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Name of the Monument/ site : Daulatabad Fort and Monuments therein (e.g. Chand Minar) LOCATION :- The Daulatabad Fort is located at a distance of 16 km to the north-west of the Aurangabad, via State Highway No. 16 and further on National Highway No.211on the way to Ellora on Chalisgoan-Dhule route. There are regular state transport buses from Aurangabad. Common Name Daulatabad Fort and

Monuments therein (e.g. Chand Minar)

Longitude & Latitude

Lat. 19°56'30.76"N Long. 75°12'44.26"E

Village Daulatabad Police Station Daulatabad Taluka Aurangabad District Aurangabad Distance from District Headquarter

Daulatabad Fort

GOOGLE ROAD MAP

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CULTURAL INFORMATION :-

Daulatabad Fort is an impressive monument, dominating

the surrounding landscape when driving on the road from Aurangabad to Ellora. The small stream locally known as river Manpuri River drains the area, bounded on the north and east by the Balaghat range of Sahyadri Hills. The fort looks down the plains on the south and west. Daulatabad was founded by the Yadavas of Deogiri (The Hill of Gods) in 11th century A.D. under king Bhillama V, who led victorious campaigns against the Hoysalas, Paramaras and Chalukyas of Kalyani. Subsequently Yadava rulers retained their capital at Deogiri until A.D. 1296 when Ala-ud-din Khilji defeated Ramachandradeva, son of Krishna and held sway over it by forcibly reducing Ramachandradeva as his vassal. Later, MalikKafur led his armies in A.D. 1306-07 and 1312 against the recalcitrant Ramachandradeva and his son Shankardeva successively, subdued them and killed the latter. Malik Kafur placed Harpaladeva on the throne who later declared his independence.

Daulatabad Fort View from north - east

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Qutb-ud-dinMubarak Shah Khilji made a successful campaign against Deogiri and annexed the same to the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq, who succeeded the Khiljis at Delhi renamed Deogiri as Daulatabad (“Abode of Wealth”) and got the capital shifted from Delhi to Daulatabad in A.D. 1328. But for various reasons he re-transferred his capital back to Delhi.

By quick succession of political events, the area was wrestled from the Imperial authority and the Bahmani rulers under Hasan Gangu extended his control over Daulatabad as well. By 1499 the Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar not only captured but also made Daulatabad as their capital in A.D. 1607. The subsequent period witnessed a seriesof wars between the DeccanSultans and the Mughals under Akbar and ShahJahan. In 1633 A.D. Daulatabad was finally captured after a prolonged siege of four months. It was during this time Aurangzeb was placed as viceroy of Deccan who led his campaigns against Bijapur and Golconda from Daulatabad. For a short period Daulatabad was under the control of the Marathas before the Nizams of Hyderabad took control of it in 1724 A.D.

Built on a 200 meter high conical hill, Daulatabad was one of the most powerful forts of the medieval Deccan. The defense system consists of two moats and three encircling fortification walls with lofty gates and bastions at regular intervals. The entire fort complex together with all the fortification walls consists of an area measuring approximately 94.83 hectares.

The fort was enlarged and structures were added subsequently as the fort passed on from one hand to the other and from one dynasty to another. Today the Daulatabad Fort, besides the moat and fortification wall consists of structures like stepped wells (baolis), kacheri (court) building, BharatMata Temple (temple dedicated to Mother India), Hathi (Elephant) tank, ChandMinar, AamKhas building (Hall of Public Audience), Royal Hammam, ChiniMahal, RangMahal, Baradari on the hill top, water cisterns, rock cut structure and Andheri (the Dark Passage). The 10 unfinished rock cut caves formed to the south of Rangmahal belong to the Yadava period. The vestiges unearthed from time to time in the fort complex revealed the existence of a multi-cultural religious activity at Daulatabad. These consist of various sculptures of gods and goddesses of Brahmanical pantheon, the Jaina tirthankaras, architectural members of secular and non-secular character, canons, utensils of copper, etc. The excavations carried out within the fort complex between 2003 and 2007 have laid bare the lower city complex consisting of main lanes and by-lanes bordered by remnants of various structures of different dimensions.

