Database Reference Queries
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Transcript of Database Reference Queries
7/27/2019 Database Reference Queries
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/database-reference-queries 1/44
JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zi `od`a tod Jftfhfsd mfnd fmj BJ
PVE= sded`t mfnd % jhbj crin v*jftfhfsd1
Zi `od`a tod jftfhfsd Sdrsbim
PVE= sded`t + crin v*vdrsbim1
Zi `od`a tod jftfhfsd Geihfe mfnd
PVE= sded`t + crin geihfeYmfnd1
Zi `od`a tod jftfhfsd @ofrf`tdr sdt bmcirnftbim
PVE= sded`t + crin mesYjftfhfsdYpfrfndtdrs1
Zi `od`a tod jftfhfsd `urrdmt bmcirnftbim
PVE= sded`t `rdftdj% rdsdteigsYtbnd% eigYnijd crin v*jftfhfsd1
Zi `od`a tod jftfhfsd bmstfm`d mfnd
PVE= Pded`t bmstfm`dYmfnd crin v*bmstfm`d1
Zi `od`a tod jftfhfsd Djbtbim
PVE=sded`t + crin priju`tY`inpimdmtYvdrsbim1
Zi `od`a tfhedspf`d bmcirnftbim bm tfod jftfhfsd
PVE=sded`t + crin v*tfhedspf`d1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zi `od`a jftfhfsd jdcfuet bmcirnftbim
PVE= sded`t usdrmfnd% pricbed% jdcfuetYtfhedspf`d%
tdnpirfryYtfhedspf`d crin jhfYusdrs1
Zi `od`a tod jftfhfsd oist bmcirnftbim
PVE= sded`t uteYbmfjjr-gdtYoistYfjjrdss% uteYbmfjjr-gdtYoistYmfnd
Crin jufe1
Zi `od`a ZIZFE PB[D ic tod jftfhfsd
PVE=sded`t f-jftfYsbzd ! h-tdnpYsbzd ! `-rdjiYsbzd ―ZIZ PB[D GH―
crin /sded`t sun/hytds)6<8:)6<8:)6<8:" jftfYsbzd
crin jhfYjftfYcbeds " f%
/sded`t mve / sun / hytds)6<8:)6<8:)6<8:" %< " tdnpYsbzd
crin jhfYtdnpYcbeds " h%
/sded`t sun/hytds)6<8:)6<8:)6<8:" rdjiYsbzd
crin sys-vY*eig " ` 1 ir
PVE= sded`t / sded`t sun/hytds)6<8:)6<8:)6<8:" crin jhfYjftfYcbeds"
! /sded`t sun / hytds)6<8:)6<8:)6<8:" crin jhfYtdnpYcbeds" ― JH Pbzd
bmGH„ crin jufe1
Zi `od`a jftfhfsd fmj Bmstfm`d efst stfrt tbnd
PVE= PDED@Z tiY`ofr/stfrtupYtbnd%'JJ.NIM.RRRR OO8:;NB;PP'" (JH
Ptfrtup Zbnd( CXIN sys-vY*bmstfm`d1
PVE= PDED@Z PRPJFZD.eigimYtbnd (Jfys(% /PRPJFZD.eigimYtbnd"+8:
(Oiurs( crin sys-vY*sdssbim wodrd sbj>61
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zi trf`a tod jftfhfsd stru`turd
ebmux= * vb - trrf`ajh-sqePded`t mfnd crin sys-vY*`imtriecbed)sded`t griup#%ndnhdr crin sys-vY*eigcbed)Pded`t C-cbedYbj Bj% C-cbedYmfnd mfnd% C-hytds)/6<8:+6<8:" Nhytd%
jd`ijd/C-stftus%'FSFBEFHED'%'IA'%C-stftus" stftus% C-tfhedspf`dYmfnd
Zspf`d crin sys-jhfYjftfYcbeds C irjdr hy tfhedspf`dYmfnd1
PVE=Ltrf`ajh-sqe 1
Zi `od`a tod ̀ urrdmt sbzd ic tod tfhedspf`d
PVE=sded`t sun /hytds)6<8:)6<8:)6<8:" „ Pbzd bm GH„ crin
jhfYjftfYcbeds wodrd tfhedspf`dYmfnd>‒5ZFHEDP\F@DYMFND=‒1
Zi `od`a crdd spf`d ic tod tfhedspf`d
PVE= sded`t sun/hytds)6<8:)6<8:)6<8:" crin
jhfYcrddYspf`d wodrd tfhedspf`dYmfnd>‒5ZFHEDP\F@DYMFND=‒1
Zi `od`a crdd sbzd ic tod tfhed spf`d
PVE= sded`t sun/hytds)6<8:)6<8:)6<8:" crin
jhfYcrddYspf`d wodrd tfhedspf`dYmfnd>‒5ZFHEDP\F@DYMFND=‒1
Zi `od`a sbzd ic tod s`odnf tfhed
PVE= sded`t sun/hytds)6<8:)6<8:" crin jhfYsdgndmts wodrd
iwmdr> '5 IWMDXYMFND=' fmj sdgndmtYmfnd>'JD\Z'1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zi ebst fee usdrs bm tod jftfhfsd
PVE= sded`t usdrmfnd crin jhfYusdrs1
Zi `od`a tod jdcfuet tfhedspf`d ic tod usdr
PVE= sded`t jdcfuetYtfhedspf`d crin jhfYusdrs wodrd
usdrmfnd>'P@IZZ'1
Zi `rdftd f usdr fmj fssbgmbmg tfhedspf`d
PVE= `rdftd usdr 5TPDXMFND= bjdmtbcbdj hy 5\FPPWIXJ=
jdcfuet tfhedspf`d 5JDCFTEZYZFHEDP\F@DYMFND=
tdnpirfry tfhedspf`d 5ZDN\IXFXRYZFHEDP\F@DYMFND= 1
PVE= `rdftd usdr sfn bjdmtbcbdj hy sfn
jdcfuet tfhedspf`d usdrs tdnpirfry tfhedspf`d tdnp1
PVE=sded`t usdrmfnd % jdcfuetYtfhedspf`d % tdnpirfry Y tfhed spf`d
crin jhfYusdrs wodrd usdrmfnd>'PFN'1
Zi ei`a fmj umei`a usdr f``iumt
PVE= fetdr usdr 5TPDXMFND= f``iumt ei`a1
PVE= fetdr usdr 5TPDXMFND= f``iumt umei`a1
Zi `ofmgd usdr pfsswirj `ofnp
PVE= fetdr usdr 5TPDXMFND= bjdmtbcbdj hy 5\FPPWIXJ=1
PVE= fetdr usdr s`itt bjdmtbcbdj hy tbgdr1
Zi jrip f usdr feimg wbto ihkd`ts
PVE= jrip usdr 5TPDXMFND= @FP@FJD1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zi ebst fee tod ihkd`ts ic f usdr
PVE= sded`t ihkd`tYmfnd% ihkd`tYtypd crin jhfYihkd`tsWodrd iwmdr>'P@IZZ'1
