DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery...

65
DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts

Transcript of DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery...

Page 1: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

DAY 1

Migrating to  Mexico’s Misery 

Belts

Page 2: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts

Day 1 Objectives: Students will: (1) define the term misery belt,(2) describe the living conditions in a 

misery belt, and (3) identify economic/social, political 

and religious reasons why  populations move.

Page 3: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

What is a misery belt?• Partner A writes, Partner B reports out ‐

With 

your partner, write 2 synonyms for “misery”• You have 10 seconds to “think”

individually, 

30 seconds to write, and 1 minute to report  out.

• What is the shape of a belt when someone is  wearing it? 

• Hypothesize: what is a misery belt when you  think about an urban (city) area?

Page 4: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Where do you find a misery belt?

• Look at map of Mexico City – hypothesize  where a misery belt might exist.

Page 5: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Misery Belta circle at the periphery 

(edge) of a city where  people live in poverty and 

poor conditions

Page 7: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Misery 

Belt 

Images

Photos by Linda Burke, July 2011

Page 8: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Characteristics of a Misery Belt• After viewing the photos and using your 

knowledge of economic “poor living  conditions,”

work with your partner to list a 

minimum of 5 living conditions that you would  expect if you lived in a misery belt.

• Partner B writes, Partner A reports out.• Take 15 seconds to think, write for 30 

seconds. Report out. • Conclusion – Have we met Objectives 1 and 2?

Page 9: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Population PatternsWhy would people move from one location to 

another? 

Pilgrims’

movement from England to U.S. 

Westward  movement  in the U.S. in 1800s.

Page 10: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Two reasons for population movement

Populations move because _____________ and  ____________________________.

People move due to ____________________

and _________________________.

Page 11: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Now go back and, with your partner, indicate the  reason for the movement. Write…

E/S for economic and social reasons      P for political reasons R for religious reasons

These are the three concepts to be explored  during this unit.

Population Movement & Patterns

Page 12: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Historical Overview of Religions in Mexico • Olmecs 

The Olmec practiced 

shamanism. They believed 

each individual has an 

animal spirit.

• Mayans

Mayan religion

was characterized

by nature gods: sun, moon, corn. 

• Toltecs, Aztecs (deities, spirits)

Good and BadQuetzalcoatl (ket sahl KO ahtl) 

Texcatlipoca (tes kah tlee POH kah) 

• Arrival of Spaniards with Catholicism

Page 13: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Map of Mexico

San 

Cristóbal de 

las Casas, 

Chiapas. 

Home to the 

Zapatista 

movement, 

indigenous 

traditions 

safeguarded

Tuxtla 

Gutiérrez, 

Chiapas. 

State 

capital of 

Chiapas, 

close to 

the 

Sumidero 

canyon.

Mexico 

City,DF  a 

megalopolis, 

built on 

ancient ruins 

in a lake, 

population 25 

million

HOMEWORK – Day 1: Identify the three major cities: Mexico City, Tuxtla Gutierrez and San Cristóbal de las Casas – Draw a ring around the misery belt location for each city on the city map handouts.

Mexico City, D.F.

Tuxtla GutierrezSan Cristóbal de las Casas

Page 14: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Independent PracticeHandouts of two articles. • Read each article and: (1)underline

 characteristics of a misery belt; and 

(2)circle any phrases or words that are  associated with political or religious factors.

• Write a reflection of 1–2 sentences of how you  would feel living in a misery belt. (Identify, the  summarize for 5–10 minutes)

Homework: complete for homework if not  finished in class.

Page 15: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Ticket out the door

• Write one new piece of information learned  today on colored paper on desk –

put 

name/date. Hand in to the teacher as you are  leaving class.

Page 16: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Day 2

Migrating to  Mexico’s Misery 

BeltsBackground –

Religious Factors

Page 17: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Misery Belts, ReligionDay 2 Objectives: Students will: (1) define indigenous groups of Mexico 

and summarize their locations in  Mexico,

(2)understand the interconnectedness  of historical ritual belief, Catholic 

religious ceremony and patron saints in  Mexico, and

(3) identify and chart the five principle  religions in contemporary Mexico.

