Preparing for Animal Facility Inspections: USDA-regulated species David Lyons and Colleen Bennett.
David lyons peru
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A Geographer’s Impressions David Lyons / Century College / Winter 2014
Purpose
Peru represents a part of the world whose environments and ways life I have been covering in
classes for 20 years. Now I finally have the opportunitiy to observe and explore these worlds
first-hand!
It’s given me the confidence to embark on more adventures
Peru’s Size and Location
Peru lies on the west coast of South America, bounded by Ecuador and Columbia in the north, Brazil and Bolivia to the east, and Chile to its south.
Peru covers about 500,000 square miles. To compare, Alaska covers about 615,000 square miles and Texas about 270,000 square miles
My Trip
Colca Canyon
Isle Tequila
GPS Breadcrumb Trail of our Trip
Compiled by Jim Walsh
Peru’s Physical Geography
The physical geography and type of environment found in any given place is determined by six climate controls. Peru is influenced by all six
Latitude: Peru is entirely within the tropics
• Two seasons – rainy and dry, high sun is rainy season• Lying the southern hemisphere, its seasons are opposite of ours• Its longitude, and thus its daily time, matches that of the US East Coast
Elevation – much of Peru lies at high altitudes
Altiplano – the world’s second largest plateau
Ocean Currents – the Humboldt Current controls Peru’s Pacific coast
• This cold west coast current sweeps up from Antarctica
• Suppresses the atmosphere / Upwelling supports a productive marine ecosystem
Landform Barriers and Prevailing Winds
• Easterly Trade Winds Blow across Peru and over the Andes Mountains• Result is windward rainforests and leeward dry zones
rain shadowOrographic Uplift
Position Relative to Oceans
Interestingly, this climate control, which so dominates Minnesota – e.g. our continental system, is the least important control for Peru
Peru has three major physical regions
Peru’s west coast is a desert – except during El Ninos
Andes Mountains – complex geologically and environmentally
The Andes stretch the entire South American continent, reaching over 20,000 feet of elevation in places
The Andes are a young and active range, the product of subduction
Any Questions?
Photo by Jim Walsh
Stratified and faulted ash deposits
Photo by Jim Walsh
Venting Volcano
Photo by Jim Walsh
El Misti - “Goat Mountain” / classic stratovolcano / 19,000 feet / last erupted 1985
Cloud Forest – moist trade winds lifted up Andean slopes
Photo by Amy Hadiaris
Eastern Peru lies in the Amazon Rainforest
Three Drainage Regimes and Divides
Western Peru drains to the Pacific and eastern Peru into the Atlantic via the Amazon
The Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia has interior drainage into Lake Titicaca
The People of Peru
Gringo
Quechua
Ethnic Composition• 45% Indigenous Amerindian• Largest groups Quechua and Aymara• Distribution – most concentrated in
Andean region
37% Mestizo and 15% European Largest concentration in Lima
Peru has also had significant migrations from China (mid-19th Century), Italy (early 20th Century), and Japan (after WWII)
Andean People of Peru
Andean People of Peru
Andean People of Peru
Andean People of Peru
Andean People of Peru
Basic Demographics of Peru• Population: 30.5 million• Life Expectancy: 74 years• Birth Rate: 2.6 births / woman• Infant Mortality: 17 / 1000• Rate of Natural Increase: 1.5%• A “Stage 3” Country
Peru – Pre-Inca History
Peru has been occupied by humans for over 14,000 years and agricultural societies since 7000 BCE
Moche Temple in Lima circa 200 A.D.
Peru History – the Inca
The largest empire in pre-Columbian America / Rose in 13th Century and conquered by Spanish in 1572 / A Highlands empire
History: The Spanish and Catholicism
Madonna and Child in hotel lobby – less concern about separation of church and state than U.S.
History: The Spanish and Catholicism
The Spanish used pre-existing Inca foundations to build upon
The Spanish, Catholicism and Acculturation of Andean Peoples
“Guinea Pig Last Supper” in Cusco Cathedral
Andean belief systems - a hybrid of Catholicism and local Animism
My first, and
Last, Guinea Pig
Supper
Peru Gained its Independence from the Spanish in 1821
The Battle of Ayacucho
Bolivar did not embrace the same ideals as the U.S. Founding Fathers. He saw as risky the constitution and democratic system of government of the recently independent United States. In South America, authoritarian governments would become the norm.
The Trajectory of History Since Independence• After Independence, Spanish Peruvians would dominate the country politically and
economically
• Unlike in the U.S., where land would be plotted and parceled by government for wide distribution to settlers willing to toil and improve it, in Peru the Spanish crown selectively awarded vast amounts of land – as well as the labor of the indigenous living upon it – to a few loyal Spaniards who would build lavish estates (Haciendas). Land would be hereditarily passed on.
• Indigenous peoples “campesinos” were often enslaved and given access to meager plots of land for subsistence activities.
• Land reform movements and the breaking up of the Hacienda system did not start until the 1960s.