Zi ebst sbj fmj sdrbfe# ic tod sdssbim
PVE= sded`t sbj % sdrbfe#% usdrmfnd% stftus crin v*sdssbim1
Zi abee f irf`ed sdssbim1
PVE= FEZDX PRPZDN ABEE PDPPBIM 'sbj%sdrbfe#'1
Oiw ti abee irf`ed sdssbims
TPDX bs (PRP(
PVE= sded`t sbj% sdrbfe#% usdrmfnd% stftus crin v*sdssbim1
PBJ PDXBFE# TPDXMFND PZFZTP
6:6 :? PRP F@ZBSD
6:8 ?8 P@IZZ BMF@ZBSD
PVE= fetdr systdn abee sdssbim '6:8%?8'1
Pystdn fetdrdj-
PVE= soiw usdr1
TPDX bs (P@IZZ(
PVE= sded`t + Crin tfh1
sded`t + Crin tfh
+ DXXIX ft ebmd 6; IXF.<<<8?; yiur sdssbim ofs hddm abeedj-
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Fetdrmftbvd Ndtoij cir abeebmg irf`ed sdssbims
TPDX bs (PRP(
PVE= fetdr systdn jbs`immd`t sdssbim 'sbj%sdrbfe#' pistYtrfmsf`tbim1
PVE= fetdr systdn jbs`immd`t sdssbim 'sbj%sdrbfe#' bnndjbftd1
PVE=fetdr systdn jbs`immd`t sdssbim '64<%6:0' pistYtrfmsf`tbim1
PVE=fetdr systdn jbs`immd`t sdssbim '64<%6:0' bnndjbftd1
TPDXP ) PDPPBIMP ) \XI@DPPDPP jdtfbes
Zrf`a EIGIM Z bnd ic JHTPDX fmj IPTPDX
PVE=sded`t tiY`ofr/eigimYtbnd% 'jj.nn.yyyy oo8:;nb;ss'"%
isusdr% stftus% s`odnfmfnd% nf`obmd crin v*sdssbim
wodrd typd &>'HF@AGXITMJ'1
Zrf`a fee Pdssbims usdr jdtfbes
PVE= sded`t sbj% sdrbfe#% nf`obmd% stftus% isusdr% usdrmfnd
crin v*sdssbim wodrd usdrmfnd&> 'MTEE'1
Zrf`a F`tbvd)Bmf`tbvd Pdssbims usdr jdtfbes
PVE=sded`t sbj% sdrbfe#% usdrmfnd% stftus% s`odnfmfnd% eigimYtbnd
crin v*sdssbim wodrd stftus> 'F@ZBSD'FMJ
usdrmfnd BP MIZ MTEE1
PVE=sded`t sbj% sdrbfe#% usdrmfnd% stftus% s`odnfmfnd% eigimYtbnd
crin v*sdssbim wodrd stftus> 'BMF@ZBSD'FMJ
usdrmfnd bs MIZ MTEE1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zrf`a F`tbvd T sdr jdtfbes
PVE=PDED@Zs-bmstYbj%s-sbj% s-sdrbfe#%p-spbj%s-usdrmfnd% s-prigrfn8 CXIN gv*sdssbim s KIBM gv*pri`dss p IM
0 p-fjjr > s-pfjjr FMJ
: p-bmstYbj >s-bmstYbj
4 WODXDs-typd &> 'HF@AGXITMJ' 1
Zrf`abmg F@ZBSD PDPPBIM TPDX BMCI Ss F@ZBSD TPDX BMCI
ZDXNBMFE6;
PVE= soiw usdr1
TPDX bs (PFN(
PVE= upjftd tfh8 sdt dnfbe>'sfn-jhfLgnfbe-`in'1
Tpjftd pri`dss bs ------ rummbmg ------ rummbmg …--
ZDXNBMFE 8 ;
PVE= soiw usdr1
TPDX bs (PRP(
Odrd % trf`bmg F`tbvd Pdssbim usdr jdtfbes
PVE= sded`t sbj% sdrbfe#% usdrmfnd% stftus% s`odnfmfnd% eigimYtbnd
CXIN S*Pdssbim WODXD stftus> 'F@ZBSD' fmj
usdrmfnd BP MIZ MTEE1
PBJ PDXBFE# TPDXMFND PZFZTP P@ODNFMFND EIGIMYZBN
6:6 38 PFN F@ZBSD PFN <:.KTE.60
6:0 00407 PRP F@ZBSD PRP <:.KTE.60
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Bm tdrnbmfe 6 % fee riws ofs hddm upjftdj hy PFN usdr &
PVE= sded`t sbj% sdrbfe#% usdrmfnd% stftus% s`odnfmfnd% eigimYtbnd
CXIN S*sdssbim wodrd stftus> 'F@ZBSD' fmj
usdrmfnd BP MIZ MTEE1
PBJ PDXBFE# TPDXMFND PZFZTP P@ODNFMFND EIGIMYZBN
6:0 00407 PRP F@ZBSD PRP <:.KTE.60
Odrd % trybmg ti trf`d F`tbvd usdr jdtfbes
PVE= PDED@Zs-bmstYbj%s-sbj% s-sdrbfe#%p-spbj% s-usdrmfnd% s-prigrfn
8 CXIN gv*sdssbim s KIBM gv*pri`dss p IM
0 p-fjjr > s-pfjjr FMJ
: p-bmstYbj >s-bmstYbj4 WODXD s-typd &> 'HF@AGXITMJ'1
BMPZYBJ PBJ PDXBFE# P\BJ TPDXMFND \XIGXFN
6 642 4 6<2?3 PRP sqepeusLemxsrvr /ZMP S6.S0"
6 607 82?30 08068 irf`edLemuxsrvr /K<<<"
6 6:6 38 06336 PFN sqepeusLemxsrvr /ZMP S6.S0"6 6:0 00407 87647 PRP sqepeusLemxsdvr /ZMP S6.S0"
Jbccdrdm`d hdtwddm S* Ss GS*
* . *Sbdws frd `feedj JRMFNB@ \DXCIXNFM@D SBDWP - Zody
frd `imtbmuiusey upjftdj wobed f jftfhfsd bs ipdm fmj bm usd
fmj todbr `imtdmts prbnfrbey rdeftdj ti pdrcirnfm`d-
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Fenist dvdry S*vbdw%Irf`ed ofs f `irrdspimjbmg GS* /geihfe S*"
vbdw df`o GS* vbdw `imtfbms fm dxtrf `ieunm mfndj BMPZYBJ ic
jftftypd MTNHDX- Zod BMPZYBJ jbspefys tod bmstfm`d munhdr-
v*sdssbim cir sbmged bmstfm`d-
gv*sdssbim cir XF@ / nuetbped Bmstfm`d"-
Imey jbccdrdm`d bs `ieunm mfnd (BMPZYBJ( hy usbmg tobs BMPZYBJ
`fm jbccdrdmtbftd Bmstfm`ds bmXF@ -
S*\XI@DPP jbspefys bmcirnftbim fhiut tod `urrdmtey f`tbvd pri`dssds-
S*PDPPBIM ebsts sdssbim bmcirnftbim cir df`o `urrdmt sdssbim-
@IETNM S*\XI@DPP S*PDPPBIM
PBJ Pdssbim Bjdmtbcbdr
\BJ Irf`ed pri`dss Bjdmtbcbdr
........
P\BJ I-P pri`dss Bjdmtbcbdr ........
FJJX + Fjjrdss ic tod pri`dss stftd ihkd`t ........
