Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this...

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HAL Id: tel-00917965 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917965 Submitted on 12 Dec 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized social semantic web. Other [cs.OH]. Institut National des Télécommunications, 2013. English. NNT : 2013TELE0027. tel-00917965

Transcript of Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this...

Page 1: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

HAL Id: tel-00917965https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917965

Submitted on 12 Dec 2013

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.

Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralizedsocial semantic web

Andrei Vlad Sambra

To cite this version:Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized social semantic web.Other [cs.OH]. Institut National des Télécommunications, 2013. English. �NNT : 2013TELE0027�.�tel-00917965�

Page 2: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

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❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥+

❋✐"#$✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ $♦ ❡①♣"❡## ♠② ❞❡❡♣❡#$ ❣"❛$✐$✉❞❡ $♦ ♠② $❤❡#✐# #✉♣❡"✈✐#♦"✱

6"♦❢❡##♦" ▼❛"②❧✐♥❡ ▲❛✉"❡♥$✱ ❢♦" ❤❡" ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ $❤"♦✉❣❤♦✉$ ♠② $❤❡#✐#✱ ❢♦" ❛❧❧

$❤❡ ❢"✉✐$❢✉❧ ❞✐#❝✉##✐♦♥# $❤❛$ ✇❡ ❤❛❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❡#♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦" ❤❡" ♣❛$✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❍❡" ✇✐❞❡

❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❡" ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✇❛② ♦❢ $❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦❢ ❣"❡❛$ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❢♦" ♠❡✳ ■

✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧#♦ ❧✐❦❡ $♦ $❤❛♥❦ ❤❡" ❢♦" ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛$$❡♥$✐✈❡ $♦✇❛"❞# ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣"♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ♠❡

✇✐$❤ ✐♥✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❡♥❝♦✉"❛❣❡♠❡♥$# ✇❤❡♥ ■ ✇❛# ❧♦#$ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦$ ✜♥❞ ♠② ✇❛②✳

▼② ❣"❛$✐$✉❞❡ ❣♦❡# $♦ ❙✐" ❚✐♠ ❇❡"♥❡"#✲▲❡❡ ❢♦" ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ✐♥✈✐$❡❞ ♠❡ $♦ ✇♦"❦

✉♥❞❡" ❤✐# ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛$ ▼■❚✱ ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# ❢♦" ❤✐# ✐♥❝"❡❞✐❜❧❡ ✇♦"❦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥#♣✐"❡❞

♠❡ $♦ ♣✉"#✉❡ $❤✐# $❤❡#✐#✳

■ ❛♠ ✈❡"② $❤❛♥❦❢✉❧ $♦ ❖❧✐✈✐❡" ❇❡"❣❡"✱ "❡#❡❛"❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡" ✐♥ $❤❡ ■♥❢♦"♠❛$✐❝#

❉❡♣❛"$♠❡♥$ ♦❢ ❚❊▲❊❈❖▼ ❙✉❞6❛"✐#✱ ❢♦" ♦✉" ❡①$❡♥#✐✈❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦"❛$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢♦"

❛❝❝❡♣$✐♥❣ $♦ ❜❡ ♠❡♠❜❡" ♦❢ $❤❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛$✐♦♥ ❥✉"②✳

▼❛♥② $❤❛♥❦# ❣♦ $♦✇❛"❞# ♠② ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡# ❛♥❞ ❢"✐❡♥❞#✱ ❢"♦♠ ❚❊▲❊❈❖▼

❙✉❞6❛"✐# ❛♥❞ ❜❡②♦♥❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ #✉♣♣♦"$❡❞ ♠❡ ❞✉"✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ $❤❡#❡ ②❡❛"#✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ $❤❡♠

■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ $♦ ♠❡♥$✐♦♥ ❆②♠❡♥ ❇♦✉❞❣✉✐❣❛ ❛♥❞ ❈♦❧❧✐♥# ▼$✐$❛✱ ✇✐$❤ ✇❤♦♠ ■

❤❛✈❡ #❤❛"❡❞ ♠♦"❡ $❤❛♥ ❥✉#$ ❛♥ ♦✣❝❡✳

■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✜♥❛❧❧② ❧✐❦❡ $♦ $❤❛♥❦ ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧② ❢♦" $❤❡✐" ❝♦♥$✐♥✉♦✉# ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ #✉♣♣♦"$✳

❆ #♣❡❝✐❛❧ $❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ❣♦❡# $♦ ♠② ✇✐❢❡ ❘❛❧✉❝❛ ❢♦" ❤❡" ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥#$❛♥$ #✉♣♣♦"$✱

❢♦" ❛❧❧ $❤❡ ❧❛$❡ ♥✐❣❤$# ❛♥❞ ❡❛"❧② ♠♦"♥✐♥❣#✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦" ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ♠❡ #❛♥❡ ♦✈❡" $❤❡

♣❛#$ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥$❤#✳ ❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ❢♦" ❡✈❡"②$❤✐♥❣✱ ❜✉$ ♠♦#$ ♦❢ ❛❧❧✱ $❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ❢♦"

❜❡✐♥❣ ♠② ❜❡#$ ❢"✐❡♥❞✳ ■ ♦✇❡ ②♦✉ ❡✈❡"②$❤✐♥❣✳

❚❤✐# ✇♦"❦ ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥ ❢✉♥❞❡❞ ❡♥$✐"❡❧② ❜② ❚❊▲❊❈❖▼ ❙✉❞6❛"✐#✱ ♠❡♠❜❡" ♦❢

❣"♦✉♣ ■♥#$✐$✉$ ▼✐♥❡#✲❚❊▲❊❈❖▼✳

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❆❜"#$❛❝#

❊♥"✉$✐♥❣ ♣❡$"♦♥❛❧ ❞❛-❛ ♦✇♥❡$"❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥-❡$♦♣❡$❛❜✐❧✐-② ❢♦$ ❞❡❝❡♥-$❛❧✐③❡❞ "♦❝✐❛❧

❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥" ✐" ❝✉$$❡♥-❧② ❛ ❞❡❜❛-❡❞ -♦♣✐❝✱ ❡"♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ -❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥-♦

❝♦♥"✐❞❡$❛-✐♦♥ -❤❡ ❛"♣❡❝-" ♦❢ ♣$✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡"" ❝♦♥-$♦❧✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ -❤❡ ✉"❡$✬" ❞❛-❛