Ambar Kot

The exterior most and wall surrounding the fort is popularly known as Ambarkot. It is believed that Malik Ambar, the Abyssinian Commander of Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar constructed it to protect from the onslaughts of Mughals. This fortification wall, enclosing an irregular oval area is about 14 km

Aam khas building

Kalakot gate

Inner view of Baradari

Baradari view from east

Daulatabad Fort, View from east

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long. The outermost wall of the fort consists of 45 bastions built massively with their connecting curtain wall and nine principal gates with flanking bastions and towers. The walls have been built with stone and mortar locked up with a good breadth of rammed earth between the outer and inner casings. The height of the wall varies from 9 to 12 meters and has battlements with circular towers at the angles. The bastions at irregular intervals are generally semi-circular or octagonal in shape. Wall walks are a regular feature and are constructed from bastion to bastions, over gates and this is protected by high battlements. The town wall is extremely strong, being built of huge blocks of stones. The buildings in the Ambarkot area that have withstood the ravages of time are Hammam and a couple of mosques.

Mahakot

The next unit of defense inside Ambarkot is Mahakot. The defense management in Mahakot at every step creates obstacles for the enemy making it impossible for him to enter. The Mahakot defense was made complicated by construction of four distinct lines of enclosure walls with innumerable silently brooding bastions and ramparts which would have to be scrambled before the main entrance could be reached. The fortification walls were either built or added at different periods by Yadavas, Khilajis, Tughlaqs, Bahamanis and the Nizamshahis. The outer wall of the fort is 5 km in circumference consists of 54 small and big bastions of single, double and triple storeyed. The average height of this wall is between 6 to 9 m and 2 to 3 m in thickness. These walls however end on reaching the moat on the north and south side of the fortress. The interior fortification wall is followed by a succession of walls and gateways and courtyards. The inner defensive wall was probably rebuilt during the Tughlaq period encircling the expanded town. At the inner side there are strong chambers that serve both as guardrooms as well as stores for grain and ammunition. The thick timber gates with iron studs and long spiked nails protect the entrances, which have beautiful carved designs. Every single space between the outermost and innermost gates is covered by gunfire from all sides. The guns were well entrenched and protected by battlements, made the encroacher completely defenseless. Guardrooms in the courtyard display canons belonging to different periods and dynasties. The area consists of noteworthy monuments like the Hathi Tank, Bharat Mata Mandir, Chand Minar and ruins of an extensive palace built by Mughal rulers.

Saraswati Stepped-Well (Saraswati Bawdi)

It is a beautiful well located near main entry gate (30 X 30 X12 m) built of dressed stone blocks with a narrow flight of steps leading to the water level. Water was supplied by pipelines, from a reservoir, but now stores only seepage water. An inscription on the outer wall of the tomb of Qattal Shahid refers to Ghiyasuddin Tuglaq Shah, the Sultan of Gazi in the month of Shawwal 722

Hathi hauze

Gate of Daulatabad Fort

Bharat mata temple

Top view of Bharat Mata Temple

Baradari view from east

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(i.e. 1332 A.D.) by one Thakkar Nanak of Jagbir. The inscription also records that the well was constructed for providing water to the common people and mainly for public use.

Hathi Tank (Hathi Haud)

It is known as Hathi Tank (38 X 38 X6.6 m) because of its gigantic shape. Malik Ambar, an expert in the water management, made arrangements to construct this tank. There are steps from the three sides of tank to reach the bottom only gravitational force was used to bring water to this system. There was a network of pipes to distribute the water wherever to various parts of the city. The capacity of Hathi Hauz is estimated at about 10,000 cubic m.

Bharat Mata Temple (Bharat Mata Mandir)

The Bharat Mata Temple (87 X 87m) is one of the oldest and important structures. The structure is perfect specimen of symmetry, giving an impression of a harmonious and well-adorned structure. The structure follows the classic plan of a mosque, with access from three sides, and buttress (pseudo minarets) on the four corners. The open courtyard had the liwan on western side, which houses the miharab and encircle a colonnade spacious courtyard. The octagonal space in front of the miharab is covered by a hemispherical dome of the corbelled variety. The architectural remains used in construction of this mosque clearly indicate that they are derived from temples of Yadava period, circa 10th –11th, C.A.D. By reusing pillars, brackets and capitals and stone debris of temples a mosque was built during the reign of Qutubuddin Mubaraq Khilji (1318 A.D.) known as Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque). Now the central rear wall contains the statue of Bharat Mata, hence known by the same name.