PFJJX ........ Pdssbim Fjjrdss
\FJJX + ........ Fjjrdss/ pri`dss" iwms sdssbim
PDXBFE # \ri`dss sdrbfe munhdr Pdssbim sdrbfe munhdr ‐ Tmbqud
TPDXMFND I-P pri`dss usdrmfnd Irf`ed usdrmfnd
\XIGXFN \rigrfn bm prigrdss I-P \rigrfn mfnd
PZFZTP /S*PDPPBIM"
F@ZBSDir BMF@ZBSD
ABEEDJ. Pdssbim nfradj ti hd abeedj-
@F@ODJ . Pdssbim tdnpirfrbey `f`odj cir usd hy Irf`ed +_F
PMB\DJ . . Pdssbim bmf`tbvd% wfbtbmg im tod `ebdmt-
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
<-0 7674 irf`ed 9 irf`edir`eprij
/JDP@XB\ZBIM>/EI@FE>RDP"/FJJXDPP>/\XIZI@IE>hdq"""
<-8 76<4 irf`ed 9 irfYfr`6Yir`eprij
<-8 76<0 irf`ed 9 irfYfr`<Yir`eprij
<-6 2462 irf`ed 9 irfYk<<<Yir`eprij
PRP= sded`t s-usdrmfnd (JHYTPDX(% p-usdrmfnd (IPYTPDX( % p-spbj
8 crin v*pri`dss p % v*sdssbim s wodrd
p-fjjr>s-pfjjr fmj s-usdrmfnd bs mit muee1
Pbnped qudry ti cbmj fjjr/v*sdssbim" > pfjjr/v*pri`dss"
PVE= sded`t s-usdrmfnd % p-usdrmfnd % p-spbj % s-pfjjr %p-fjjr
8 crin v*sdssbim s % v*pri`dss p
0 wodrd p-fjjr> s-pfjjr fmj
: s-usdrmfnd bs mit muee 1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Bnpirtfmt Ihkd`ts Bmcirnftbim
Xdpirtbmg fee Bmvfebj ihkd`ts bm jftfhfsd
PVE= PDED@Z iwmdr % ihkd`tYmfnd % ihkd`tYtypd %
ZIY@OFX /efstYjjeYtbnd% 'JJ.NIM.RR oo8:;nb;ss' " efstYtbnd
CXIN jhfYih d`ts WODXD stftus > 'BMSFEBJ' 1ir
PVE= sded`t ihkd`tYmfnd % stftus crin jhfYihkd`ts wodrd
stftus>'BMSFEBJ'1
@iumt Bmvfebj Ihkd`ts
PVE= sded`t iwmdr% ihkd`tYtypd% `iumt/+" crin jhfYihkd`ts
wodrd stftus>'BMSFEBJ' griup hy iwmdr% ihkd`tYtypd 1
Munhdr ic ihkd`ts `rdftdj bm efst wdda
PVE= sded`t `iumt/+" ( @ITMZ IC EFPZ WDDA @XDFZBIM( crin
usdrYihkd`ts wodrd @XDFZDJ = > sysjftd .71
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zrf`a N-S bdws rdcrdsodj ir mit sbm`d efst wdda
PVE= sded`t nvbdwYmfnd crin usdrYnvbdws wodrd
EFPZYXDCXDPOYJFZD 5 sysjftd . 71
Zrf`a titfe mi ic Zfheds
PVE= sded t̀ `iumt/+" crin usdrYtfheds1
PVE= sded`t `iumt/+" crin feeYtfheds1
PVE= sded`t `iumt/+" crin usdrYtfheds t wodrd tfhedYmfnd MIZ BM
/ sded`t ihkd`tYmfnd crin usdrYrd`y`edhbm r wodrd r-typd > 'ZFHED' "1
Vudry ti cbmj jftfhfsd efrgdst ihkd`ts
PVE= sded`t + crin /sded`t PDGNDMZYMFND% PDGNDMZYZR\D%
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Jftfhfsd ihkd`ts Bmcirnftbim
PVE= sded`t iwmdr %ihkd`tYtypd % `iumt/+" crin jhfYihkd`ts wodrd
iwmdr mit BM / 'PRP'%'NJPRP'% '@Z_PRP'% 'OX'% 'IXJPRP'% 'ID'% 'IJNYNZX'
% 'WNPRP'% '_JH'% 'VPYWP'% 'XNFM'% 'P@IZZ'% 'VPYFJN'% 'VPY@HFJN'%'IXJPRP'%'ITZEM'%'\N'%'VPYIP'%'VPYDP'%'IJN'%'IEF\PRP'%'WAPRP'%'PO'%
'PRPZDN'%'IXJ\ETGBMP'%'VP'%'VPY@P' "1
Bmcirnftbim fhiut sdgndmt edvde stftbstb`s
PVE= sded`t + crin v*sdgndmtYstftbstb`s wodrd
iwmdr >'s`odnf iwmdr' fmj ihkd`tYmfnd > 'ZFHEDY MFND '1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
huccdr husy wfbts
poysb`fe rdfjs
poysb`fe rdfjs jbrd`t
poysb`fe wrbtds
spf`d feei`ftdj
eigb`fe rdfjs
poysb`fe wrbtds jbrd`t
BZE wfbts
Bmcirnftbim fhiut sdgndmt edvde stftbstb`s bs ciumj bm
S*PDGNDMZYPZFZBPZB@P
Wd `fm sdd bmcirnftbim fhiut eigb`fe rdfjs% eigb`fe wrbtds% poysb`fe
rdfjs% poysb`fe wrbtds% jbrd`t pfto rdfjs fmj wrbtds% dt` - @od`a
ndtfebma Mitd;848427-6 /Xdeftbim hdtwddm Zfhed Nimbtirbmg fmj
PZFZBPZB@PYEDSDEpfrfndtdr bm 6<g" %
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
P`rbpt ‐ Pdgndmts wbto obgodst B)I f`tbvbty
Zobs s`rbpt wbee ebst tod tip 6< sdgndmts bm tod jftfhfsd toft ofvd todnist munhdr ic poysb`fe rdfjs-
PVE= sded`t sdgndmtYmfnd % ihkd`tYtypd % titfeYpoysb`feYrdfjs
8 crin /sded`t iwmdr||'-'||ihkd`tYmfnd fs sdgndmtYmfnd %
0 ihkd`tYtypd% vfeud fs titfeYpoysb`feYrdfjs
: crin v*sdgndmtYstftbstb`s
4 wodrd stftbstb`Ymfnd bm /'poysb`fe rdfjs'"
3 irjdr hy titfeYpoysb`feYrdfjs jds`"
7 wodrd riwmun 5>6<1
PVE= sded`t stftbstb`Ymfnd% vfeud crin v*sdgndmtYstftbstb`s
wodrd iwmdr>'PFN' fmj ihkd`tYmfnd>'ZFH6' fmj
stftbstb`Ymfnd>'poysb`fe rdfjs'1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zi jdtdrnbmd tip 6< tfheds nist poysb`fe B)I
PVE= sded`t tfhedYmfnd% titfeYpoysYbi crin/sded`t iwmdr ||'-'|| ihkd`tYmfnd fs tfhedYmfnd%
sun/vfeud" fs titfeYpoysYbi crin v*sdgndmtYstftbstb`s
wodrd iwmdr&>'PRP' fmj ihkd`tYtypd>'ZFHED'
fmj stftbstb`Ymfnd bm /'poysb`fe rdfjs'% 'poysb`fe rdfjs jbrd`t'%
'poysb`fe wrbtds'% 'poysb`fe wrbtds jbrd`t'"
Griup hy iwmdr||'-'|| ihkd`tYmfnd
Irjdr hy titfeYpoysYbi jds` " wodrd riwmun 5>6<1
Husy huccdr wfbts
huccdr husy wfbts‒ dvdmt . Zobs dvdmt i``urs wodm imd sdssbim bs wfbtbmg im
fmitodr sdssbim ti rdfj tod huccdr bmti tod `f`od% ir sind odr sdssbim bs
`ofmgbmg tod huccdr- Zobs dvdm `fm ictdm hd sddm wodm qudrybmg
S*PRPZDNYDSDMZ-
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
S*PRPZDNYDSDMZ `imtfbms bmcirnftbim im titfe wfbts cir fm dvdmt-
PVE= sded`t dvdmt% titfeYwfbts crin v*systdnYdvdmt
8 wodrd dvdmt>'huccdr husy wfbts'1
Vudry ti cbmj tip 'huccdr husy wfbts'
PVE= sded`t sdgndmtYmfnd% ihkd`tYtypd% titfeYhuccYhusyYwfbts
crin / sded`t iwmdr||'-'||ihkd`tYmfnd fs sdgndmtYmfnd%
ihkd`tYtypd% vfeud fs titfeYhuccYhusyYwfbts
crin v*sdgndmtYstftbstb`s
wodrd stftbstb`Ymfnd bm /'huccdr husy wfbts'"
irjdr hy titfeYhuccYhusyYwfbts jds`"
wodrd riwmun 5>6<1
Zod S*PDGNDMZYPZFZBPZB@P jymfnb` pdrcirnfm`d vbdw gbvds nfmy stftbstb`s
fhiut df`o fmj dvdry sdgndmt toft bs usdj hy tod jftfhfsd-
Vudry ti `od`a tod s`odnf griwto
PVE= sded`t ihk-iwmdr (Iwmdr(% ihkY`mt (Ihkd`ts(%
jd`ijd/sdgYsbzd% MTEE% <% sdgYsbzd" (Pbzd bm NH(
crin /sded`t iwmdr% `iumt/+" ihkY`mt
crin jhfYihkd`ts griup hy iwmdr" ihk%
/sded`t iwmdr% `dbe/sun/hytds")6<8:)6<8:" sdgYsbzd
crin jhfYsdgndmts griup hy iwmdr" sdg
wodrd ihk-iwmdr > sdg-iwmdr/!"