❛$❡ "✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦$-❛♥- ❛""❡- ♦❢ -❤❡ ❝✉$$❡♥- ❜✉"✐♥❡"" ♠♦❞❡❧" ❢♦$ ♠♦"- "♦❝✐❛❧

❲❡❜"✐-❡"✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡" ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ✐♥❝❡♥-✐✈❡ -♦ "❤❛$❡ ❞❛-❛ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦-❤❡$ ♦$ -♦

♦✛❡$ ✉"❡$" $❡❛❧ ♦✇♥❡$"❤✐♣ ♦❢ -❤❡✐$ ♦✇♥ ❞❛-❛ ✐♥ -❡$♠" ♦❢ ❝♦♥-$♦❧ ❛♥❞ -$❛♥"♣❛$❡♥❝②

♦❢ ❞❛-❛ ✉"❛❣❡✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ -❤❡$❡❢♦$❡ -❤❛- ✐- ✐" ✐♠♣♦$-❛♥- -♦ ✐♠♣$♦✈❡

-❤❡ "♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ✐♥ "✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② -❤❛- ✐- ❛❧❧♦✇" ❢♦$ ✈✐❛❜❧❡ ❜✉"✐♥❡"" ♠♦❞❡❧" ✇❤✐❧❡

"-✐❧❧ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ -♦ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥❝$❡❛"❡❞ ❞❛-❛ ♦✇♥❡$"❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ❞❛-❛ ✐♥-❡$♦♣❡$❛❜✐❧✐-②

❝♦♠♣❛$❡❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❝✉$$❡♥- "✐-✉❛-✐♦♥✳

❚♦ -❤✐" $❡❣❛$❞✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦❝✉"❡❞ ♦✉$ $❡"❡❛$❝❤ ♦♥ -❤$❡❡ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥- -♦♣✐❝"✿ ✐❞❡♥✲

-✐-②✱ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡"" ❝♦♥-$♦❧✳ ❋✐$"-✱ ✇❡ -❛❝❦❧❡ -❤❡ "✉❜❥❡❝- ♦❢ ❞❡❝❡♥✲

-$❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② ❜② ♣$♦♣♦"✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❲❡❜ "-❛♥❞❛$❞ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❲❡❜ ■❞❡♥&✐&② ❛♥❞

❉✐+❝♦✈❡/② ✭❲❡❜■❉✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦✛❡$" ❛ "✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐✈❡$"❛❧ ✐❞❡♥-✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛✲

♥✐"♠ -❤❛- ✐" ❞✐"-$✐❜✉-❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥❧② ❡①-❡♥"✐❜❧❡✳ ◆❡①-✱ ✇❡ ♠♦✈❡ -♦ -❤❡ -♦♣✐❝ ♦❢

❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ✇❤❡$❡ ✇❡ ♣$♦♣♦"❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥-$❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥

♣$♦-♦❝♦❧ -❤❛- ❡♥❛❜❧❡" "❡❝✉$❡✱ ❡✣❝✐❡♥- ❛♥❞ ✉"❡$ ❢$✐❡♥❞❧② ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ♦♥ -❤❡

❲❡❜ ❜② ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ -♦ ❧♦❣✐♥ ✉"✐♥❣ ❝❧✐❡♥- ❝❡$-✐✜❝❛-❡" ❛♥❞ ✇✐-❤♦✉- $❡❧②✐♥❣

♦♥ ❈❡$-✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥ ❆✉-❤♦$✐-✐❡"✳ ❲❡ ❛❧"♦ ❡①-❡♥❞ -❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♣$♦-♦❝♦❧✱ ♦✛❡$✐♥❣

❞❡❧❡❣❛-❡❞ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡"" ❞❡❧❡❣❛-✐♦♥✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧② ✇❡ ♣$❡"❡♥- ♦✉$ ❧❛"- ❝♦♥✲

-$✐❜✉-✐♦♥✱ -❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡"" ❈♦♥-$♦❧ ❙❡$✈✐❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ "❡$✈❡" -♦ ♣$♦-❡❝- -❤❡ ♣$✐✈❛❝②

♦❢ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛-❛ $❡"♦✉$❝❡" ❣❡♥❡$❛-❡❞ ❜② ✉"❡$" ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞❛-❛✱ ✇❛❧❧ ♣♦"-"✱ ❝♦♥✲

✈❡$"❛-✐♦♥"✱ ❡-❝✳✮ ❜② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ -✇♦ "♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡-$✐❝"✿ -❤❡ +♦❝✐❛❧ ♣/♦①✐♠✐&② ❞✐+&❛♥❝❡

❛♥❞ +♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥&❡①&+✳

Page 9: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized
Page 10: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥ ✶

✶✳✶ "#♦❜❧❡♠ )*❛*❡♠❡♥* ❛♥❞ ♠♦*✐✈❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶

✶✳✶✳✶ ❉❛*❛ )✐❧♦)✱ ❧♦)✐♥❣ ❝♦♥*#♦❧ ♦✈❡# ♦✉# ❞❛*❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷

✶✳✶✳✷ ■❞❡♥*✐*②✱ ❛ ❦❡② ❢❛❝*♦# ❢♦# *❤❡ ❞❡❝❡♥*#❛❧✐③❡❞ )♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✸

✶✳✶✳✸ ■♥*❡#♦♣❡#❛❜✐❧✐*② ❜❛)❡❞ ♦♥ *❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥*✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛♥❞ ▲❉" ✳ ✳ ✹

✶✳✷ ▼❛✐♥ ❝♦♥*#✐❜✉*✐♦♥) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼

✶✳✷✳✶ ❲❡❜■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼

✶✳✷✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉ ❆✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽

✶✳✷✳✸ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡)) ❈♦♥*#♦❧ ❙❡#✈✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

✶✳✸ ❚❤❡)✐) )*#✉❝*✉#❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

✷ ■❞❡♥#✐#② ❛♥❞ ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#✐♦♥ ♦♥ #❤❡ ❲❡❜ ✶✶

✷✳✶ ❘❡❧❛*❡❞ ✇♦#❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✷✳✶✳✶ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✷✳✶✳✷ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ "❡#)♦♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✷✳✶✳✸ ❲❡❜ ❆✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

