that can be set to do a task at a given setting. Computer software to do a task at a given setting. Computer software is available to prescribe settings to control is available to prescribe settings to control lighting, the performance of heating and air lighting, the performance of heating and air conditioning equipment, or as reminders when a conditioning equipment, or as reminders when a squeaky wheel needs a shot of wd40.squeaky wheel needs a shot of wd40.

Even check on maintenance requirements of Even check on maintenance requirements of equipment, such as a time duration for filters, equipment, such as a time duration for filters, operating temperature of compressors, etc. operating temperature of compressors, etc.

So how would this information benefit room So how would this information benefit room 102?102?

If a sensor is installed at some strategic point If a sensor is installed at some strategic point to measure the level of light required for each row to measure the level of light required for each row of lights, say on the ceiling, then light output can of lights, say on the ceiling, then light output can be controlled from zero to maximum by the be controlled from zero to maximum by the reading the sensor takes. reading the sensor takes.

So if a sensor is set to maintain 70 footcandles, So if a sensor is set to maintain 70 footcandles, it doesn’t care where about the source of light. If it doesn’t care where about the source of light. If daylight provides 40% of the setting required, the daylight provides 40% of the setting required, the artificial source will be activated by the electronic artificial source will be activated by the electronic sensors to provide the other 60% sensors to provide the other 60%

And what is all this good for?And what is all this good for?

In the drawing cross section, the total watts In the drawing cross section, the total watts required for all artificial (nighttime) is 16 x 200 = required for all artificial (nighttime) is 16 x 200 = 3200. 3200.

But with daylight at minimum conditions, only But with daylight at minimum conditions, only 2000 watts are required of the artificial lighting.2000 watts are required of the artificial lighting.

A saving of 1200 watts for the room A saving of 1200 watts for the room at the worst at the worst conditions of daylight, conditions of daylight, and remember the worst and remember the worst conditions do not occur very often.conditions do not occur very often.

Electrical energy use is measured by a meter that Electrical energy use is measured by a meter that records the amount of watts consumed per hour. And records the amount of watts consumed per hour. And in order to make the numbers smaller, one-thousand in order to make the numbers smaller, one-thousand watt increments are used, called kilowatts. One watt increments are used, called kilowatts. One kilowatt of energy consumed in one hour is called a kilowatt of energy consumed in one hour is called a “kilowatt-hour.” “kilowatt-hour.”

Since electricity is charged to the customer based on Since electricity is charged to the customer based on an amount per kilowatt-hours, (say $ .08 per kilowatt an amount per kilowatt-hours, (say $ .08 per kilowatt hour), then in a 10 hour workday period the 1200 watts hour), then in a 10 hour workday period the 1200 watts that are saved by utilizing daylight, relates to 1200 x that are saved by utilizing daylight, relates to 1200 x 10 = 12,000 watts, or 12 kilowatt - hours. 10 = 12,000 watts, or 12 kilowatt - hours.

Another way to calculate is 1.2 kw per hour for Another way to calculate is 1.2 kw per hour for 10 hours; 1.2 x 10 = 12 kwh10 hours; 1.2 x 10 = 12 kwh

The cost of 12 kilowatt hours is 12 x .08 = The cost of 12 kilowatt hours is 12 x .08 = $ .96 $ .96 per per dayday.. Not a breathtaking amountNot a breathtaking amount, but consider that , but consider that it amounts to .96 x 22 (number of workdays in a it amounts to .96 x 22 (number of workdays in a month) = $ 21.12 month) = $ 21.12 per monthper month, and 21.12 x 12 = , and 21.12 x 12 =

$ 253.44 $ 253.44 per year.per year.

Still, not an impressionable sum, but consider an Still, not an impressionable sum, but consider an office building similar in area to the architecture office building similar in area to the architecture building, with building, with

8 such rooms per floor8 such rooms per floor

10 stories tall =10 stories tall =

80 such rooms80 such rooms

Eighty rooms x $ 253.44 Eighty rooms x $ 253.44 per yearper year would would amount to amount to $ 20, 275. 20 per year saving.$ 20, 275. 20 per year saving.

$ 20,275 IS an impressionable sum$ 20,275 IS an impressionable sum – and that – and that is a positive amount of client money that would is a positive amount of client money that would not be spent. not be spent.

But consider that the process would at the But consider that the process would at the same time same time CONSERVECONSERVE 1200 watts x 10 hours x 8 1200 watts x 10 hours x 8 rooms x 10 floors = rooms x 10 floors = 960,000 watts of electrical 960,000 watts of electrical energy per yearenergy per year – – just for taking advantage of free just for taking advantage of free daylightdaylight..

The amount of heat generated by one watt of The amount of heat generated by one watt of electrical power is 3.4 btu per hour. During air electrical power is 3.4 btu per hour. During air conditioning times, this heat must be removed in conditioning times, this heat must be removed in order to provide comfort conditioning – say five order to provide comfort conditioning – say five months out of the year. months out of the year.

At 960,000 watts of electrical energy, the At 960,000 watts of electrical energy, the amount of amount of heat created that must be removedheat created that must be removed during air conditioning periods equals 960,000 x during air conditioning periods equals 960,000 x 3.4 x 5/12 = 3.4 x 5/12 = 1,360,000 btu1,360,000 btu of heat. In terms of air of heat. In terms of air conditioning load, this number amounts to conditioning load, this number amounts to 113113 nominal tons of air conditioning. At a price of $ nominal tons of air conditioning. At a price of $ 1500 per ton of installed air conditioning, that 1500 per ton of installed air conditioning, that amounts to amounts to $ 169,500 of equipment$ 169,500 of equipment that does not that does not have to be installed. have to be installed.