irjdr hy 0 jds` % 8 jds`% 61
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Jbspefybmg PDGNDMZ Bmcirnftbim
PVE= sded`t sdgndmtYmfnd% tfhedspf`dYmfnd% hytds% hei`as% dxtdmtscrin jhfYsdgndmts wodrd sdgndmtYtypd > 'ZFHED' fmj iwmdr>'PFN'
irjdr hy sdgndmtYmfnd1
Jbspefybmg PDGNDMZ Bmcirnftbim im spd`bcb` ihkd`t
PVE= sded`t sdgndmtYmfnd% tfhedspf`dYmfnd% hytds % hei`as% dxtdmts
crin jhfYsdgndmts sdgndmtYmfnd>'ZFH6' fmj iwmdr>'PFN'1
Jbspefybmg D_ZDMZ Bmcirnftbim im spd`bcb` ihkd`t
PVE= sded`t sdgndmtYmfnd% sdgndmtYtypd% tfhedspf`dYmfnd%
dxtdmtYbj% hytds% hei`as crin jhfYdxtdmts wodrd
sdgndmtYmfnd>'ZFH6' fmj iwmdr>'PFN' irjdr hy sdgndmtYmfnd 1
Vudry ti cbmj tfhedspff`d jdtfbes
PVE= sded`t t-tfhedspf`d%t-titfespf`d fs (ZIZFEYP\F@D/NH"(%
riumj//t-titfespf`d.cs-crddspf`d"%8" fs (TPDJYP\F@D/NH"(%
cs-crddspf`d fs (CXDDYP\F@D/NH"(%
riumj///t-titfespf`d.cs-crddspf`d")t-titfespf`d"+6<<%8" fs
($ Tsdj(% riumj//cs-crddspf`d)t-titfespf`d"+6<<%8" fs ($ Crdd(
Crin /sded`t riumj/sun/j-hytds")/6<8:+6<8:"" fs titfespf`d%
j-tfhedspf`dYmfnd tfhedspf`d crin jhfYjftfYcbeds j griup hy
j-tfhedspf`dYmfnd" t% /sded`t riumj/sun/c-hytds")/6<8:+6<8:"" fs
crddspf`d % c-tfhedspf`dYmfnd tfhedspf`d crin
jhfYcrddYspf`d c griup hy c-tfhedspf`dYmfnd"
cs wodrd t-tfhedspf`d>cs-tfhedspf`d irjdr h y t-tfhedspf`d1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zi `od`a crdd spf`d cir fee tfhedspf`ds
PVE= sded`t tfhedspf`dYmfnd % sun/hytds)6<8:)6<8:" ( PB[D bm NH(
crin jhfYcrddYspf`d griup hy tfhedspf`dYmfnd1
PVE= sded`t tfhedspf`dYmfnd % sun/hytds)6<8:)6<8:" ( PB[D bm NH(
crin sn*tsYcrdd griup hy tfhedspf`dYmfnd1
Zi Nimbtir Zfhed spf`d Griwto Jftfcbedwbsd
PVE= PDED@Z )+! irjdrdj +)
j-tfhedspf`dYmfnd tfhedspf`d
% j-cbedYmfnd cbedmfnd
% j-cbedYbj cbedYbj
% j-hytds cbedsbzd
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
% MSE//j-hytds . s-hytds"% j-hytds" usdj
% ZXTM@///MSE//j-hytds . s-hytds" % j-hytds"" ) j-hytds" + 6<<" p`tYusdj
CXIN
sys-jhfYjftfYcbeds j
% v*jftfcbed v
% / sded`t cbedYbj% PTN/hytds" hytds
crin sys-jhfYcrddYspf`d
GXIT\ HR cbedYbj" sWODXD
/s-cbedYbj /!"> j-cbedYbj"
FMJ /j-cbedYmfnd > v-mfnd"
TMBIM
PDED@Z
j-tfhedspf`dYmfnd tfhedspf`d
% j-cbedYmfnd cbedmfnd
% j-cbedYbj cbedYbj
% j-hytds cbedsbzd
% MSE/t-hytdsY`f`odj% <" usdj
% ZXTM@//t-hytdsY`f`odj ) j-hytds" + 6<<" p`tYusdj
CXIN
sys-jhfYtdnpYcbeds j
% v*tdnpYdxtdmtYpiie t
% v*tdnpcbed v
WODXD /t-cbedYbj /!"> j-cbedYbj" FMJ /j-cbedYbj > v-cbed#"
)
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
@od`abmg futidxtdmj IM)ICC cir jftfcbed
P E= sded`t tfhedspf`dYmfnd%FTZID_ZDMPBHED crin jhfYjftfYcbeds1
PVE= sded`t suhstr/cbedYmfnd%6%4<"% futidxtdmsbhed crin jhfYjftfYcbeds
@od`abmg jftfcbed wbto obgodst B)I f`tbvbty
P E= Pded`t + crin /sded`t mfnd% poyrjs% poywrts% rdfjtbn% wrbtdtbn
crin v*cbedstft f% v*jftfcbed h wodrd f-cbed#>h-cbed#
irjdr hy rdfjtbn jds`" wodrd riwmun 53 1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Vudry ti cbmj wob`o usdr bs usbmg Zdnpirfry Zfhedspf`d
PVE= sded`t usdrmfnd % tfhedspf`d % sqeYbj crin v*tdnpsdgYusfgd1Ir
PVE=sded`t P-sbj% P-usdrmfnd% T-tfhedspf`d%
P-sqeYofsoYvfeud||')'|| T- sqeofso ofsoYvfeud%
T-sdgtypd% u-`imtdmts% T-hei`as crin
v*sdssbim P% v*tdnpsdgYusfgd T wodrd
P-sfjjr>T-sdssbimYfjjr
irjdr hy T -hei`as1
Ir
PVE= sded`t P-sbj% P-usdrmfnd (JHYTPDX(%\- usdrmfnd (IPYTPDX( %
\- spbj% T-tfhedspf`d% P-sqeYofsoYvfeud||')'||T-sqeofso
―OFPOYSFETD „% T-sdgtypd% T-`imtdmts% T-hei`as crin
v*pri`dss p % v*sdssbim P % v*tdnpsdgYusfgd Twodrd
P-sfjjr>T-sdssbimYfjjr fmj p-fjjr>s-pfjjr
irjdr hy T-hei`as1
Zrf`a Jdcfuet fmj Zdnpirfry Zfhedspf`d
PVE= sded`t P-sbj% P-usdrmfnd (JHYTPDX(%\- usdrmfnd (IPYTPDX( %\- spbj% T-tfhedspf`d% P-sqeYofsoYvfeud||')'||T-sqeofso
―OFPOYSFETD „% T-sdgtypd% T-`imtdmts% T-hei`as crin
v*pri`dss p % v*sdssbim P % v*tdnpsdgYusfgd T
wodrd
P-sfjjr>T-sdssbimYfjjr fmj p-fjjr>s-pfjjr
irjdr hy T-hei`as11
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Bmtriju`tbim ti tod Jftf Jb`tbimfry
Nist bnpirtfmt pfrts ic fm Irf`ed jftfhfsd bs bts Jftf jb`tbimfry ./cuee ic ndtfjftf"% wob`o bs f XDFJ.IMER sdt ic tfheds toft privbjds
bmcirnftbim fhiut tod jftfhfsd-
Zod JFZF JB@ZBIMFXR bs stru`turdj bm tfheds fmj vbdws % Fee tod
jftf jb`tbimfry tfheds fmj vbdws frd stirdj bm toft jftfhfsd's PRPZDN
tfhedspf`d- Zod jftf jb`tbimfry bs prdsdmtdj ti us bm tod cirn ic f
munhdr ic SBDWP-
F Jftf jb`tbimfry `imtfbms ;.