Page 18: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

JOURNAL

Imagine

you are living in a misery belt and it is  the end of the day. Write three (3) complete 

sentences in your journal describing events  you encountered

during the day that remind 

you of the poor living conditions in your  environment.”

Report out.

Page 19: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Independent Work / Homework Review• Take out your city maps. Your assignment was to 

draw red lines around the predicted location of the  misery belts.

• Compare your answers with your partner’s answers. • This is not an exact science, but the ring should be 

similar. • Show with a: 

• thumbs up if there was total agreement in answers, • thumbs down if total disagreement, and • thumbs sideways if some answers were the same and some 

different.

• Clarification from pairs showing thumbs down and  sideways. 

Page 20: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Independent Work / Homework  Review

Articles – Again compare answers with your  partner to see if you want to change or modify 

answers. Your assignment was to: (1) underline  characteristics of a misery belt; and (2) circle any 

phrases or words that are associated with political  or religious factors . 

Report out on characteristics, political  factors,

and religious factors. Who wants to share how it would feel to live in a misery belt? 

Page 21: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Mexico’s Indigenous Groups

• Definition based on linguistic criteria—what  language people speak

• Mexico's 12 million indigenous people speak  more than 60 languages and live scattered 

throughout the country's 31 states and Mexico  City.

• In the Chiapas region more than 70% of the  population is indigenous. 

Page 22: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Mexico’s Major Indigenous Groups

Group

NumberNahua peoples (Nawatlaka)

2,445,969

Maya (Maaya)

1,475,575Zapotec

(Binizaa)

777,253

Mixtec

(Ñuu sávi)

726,601Otomí

(Hñähñü)

646,875

Totonac

(Tachihuiin)

411,266

Source: http://www.cdi.gob.mx

Page 23: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

28%48%

39%19%

59%

27%15%

Page 24: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Catholicism & Traditional Deities • When the Spaniards arrived in the 16th

century, they forcibly converted the  indigenous people to Roman Catholicism, 

creating an interconnected Catholic‐Indian  religion that still exists today. Many 

indigenous groups worship God, Christ and  traditional deities. 

• The priests built their churches on sacred  sites.

Page 25: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Source: West, Cristina. Los Voladores de Cuetzalan.[Video file]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYeJ-aR3uQI.

Page 26: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

The pole represents closeness to the gods and the ritual is  to bring good luck to the harvest. The practice was banned  in the 1800s but stayed alive. One young voladora started 

when she was 13 and isnow 20.The blend

of Catholicism and ritual ceremony seems 

contradictory to us but is accepted practice to the  indigenous peoples.

They go around the pole 13 times as 

they descend. Thirteen represents the 13 months of their  calendar. 

Voladores climbing up 

the 100 foot pole

Los Voladores  de Cuetzalan

Voladores getting ready: chanting. 

Mirrors on hats to ward off bad spirits

Page 27: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Religious Festivals ‐

Patron Saints’

Days

Xico & Mary Magdalene (Santa Maria Magdalena) 

“We arrived in Xico on the 2nd

day of a 9 day festival. As we made  our way up to the church, bottle rockets were already going off.

We 

got there just as mass was starting. We got to  the church just as the  "bulls" started to dance in front. There were men and boys with 

cow‐bells around their waists, dancing around bulls made of papier‐ maché, with a large framework covered in fireworks over the bulls.

They marched, spun, danced and made lots and lots of noise.  Finally, the statue of Mary Magdalene emerged from the church 

and the "bulls" lead the processional up the streets of the town

to  another church. We followed along with the mariachi band until she 

was placed on the altar of the other church!”

Page 28: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Religious Festivals ‐

Patron Saints’

Days

Page 29: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Religions in MexicoReligious Group

Total Number    

Percentage Jewish 

125,900 

1 Muslim 

199,700

2Seventh Day Adventist          

488,945 

5 Protestants   

3,972,000 

3.8 Catholics     

87,958,000 

83.1 Orthodox Christian 

91,800 

1 Jehovah's Witness 

1,700,000 

1.6 Mormon 

1,082,000

1 Pagans 

1,151,000 

1.1 Non‐religious 

2,628,700 

2.5 Agnostic 

2,521,600 

2.4 Atheist 

107,100

1 Sunis

167,706 

2 Other 

3,639,749 

3.4 Total 

105,834,200 

Source: The Archives of Religious Data. 

http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/country_149_1.asp. 