✷✳✶✳✹ ❙❆▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✷✳✶✳✺ ❙②♥*❤❡)✐) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✷✳✷ ❲❡❜ ■❞❡♥*✐*② ❛♥❞ ❉✐)❝♦✈❡#② ✲ ❲❡❜■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✷✳✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✷✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣#♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✷✳✷✳✸ "✉❜❧✐)❤✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣#♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✷✳✹ ❊①*❡♥❞✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣#♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✷✳✷✳✺ "#✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ )❡❝✉#✐*② ❛♥❛❧②)✐) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✸ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✷✳✸✳✶ ■♥*#♦❞✉❝*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✷✳✸✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ *❡#♠✐♥♦❧♦❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✷✳✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡#*✐✜❝❛*❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✷✳✸✳✹ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ♣#♦*♦❝♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✷✳✸✳✺ ❙❡❝✉#✐*② ❛♥❛❧②)✐) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻

✷✳✹ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛*❡❞ ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✷✳✺ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛❝❝❡)) ❞❡❧❡❣❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✷✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✸ ❆❝❝❡33 ❝♦♥#$♦❧ ✹✸

✸✳✶ ❘❡❧❛*❡❞ ✇♦#❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹

✸✳✶✳✶ ●❡♥❡#✐❝ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥*#♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹

✸✳✶✳✷ ❙❡♠❛♥*✐❝ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥*#♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐)♠) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

Page 11: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

✸✳✶✳✸ ❙②♥&❤❡)✐) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶

✸✳✷ -.♦♣♦)❡❞ )♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡&.✐❝) ❢♦. ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥&.♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

✸✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥&❡①&) ❡①♣.❡))❡❞ ❛) ❧❛❜❡❧) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✸✳✷✳✷ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ♣.♦①✐♠✐&② ❞✐)&❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✸✳✸ -.♦♣♦)❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡)) ❈♦♥&.♦❧ ❙❡.✈✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✸✳✸✳✶ ▼♦&✐✈❛&✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻

✸✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❙&❛&✐❝ ❆❝❝❡)) ❈♦♥&.♦❧ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✸✳✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❘❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐&♦. ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵

✸✳✸✳✹ ❘❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣ ❍✐)&♦.② ❞❛&❛❜❛)❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

✹ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥+,❛❧✐③❡❞ .♦❝✐❛❧ .❡♠❛♥+✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✻✺

✹✳✶ ▼②-.♦✜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

✹✳✶✳✶ ❈.❡❛&✐♥❣ ❛ ✉)❡. ♣.♦✜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

✹✳✶✳✷ ❱✐❡✇✐♥❣ ♣.♦✜❧❡) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✹✳✶✳✸ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧) ❛♥❞ ❛❝&✐✈✐&② )&.❡❛♠) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

✹✳✶✳✹ ❆❝❝♦✉♥& .❡❝♦✈❡.② ❛♥❞ ♣❛✐.✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✹✳✶✳✺ ❙&❛&✐)&✐❝) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✹✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷

✹✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉.✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❲❡❜ )❡.✈❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

✹✳✷✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉&❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

✹✳✷✳✸ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛&❡❞❆✉&❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

✹✳✸ ❙&❛&✐❝ ❆❝❝❡)) ❈♦♥&.♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺

✹✳✹ -❡.)♦♥❛❧ ❞❛&❛ )&♦.❡) ✉)✐♥❣ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻

✹✳✹✳✶ ❈.❡❛&✐♥❣ ❞❛&❛ )&♦.❡) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻

✹✳✹✳✷ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥&.♦❧ ❢♦. .❡)♦✉.❝❡) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼

✹✳✹✳✸ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✇♦.❦)♣❛❝❡) ✲ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡&❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽

✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶

✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉.✐♦♥. ❛♥❞ ♣❡,.♣❡❝+✐✈❡. ✽✺

✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✺✳✶✳✶ ■❞❡♥&✐&② ❛♥❞ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✺✳✶✳✷ ❆❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥&.♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼

✺✳✶✳✸ ❱❛❧✐❞❛&✐♥❣ &❤❡ ♣.♦♣♦)❡❞ )♦❧✉&✐♦♥) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾

✺✳✷ -❡.)♣❡❝&✐✈❡ ✇♦.❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵

✺✳✷✳✶ ❙❡♠❛♥&✐❝ ▼❡))❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥) -.♦&♦❝♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵

✺✳✷✳✷ ❚.❛♥)♣❛.❡♥& ❲❡❜■❉ ♣.♦①② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶

▲✐.+ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥. ✾✸

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✲ ❘A.✉♠A ❡♥ ❢,❛♥B❛✐. ✾✹

■♥&.♦❞✉❝&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺

▼♦&✐✈❛&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺

■❞❡♥&✐&S ❡& ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ )✉. ❧❡ ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼

■❞❡♥&✐&S ❞S❝❡♥&.❛❧✐)S❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❲❡❜■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼

❆✉&❤❡♥&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ ❞S❝❡♥&.❛❧✐)S❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾

▲✬❛✉&❤❡♥&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ ❞S❧S❣✉S❡ ♣♦✉. ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵

❉S❧S❣❛&✐♦♥ ❞✬❛❝❝V) ♣♦✉. ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

❙❡.✈✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥&.W❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝V) ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

▲❡ ♠♦&❡✉. ❞❡ ❝♦♥&.W❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝V) )&❛&✐X✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸

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▲❡ ♠♦$❡✉& ❞❡ ❧❛ *✉&✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ❞❡* &❡❧❛$✐♦♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

❱❛❧✐❞❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♥♦* $&❛✈❛✉① ❞❡ &❡❝❤❡&❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

▼②9&♦✜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

❆✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽

❊*♣❛❝❡* ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥C❡* ♣❡&*♦♥♥❡❧❧❡* ❜❛*C* *✉& ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵

❈♦♥❝❧✉*✐♦♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✲ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡, ✶✶✷

❇✐❜❧✐♦❣3❛♣❤② ✶✶✻

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Page 14: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❛❝(♦♥②♠"

❆❈ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥❞✐)✐♦♥

❆❈▲ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥)*♦❧ ▲✐#)

❆❊❈ ❆❝❝❡## ❊✈❛❧✉❛)✐♦♥ ❈♦♥)❡①)

❆■❘ ❆❝❝♦✉♥)❛❜✐❧✐)② ✐♥ ❘❉❋

❆&■ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥ 8*♦❣*❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥)❡*❢❛❝❡#