Zod jdcbmbtbims ic fee s`odnf ihkd`ts bm tod jftfhfsd / tfheds% vbdws% bmjdxds%
`eustdrs% symimyns% sdqudm`ds% pri`djurds% cum`tbims% pf`afgds% trbggdrs fmj
si im- Gdmdrfe Jftfhfsd Bmcirnftbim fmj Zod mfnds ic Irf`ed usdrs-
Fujbtbmg bmcirnftbim% su`o fs woi ofs f``dssdj ir upjftdj vfrbius s`odnf
ihkd`ts- \rbvbedgds fmj rieds df`o usdr ofs hddm grfmtdj- Oiw nu`o spf`d ofs
hddm feei`ftdj cir% fmj bs `urrdmtey usdj hy% tod s`odnf ihkd`ts- dt` --
\IBMZP ZI MIZD
JFZF JB@ZBIMFXR bs bnpirtfmt cir fee usdrs- . /Crin dmj usdrs ti
fppeb`ftbim jdsbgmdrs fmj jftfhfsd fjnbmbstrftirs"- PVE stftdndmts
ti f``dss tod jftf jb`tbimfry1 hd`fusd bt bs XDFJ.IMER- Wd `fm bssud imey
qudrbds /PDED@Z stftdndmts" fgfbmst bt's tfheds fmj vbdws-
PZXT@ZTXD IC JFZF ‐ JB@ZBIMFXR ;
Jftf jb`tbimfry ̀ imsbsts HFPD ZFHEDP fmj TPDX F@@DPPBHED SBDWP-
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
HFPD ZFHEDP
Zod irbgbmfe tfheds toft stird bmcirnftbim fhiut tod fssi`bftdjjftfhfsd- Imey Irf`ed soiuej wrbtd ti fmj rdfj todsd tfheds- Tsdrs
rfrdey f``dss todn jbrd`tey hd`fusd tody frd mirnfebzdj% fmj nist ic
tod jftf bs stirdj bm f `ryptb` cirnft-
TPDX . F@@DPPBHED SBDWP
Zod vbdws toft jbspefys bmcirnftbim stirdj bm tod hfsd tfheds ic tod
jftf jb`tbimfry- /Zodsd vbdws jd`ijd tod hfsd tfhed jftf bmti usdcue
bmcirnftbim"% . nistey usdrs frd gbvdm f``dss ti tod vbdws
rftodr tofm tod HFPD ZFHEDP-
\IBMZP ZI MIZD
Zod irf`ed supdr usdr PRP iwms fee hfsd tfheds fmj usdr.f``dssbhed
vbdws ic tod jftf jb`tbimfry- PRP bs tod iwmdr- Mi jftf bm fmy JFZF
JB@ZBIMFXR tfhed soiuej hd fetdrdj ir jdedtdj hy fmy usdr-
Jurbmg jftfhfsd ipdrftbim % Irf`ed upjftds tod jftf jb`tbimfry
`imtbmuiusey ti rdced`t `ofmgds bm jftfhfsd stru`turds% fujbtbmg% grfmts%
fmj jftf- Nfmufeey fetdrbmg jftf bm jftf jb`tbimfry fccd`ts jftfhfsd-
Bc usdr PFN `rdftds f tfhed mfndj PFN\ED% todm mdw riws frd fjjdj
ti tod jftf jb`tbimfry toft rdced`t tod mdw tfhed% `ieunms% sdgndmt%
dxtdmts% fmj tod prbvbedgds toft PFN ofs im tod tfhed- Zobs mdw
bmcirnftbim bs vbsbhed tod mdxt tbnd tod jb`tbimfry vbdws frd qudrbdj
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Oiw tod Jftf jb`tbimfry bs usdj
Zod Jftf jb`tbimfry ofs tordd prbnfry usds;
Irf`ed f``dssds tod jftf jb`tbimfry ti cbmj bmcirnftbim fhiut usdrs%
s`odnf ihkd`ts% fmj stirfgd stru`turds-
Irf`ed nijbcbds tod jftf jb`tbimfry dvdry tbnd toft f jftf jdcbmbtbim
efmgufgd /JJE" stftdndmt bs bssudj-
Fmy Irf`ed usdr `fm usd tod jftf jb`tbimfry fs f rdfj.imey rdcdrdm`d cir
bmcirnftbim fhiut tod jftfhfsd-
\IBMZP ZI MIZD
Irf`ed `rdftds \THEB@ PRMIMRNP cir nfmy jftf jb`tbimfry vbdws si
usdrs ̀ fm f``dss todn ̀ imvdmbdmtey-
Nu`o ic tod jftf jb`tbimfry bmcirnftbim bs adpt bm tod PGF bm tod
JB@ZBIMFXR @F@OD % hd`fusd Irf`ed `imstfmtey f``dssds tod jftf
jb`tbimfry jurbmg jftfhfsd ipdrftbim ti vfebjftd usdr f``dss fmj ti
vdrbcy tod stftd ic s`odnf ihkd`ts- Fee bmcirnftbim bs stirdj bm ndniry
usbmg tod edfst rd`dmtey usdj /EXT" fegirbton-
Fmy Irf`ed usdr `fm usd tod jftf jb`tbimfry fs f rdfj.imey rdcdrdm`d cir
bmcirnftbim fhiut tod jftfhfsd- Pind vbdws frd f``dssbhed ti fee
Irf`ed usdrs% fmj itodrs frd bmtdmjdj cir jftfhfsd fjnbmbstrftirs imey-
Zod jftf jb`tbimfry bs fewfys fvfbefhed wodm tod jftfhfsd bs ipdm-
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Jftf jb`tbimfry rdsbjds bm tod PRPZDN tfhedspf`d% wob`o bs fewfys
imebmd- Fs B sfbj % tod jftf jb`tbimfry `imsbsts ic sdts ic vbdws-
Zod jb`tbimfry vbdws `ind bm cirns ic
JHFY FEEY TPDXY
JHFY ; JFZFHFPD FJNBMBPZXFZIX'P SBDW
FEEY ; D_\FMJDJ TPDXP SBDW
TPDXY ; TPDXP SBDW
Sbdws wbto tod \rdcbx JHF
JHFY
Sbdws wbto prdcbxJHFY Bm`eujdsfee tod ihkd`tsbm tod jftfhfsd- F usdr
nust ofvd JHF prbvbedgds ti usd tobs vbdw- JHF vbdws soiuej hd
qudrbdj imey hy fjnbmbstrftirs-
PVE=sded`t iwmdr% ihkd`tYmfnd% ihkd`tYtypd crin PRP-JHFYIHKD@ZP1
PVE=sded`t ̀ iumt/+" crin PRP-JHFYIHKD@ZP1
Sbdws wbto tod \rdcbx TPDX
TPDXY
Sbdws wbto tod prdcbx TPDXYIhkd`ts iwmdj hy usdr1 bt Bm`eujds imey
tod ihkd`ts bm tod usdr's iwm jftfhfsd s`odnf- Cieeiwbmg qudry
rdturms fee tod ihkd`ts `imtfbmdj bm iwm s`odnf-
PVE=sded`t ihkd`tYmfnd% ihkd`tYtypd crin TPDXYIHKD@ZP1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Sbdws wbto tod \rdcbx FEE
FEEY
Sbdws wbto tod prdcbx FEEY rdcdr ti tod usdr's bmcirnftbim fhiut
s`odnf ihkd`ts ti wob`o tod usdr ofs f``dss toriugo puheb` ir dxpeb`bt
grfmts ic prbvbedgds fmj rieds- /ihkd`ts ti wob`o usdr ofs prbvbedgds"-
Zobs ndfms % todrd frd tordd vbdws toft rdeftd ti tfheds 1
JHFY@FZEIG TPDXY@FZFEIG FEEY@FZFEIG
JHFYD_ZDMZP TPDXYD_ZDMZP FEEY / MIMD "
JHFY@FZFEIG TPDXY@FZFEIG FEEY@FZFEIG
IWMDX ZFHEDYMFND IWMDX
ZFHEDYMFND ZFHEDYZR\D ZFHEDYMFND
ZFHEDYZR\D ZFHEDYZR\D
JHFYD_ZDMZP TPDXYD_ZDMZP FEEYD_ZDMZP
IWMDX PDGNDMZYMFND .......