Note: Listings in red are not religions.

Page 30: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Independent Practice/Homework1.

Circle the top five religions in Mexico on your handout.

2.

Compare your answers with your partner.3.

Chart the top five religions in Mexico in a pie graph or a 

bar graph.

http://www.swiftchart.com/example.htm

t

Page 31: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Day 3Migrating to 

Mexico’s Misery  Belts

Case Study: San Juan Chamula

Page 32: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Religious ExpulsionDay 3 Objectives:  Students will: (1) describe differences between religious 

tolerance and religious intolerance,(2) paraphrase the reasons and 

consequences of San Juan Chamula’s  religious intolerance that led to 

relocation to misery belts of San Cristóbal  de las Casas,Chiapas, and

(3) construct a timeline of the Zapatista  movement from 1994 to 2001.

Page 33: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

JournalIdentify examples below of Religious Tolerance with the letter T

and examples of Religious Intolerance with an I.

•_____ 1. A religious leader accepts the beliefs of others and does  not try to change their minds.

•_____ 2. Village leaders expelled the La Cruz family from the  village because they converted to Protestantism.

•_____ 3.  Indigenous students are not allowed to come into the  local school because they belong to an evangelical church.

•_____4.  A new family of Baptists move into a Roman Catholic  neighborhood and the neighbors welcome them with food, coffee 

and gifts.•_____ 5.  Political bosses placed statues of Mayan deities in the 

public square out of respect for the town’s minority religion.•_____ 6.  One family ridicules another when they find out they go 

to a different church. 

Page 34: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Journal Answers

• T 1. A religious leader accepts the beliefs of others and does 

not try to change their minds.• I

2. Village leaders expelled the La Cruz family from the 

village because they converted to Protestantism.• I

3.  Indigenous students are not allowed to come into the 

local school because they belong to an evangelical church.• T

4.  A new family of Baptists move into a Roman Catholic 

neighborhood and the neighbors welcome them with food,  coffee and gifts.

• T 5.  Political bosses placed statues of Mayan deities in the 

public square out of respect for the town’s minority religion.• I

6.  One family ridicules another when they find out they 

go to a different church. 

Page 35: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Review of Homework/Independent  Practice

• Take out graphs and look at your answers – compare with your partner’s.

• I need two volunteers (one pie graph and one  bar graph) to go to the board and put their 

graphs up.• Compare to answer sheet and pass papers 

forward.

Page 36: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Homework Answers

Page 37: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students
Page 38: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students
Page 39: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students
Page 40: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students
Page 41: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Forced Relocation for Religious Reasons

• In the late 1960s early 1970s Christian missionaries  converted thousands of Mayan Catholics to Protestantism. 

• The Mexican constitution prohibits any form of  discrimination, including on the basis of religion.

• However, the local village leaders, or caciques, used  religious reasons to expel local families from the 

community. They stated that evangelicals and protestants  failed to follow tradition and they didn’t contribute to 

fiestas. • In reality, evangelicals  and protestants resisted making 

financial donations demanded by community norms since  the money was used partly to fund local Catholic holy day  festivals and Saint’s Day fiestas. 

Page 42: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Sanctions (punishments)

for resisting participation in  community festivals:

• families arrested• sheep seized• personal possessions seized• torture• families withdraw from community land, land taken back by 

community leaders• water and electricity cut off• loss of community rights

“Since 1974, over 20,000 indigenous people expelled for  religious reasons have settled within … the misery belt  around San Cristóbal de las Casas.”

Source:  Sullivan, Kathleen. “ Protagonists of Change”. Women’s Work, Women’s Worth.  Winter 1992.  

http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural‐survival‐

quarterly/mexico/protagonists‐change.    

Page 43: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Case Study: San Juan ChamulaIn

San Juan Chamula, the largest of the indigenous villages in the

Chiapas 

highlands 

the religious conflict has existed for over 25 years.

