Les 2 De bedenker van het Daltononderwijs. Helen Parkhurst (1886 – 1973)
David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973)
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Transcript of David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973)
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David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973)Benedict “Viktor” Gombocz
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Early years (1886-1904)• David Ben-Gurion was born
David Gruen in Płońsk (Plonsk in Yiddish), Poland (then the Kingdom of Poland, informally Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire) in 1886.
• He learned Hebrew in a school headed by his father.
• As a youth, he headed a Zionist youth group called Ezra.
• Ben-Gurion moved to Warsaw when he was 18, where he taught in a Jewish school and became involved in the Poalei Tziyon (Workers of Zion) Socialist-Zionist movement.
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Life in Palestine (1906-1914) • In 1906, Ben-Gurion emigrated to Palestine.• He assisted in founding the first agricultural
workers’ community in Sejera that was to become kvutzath Degania.
• He also assisted in founding the “Hashomer” (“The Watchman”) defense organization.
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Hashomer in 1925
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World War I, life in the United States, and return to Palestine (1914-1919) • When World War I commenced,
Ben-Gurion, a Russian national, was viewed as an alien foe; he was expelled by the Ottoman authorities.
• In the interest of the Socialist-Zionist cause, he traveled to New York.
• In the U.S., he met and married a fellow Poalei Zion advocate, Paula Monbesz.
• He returned to Palestine, where he joined the Jewish Legion, established as an entity of the British Army on the plan of Ze'ev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky.
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Early political career (1920-1948) • A founder of the Histadrut trade union, Ben-Gurion served as its
ambassador in the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency; he was elected leader of both associations in 1935.
• He also led the Labor Party (Mapai) and was associated with the party “activist” wing.
• His general dream and concerns on the eve of the struggle against the British in 1944 are unraveled in a speech, “Imperatives of the Jewish Revolution” that he gave to youth groups that year.
• Ben-Gurion fought in opposition to factionalism, especially alignment with Soviet Communism, and he stressed the need for pioneering, Halutziut; his concern with pioneering was authentic and personal.
• After the future establishment of the State of Israel, he tried to create a “pioneering service” that would send young individuals to assist and develop the Negev; when this backfired, he left the PM’s office for a time in 1954, and settled in Kibbutz Sde Boker in the Negev to set a personal example.
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Establishment of the State of Israel and First Premiership (1948-1954)
• As the head of the Zionist executive, Ben-Gurion guided the effort to create the State of Israel in May 1948; following Israel’s independence on May 14, he was elected the first PM of Israel and Defense Minister.
• He brought the Mapai party to electoral victory as an issue of course in successive elections.
• As PM, he supervised the creation of the new state’s institutions, giving them the stamp of his character.
• A critical and controversial decision Ben Gurion made in 1948 was the merger of all armed division into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF, Tzahal) – the single military of Israel; there would be no private armies in the new nation, which annoyed the leaders of the Haganah and the Palmach, the subversive of the Jewish agency and the Kibbutz movement.
• Nonetheless, they had no option but to do so.
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1948/49 map of Israel
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Establishment of the State of Israel and First Premiership (1948-1954) - cont. • The dissident secretive, the Irgun,
was, on the other hand, not under the direct control of the Zionist executive; it was under the political guidance of Menachem Begin of the Revisionist Herut association.
• Begin wanted to transport a big supply of weapons into Israel; his strategy was to issue it as a separate military bloc.
• Some historians suggest that Begin or aspects in the Irgun were plotting a coup.
• On the orders of PM Ben-Gurion, the ship the Altlalena, was sunk off the coast of Tel Aviv; a cause of resentment for devotees of the Revisionist moment, but it assured the democratic and arranged future of the new country.
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First resignation as PM and Second Premiership (1953-1963) • Ben-Gurion resigned as PM in 1953 and
retired to Kibbutz Sde Broker in the Negev; Moshe Sharett took his place.
• After the 1955 Knesset elections, Ben-Gurion returned to politics, reclaiming the position of both Defense Minister and PM.
• After his second, non-consecutive term as PM, Ben-Gurion backed establishing diplomatic relations with West Germany; the 1956 Sinai campaign happened during his second premiership.
• In reality, Ben-Gurion remained a local of the Negev.
• He believed that Israel’s future was centered in the Negev and he encouraged migration there as well as hydrogeology studies and farming projects that he expected would make the Negev arable.
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Second resignation as PM and final years in politics (1963-1970) • Ben-Gurion resigned as PM in June 1963 as a result of the “Lavon Affair”; he
was succeeded by Levi Eshkol.• Pinhas Lavon was Defense Minister in 1954 when an Israeli spy ring was
captured in Egypt attempting to destroy the USIA and other Western targets; he tried to blame the Egyptians.
• Lavon did not take responsibility and claimed that Ben-Gurion issued the order, though Ben-Gurion insisted that he had no knowledge of the matter.
• Ben-Gurion remained active in political life, developing a rivalry with Eshkol.
• The Mapai Party split in June 1965. • Ben-Gurion and future PM and President Shimon Peres (List of Israeli
Workers), which acquired ten seats in the Knesset in the subsequent election.
• Rafi rejoined Mapai and Ahdut Ha’avoda in 1968, to found the Israel Labor Party, but Ben-Gurion declined to join and created his own party Hareshima Hamamlachtit (The State List), that obtained four seats in the Knesset in the 1969 elections.
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Retirement from politics, final years, and death (1970-1973) • Ben-Gurion stepped down
from political life in June 1970.• He was famous for his creative
writings and unique philosophical view, his activism, confidence and stubbornness.
• He was also famous for fondness for physical fitness, especially for standing on his head at an old age.
• At his retirement, David Ben-Gurion returned to Kibbutz Sde Boker; he died there in 1973, aged 87, and he is buried with his wife there.
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Graves of David Ben-Gurion and his wife Paula in Sde Boker
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Ben Gurion International Airport, Tel Aviv
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Bibliography • http://www.zionism-israel.com/bio/biography_david_bengurion
.htm• YT links:
▫ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy_LlKE9OMQ ▫ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZDSBF5xtoo