PDGNDMZYMFND \FXZBZBIMYMFND
\FXZBZBIMYMFND PDGNDMZYZR\D
PDGNDMZYZR\D ZFHEDP\F@DYMFND
ZFHEDP\F@DYMFND D_ZDMZYBJD_ZDMZYBJ HRZDP
CBEDYBJ HEI@AP
HEI@AYBJ
HRZDP
HEI@AP
DEFZBSDYCMI
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
\IBMZP ZI MIZD
Mit fee vbdws sdts ofvd tordd ndnhdrs- Cir dxfnped%Zod Jftf jb`tbimfry `imtfbms f
JHFYEI@A SBDW %hut mi FEEYEI@A) TPDXYEI@A Sbdw-
JHFYPDGNDMZP fmj TPDXYPDGNDMZPSBDW bm irf`ed %hut mi
FEEYPDGNDMZP Sbdw-
Jymfnb` \drcirnfm`d Sbdws
Irf`ed jftfhfsd nfbmtfbms f sdt ic vbrtufe tfheds toft rd`irj `urrdmt
jftfhfsd f`tbvbty fmj /stirbmg jftf fhiut bmstfm`d"- Zodsd vbdws frd
`feedj JRMFNB@ \DXCIXNFM@D SBDWP . /S*SBDWP" hd`fusd tody
/`ieed`t jftf im bmtdrmfe jbsa stru`turds fmj ndniry stru`turds"-Pi tody
frd `imtbmuiusey upjftdj wobed f jftfhfsd bs ipdm fmj bm usd-
JRMFNB@ \DXCIXNFM@D SBDWP frd sindtbnds `feedj CB_DJ
SBDWP hd`fusd tody `fmmit hd fetdrdj ir rdnivdj hy f jftfhfsd
fjnbmbstrftir- Oiwdvdr% jftfhfsd fjnbmbstrftirs `fm qudry fmj `rdftd
vbdws im tod tfheds fmj grfmt f``dss ti todsd vbdws ti itodr usdrs-
S*SBDWP `imtfbm bmcirnftbim fhiut
Pystdn fmj sdssbim pfrfndtdrs
Ndniry usfgd fmj feei`ftbim
Cbed stftds /bm`eujbmgXNFM hf`aup cbeds"
\rigrdss ic kihs fmj tfsas
PVE dxd`utbim
Ptftbstb`s fmj ndtrb`s
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
\IBMZP ZI MIZD
JRMFNB@ \DXCIXNFM@D SBDWP frd bjdmtbcbdj hy tod prdcbx SY*- \THEB@ PRMIMRNP cir todsd vbdws ofvd tod prdcbx S*- Jftfhfsd
fjnbmbstrftirs fmj itodr usdrs soiuej f``dss imey tod S* ihkd`ts% mit
tod SY* ihkd`ts-
JRMFNB@ \DXCIXNFM@D SBDWP /S*SBDWP"
S*F@@DPP S*JFZFHFPD S*EIGOBPZ S*VES*HF@AT\ S*JFZFCBED S*\FXFNDZDX S*ZFHEDP\F@DS*HG\XI@DPP S*BMPZFM@D S*\XI@DPP S*ZDN\CBEDS*@F@OD S*EI@A S*PDPPBIM S*PGFS*@IMZXIECBED S*EIGCBED S*PVEFXDF S*SDXPBIM
Wodm dxd`utbmg `ftfeig-sqe s`rbpt% wob`o `imtfbms jdcbmbtbims ic tod
SBDWP fmj \THEB@ PRMIMRNP cir tod jymfnb` pdrcirnfm`d vbdws-
Woft bs S*CB_JYZFHED
Zod _*tfheds frd CB_DJ.ZFHEDP - Irf`ed `rdftdj S*SBDWP im tod _* ZFHEDP
ti nfad bt dfsbdr ti sdd Irf`ed bmtdrmfe jdtfbes- Zod x* cbxdj tfheds fee ofvd
`ryptb` mfnds- v*cbxjYtfhed tobs vbdw jbspefys fee jymfnb` pdrcirnfm`d
tfheds% vbdws% fmj jdrbvdj tfheds-
PVE= sded`t `iumt/+" crin v*CB_DJYZFHED1
PVE= sded`t + crin v*cbxdjYtfhed wodrd mfnd ebad '_$'1
PVE= sded`t `iumZ/+" crin v*cbxdjYtfhed wodrd mfnd ebad '_$'1-
Wd `fm dfsbey sdd tod siur`d cir fee ic tod S*SBDWP hy qudrybmg tod
S*CB_DJYSBDWYJDCBMBZBIM vbdw-
P E=sded`t + crin v*cbxdjYvbdwYjdcbmbtbim wodrd vbdwYmfnd> S*PDPPBIM‒1
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Gdttbmg f``dss ti _*tfheds
PVE= grfmt sded`t im _*AVCZF ti s`itt1grfmt sded`t im _*AVCZF ti s`itt
+DXXIX ft ebmd 6;
IXF.<8<0<; ̀ fm imey sded`t crin cbxdj tfheds)vbdws
Woy `fm‒t B GXFMZ f``dss ti _* tfheds 9
Zod _* tfheds frd cbxdj.tfheds- Cbxdj tfheds frd mit rdfe tfheds&
Cbxdj tfheds frd jdcbmdj jbrd`tey bm tod Irf`ed siur`d `ijd fmj
frd hfsdj jbrd`tey icc ic tod @ stru`turds usdj bm tod jftfhfsd adrmde-
Bs todrd fmy wfy ti gdt friumj f jbrd`t GXFMZ 9
Ic `iursd& Zod hdst wfy ti ji tobs bs ti `rdftd f vbdw cir df`o _* tfhed
yiu wfmt ti GXFMZ f``dss ti-
PVE= @XDFZD SBDW vYx*asedj FP PDED@Z + CXIN _*AVCZF1
Sbdw ̀ rdftdj-
PVE= JXI\ vbdw vYx*asedj
Sbdw jrippdj-
Woy frd tod Irf`ed x*tfheds objjdm 9
Nist objjdm frdf ic irf`ed jftfhfsd bs Irf`ed x* (tfheds(- Irf`ed hubejs
S*vbdws upim tod Irf`ed x*tfheds /wob`o frd f`tufeey nfppdj bm.ndniry @
prigrfn stru`turds" fmj tod x* tfheds fmj `ieunms frd umji`undmtdj fmj
`ofmgd wbto df`o rdedfsd- x* (tfheds( frd nistey bmstfm`d ir sdssbim ndniry
stru`turds prdsdmtdj fs tfheds fmj sdrvd fs hfsd tfheds ic nist S* SBDWP -
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
\IBMZP ZI XDNDNHDX;
Zod jftfhfsd ebhrfry bs hubet im f Jftf jb`tbimfry--Zod jftf jb`tbimfry bs `rdftdj wodm tod Irf`ed jftfhfsd bs `rdftdj-
Bt bs iwmdj hy tod PRPusdr fmj stirdj bm PRPZDN tfhedspf`d-
Pind `inpimdmts frd stirdj bm PRPFT_ tfhedspf`d bm Irf`ed 6< g -
Zod jftf jb`tbimfry bs `inprbsdj ic f munhdr ic tfheds fmj Irf`ed vbdws fmj bt
bs fvfbefhed ti fee usdrs - f``irjbmg ti todbr prbvbedgd-
Zod jftf jb`tbimfry vbdws `ind bm Zordd nfbm cefvirs;
TPDXY FEEY JHFY
Zod JB@ZBIMFXRir JB@Z/soirt" fee tod tfheds ic tod jftf jb`tbimfry% peus
`inndmts - Wd `fm sdd fee jftf jb`tbimfry hy rummbmg cieeiwbmg qudry 1
PVE= PDED@Z + CXIN JB@Z 1PVE= PDED@Z + CXIN JB@ZBIMFXR 1
PVE= jds` jb`t1
PVE= sded`t `inndmts
8 CXIN jb`tbimfry WODXD tfhedYmfnd>'JB@ZBIMFXR')
@INNDMZP
