David Martin Challenges in High Precision Beamline Alignment at …€¦ · MALARIA Page 22...
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David Martin
Challenges in High Precision Beamline Alignment at the ESRF
FIG Working Week Christchurch New Zealand 2016
Presented at th
e FIG W
orking Week 2016,
May 2-6, 2
016 in Christchurch, N
ew Zealand
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SO WHAT IS A SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LIGHT SOURCE?
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A synchrotron radiation light source is composed of two main elements:
• A particle accelerator that accelerates electrons to nearly the speed of
light, and
• Beamline(s) that use the synchrotron radiation generated by the
accelerator to study matter.
The linear accelerator (linac)
accelerates the electrons from rest
mass to 100 MeV
The booster accelerates the
electrons from 100MeV to 6GeV
The storage ring keeps the electrons
circulating at 6GeV for many hours
The 6GeV electrons produce
synchrotron radiation in a tangential
direction to the beam travel
One eV is the amount of energy gained (or lost) by the charge of a single electron moved across
an electric potential difference of one volt.
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WHAT IS SYNCHROTRON RADIATION
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e-
When electrons are accelerated they generate synchrotron radiation
The wavelength of this light is a function of the electron energy
The ESRF electron velocity is very close to the speed of light*
The wavelength of the light is in the hard X-ray regime
*When E=6 GeV the velocity of the electrons is 0.99999993 times the speed of light
E=mc2
Synchrotron radiation is on the electromagnetic spectrum - light
The wavelengths of X-rays are small so they can be used to look at the atomic
structure of matter
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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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X-RAY 0.025 nmINFRARED 720-850nm VISIBLE 440-640nm ULTRAVIOLET 335-365nm
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SO HOW ARE X-RAYS USED IN SCIENCE?
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A good example of the type of science made at the ESRF is crystallography using
X-ray diffraction.
A crystal is a solid material whose constituent
atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a
highly ordered microscopic structure,
forming a lattice that extends in all directions.
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CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION
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X-ray
The atoms comprising the crystal structure form planes. When X-rays are incident on
these crystal planes they are diffracted and produce a characteristic pattern of spots
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BRAGG’S LAW
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𝑛𝜆 = 2𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛Θ
It describes how constructive interference leads to the pattern of X-ray diffraction spots.
Qualitatively, the diffraction picks up a specific distance in real-space, and transforms it
into a frequency in reciprocal space.
Bragg’s law provides an elegant and powerful description of diffraction from crystals.
William Lawrence Bragg
William Henry Bragg
1915 Nobel Physics
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CRYSTALLOGRAPHY WITH LARGE MOLECULES
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The same
techniques can be used
to image complex systems such as proteins
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X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY METHOD
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0.1 mm
X-ray diffraction X-ray diffraction
Images
Electron Density
Map
Protein Model
Form Function
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THE RIBOSOME
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This technique has led to the discovery of
some fantastically complex structures
like the ribosome.
20 nm
Ada Yonath, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas Steitz were
awarded the 2009 Nobel prize in Chemistry for their work on the
ribosome
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0.1 mm
70 to 180 m
THE SCALE OF THINGS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF ALIGNMENT
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e-
1 mm
A crystal is placed on the end of the pin with a stream of cool air coming in from the
right. The X-ray beam arrives from the silver pipe and the camera images the crystal
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2828699/Inner-beauty-world-revealed-
Photographer-captures-amazing-crystal-structures-objects-reveals-created.html
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.
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Good Aim
Steady Hand
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THE ESRF SURVEY NETWORKS
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Z
DiNi 12
Electronic Level
0.3 mm for 1 km
2 way levelling
AT401
Laser Tracker
XY and Z
Angles ± 5 μm + 6 μm/m
Distance ±10 μm
ASME B89.4.19-2006 MPE
Leica Viva GNSS
GS15 receiver
3 mm + 0.1 ppm
post processing and
long observations
XY
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THE STORAGE RING NETWORK
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The main accelerator network is long and narrow
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… and very regular
There are close to 2500 distance, horizontal angle and
vertical angle measurements to the 320 points in the network.
Quadrupole DipoleInstrument Station
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EX2 NETWORK
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BEAMLINE NETWORK
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Source point
ID20
Beamline axis
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LONG BEAMLINES AND NANOIMAGING
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Crystallography determines the arrangement of atoms in the crystalline solids.
X-rays are also useful to image very
small hidden things.
Phase contrast
microtomography
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NANOIMAGING PROBE
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The size of the focused x-ray probe spot depends on:
• the source size,
• the distance between the source and the focusing optics p, and
• the working distance between optics and the experimental sample q.
At the ESRF p=150 m and q=0.05 m so q/p=3000-1 → theoretical probe size ~10 nm
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ESRF NANOIMAGING UPGRADE PROGRAM BEAMLINES
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ID16
185 m long
beamlines
EX2
150 m long
beamlines
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EBOLA
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28,616 cases and 11,310 deaths had been reported
(http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/case-counts.html)
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MALARIA
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…an estimated 207 million cases (uncertainty interval, 135–287 million)
and 627 000 malaria deaths (uncertainty interval, 473 000–789 000) are
estimated to have occurred in 2012. …WHO World Malaria Report 2013 p ix
As tragic as these numbers are, they are quite simply dwarfed by numbers
associated with malaria
An acute need for new drugs exists because resistance has developed
to all antimalarial drugs. Overcoming drug resistance is an essential
goal of antimalarial drug discovery.
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NANOCHEMICAL IMAGING OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
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…This study provides the first demonstration of the localisation of unlabelled
antimalarial drugs at pharmacological doses with high spatial resolution. This
strategy improves the understanding of the action mechanisms of both existing
and novel antimalarial drugs. Moreover, this approach may be applied to a
wide range of domains where the quantitative chemical imaging of drugs at the
subcellular level is critical….Nanochemical imaging of antimalarial drugs in Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells
(http://www.esrf.fr/news/spotlight/spotlight151/index_html)
Imaging of trace elements with a spatial resolution of 50 nm at detection
limits down to the attogram (i.e. 10-18) level.
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NANOIMAGING BEAMLINE OPTICAL LAYOUT
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Source Point
0 mMLM
28.3 m 16 mrad
Horizontal and vertical
KB Focusing mirrors
184.5 m 5 mrad
Sample 185 m
50 nm beam size
e- beam
X-rays are reflected and focused with
mirrors at glancing angles less than
0.5 degrees → 9 mrad.
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NANOIMAGING BEAMLINE MULTILAYER MIRROR (MLM) ALIGNMENT
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8 mrad 1.6 mm
This is the mirror surface
seen by the beam when it is
tilted 8 mrad to the beam
This is the mirror surface
seen by the beam when
it is parallel to the beam
X-ray beam diameter ~1mm
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FIDUCIALISATION IN A CLEAN ROOM LABORATORY
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MLM ALIGNMENT IN SITU
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Tie in the instrument (x,y,z) using the survey network
Align the mirror support references to their nominal positions
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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