• Peru’s Quechua Andean regions remain relatively poorer and more traditional
Recent History
• 1970s-1990s: A communist insurgency terrorized Andean Peru• “The Shining Path” promised action to address
Peru’s inequities, initially gathering support from rural poor • 1980 initiated its “armed struggle” and morphed
into one of the most brutal of all late 20th Century Maoist guerilla movements• Ultimately defeated by government forces under
President Fujimori, Guzman captured in 1992• Estimated 63,000 casualties (Shining Path credited for
half) Abimael Guzman, philosophy professor turned Maoist group leader
Politics in Peru
• Three Independent Branches• Five year Presidency• Unicameral 130 Seat Congress• Multi-party System• Mandatory Voting
President Ollanta Humala Quechua with Military
Background
Alberto Fujimori – President 1990-2000, credited with modernizing Peru and defeating Shining Path, now serving 25 year prison term
Alan Garcia Perez –ran economy into ground in 1980s (inflation 2 million%). Apologized and got re-elected in 2006
2014 is an election year
Peruvian Economy
Primary Sector• Mining
• Andean region is mineral rich• Major exporter of metals to China and US
• Fishing• World’s leading exporter of fish meal
• Agriculture• Irrigated export sector
Secondary• Construction boom• Emerging manufacturing economyTertiary• Tourism• Services: micro-entrepreneurs
Characteristics• World Bank Designation: “Upper Middle
Income”• Aggregate GNP: $330 billion (47th)• GNP PPP Per Capita: $10,200• Rapid growth: >6.5% annually• Export-led development strategy• Fiscally Sound• Income Equality: Gini = 48 (similar to US)• Peru has cut its poverty rate in half from
50% to 25% in recent decades
GDP per capita in PPP 2012
Source: World Economic Outlook 2012
My Observations: a bee-hive of activity, construction everywhere, a hard-working and practical people, palpable optimism, but also lots of marginal small businesses
Small shops and niche producers everywhere
Specialization on products made from used tires
Peru Construction Techniques: clay bricks, hand-trowelled cement, and lots of rebar
A Country Under Construction: Add-on as finances allow and use lots of rebar
Local Markets in Peru – Vibrant and Colorful
• Peru, like most less developed countries, has a large informal economy
• Peru, like most less developed countries, has a large informal economy
Countless varieties of dried potatoes
Juliaca Markets
• Peru, like most less developed countries, has a large informal economy
Small local shops predominate but supermarkets and chain stores are becoming more common
A cappuccino and a Starbucks can be found
Much of Peru’s highlands is dedicated to grazing
The Alpaca Whisperer
VicuñaThe World’s Finest Natural Fiber
Photo by Amy Hadiaris
A Picture is Worth ….. 1 Sol
Peru: Recently poor and rapidly changing
•
Development has been uneven geographically and societally
Lima, a Modern City with Colonial Roots
Dominates Peru politically, economically, demographically
Getting Around Lima
Slum Sprawl of Self-Constructed Housing Marks Lima’s Outskirts
• Lima’s newest migrants are insecure of land tenure, but have been gaining political power
Photo by Amy Hadiaris
Many recent urban residents are migrants from rural areas
Push and Pull factors include agricultural modernization, Political Instability, Globalization, the lure of the city
Rapid Urban Growth and resulting Congestion
Getting Around in the City
Eating in Peru
Photo by Amy Hadiaris
Chef Gaston Credited with making Quinoa cool again
Peru – a Land of Weavers and Knitters
A Rural Co-op of Women Who Spin and Knit
Wilbur Quispe: Keeping Traditional Weaving Techniques Alive
Wilbur Quispe: Keeping Traditional Weaving Techniques Alive
• Yarn is hand spun and natural dyes are used
One son has dedicated himself to the craft full time
The Men Knit on Isle Tequila
And the Women Weave
Visiting a Farm and Simple Way of Life
Practicing a Diverse Mixed Farming System
Family Members
Photo by Amy Hadiaris
All the Trappings of Modern Life
Raised Beds System for Cropping and Pasturing
Monastery of Santa Catalina in Arequipa
Where the Sisters had servants, private bedrooms and kitchens – the Vatican finally cracked down 300 years later
Monastery of Santa Catalina
Photo by Amy Hadiaris
Peru at 16,000 Feet
Peru at 16,000 Feet
Photo by Amy Hadiaris
High Altitude Bathroom Facilities
Lake Titicaca – World’s Highest Navigable Lake
• Elevation 12,500 feet / Area 3,200 miles2 / largest lake in South America
Photo by Jim Walsh
The quiet life on an island in Lake Titicaca
Photo by Jim Walsh
The City of Puno on Lake Titicaca
The Paradise of Colca Canyon
Colca Canyon
Photo by Jim Walsh
Colca Canyon
Colca Canyon: nice day for a hike
Left: remnants of indigenous settlement destroyed by Spanish. The Canyon’s scattered settlements deemed ungovernable
Right: Town of Chivay built by Spanish to concentrate and Christianize the Colca people
Our Group and Our Digs in Colca Canyon
Andean Condors
Photo by Jim Walsh
A Simple Food Kitchen in Yanque
The City of Cusco, once the Inca capitol, now major tourist center
Photo by Amy Hadiaris
Cusco Main Square
Spanish built complex of Catholicism atop the razed Inca “Temple of Sun”
Inca Terraces
Inca Granaries destroyed by Spanish
Inca Engineering – Still Works!
Ollantaytambo
The Inca in Peru
Ollantaytambo
Chinchero
Pisaq along Inca Trail
Machu Picchu
Inca Trail
Fancy Sundial
Inca Drawbridge
Our Group
Melanie – our trip leaderSiverio – our Peruvian guide
Jose and RaulOur knowledgeable guide and trusty driver
Photo by Jim Walsh
Puerto Maldonado Airport and its two gates
My Trip to the Jungle
Bellying up in Puerto Maldonado
Heading into the Jungle along the Madre de Rios
Would OSHA approve?
Jungle Accommodations
My Trip to the Jungle
A Strange World
Hiking to Sandoval Lake – five hours in mud
Our Fearless Guide Valeria
Me Tarzan!
Our Fearless Guide Falls Out of the Canoe
Epiphytes – “Air Plants”
Limiting Factors? What are limiting factors?
Wildlife Seen through a Pocket Camera
Extreme Riverbank Erosion and Oxisols Exposed
Harvest of Tropical Hardwood Awaiting Export
My Jungle Cohort