Jds`rbptbim ic jftf jb`tbimfry tfheds fmj vbdws
Irf`ed nfbmtfbms f sdt ic vbrtufe tfheds toft rd`irj `urrdmt jftfhfsd f`tbvbty-
Zodsd tfheds frd `rdftdj hy Irf`ed - JRMFNB@ \DXCIXNFM@D SBDWP frd
hfsdj im vbrtufe tfheds hubet crin jftfhfsd ndniry stru`turd% rdfj
`imsbstdm`y bs mit gufrfmtddj cir tod vbdws hd`fusd tod jftf bs upjftdj
jymfnb`feey-
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
S* Jymfnb` \drcirnfm`d Sbdws
. Zodsd vbdws frd usdj ti nimbtir rdfe tbnd jftfhfsd stftbstb`s
JRMFNB@ \DXCIXNFM@D SBDWP frd mit trud tfheds% tod jftf bs jdpdmjdmt
im tod stftd ic tod jftfhfsd fmj bmstfm`d- Cir dx ; Wd `fm qudry S*BMPZFM@D
fmj S*HG\XI@DPP wodm tod jftfhfsd bs stfrtdj hut mit niumtdj- Oiwdvdr%
wd `fmmit qudry S*JFZFCBED umtbe tod jftfhfsd ofs hddm niumtdj-
Sbdws toft stfrt wbto (S*( frd rdcdrrdj ti fs jymfnb` pdrcirnfm`d vbdws-
Sbdws toft stfrt wbto tod (JHF( prdcbx frd iwmdj hy tod usdr PRP- Sbdws toft
stfrt wbto tod prdcbx ( FEE( addp trf`a ic fee jftfhfsd ihkd`ts toft fm dmj.usdr
`fm f``dss- Sbdws toft stfrt wbto tod prdcbx ( TPDX( imey `imtfbm bmcirnftbim
fhiut ihkd`ts iwmdj hy tod usdr-
S*CB_DJYZFHED jbspefys fee jymfnb` pdrcirnfm`d tfheds% vbdws% fmj jdrbvdjtfheds bm tod jftfhfsd-
Irf`ed ‐ Jftf jb`tbimfry vbdws fmj Jymfnb` \drcirnfm`d Sbdws
JFZF JB@ZBIMFXR fmj JRMFNB@ \DXCIXNFM@D /SBDWP"
FEEYTPDXP TPDXYTPDXP JHFYTPDXP S*F@@DPP
FEEYZFHEDP TPDXYZFHEDP JHFYZFHEDP S*HF@AT\
FEEYZXBGGDXP TPDXYZXBGGDXP JHFYZXBGGDXP S*EIG
FEEYIHKD@ZP TPDXYIHKD@ZP JHFYIHKD@ZP S*EIGCBED
FEEYSBDWP TPDXYSBDWP JHFYSBDWP S*BMPZFM@D
FEEYBMJD_DP TPDXYBMJD_DP JHFYBMJD_DP S*PGF
JHFYEI@A TPDXYPDGNDMZP JHFYPDGNDMZP S*SDXPBIM
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
S bdws @`innimey usdj bm JHF dmv
Tsdrs frd bm tod jftfhfsd pfsswirj cbed
S*\WCBEDYTPDXP
Sfeuds sdt bm tod bmbt-irf cbed `fm hd vbdwdj‐ fee pfrfndtdrs
S*\FXFNDZDX
P`rbpt usdj ti `rdftd tod ihkd`ts toft `inprbsd tod jftf jb`tbimfry
@FZFEIG-PVE
Zi grfmt f spd`bfe ried ti usdrs si tody `fm eiia ft JHF vbdws
PDED@ZY@FZFEIGYXIED
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee jftfhfsd ihkd`ts bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYIHKD@ZP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee tfheds) bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYZFHEDP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee bmjdxds bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYBMJD_DP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee vbdws /bm`eujbmg jb`tbimfry vbdws" bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYSBDWP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee sdqudm`ds bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYPDVTDM@DP
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee usdrs bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYTPDXP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee `imstrfbmts bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFY@IMPZXFBMZP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee tfhed `ieunms toft ofvd `imstrfbmts im todn
JHFY@IMPY@IETNMP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee `ieunms toft ofvd bmjdxds im todn bm tod jh
JHFYBMJY@IETNMP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee `ieunms bm fee tod tfheds bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYZFHY@IETNMP
Bmcirnftbim fee fhiut rieds bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYXIEDP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee ihkd`t prbvbedgds bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYZFHY\XBSP
Fee systdn prbvbedgds grfmtdj ti fee usdrs bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYPRPY\XBSP
Jbspefys fee \E)PVE siur`d `ijd bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYPITX@D
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee trbggdrs bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYZXBGGDXP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut ihkd`t prbvbedgds grfmtdj ti rieds
XIEDYZFHY\XBSP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut systdn prbvbedgds grfmtdj ti rieds
XIEDYPRPY\XBSP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut rieds grfmtdj ti rieds
XIEDYXIEDY\XBSP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee tfhedspf`ds bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFYZFHEDP\F@DP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut fee pricbeds bm tod jftfhfsd
JHFY\XICBEDP
S*\FXFNDZDX
Gdmdrfe bmcirnftbim fhiut tod jftfhfsd niumtdj ti yiur bmstfm`d