Chand Minar

It is a very good specimen of Persian art Sultan Al-ud-din Bahamani (Ahamadshah-II). It was constructed in memory of his victory over Gujarat, in 1435A.D. The minar is plain and simple from outside. It is constructed by stone and decorated with colored tiles, which are still found on the wall. This minar has four floors having spiral stairs inside. Small windows are provided at regular intervals for light and air ventilation. For every floor there are 80 steps and 6 small windows. Every floor is provided with circular chajja. The bottom side of the staircase is the biggest and over it two other small staircases are present. On the one side of the minar there is a mosque and on other side there is a Nagar Khana. At the base 24 arched shaped chamber evident with extremely austere architecture without any decoration motifs.

Kacheri

It is a double storeyed building (15.84 X 12.80 m), constructed in true arch style. The central hall of the palace has

Chand Minar

Chini Mahal

Views of rock-cut ditch (khai)

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a huge dome ceiling internally decorated with diamond cut polished stucco moldings. The central chamber has arcades on both side with similar diamond cut mounding and a flight of steps leading to the roof of the pavilion. The roof is flat and octagonal in shape. In front of the palace is an expansive courtyard very well planned and designed replete with medieval feature adopted for environmental, structural and decorative harmony.

Royal Bath (Hammam):-

The Hammam situated within the Mahakot area, was constructed during Tughlaq period for an affluent class of society. Though it is in fair state of preservation, the arrangements meant for heating water have totally disappeared. The entire structure is excellently built of stone and lime-mortar and the rooms are decorated with stucco plaster and paintings. It is plain and simple outside, but internally they are extremely comfortable, attractive and soothing. Separate baths were provided for ladies and gents. The hammam stands within the courtyard, enclosed by arcaded walls. The complex has a labyrinth of chambers, cells and compartments. It has a domed ceiling with a round bow at the apex to allow light to sink in and discharge bad air. The chambers were used for massage, hot water bath, caldarium hot room (steam-bath) and bathtub, and also the requisite menial services needed for these. The water was connected from one room to another by earthen pipes through channels. Each chamber was planned and designed very carefully, with well-laid tanks, water channels, pipes, ventilators.

Kalakot The Kalakot is situated immediately at the foot of the hill. It

encompasses rectangular area and encompasses within itself a huge palace complex built by the Ahmednagar rulers. Different kinds of techniques were used keeping in view the need for defense. The peculiarity of this complex is the provision of deep rock cut moat, strong thick fortifications having bastions, zigzag gateways, wide wall walked with battlements, and the strategic position of gun-turrets. On the western side lies the deep rock-cut moat that encircles the conical hill while the rest of the three sides are protected by a double line of fortification fronted with a broad dry moat and a glacis. The entire walls and bastions provide the best example of military engineering skills. There are at least 5-6 zigzag gateways within a short distance with recesses for storage of ammunition making access to this area quite difficult. The gateways are so powerful that all the strength and military strategy fails to break open the gates. On the curtain walls of Daulatabad, there is a wide walkway, which runs all around from bastion to bastion. The walkways are 1 to 1.50 m wide and served as a sound defence strategy to shoot arrows through crenels between the merlons, through the loopholes and also machicolations. Gun-turrets strategically located at important places are large and great in height with provision for mounting big guns which cover not only the Mahakot but also

Gateway of the Andheri

Baradari

Views of rock-cut ditch (khai)

Mendha canan

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Ambarkot and the area much beyond. Chini Mahal

This is a double storeyed building and known as Chini Mahal (5 X 5.80 X 10 m) because it was once inlaid with blue and yellow enameled, tiles. The palace is in good shape of preservation. The upper floor is well ventilated and has two chambers, which can be reached through flight of steps. The palace played a very important role in the political history of Deccan. Abdul Hasan Tanashah (1687-1700 A.D.) the last and powerful ruler of the Golkonda was confined in the palace and imprisoned by Aurangazeb after the defeat of Golkonda. Abdul Hasan Tanashah was imprisoned here till his death (1687-1700 A.D.) in 1700 A.D.

