Date: September 28, 2015 Aim #10: What are some other tools scientists use in the laboratory? HW: 1)...
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Transcript of Date: September 28, 2015 Aim #10: What are some other tools scientists use in the laboratory? HW: 1)...
Date: September 28, 2015
Aim #10: What are some other tools scientists use in the laboratory?
HW:1) Complete practice questions- “Tools of Biologist”2) Textbook HW #4 (Section 1-3) due Tuesday 9/293) Castle Learning assignment due Wednesday 11:59PM4) UNIT 1 TEST- NEXT WEEK THURSDAY/FRIDAY
Do Now: Warm-Up Notebook
Date Title of Activity Page #9/28 The Microscope 20
1. How do we prepare a wet-mount?
Place drop of water on slide Place specimen in water Place cover slip on a 45º angle
to avoid air bubbles
Microscopy: the use of microscopes to magnify an image for closer observation• Resolution: the clarity of the magnified image• Permits close observation of fine details
Image from microscope(magnification: 10 x)
Image from microscope(magnification: 45 x)
Image from microscope(magnification: 100 x)
Higher resolution
Lower resolution
Higher resolution
Lower resolution
Microscopes
1. Phase-contrast microscope
Light microscope that enhances contrast
Useful in examining living, unstained cells
2. Transmission electron microscope
3. Scanning electron microscope
Phase-contrast Microscope• Microscope used for examining living things• Enhances contrast • Does not require staining
2. What is an Electron Microscope? Uses beams of
electrons (NOT light waves) to produce magnified image
specially fixed and treated and mounted in a vacuum
How do they improve images?
High magnification
High resolution: the ability to separate two objects close together
Electron Microscope• Uses a beam of electrons instead of light• Allows for magnifications of >100,000x with high resolution
Types of Electron Microscopes
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Useful for studying interior of cells Cannot view living specimen Machine is very delicate and requires
special engineers Machine is very expensive and costs
hundreds of thousands of dollars
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Useful for studying surface of cells Resulting images have a 3-D
appearance Cannot view living specimen
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)• Useful for observing cell interiors• Expensive, complex machine converts information about the
electrons as they hit the specimen into a visual image.
• Preparing specimens for TEM requires fixing, dehydrating, and sectioning the specimen using elaborate machinery• Specimen must be cut
into very thin tissue• Tissue is killed in
preparation
3. What is a stereoscope?
AKA: Dissecting Microscope
Binocular: two tubes
Presents a slightly different view of specimen to each eye… 3D
Useful for opaque objects and small organisms or body structures
4. What is a centrifuge? AKA: ultracentrifuge Separates according
to different densities by spinning sample in a test tube at very high speeds
Ultracentrifuge• Used for cell fractionation: separation and sorting of cell parts,
like organelles• First, tissue is blended and mashed• Produces a liquid called the homogenate• Homogenate is centrifuged to sort the different parts by density
Freeze Fracture• Used to study membranes under an electron microscope• Involves freezing and cleaving the membrane into two halves.• Each half is then coated with metal to make a cast which can then
be studied under the microscope.
5. Why do we stain cells? Cell Structures
can be made visible by treatment with solutions that color certain parts of cells and not others
Tissue Cultures• Used to study cells in vitro (in a lab) rather than in vivo (in a
living thing)• Living cells are grown in a nutrient-rich medium
• Ex: agar• Cells will reproduce and scientists can study each generation
using tools like a phase-contrast microscope
6. Why do we use indicators?
Substances that change color when in the presence of certain chemicals