❆❚❘ ❆❝❝❡## ❚❛❣❣✐♥❣ ❘✉❧❡

❈❆ ❈❡*)✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥ ❆✉)❤♦*✐)②

❈❘❯❉ ❈*❡❛)❡✲❘❡❛❞✲❯♣❞❛)❡✲❉❡❧❡)❡

❈❙❘ ❈❡*)✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥ ❙✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❘❡C✉❡#)

❉❆❈ ❉✐#❝*❡)✐♦♥❛*② ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥)*♦❧

❉❆◆❊ ❉◆❙✲❇❛#❡❞ ❆✉)❤❡♥)✐❝❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ◆❛♠❡❞ ❊♥)✐)✐❡#

❉◆ ❉✐#)✐♥❣✉✐#❤❡❞ ◆❛♠❡

❉◆❙ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ◆❛♠❡ ❙②#)❡♠

❉◆❙❙❊❈ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ◆❛♠❡ ❙②#)❡♠ ❙❡❝✉*✐)② ❊①)❡♥#✐♦♥#

❉◆❚ ❉♦ ◆♦) ❚*❛❝❦

❉❖❆& ❉❡#❝*✐♣)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ 8*♦❥❡❝)

❊❚❛❣ ❊♥)✐)② ❚❛❣#

❋❖❆❋ ❋*✐❡♥❞✲♦❢✲❛✲❋*✐❡♥❞

❋◗❉◆ ❋✉❧❧② ◗✉❛❧✐✜❡❞ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ◆❛♠❡

●&● ●◆❯ 8*✐✈❛❝② ●✉❛*❞

❍❚❚& ❍②♣❡*)❡①) ❚*❛♥#❢❡* 8*♦)♦❝♦❧

❍❚❚&❙ ❍②♣❡*)❡①) ❚*❛♥#❢❡* 8*♦)♦❝♦❧ ❙❡❝✉*❡

■❞& ■❞❡♥)✐)② 8*♦✈✐❞❡*

■❙& ■♥)❡*♥❡) ❙❡*✈✐❝❡ 8*♦✈✐❞❡*

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vi LIST OF ACRONYMS

❏❙❖◆ ❏❛✈❛❙❝%✐♣( ❖❜❥❡❝( ◆♦(❛(✐♦♥

▲❉& ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛(❛ 4❧❛(❢♦%♠

▲❉&❈ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛(❛ 4❧❛(❢♦%♠ ❈♦♥(❛✐♥❡%9

▲❉&❘ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛(❛ 4❧❛(❢♦%♠ ❘❡9♦✉%❝❡

▼❆❈ ▼❛♥❞❛(♦%② ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧

▼■❚ ▼❛99❛❝❤✉9❡((9 ■♥9(✐(✉(❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②

◆✸ ◆♦(❛(✐♦♥ ✸

❖❚& ❖♥❡✲❚✐♠❡ 4❛99✇♦%❞

&■◆ 4❡%9♦♥❛❧ ■❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ◆✉♠❜❡%

&❑■ 4✉❜❧✐❝ ❑❡② ■♥❢%❛9(%✉❝(✉%❡

❘❇❆❈ ❘♦❧❡✲❜❛9❡❞ ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧

❘❉❋ ❘❡9♦✉%❝❡ ❉❡9❝%✐♣(✐♦♥ ❋%❛♠❡✇♦%❦

❘❉❋❛ ❘❡9♦✉%❝❡ ❉❡9❝%✐♣(✐♦♥ ❋%❛♠❡✇♦%❦ ✐♥ ❆((%✐❜✉(❡9

❘❊❙❚ ❘❡♣%❡9❡♥(❛(✐♦♥❛❧ ❙(❛(❡ ❚%❛♥9❢❡%

❘❋❈ ❘❡I✉❡9( ❢♦% ❈♦♠♠❡♥(9

❘▼ ❘❡❧❛(✐♦♥9❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐(♦%

❘& ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ 4❛%(②

❘❙❆ ❙(❛♥❞9 ❢♦% ❘♦♥ ❘✐✈❡9(✱ ❆❞✐ ❙❤❛♠✐% ❛♥❞ ▲❡♦♥❛%❞ ❆❞❧❡♠❛♥✱ ✇❤♦ ✜%9( ♣✉❜✲

❧✐❝❧② ❞❡9❝%✐❜❡❞ (❤❡ ❝%②♣(♦❣%❛♣❤✐❝ ❛❧❣♦%✐(❤♠✳

❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ❘❡❛❞✲❲%✐(❡✲❲❡❜ ■♥♣✉(✴❖✉(♣✉(

❙✹❆❈ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥(✐❝ ❙4❆❘◗▲ ❙❡❝✉%✐(② ❢♦% ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧

❙❆❈ ❙(❛(✐❝ ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧

❙❆❈❙ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧ ❙❡%✈✐❝❡

❙❆▼▲ ❙❡❝✉%✐(② ❆99❡%(✐♦♥ ▼❛%❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

❙❆◆ ❙✉❜❥❡❝( ❆❧(❡%♥❛(✐✈❡ ◆❛♠❡

❙■❖❈ ❙❡♠❛♥(✐❝❛❧❧②✲■♥(❡%❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐(✐❡9

❙& ❙❡%✈✐❝❡ 4%♦✈✐❞❡%

❙&❆❘◗▲ ❙4❆❘◗▲ 4%♦(♦❝♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❘❉❋ ◗✉❡%② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

❙&❑❆❈ ❙✐❣♥❡❞ 4✉❜❧✐❝ ❑❡② ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡

❙❙▲ ❙❡❝✉%❡ ❙♦❝❦❡(9 ▲❛②❡%

❙❙❲❆❈ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥(✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧

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vii

❚❆❑❊❙ ❚!✉#$❢✉❧ ❆✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑❡② ❊①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❙②#$❡♠

❚▲❙ ❚!❛♥#♣♦!$ ▲❛②❡! ❙❡❝✉!✐$②

❯■ ❯#❡! ■♥$❡!❢❛❝❡

❯❘■ ❯♥✐❢♦!♠ ❘❡#♦✉!❝❡ ■❞❡♥$✐✜❡!

❯❘▲ ❯♥✐❢♦!♠ ❘❡#♦✉!❝❡ ▲♦❝❛$♦!