Rang Mahal

Rang Mahal is the only exclusive example of carved wooden work in Dulatabad fort. It is located to the south of Mendha tope in an enclosure wall. The entrance to the mahal has a huge arched doorway decorated with floral motifs and medallions. The building is rectangular on plan (24 m x 15 m) having six chambers interconnected provided with a spacious in the front. The two inner corner chambers on the southeast and northwest have an upper storey and remains of corbelled conical roof can be seen. The main arch opens into a central hall which is connected to the other chambers through arched openings and jharokha windows above. The arches are decorated with stucco work in the form of ornate medallions, floral and geometric designs. The walls were built with random rubble masonry and encased by dressed basalt stone. Lime plaster was applied over the surface and was probably painted. The roof was constructed with wooden beams, rafters and topped by lime concrete. The roof was supported by was supported by wooden pillars with brackets. The pillars and pilasters are beautifully carved with miniature pillar motifs and brackets with stylized floral motifs. The simple woodwork used in combination with stone and stucco work gives the structure its royal grandeur. Though no inscription has been found, on the basis of architecture the building can be dated to circa 18th century A.D.

Moat (Khandak):-

The Moat is very deep and wide and was excavated out of the living rock. It is so steep that it is almost impossible to cross it not only for the human beings but also for the reptiles. The moat was also inaccessible through wading because of aquatic animals and the cross wall within the ditch, which works as a barricade for a swimmer. A very plain plateau surrounds the moat, so it is impossible for enemy to hide himself and reach the base of the fort without being noticed. Originally the moat was crossed by a drawbridge, which was taken up at night. Later in 1874, a masonry bridge was constructed during Nizam of Hydarabad on the orders of Sir SalarJung. This bridge was the

Details of canon

Canon

Daulatabad Fort View from north - east

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only entrance to the main fort. The depth of water in the moat was under control and in time of siege, the portion of the moat including the bridge could be flooded and to render the bridge unpassable. The present iron bridge is newly constructed in 1952 for the convenience of tourists.

Dark Passage (Andheri):-

The only entrance to citadel is through a devious tunnel, which in times of siege was rendered unpassable. This sub-terrain passage is indeed mysterious and in spite of several individuals’ attempts, all its mysteries are not known. The long ascending tunnel rises rapidly and tortuously by flight of steps, which are uneven in width and height, difficult for climbs in the absence of light. The labyrinth arrangements and the darkness allow the enemy army to kill themselves. A long tunnel containing numerous chambers cut out of the solid rock, were used in the olden times as guards rooms and store houses. The turns and twists opens out on a rough window, now covered with grills, originally was a trap set for enemy intruders, which ended in the ditch. The tunnel was unpassable when the great obstacles come in the form of darkness, inlaid iron spins, barrier of smokes and splash of hot oil and water from above.

Baradari

The white octagonal building situated at the top portion of the hill is known as Baradari, because of its twelve arches. Adjoining the Baradari is a square courtyard with open verandah and galleries all around. The building was the favorite summer residence of Emperor Shah Jahan and his son Alamgir Aurangzeb. It was constructed at the instance of Shah Jahan in Hijari 1010(1636 A.D). The double storeyed building is symmetrical in style and constructed in black chiseled basalt stones of uniform size. The courtyard has two octagonal chambers on either side of uniform size. Each octagon has three open arches, which are pointed and supported by masonry pillars of quadrangular shape. The roof of the galleries is dome shaped.

Cannons at Daulatabad Fort

A large number of cannons are found at Daulatabad Fort, some in their original places like bastions on fort walls and circular towers while others were collected from various locations and displayed in the courtyard near the entrance gate and near Aam Khas gate. These cannons range from large to heavy guns to medium howitzers and handguns. These cannons are made of either bronze or iron-both wrought and cast. The cannons displayed near the entrance gate of the fort, represent many varieties of guns. The iron cannon placed in a left side cell is 1.82 m long with bore of 7 cm diameter. A bronze cannon placed near the second entry gate is 3.15 m in length and has a 12 cm dia. bore. This is one of the most ornate cannons depicted with leaf design on its muzzle, a rope design covering the rings and