In the last 25 years, 35,000  community members or one in five non‐catholic residents 

known as "Chamulas,”

were expelled from their homes and fields for being evangelical 

or protestant.

Another few thousand have been driven out of Zinacantán, Tenejapa, and several 

other indigenous villages in the mountains near here. 

Earlier refugees had built a ring of misery, encircling the city with muddy slums 

packed closely with houses of cardboard and scrap lumber. 

Source: http://www.gbgm‐umc.org/honduras/old/articles/chiapas.html.Photos by Trina Bryant

Page 44: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Reflection on Religious Expulsion

From the late 1960s on, how did a  person’s religion affect how they were 

welcome or expelled in the area of San  Juan Chamula, Chiapas?  Give two 

examples.

Describe at least three examples of  religious intolerance that occurred in San 

Juan Chamula.

Page 45: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Day 3: Expulsion to Misery Belt, Political Factors

• While some would characterize the expulsion  in San Juan Chamula as founded in religious 

conflicts between a Catholic majority and an  evangelical/protestant minority, others have  identified political reasons for the expulsion. 

• To better understand the role that political  affiliation plays in expulsion to the misery 

belt, it is important to understand the  Zapatista movement. This movement  supported the rights of the indigenous groups.

Page 46: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

The Zapatista MovementIndependent practice and homework•Two handouts: “The Zapatista Movement”

and 

Timeline of the Zapatista Movement– Construct a timeline of a minimum of 10 

important events– Write a 1–2‐paragraph reflection: why were 

certain events were major and others were minor. – You may identify the events with a color code; 

include a legend of what the colors represent. 

Page 47: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Day 4Migrating to Mexico’s 

Misery Belts

Political & Economic Factors

Page 48: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Rural‐Urban Migration

Day 4 Objectives: Students will:(1) describe three facts about the Partido 

Revolucionario Institutional  (PRI),(2) understand the relationship between 

political party affiliation in PRI and expulsion  from indigenous communities, and

(3) understand three factors that in the 1970s– 1990s led to migration from rural lands to the 

urban areas.

Page 49: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

JournalEssential Question : The Partido Revolucionario 

Institutional  (PRI). What is   it and what is its role in 

indigenous communities?

Page 50: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

PRI ‐

Partido Revolucionario  Institutional

• Created in 1929 and  has been the ruling party up through the 1997 elections • Created to administer power • Other parties participated in elections but it was a known fact that political PRI 

would win

• PRI created political stability and economic growth in agriculture and industry. • Unions were part of PRI, including Mexico’s teachers’

union with 1.3 million 

members

• Pre‐1997, the president would remove/replace governor or assembly member at 

will

• In the indigenous communities, a leader’s responsibility: Turn out votes for PRI so 

that communities received benefits/services in return (for example, electricity, 

sewer, paved streets, etc.)

• PRI was the most central party • 1997—first time there were free elections in Mexico• The dissatisfaction during the uprising of  Zapatista rebels and

indigenous peoples 

led to a change of mood across the country and for the first time, the  PRI lost

• Today, the PRI must truly compete to get votes

Page 51: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

PRI and Indigenous Farmers

• In the 1930s land reform under the PRI  President Lazaro Cardenas established   Mexican ejidos 

• Peasant cooperatives brought community  members together to farm large agricultural 

parcels• The PRI also helped farmers obtain federal 

land grants

Page 52: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Non‐PRI Party 

• Not maintaining support of the PRI party was  a serious offense in many indigenous 

communities. The PRI had helped farmers  obtain federal land grants.

• Support for a non‐PRI party  (the PAN, PRD)  often resulted in immediate expulsion from a 

home and community

Page 53: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

PEMEX –

Petróleos Mexicanos• PEMEX created by President Cardenas ‐

1938  

foreign oil companies nationalized• Mexican state‐owned oil company• 1970s: off‐shore drilling, many farmers attracted  

to better employment opportunities on oil rigs• Exodus of farmers disturbed collaborative 

harvests• Remaining farmers in downward economic cycle 

of being forced to sell land or move to  metropolitan areas

Page 54: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Economic Recession 1980s• Worldwide recession in early 80s • Peso devalued up to 500 % in 2 

years• Measures of austerity by the PRI 

government: no more subsidies  to farmers

• Many indigenous farmers moved   families to urban areas in search 

of a better life

Consumer Prices Mexican Peso Real Exchange Rate

Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics; U.S. Department of Commerce .