❲✸❈ ❲♦!❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥#♦!$✐✉♠

❲❆❈ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥$!♦❧

❲❡❜■❉ ❲❡❜ ■❞❡♥$✐$② ❛♥❞ ❉✐#❝♦✈❡!②

❳❆❈▼▲ ❡❳$❡♥#✐❜❧❡ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥$!♦❧ ▼❛!❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

Page 17: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

viii LIST OF ACRONYMS

Page 18: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡"

✶ ❆ "②♣✐❝❛❧ )✉❜❥❡❝"✲♣/❡❞✐❝❛"❡✲♦❜❥❡❝" /❡❧❛"✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❚✉/"❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺

✷ ❆ )✐♠♣❧❡ ❝♦♥"❛✐♥❡/ /❡♣/❡)❡♥"❡❞ ✐♥ ❚✉/"❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼

✸ ❘❡;✉❡)" ❛♥❞ /❡)♣♦♥)❡ ❢♦/ "❤❡ ❚✉/"❧❡ ✈❡/)✐♦♥ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥"✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✹ ❆❝❝❡♣" ❤❡❛❞❡/✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✺ ❆ ❜❛)✐❝ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ❡①♣/❡))❡❞ ✐♥ ❚✉/"❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✻ ❚❤❡ ❞❢#✿#❡❡❆❧#♦ /❡❧❛"✐♦♥ ✐) ✉)❡❞ ❛) /❡❢❡/❡♥❝❡ ❢♦/ "❤❡ ❢/✐❡♥❞) )❡❝✲

"✐♦♥ ♦❢ "❤❡ ♣/♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✼ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥"❡♥") ♦❢ ❤**♣#✿✴✴❜❛ ②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❢ ✐❡♥❞#✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✽ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ❝♦♥"❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧♦❣ ♣♦)"✱ ❡①♣/❡))❡❞

✉)✐♥❣ ❙■❖❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✾ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ❡①"❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐"❤ ❉❖❆N ✐♥❢♦/♠❛"✐♦♥✳ ✷✻

✶✵ ❚❤❡ ❙✉❜❥❡❝" ❆❧"❡/♥❛"✐✈❡ ◆❛♠❡ ❡①"❡♥)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❳✳✺✵✾ ❝❡/"✐✜❝❛"❡✳ ✷✽

✶✶ ❚✉/"❧❡ /❡♣/❡)❡♥"❛"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ❝♦♥"❛✐♥✐♥❣ "❤❡

♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❡❧❡♠❡♥") ❝♦//❡)♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ "♦ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡/"✐✜❝❛"❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✶✷ ❘❡♣/❡)❡♥"❛"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ "②♣✐❝❛❧ ❙N❆❘◗▲ ❆❙❑ ;✉❡/②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✶✸ ❈♦♠♣❧❡"❡ ❙N❆❘◗▲ ❆❙❑ ;✉❡/②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✶✹ ❆ )✉❝❝❡))❢✉❧ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛"❡❞ ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ /❡❞✐/❡❝" ❯❘▲✳ ✸✽

✶✺ ❚❤❡ ❝❡ *✿#❡❝ ❡*❛ ② /❡❧❛"✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛ )❡❝/❡"❛/② "♦ ❇❛//②✬) ♣/♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✹✵

✶✻ N❡/❢♦/♠✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❍❚❚N ●❊❚ "♦ /❡;✉❡)" ❛ /❡)♦✉/❝❡ ❛) ❛ )❡❝/❡"❛/②

✇♦/❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ✉)❡/ ❇❛//②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✶✼ ❆ )✐♠♣❧❡ ❆❈▲ ♠❡"❛❞❛"❛ ✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✶✽ ❆ "②♣✐❝❛❧ ❆■❘ ❘✉❧❡❙❡"✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

✶✾ ❈♦♥"❡♥") ♦❢ ❛ ✳❤"❛❝❝❡)) ✜❧❡ ❢♦/ ✉)❡/ ♣/♦✜❧❡)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✷✵ ❘❉❋ )♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧ ♣❛❣✐♥❛"✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵

✷✶ ❈/❡❛"✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❡"❛✜❧❡ ❢♦/ "❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ✴♣ ✐✈❛*❡✴♣ ♦*❡❝*❡❞✳**❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾

✷✷ ▲✐)" ♦❢ ♣❡/♠✐))✐♦♥) /❡;✉✐/❡❞ ❜② "❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♠②7❤♦*♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

✷✸ ❘❡"✉/♥✐♥❣ "❤❡ ❧✐)" ♦❢ ✉♣❞❛"❡❞ ♣❡/♠✐))✐♦♥)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶

✷✹ ❯♣❞❛"❡❞ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❢♦/ ❇❛//②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✷✺ ❲❡❜ )❡/✈❡/ ❝♦♥✜❣✉/❛"✐♦♥ ✜❧❡ ❢♦/ ▼②N/♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸

✷✻ ❲❡❜ )❡/✈❡/ ❝♦♥✜❣✉/❛"✐♦♥ ✜❧❡ ❢♦/ "❤❡ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ N❛/"②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹

✷✼ ❆✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♥❣ ✇✐"❤ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛"❡❞❆✉"❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺

✐①

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x LIST OF EXAMPLES

Page 20: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"

✶✳✶ ✬❊✈❡&②✇❤❡&❡ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇❤❡&❡✬✱ ❛♥ ✐❧❧✉23&❛3✐♦♥ ❜② ❉❛✈✐❞ ❙✐♠♦♥❞2✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ✷

✶✳✷ ❆ ❣&❛♣❤ &❡♣&❡2❡♥3❛3✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇❛&&②✬2 ♣&♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻

✷✳✶ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝3 ✭❜❛2❡❞ ♦♥ ❖❆✉3❤ ✷✳✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✷✳✷ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ L❡&2♦♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✷✳✸ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❆✉3❤❡♥3✐❝❛3✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✷✳✹ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥3 ♦❢ 3❤❡ ❙❆▼▲ ✷✳✵ ❲❡❜ ❇&♦✇2❡& ❙❙❖ ♣&♦✜❧❡✱

✉2✐♥❣ 3❤❡ ❍❚❚L L❖❙❚ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✷✳✺ ❚❤❡ &❡❧❛3✐♦♥ ❜❡3✇❡❡♥ 3❤❡ ✉2❡& ✭❚✐♠ ❇❡&♥❡&2✲▲❡❡✮✱ 3❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉

❯❘■ ✭❤33♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦&❣✴L❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡&♥❡&2✲▲❡❡✴❝❛&❞★✐✮ ❛♥❞ 3❤❡