If the 113 tons of air conditioning were to be If the 113 tons of air conditioning were to be operated, electrically, a direct expansion operated, electrically, a direct expansion compressor uses approximately 1000 watts per compressor uses approximately 1000 watts per ton of air conditioning. This amounts to another ton of air conditioning. This amounts to another 1000 x 113 = 113,000 watts of electricity that DOES 1000 x 113 = 113,000 watts of electricity that DOES NOT HAVE TO BE USED. NOT HAVE TO BE USED.

The electrical operational cost of the 113 tons The electrical operational cost of the 113 tons of equipment would amount to 113,000/1000 = 113 of equipment would amount to 113,000/1000 = 113 kw x 10 hours = 113 x 10 x .08 = $ 90.40 per day, or kw x 10 hours = 113 x 10 x .08 = $ 90.40 per day, or 90.40 x 22 x 5 months = $ 9,944.00 per year. 90.40 x 22 x 5 months = $ 9,944.00 per year.

Aside from energy, consider the monetary savings:Aside from energy, consider the monetary savings:

Savings in electricity for lighting $ 20,275.00Savings in electricity for lighting $ 20,275.00

Savings in air conditioning Savings in air conditioning

equipment: 169,500/15 years equipment: 169,500/15 years ** $ 11,300.00 $ 11,300.00

Operation of air conditioningOperation of air conditioning

equipmentequipment $ 9,944.00 $ 9,944.00

Or a total of $ 41,519 per yearOr a total of $ 41,519 per year

Just for utilizing free daylight.Just for utilizing free daylight.

* Assuming 15 years is a reasonable life of air conditioning * Assuming 15 years is a reasonable life of air conditioning equipmentequipment

The energy code for the State of Texas requires The energy code for the State of Texas requires a limit on the amount of electricity used for a limit on the amount of electricity used for lighting, for heating and air conditioning, all of lighting, for heating and air conditioning, all of which affects heat loss and heat gain conditions.which affects heat loss and heat gain conditions.

By their standards, there would certainly be a By their standards, there would certainly be a limit as to how much window area of what type of limit as to how much window area of what type of glass could be used in a design. glass could be used in a design.

That does make your task as designers more That does make your task as designers more energy conscious.energy conscious.

But your task as a designer would be made more But your task as a designer would be made more simple if in your projects, daylight is taken into simple if in your projects, daylight is taken into account as free energy. account as free energy.

Not only does it save money in operation . . . It also Not only does it save money in operation . . . It also frees the designers of the frees the designers of the restrictions of the limitrestrictions of the limit of of wattage allowed for specific tasks. wattage allowed for specific tasks.

If the model energy codes If the model energy codes requiredrequired daylighting as a daylighting as a part of the requirements for conserving energy we part of the requirements for conserving energy we would realize thatwould realize that

To complain about the price of gasoline is To complain about the price of gasoline is hypocritical if people are not willing to take advantage hypocritical if people are not willing to take advantage of free energy – whether it be designer or client. of free energy – whether it be designer or client.

NOW WHIP OUT A SHEET OF PAPER AND WORK THIS NOW WHIP OUT A SHEET OF PAPER AND WORK THIS QUIZ:QUIZ:

A room requires A room requires 4000 watts to illuminate if all 4000 watts to illuminate if all fixtures are onfixtures are on. If daylight is utilized, . If daylight is utilized, only half the artificial only half the artificial light capacity is neededlight capacity is needed. Consider a . Consider a 10 hour work day10 hour work day, , a a 22 day work month22 day work month, and only , and only 5 months require air 5 months require air conditioningconditioning. One kilowatt equals 1000 watts. Cost of . One kilowatt equals 1000 watts. Cost of electricity is 8 cents per KWH. One kilowatt equals 3400 electricity is 8 cents per KWH. One kilowatt equals 3400 btu/h. A ton of air conditioning equals 12,000 btu/h.btu/h. A ton of air conditioning equals 12,000 btu/h.

If there are 40 such rooms in a building and daylight If there are 40 such rooms in a building and daylight is is utilized as a primary light source, find:utilized as a primary light source, find:

1 Number of KWH saved per year for lighting only.1 Number of KWH saved per year for lighting only.2 Saving in the cost of electricity for a year.2 Saving in the cost of electricity for a year.3 Number of btu/h cooling capacity saved in one 3 Number of btu/h cooling capacity saved in one

day.day.4 Number of tons of cooling capacity that does not 4 Number of tons of cooling capacity that does not have to be installed. have to be installed.

SOLUTION:SOLUTION:

11 Saving of 2000 watts per room. 2000 w. = 2 kw. 2 Saving of 2000 watts per room. 2000 w. = 2 kw. 2 x x 10 10 = 20 kilowatt-hours per day.= 20 kilowatt-hours per day.

20 x 22 days/month = 440 kilowatt hours per month. 20 x 22 days/month = 440 kilowatt hours per month. 440 x 12 = 5,280 KWH per year, per room. 5,280 x 40 440 x 12 = 5,280 KWH per year, per room. 5,280 x 40

= = 211,200 KWH per year for all rooms.211,200 KWH per year for all rooms.

22 211,200 x .08 = $ 16,896 per year for lighting alone.211,200 x .08 = $ 16,896 per year for lighting alone.

33 2000 watts per room. 40 x 2000 = 80,000 watts for all 2000 watts per room. 40 x 2000 = 80,000 watts for all rooms per day. 80 KW x 3400 = 272,000 but/h. rooms per day. 80 KW x 3400 = 272,000 but/h.

44 272,000 / 12,000 = 22.66 tons of air conditioning that 272,000 / 12,000 = 22.66 tons of air conditioning that does not have to be purchased does not have to be purchased and installed. and installed.

22.66 x 22.66 x $1200 = $27,192.$1200 = $27,192.