Aam khas building

Kalakot gate

Inner view of Baradari

Baradari view from east

Daulatabad Fort View from north - east

Aam khas building

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cascabel portion portrays a tiger holding a hunted deer in its mouth. Besides bronze cannons, there are smaller guns and mortars made of iron with varying length from 90 cm to 2.90 m. Among the various dynasties ruling Daulatabad, Mughals and Marathas were leading in promoting artillery. The Mendhatope (Ram Cannon) originally known as Qila Shikan (Breaker of Forts) is placed on an elevated circular platform (16.30 m in dia.) located between Chini Mahal and Rang Mahal. The cascabel is in the form of a ram, and hence the name “Mendha Tope” gained prominence. This cannon belongs to Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb (1658 – 1707 A.D.) as revealed by the inscription near the muzzle, which reads as Abul Zafar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir Badshah Gazi. Three other inscriptions are noticed on the cannon. The inscription on the muzzle states, “With God’s help victory is near” and “all believers are in God’s protection”. The third inscription gives the name, “Tope Qila Shikan” (Breaker of Forts), while the fourth inscription informs that Muhammad Hussain Arab manufactured the cannon. Another inscription, partly covered with a plate, on the base provides information on the weight of the gunpowder and shot used for the cannon. Cast in bronze the cannon measures 5.30 m in length. The calibre of the cannon is 20 cm, which can easily hurl a heavy shot. A pivot is provided at the centre of the platform, which once held the cannon to enable its rotation in any desired direction.

Dara Shukoh’s cannon is placed near Aam Khas is a typical of composite cannon from Mughal period. There are three inscriptions in Persian, bearing the title of Dara Shukoh, elder son of Shahajahan and brother of Aurangzeb, name of the manufacturer Muhhmad Husaain and hijari era 1038. Durga tope (Durga cannon) is located at the highest point of the Daulatabad fort. The cannon is placed on a large platform to target the approaching enemy in open plains and also the surrounding mountain ranges. It is 5.80 m long bronze cannon with varying thickness from 48 to 42 cm and 18 cm calibre. The name Durga is inscribed on the cannon in devanagari script. Dualatabad fort was never under any European power but large quantity of artillery seems to have been purchased from British, Dutch and Portuguese. Cannon placed in front of Aam Khas Gate is imported piece of artillery from Netherlands. It was cast in bronze in 1642 A.D. as indicated by an inscription on the breech at Amsterdam. A flag hanging in a ring is shown here in relief bearing typical mark of Dutch United East India Company, Vereeindge Oost Indische Compaigni VOC.

Daulatabad Fort It also played an important role in the religious history of medieval India. The Yadavas, Hindu rulers patronized Jainism on a large scale. It is also important in Religious point of view that from here the Sufism spread in Deccan. It is here that the famous medieval saint Jannardhana Swami – the Guru of saint Ekanath attended Samadhi on the top of the hill.

Kalakot gate

Inner view of Baradari

Baradari view from east

Daulatabad Fort, View from east

Hathi hauze

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PROTECTION STATUS :- Nofitication No No. LXXI of AHMASR (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951 dated 28th

November, 1951 New Classification Category A

World Heritage Sites and those monuments which have been included in the Tentative list of World Heritage sites Category B Ticketed Monument Category D Monument located in densely populated rural areas and most sensitive from construction activity point of view

Status Non living GOOGLE DEMARCATION :

Google earth images demarcated with protected, prohibited and regulated areas

Under section of 20 A and B of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation ) Act 2010 areas up to 100 meters from the Protected limits and further beyond it up to 200 meters near or adjoining protected monuments to be prohibited and regulated areas respectively for purposes of both mining operation and construction whoever violate these provisions shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extends to two years or with fine up to Rs. 1,00,000 (Rupees One lakh ) or with both, under section 30 A and 30 B

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TOURIST INFORMATION :-

Opening and Closing Days and Timing

Everyday Sunrise to Sunset

Ticketes / Recipts

Admission Tickets for Indian Citizen (per head)

` 5/-

Admission Tickets for SAARC & BIMSTEC countries Citizen (per head for citizen in Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri-Lanka, Afghanistan, Maldives, Pakistan, Thailand, Myanmar – as per gazette of India No 100 dated 5th March 2008)

` . 5/-

Admission Tickets for Foreigners (per head)

` 100/-

Video filming charges (per day ) For exterior use only

` 25/-

Below 15 years free admission

Other charges Filming • Filming of protected monument is allowed only on payment of ` 5000/- per day per monument in the form of demand draft from a nationalized bank in favour of “Superintending Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad Circle, Aurangabad “payable at Aurangabad. If you are interested in the proposal, you may intimate this office regarding the date of filming and submit Rs. 5000/-per day for each monument along with duly completed application in Form IX

• For filming operation, an amount of ` 10,000/- towards “Security deposit “ in the Post office saving account at GPO, Aurangabad after obtaining authorization letter from this office. The security deposit may also be submitted in the form of demand draft of nationalized bank in favor of “Superintending Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad Circle “payable at Aurangabad. The security deposit will be released and returned if no damage is caused to the monument during filming operation. A no damage certificate from the local monument in charge and a VHS cassette of filming operation is required for release of security deposit.