♣&♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥3 ✭❤33♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦&❣✴L❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡&♥❡&2✲▲❡❡✴❝❛&❞✮✳ ✷✶

✷✳✻ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉3❤❡♥3✐❝❛3✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✷✳✼ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛3❡❞ ❛✉3❤❡♥3✐❝❛3✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✸✳✶ ❆■❘ &✉❧❡ ♦♥3♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛2 ♣&❡2❡♥3❡❞ ✐♥ ●❛"♣✐♥❣ ❢♦) ❆■❘ ❲❤② ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞

▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❘✉❧❡" ❛♥❞ ❏✉"8✐✜❝❛8✐♦♥" ♦♥ 8❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥8✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❬✹✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❆■❘ ❥✉23✐✜❝❛3✐♦♥ ♦♥3♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛2 ♣&❡2❡♥3❡❞ ✐♥ ●❛"♣✐♥❣ ❢♦) ❆■❘

❲❤② ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❘✉❧❡" ❛♥❞ ❏✉"8✐✜❝❛8✐♦♥" ♦♥ 8❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥8✐❝

❲❡❜ ❬✹✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❙✹❆❈ ♦♥3♦❧♦❣②✳ ❉❛2❤❡❞ ❧✐♥❡2 ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥3♦✉&2 ❛&❡ ✉2❡❞ 3♦ &❡♣✲

&❡2❡♥3 ❡①3❡&♥❛❧ ❝❧❛22❡2✱ ♣&♦♣❡&3✐❡2 ❛♥❞ &❡❧❛3✐♦♥2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

✸✳✹ ❖✉& &❡♣&❡2❡♥3❛3✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥3❡①3✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ♣&♦①✐♠✐3② ❧❡✈❡❧2✱ ❜❛2❡❞ ♦♥

❍❛❧❧✬2 ❝♦♥❝❡♣3 ♦❢ ♣❡&2♦♥❛❧ 2♣❛❝❡2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹

✸✳✺ ❆&❝❤✐3❡❝3✉&❡ ♦❢ ♦✉& 2♦❝✐❛❧ ❛❝❝❡22 ❝♦♥3&♦❧ 2❡&✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✸✳✻ ●&❛♣❤ ❝♦♥3❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥3❡①32 ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❇❛&&②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✸✳✼ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❣&❛♣❤ ❢♦& 3❤❡ ❝♦♥3❡①3 ★❢)✐❡♥❞" ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✸✳✽ ❈♦♥3❡①3 ♠❛3❝❤✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦&✐3❤♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✸✳✾ ❘▼✬2 ❞❡❝✐2✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣&♦❝❡22✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

✸✳✶✵ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥3❡&❛❝3✐♦♥ ❜❡3✇❡❡♥ ❇❛&&② ❛♥❞ ❆♥♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹

✹✳✶ ❘❡♥❞❡&✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ♣&♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

✹✳✷ ▼②L&♦✜❧❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✇❛❧❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵

✹✳✸ ●❡♥❡&❛3✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛✐&✐♥❣ L■◆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷

✹✳✹ ❙3❛3✐❝ ❆❝❝❡22 ❈♦♥3&♦❧ ✐❝♦♥2 ❞✐2♣❧❛②❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ❛ ♣&♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺

✹✳✺ ❚❤❡ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ 2❡&✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼

✹✳✻ ❆❈▲ ✉2❡& ✐♥3❡&❢❛❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽

①✐

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xii LIST OF FIGURES

✺✳✶ ▲❛ %❡❧❛(✐♦♥ ❡♥(%❡ ❧❛ ♣❡%-♦♥♥❡ ✭❚✐♠ ❇❡%♥❡%-✲▲❡❡✮✱ ❧❡ ❲❡✲

❜■❉ ✭❤((♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴?❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡%♥❡%-✲▲❡❡✴❝❛%❞★✐✮ ❡( ❧❡ ❞♦❝✲

✉♠❡♥( ❞❡ ♣%♦✜❧ ✭❤((♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴?❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡%♥❡%-✲▲❡❡✴❝❛%❞✮✳ ✳ ✾✽

✺✳✷ ▲❡ ✢✉① ❞✬❛✉(❤❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵

✺✳✸ ▲❡ ✢✉① ❞✬❛✉(❤❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞M❧M❣✉M❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶

✺✳✹ ▲✬❛%❝❤✐(❡❝(✉%❡ ❞❡ ♥♦(%❡ -❡%✈✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥(%P❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝Q- -♦❝✐❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹

✺✳✺ ❆❧❣♦%✐(❤♠❡ ❞✬❛♣♣❛%✐❡♠❡♥( ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

✺✳✻ ▲❡ ♣%♦❝❡--✉- ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣%✐-❡ ❞❡ ❞M❝✐-✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❘▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻

Page 22: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

❈❤❛♣$❡& ✶

■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

✶✳✶ "#♦❜❧❡♠ )*❛*❡♠❡♥* ❛♥❞ ♠♦*✐✈❛*✐♦♥

❖✈❡# $❤❡ ♣❛($ ❞❡❝❛❞❡✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✇✐$♥❡((❡❞ ❛ ❞#❛♠❛$✐❝ ✐♥❝#❡❛(❡ ✐♥ $❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡# ♦❢

(♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥(✳ ❚❤❡(❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥( ❝♦♠❡ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡#❡♥$ ❢♦#♠( ❛♥❞ ♦✛❡#

❞✐✛❡#❡♥$ (❡#✈✐❝❡( (✉❝❤ ❛( (♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡$✇♦#❦(✱ ❝♦♥$❡♥$ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥$ (②($❡♠( ✭❈▼❙✮✱

(♦❢$✇❛#❡ ❢♦#❣❡(✱ ❜✉❣ $#❛❝❦❡#(✱ ❜❧♦❣❣✐♥❣ $♦♦❧(✱ ♦# ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦#❛$✐♦♥ (❡#✈✐❝❡( ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡#❛❧✳

❙✐♥❝❡ $❤❡ ❧❛✉♥❝❤ ♦❢ $❤❡ ✜#($ ❧❛#❣❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡$✇♦#❦✐♥❣ ✇❡❜(✐$❡ ✐♥ ✶✾✾✼ ❬✷✾❪✱