Page 55: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

NAFTA Influences• North American Free Trade Agreement—1994• Government provisions to give land to indigenous 

farmers were curtailed• Landless farmers moved from rural to urban areas• Indigenous farmers spoke native language, not 

Spanish = disadvantage for jobs• Cheap housing in misery belts• Mexicans left rural area to work in maquiladoras 

(manufacturing operations) along Mexico’s northern  border. 

Náhuatl – Mixteco - Maya

Page 56: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Maquiladoras

With NAFTA the maquiladoras, which played an important role  in the growth of Mexico’s exports since 1979, found 

themselves uniquely situated to play a larger role in vertical  specialization. 

These firms are mostly located on Mexico’s northern border and  import inputs from the United States, process them, and 

reexport them back to the United States.  Maquiladoras

specialize in the manufacture of electronics, auto 

parts, and apparel and, with the signing of NAFTA, the  manufacturing sector of exports grew  attracting additional 

laborers to the urban areas.

Page 57: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

How do we define poverty?

There is no common definition among  countries. Generally we define poverty as a 

state of material deprivation.• 18.2% of the population in Mexico is below 

the poverty line based on food‐based poverty • Looking at CIA world fact data in 2008 ‐

asset 

based poverty amounted to more than 47%   in Mexico

Source: Mexico – CIA – The World Factbook

Page 58: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Concept Connector

• Factors affecting migration

to misery belts• The graphic organizer is to help you organize 

your thoughts and understandings regarding  population movement in Mexico from rural 

areas to urban ones.

Religious        Economic

Political

Page 59: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Day 5

Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts

From the eyes of a journalist

Final Performance Assessment: Newspaper Article

Page 60: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

From the Eyes of a Journalist

Day 5–7 Objectives: Students will:(1) understand the elements of a newspaper 

article,(2) draft a newspaper article in Word, and(3) organize and synthesize information 

regarding relocation of Mexicans to the  misery belt in a newspaper article

Page 61: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Elements of a Newspaper  & ArticleDirections: Circle and label these elements in the sample newspaper . 

Work with a partner  for clarification.

• Name of newspaper, volume, issue, date• Headline: the title of the article; expresses the main idea of the story using 

direct and dramatic action verbs and nouns

• Secondary story headline• Byline: Often listed after the title, gives the name of the person writing the 

story and his or her title

• Lead sentence: the first sentence in the article, it gives the most important 

information to “hook”

the reader’s attention• Body: the main part of the article, it contains the five 

Ws:

Who? 

What? 

Where? 

When?  Why?• Three or four important

details about the story• Summary or final detail• Unbiased writing –

article is factual without writer’s opinion• Picture with caption

Page 62: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

From the Eyes of a Journalist

You are a journalist and must write an article for  the New York Times on a recent event. 

Event: There has been a mass migration of families from  a surrounding rural area of Mexico City, Tuxtla 

Gutierrez or San Juan Cristóbal de las Casas. You are a  reporter/journalist and you must write a 400–500‐

word newspaper article analyzing who, what, where,  when and why. The article must incorporate all 

elements of a newspaper article, as well as what you  learned  on population patterns, movement and 

underlying reasons. Grading rubrics will be applied. 

Page 63: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Day 6 and 7 Computer Laboratory

• We’re going to the lab to do more research  and “write”

a draft newspaper article in Word.

Page 64: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Peer Editing

• Edit your own and then Peer Editing –

Final  draft to be exchanged with partner

• Handout Peer Editing Rubrics – Review and  spend the period editing your partners article

Page 65: DAY 1 Migrating to Mexico’s Misery Beltslanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/outreach/mexico11/burke/burke_migrating.pdfMigrating to Mexico’s Misery Belts Day 1 Objectives: Students

Newsroom Deadline Day 9

• Final day: to the library again to publish final  revised article