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Tourist Facilities Ticketed booking counters Available Parking Available Toilets Under Construction Portable drinking water facilities Available Cafeteria and souvenir shops No Sales counters Available Visitors movement plan Under preparation Dust bins Available Clock rooms No Entrance plazas No Resting areas Available Pathways Available Approach roads Available Signage’s Yes Free literature (e.g. pamphlets ) Yes Facilities for differently abled No

Tourist Flow & Revenue statements :

Visitors & Revenue statements for the period of April 2005 to August 2011 for Daulatabad Fort Indian

visitors Foreign visitors

In Indian currency In Foreign currency US Dollar

Foreign Exchange Collection (against Col.E)

Total Revenue in

Indian currencyFinancial year From Indian

Visitors From

Foreign Visitors

(A) (B) ( C ) (D) (E) (F) (C+D+F)=G April 2005 to March 2006

267686 5782 1338430 290900 5746 249930 1879260

April 2006 to March 2007

266880 5216 1334400 204400 6344 277338 1816138

April 2007 to March 2008

326594 6325 1632970 305000 6550 256065 2194035

April 2008 to March 2009

428722 6658 2143610 665800 ---- ---- 2809410

April 2009 to March 2010

84253 682 421265 68200 ---- ---- 489465

April 2010 to March 2011 572480 9087 2862400 908700

---- ----

3771100 April 2011 to August-2011

232324 2141 1161620 214100 ---- ---- 1375720

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Do & Don’t • The visitors are requested not to touch the surface of the monument or go very

near to them. • Smoking, spitting and throwing garbage within the monument and premises is

strictly prohibited. • Photography with stand and flash light is not allowed in the monument. • Without the permission of Director General Video filming inside the monument is

not allowed.

References 1. Cousens Henry ., Mediaeval temples of the Dakhan .,Mrs. Rani Kapoor , Cosmo Publications, 24, B, Ansari road , New Delhi 110002 ., (1985) Page No.: - 1-2

2. Hyderabad- a guide to Art and Architecture. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Page No.: - 3 , & 35

3. Naravane M. S., Forts of Maharashtra ., S. B. Nangia, for APH Publishing Corporation 5 , Ansari Road , Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110002 (1995) Page No.: - 236

4. Edited by Government of Maharashtra,, Maharashtra State Gazetteers (Government of Maharashtra) – AURANGABAD District (Revised Edition )., Bombay, Gazetteers Department Government of Maharashtra (1977) Page No.: - 964-969

5. Kamalapur J.N., The Deccan Forts. G.R.Bhatkal, for Popular Book Depot , Larnington Road, Bombay 7 (1961) Page No.: - 17, 101, & 106-110 Figure No XVII

6. Edited by Sherwani H. K. & Joshi P. M ., History of Medieval Deccan (1295-1724) Vol. I Under the Authority of the Government of Andhra Pradesh (1974) Page No.: - 7-8 , 36-37 & 42-55

7. Edited by Yazdani G., The early History of the Deccan , Part I-VI., Authority of the Government of Andhra Pradesh, by the Oxford University Press, London, Bombay, New york.(1960) Page No.: -

8. Edited by Yazdani G., The early History of the Deccan , Part VII-XI., Authority of the Government of Andhra Pradesh, by the Oxford University Press, London, Bombay, New york.(1960) Page No.: -

9. Ghosh A., An Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology Vol. II Munshiram Mahoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Post Box 5715, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi 110055 (1989) Page No.: -

10. Edited by Sherwani H.K., STUDIES IN INDIAN CULTURE (Dr. Ghulam Yazdani Commemoration Volume) ., Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute, Hyderabad, A.P. (1966) Page No :- 77-83

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Site Manager Daulatabad Sub-Circle/ Range office Archaeological Survey of India , Daulatabad Fort Post:- Daulatabad District :- Aurangabad Phone Number -0240 2615777 Email : asidlbsubc@gmail.com

Nodal officer Superintending Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India , Aurangabad Circle, Bibi-Ka-Maqbara, Aurangabad – 431004 Phone Number:- 0240 – 2400620 Email : circleaur.asi@gmail.com