S*JFZFHFPD
Nist bmcirnftbim fhiut tod pdrcirnfm`d ic tod jftfhfsd bs adpt odrd
S*PRPPZFZ
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Bmcirnftbim fhiut tod pdrcirnfm`d cir bmjbvbjufe usdr sdssbims frd
S*PDPPBIM % S*PDPPZFZ
Bmcirnftbim fhiut imebmd rdji eigs /8"
S*EIG% S*EIGCBED
Bmcirnftbim fhiut jftfcbeds
S*JFZFCBED
Hfsb` bmcirnftbim fhiut `imtrie cbeds% fmj tod twi ̀ ieunms bt ofs;
S*@IMZXIECBED- PZFZTP ) MFND
Fm ihkd`t `fm qudry ti ihtfbm f ebstbmg ic fee jftf jb`tbimfry ihkd`ts/:" @FZFEIG% @FZ% JB@ZBIMFXR % JB@Z-
Wodm tod `imtrie cbed wfs `rdftdj% Pdqudm`d Munhdr% nist rd`dmt P@M;
S*JFZFHFPD
Bmcirnftbim stirdj bm jbccdrdmt sd`tbims ic tod `imtrie cbed% Pdqudm`d mi
S*@IMZXIECBEDYXD@IXJYPD@ZBIM
Zi sdd tod mfnds fmj ei`ftbims ic fee `imtrie cbeds bm tod jftfhfsdh/8"
S*\FXFNDZDX- S*@IMZXIECBED
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
ZFHEDP\F@D fmj JFZFCBEDP
Zdnpirfry Pdgndmts;
Mfnd% tfhedspf`d ei`ftbim% fmj iwmdr ic tdnpirfry sdgndmts;
JHFYPDGNDMZP
Pbzd ic tdnpirfry tfhedspf`ds% `urrdmt munhdr ic dxtdmts feei`ftdj ti
sirt sdgndmts% fmj sirt sdgndmt obgo.wftdr nfra bmcirnftbim- Ppf`d
usfgd feei`ftbim cir tdnpirfry sdgndmts;
S*PIXZYPDGNDMZ
Zypds ic sirts toft frd ofppdmbmg `urrdmtey im tod jftfhfsd
S*PIXZYTPFGD
Zi sdd tod usdrmfnd `irrdspimjbmg wbto tod sdssbim;
S*PDPPBIM
Zdnpcbed bm tod jftfhfsd fssi`bftdj wbto f tdnpirfry tfhedspf`d;
JHFYZDN\YCBEDP
Pbnbefr ti JHFYZDN\YCBEDP% tobs vbdw gbvds Bmcirnftbim fhiut dvdry
jftfcbed bm tod jftfhfsd fssi`bftdj wbto f tdnpirfry tfhedspf`d;
S*ZDN\CBED
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
PZIXFGD PZXT@ZTXDP
Fee typds ic sdgndmts fmj todbr stirfgd pfrfndtdrs% spf`d utbebzftbim
JHFYPDGNDMZP
Zfhedspf`d quitfs fssbgmdj ti usdrs;
JHFYZPYVTIZFP
Pdgndmt jdtfbes titfe hytds ic dxtdmt% tfhedspf`d fmj stirbmg tod dxtdmt;
JHFYD_ZDMZP
Ei`ftbim fmj fniumt ic crdd spf`d hy tfhedspf`d mfnd;
JHFYCXDDYP\F@D
Zod ei`ftbim ic crdd spf`d bm tod tfhedspf`d toft ofs hddm `ifeds`dj
JHFYCXDDYP\F@DY@IFEDP@DJ
Bmcirnftbim fhiut jftfcbeds cir dvdry tfhedspf`d
JHFYJFZFCBEDP
\drcirnfm`d vbdw cir bmcirnftbim cir jftfcbeds cir dvdry tfhedspf`d
S*JFZFCBED
Zi sdd tod titfe fniumt ic spf`d feei`ftdj ti f tfhed
JHFYD_ZDMZP
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zfhed `rdftbim tbndstfnp% bmcirnftbim fhiut tod ihkd`t BJ
JHFYIHKD@ZP
Obgo wftdr nfra% fee stirfgd sdttbmgs cir f tfhed% fmj stftbstb`s `ieed`tdj
fs pfrt ic tod fmfeyzd /cir riw nbgrftbim" ipdrftbim im toft tfhed
JHFYZFHEDP
Bmcirnftbim fhiut dvdry `ieunm bm dvdry tfhed;
JHFYZFHY@IETNMP
Zi jdtdrnbmd oiw nfmy `ieunms frd nfradj umusdj cir eftdr rdnivfe9
JHFYTMTPDJY@IEYZFHP
Zi cbmj tod munhdr ic jdedtdj bmjdx dmtrbds 9
BMJD_YPZFZP
Zi jdtdrnbmd tod `ieunms im f tfhed toft ofvd hddm bmjdxdj
JHFYBJY@IETNMP
Jymfnb` vbdw ti soiw wodtodr tod bmjdx bs hdbmg usdj
S*IHKD@ZYTPFGD
Zi sdd wodtodr f `imstrfbmt dxbsts im f pfrtb`uefr `ieunm
JHFY@IMPY@IETNMP
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Zi sdd tod `imstrfbmts fssi`bftdj wbto f pfrtb`uefr tfhed
JHFY@IMPZXFBMZP
Zi cbmj usdr jdtfbes ebad / usdrmfnd% BJ munhdr% /dm`ryptdj" pfsswirj%
jdcfuet fmj tdnpirfry tfhedspf`d bmcirnftbim% usdr pricbed dt` -- "
JHFYTPDXP
Fee ihkd`ts% wob`o ihkd`ts hdeimg ti wob`o usdrs% usdr `rdftdj Ihkd`ts
JHFYIHKD@ZP
Xdsiur`d.usfgd pfrfndtdrs cir f pfrtb`uefr pricbed
JHFY\XICBEDP
Bjdmtbcbds fee rdsiur`ds bm tod jftfhfsd fmj todbr `irrdspimjbmg `ist
XDPITX@DY@IPZ
Bjdmtbcbds systdn rdsiur`d ebnbts cir bmjbvbjufe usdrs
TPDXYXDPITX@DYEBNBZP
Poiws fee systdn prbvbedgds
JHFYPRPY\XBSP
Poiw fee ihkd`t prbvbedgds
JHFYZFHY\XBSP
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JFZFHFPD NIMBZIXBMG P@XB\ZP | SBDWP
Dxpeirbmg tod Irf`ed JHF Zd`omieigy hy Gumfsdafrfm %Zobyfgu
Poiws fee prbvbedgds bm tobs sdssbim fvfbefhed ti yiu fs tod `urrdmt usdr
PDPPBIMY\XBSP
Sbdws cir fujbts `urrdmtey tfabmg pef`d frd `rdftdj hy tobs s`rbpt
`ftfujbt-sqe
Ebst ic fujbt dmtrbds gdmdrftdj hy tod dxbsts iptbim ic tod fujbt `innfmj
JHFYFTJBZYD_BPZP
F ebst ic fujbt dmtrbds gdmdrftdj cir ihkd`t fujbts
JHFYFTJBZYIHKD@Z
F ebst ic fujbt dmtrbds gdmdrftdj hy sdssbim `immd`ts fmj jbs`immd`ts
JHFYFTJBZYPDPPBIM
F ebst ic fujbt dmtrbds gdmdrftdj hy stftdndmt iptbims ic tod fujbt
JHFYFTJBZYPZFZDNDMZ
F ebst ic fee dmtrbds bm tod FTJ* tfhed `ieed`tdj hy tod fujbt `innfmj
JHFYFTJBZYZXFBE
Zi jdtdrnbmd tod rieds fvfbefhed bm tod jftfhfsd% tod mfnds ic fee tod
rieds im tod jftfhfsd fmj bc f pfsswirj bs rdqubrdj ti usd df`o ried
JHFYXIEDP