$❤❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❤❛( (❡❡♥ ❛ (✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥$ ✐♥❝#❡❛(❡ ✐♥ ✐$( (✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ✉(❛❣❡✳ ❘❛$❤❡#

$❤❛♥ (✐♠♣❧② ❝♦♥(✉♠✐♥❣ ✇❡❜(✐$❡(✱ ✉(❡#( ❜❡❣❛♥ $♦ ❣❡♥❡#❛$❡ $❤❡✐# ♦✇♥ ❝♦♥$❡♥$

$❤#♦✉❣❤ ❜❧♦❣❣✐♥❣ $♦♦❧( ❛♥❞ (♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡$✇♦#❦(✱ ♠❛#❦✐♥❣ $❤❡ ($❛#$ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵ ❛♥❞

$❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥$✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❬✶✷❪✳ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜(✐$❡( ❤❛✈❡ #❡(♣♦♥❞❡❞ $♦ $❤✐( ♥❡✇ $#❡♥❞ ❜②

♣#♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✉(❡#( ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐$② $♦ ❝#❡❛$❡ $❤❡✐# ♦✇♥ ♣❡#(♦♥❛❧ ♣#♦✜❧❡ ✇❤❡#❡ $❤❡②

❝♦✉❧❞ ❧✐($ ❢#✐❡♥❞(✱ ♣♦($ ♣❤♦$♦(✱ ($❛$✉( ✉♣❞❛$❡( ❛♥❞ ♠♦#❡✳ ▲❛$❡#✱ (♦♠❡ ♦❢ $❤❡(❡

✇❡❜(✐$❡( ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧(♦ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡❞ ♣❧✉❣✲✐♥( $❤❛$ ✇❡#❡ ✉(❡❞ $♦ ✐♥$❡❣#❛$❡ (♦♠❡ ♦❢ $❤❡✐#

(♦❝✐❛❧ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥❛❧✐$✐❡( ♦♥ ♦$❤❡# $❤✐#❞✲♣❛#$② ✇❡❜(✐$❡(✳ ❇✉$ ✇❤❛$ ❡①❛❝$❧② ✐( ❛ (♦❝✐❛❧

✇❡❜(✐$❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛$ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥❛❧✐$✐❡( ❞♦ $❤❡(❡ ✇❡❜(✐$❡( ♦✛❡# $♦ ✉(❡#(❄ ■( $❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐$②

$♦ ❢♦#♠ ❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝$✐♦♥ ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ ✉(❡#( ❡♥♦✉❣❤ $♦ ❝♦♥(✐❞❡# ❛ ✇❡❜(✐$❡ $♦ ❜❡ ❛ ♣❛#$

♦❢ $❤❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❡①♣❡❝$ $❤❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ $♦ ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ✐♥ $❤❡ ❢✉$✉#❡❄

■♥ $❤✐( $❤❡(✐( ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❛♥❛❧②(❡ ❛♥❞ ♣#♦♣♦(❡ ♠❡❛♥( $♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ❞❛$❛ ♦✇♥❡#(❤✐♣

❛♥❞ ✐♥$❡#♦♣❡#❛❜✐❧✐$② ❢♦# ❞❡❝❡♥$#❛❧✐③❡❞ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥(✱ ✇✐$❤ #❡(♣❡❝$ $♦

♣#✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥$#♦❧✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ $❤❡ ✉(❡#✬( ❞❛$❛ ❛#❡ (✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦#$❛♥$ ❛((❡$

♦❢ $❤❡ ❝✉##❡♥$ ❜✉(✐♥❡(( ♠♦❞❡❧( ❢♦# ♠♦($ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜(✐$❡(✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡( ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦

✐♥❝❡♥$✐✈❡ $♦ (❤❛#❡ ❞❛$❛ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦$❤❡# ♦# $♦ ♦✛❡# ✉(❡#( #❡❛❧ ♦✇♥❡#(❤✐♣ ♦❢

$❤❡✐# ♦✇♥ ❞❛$❛ ✐♥ $❡#♠( ♦❢ ❝♦♥$#♦❧ ❛♥❞ $#❛♥(♣❛#❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❞❛$❛ ✉(❛❣❡✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡

❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ $❤❡#❡❢♦#❡ $❤❛$ ✐$ ✐( ✐♠♣♦#$❛♥$ $♦ ✐♠♣#♦✈❡ $❤❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ✐♥ (✉❝❤ ❛

✇❛② $❤❛$ ✐$ ❛❧❧♦✇( ❢♦# ✈✐❛❜❧❡ ❜✉(✐♥❡(( ♠♦❞❡❧( ✇❤✐❧❡ ($✐❧❧ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ $♦ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡

✐♥❝#❡❛(❡❞ ❞❛$❛ ♦✇♥❡#(❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ❞❛$❛ ✐♥$❡#♦♣❡#❛❜✐❧✐$② ❝♦♠♣❛#❡❞ $♦ $❤❡ ❝✉##❡♥$

(✐$✉❛$✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ (❡❝$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ ✐♥$#♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥ ♦✉$❧✐♥❡( $❤❡ #❡❛(♦♥( ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ♠♦$✐✲

✈❛$✐♦♥ $❤❛$ ❤❛( ❞#✐✈❡♥ ✉( $♦ ♣✉#(✉❡ $❤✐( $❤❡(✐(✳ ❚❤❡ ✜#($ $♦♣✐❝ ❞✐(❝✉((❡( $❤❡ ❧❛❝❦

♦❢ ❝♦♥$#♦❧ ♦✈❡# ✉(❡#(✬ ❞❛$❛✳ ❚❤❡ (❡❝♦♥❞ $♦♣✐❝ ❝♦✈❡#( ✐❞❡♥$✐$②✱ ❛( ❛ ❦❡② ❢❛❝$♦# ❢♦#

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2 1. INTRODUCTION

❤❡ ❞❡❝❡♥ &❛❧✐③❡❞ +♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❤❡ ❤✐&❞ ♦♣✐❝ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥ &♦❞✉❝ ✐♦♥ ♦

❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❡&♦♣❡&❛❜✐❧✐ ② ♦♥ ❤❡ ❲❡❜✳

✶✳✶✳✶ ❉❛$❛ %✐❧♦%✱ ❧♦%✐♥❣ ❝♦♥$-♦❧ ♦✈❡- ♦✉- ❞❛$❛

❆ ❝✉&&❡♥ ♣&❛❝ ✐❝❡ +♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♦ ♠♦+ ❲❡❜ +❡&✈✐❝❡+ ✐+ ♦ ❝❡♥ &❛❧✐③❡ ✉+❡& &❡+♦✉&❝❡+✱

❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❤❡ +♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✧❞❛ ❛ +✐❧♦+✧✳ ❖❢ ❡♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❛❞❤❡&✐♥❣ ♦ ♣❛& ✐❝✉❧❛& +❡&✈✐❝❡+

✇❡ ✉+✉❛❧❧② ❡♥❞ ✉♣ ❝&❡❛ ✐♥❣ ❞❡❞✐❝❛ ❡❞ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ +✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐❡+ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♠✐ + ✉+

♦ ❛ ♣❛& ✐❝✉❧❛& +❡&✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞✴♦& &❡+♦✉&❝❡✳ ❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✳✶ ❛♣ ❧② ✐❧❧✉+ &❛ ❡+ ❤✐+ ❛+♣❡❝ ✱

❞❡♣✐❝ ✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✬+ ❢&❡❡❞♦♠ ✇✐ ❤✐♥ ❛ ♣❛& ✐❝✉❧❛& +♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡ ✇♦&❦✐♥❣ +✐ ❡ ✐+

❧✐♠✐ ❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ♦ ✧❥✉♠♣ ♦✉ ♦❢ ❤❡ ✇❛❧❧❡❞ ❣❛&❞❡♥+✧ ♦ ✐♥ ❡&❛❝

✇✐ ❤ ✧♦ ❤❡&✧ +♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡ ✇♦&❦✐♥❣ +✐ ❡+✱ +✉❝❤ ❛+ ♦ +❤❛&❡ ❤❡✐& ❞❛ ❛ ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡✐& ❢&✐❡♥❞+

✇❤♦ ♠❛② ❜❡ ♠❡♠❜❡&+ ♦❢ ♦ ❤❡& +♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡ ✇♦&❦✐♥❣ +✐ ❡+✳ ❋✉& ❤❡&♠♦&❡✱ ✉+❡&+ ❤❛✈❡

♥♦ ❝♦♥ &♦❧ ♦✈❡& ❤♦✇ ❤❡✐& ♣❡&+♦♥❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ ❞❛ ❛ ❛&❡ ✉+❡❞ ❜② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥+✱ ❛+

✐ ✐+ ❤❡ ❝❛+❡ ❢♦& ♣&✐✈❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❛ ❤❛ ✐+ ♦❢ ❡♥ +❡♥ ♦ ❤✐&❞ ♣❛& ② ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡+ ❢♦&

❛❞✈❡& ✐+✐♥❣ ♣✉&♣♦+❡+✳

❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✳✶✿ ✬❊✈❡&②✇❤❡&❡ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇❤❡&❡✬✱ ❛♥ ✐❧❧✉+ &❛ ✐♦♥ ❜② ❉❛✈✐❞ ❙✐♠♦♥❞+✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❖♥❡ ♠❛② ❛&❣✉❡ ❤❛ ❜❡ ❡& ♣&✐✈❛❝② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡+ ♠❛② &❡❞✉❝❡ ❤❡ &✐+❦ ♦❢ ❡①✲

♣♦+✉&❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡&✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ ✉+❡&+ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ♦ ♣&♦ ❡❝ ❤❡✐& ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❞❛ ❛ ❤&♦✉❣❤

&✐❣♦&♦✉+ ♣&✐✈❛❝② +❡ ✐♥❣+✱ ♦& ❡✈❡♥ &❡♠♦✈❡ ❤❡✐& ❛❝❝♦✉♥ +✱ ❤❡&❡ ✐+ ♥♦ ❣✉❛&✲

❛♥ ❡❡ ❤❛ ❤❡ ♣&♦❝❡++ ✐+ ✐♥+ ❛♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦&❡ ✐♠♣♦& ❛♥ ❧②✱ ♣❡&♠❛♥❡♥ ✳ ❚❤✐+ ✐+

♠❛✐♥❧② ❞✉❡ ♦ ❤❡ ❢❛❝ ❤❛ ❝♦✉♥ &✐❡+ ❤❛✈❡ ♣❛++❡❞ ❧❛✇+ ❢♦&❝✐♥❣ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ +❡&✈✐❝❡+ ♦

+ ♦&❡ ✉+❡& ❞❛ ❛ ❢♦& +❡✈❡&❛❧ ♠♦♥ ❤+ ✉♣ ♦ ♦♥❡ ②❡❛& ♦& ❛♥ ✉♥❧✐♠✐ ❡❞ ♣❡&✐♦❞ ♦❢ ✐♠❡✳

❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡+ ❛ ❡♠♣ ♦ ❥✉+ ✐❢② ❤❡ ♣&❛❝ ✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❛"❛ #✐❧♦# + ❛ ✐♥❣ ❤❛ ❤❡②

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡ ❡& ❝♦♥ &♦❧ ♦✈❡& ✉+❡& ❛❝ ✐♦♥+ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛❧❧❡❣❡❞❧② ♦✛❡&✐♥❣ ❜❡ ❡& +❡❝✉&✐ ②✳

❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❜✉+✐♥❡++❡+ + ❛♥❞ ♦ ❣❛✐♥ ❛ ❧♦ ❢&♦♠ ❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❤❡✐& ✉+❡&+ ✐♥ ♦&❞❡& ♦ ❜❡

❛❜❧❡ ♦ ✐♥❝&❡❛+❡ ❤❡✐& +❛❧❡+✱ ♦& ♦✛❡& ❛&❣❡ ❡❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐ ②✳ ■♥ ♠♦+ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❝❛+❡+✱ ❤❡②

Page 24: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MOTIVATION 3

♦✛❡# ✧❢#❡❡✧ &✐❣♥✲✉♣ ❢♦# -❤❡✐# &❡#✈✐❝❡& ❛♥❞ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇✐-❤ ♥✉♠❡#♦✉& ❛--#❛❝✲

-✐✈❡ ❢❡❛-✉#❡&✱ ❡♥❝♦✉#❛❣✐♥❣ -❤❡♠ -♦ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡ ❛❞❞✐-✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❡#&♦♥❛❧ ❞❛-❛✱ ❡✛❡❝-✐✈❡❧②

-✉#♥✐♥❣ -❤❡ ✉&❡#& ❢#♦♠ ❝✉&-♦♠❡#& ✐♥-♦ ♣#♦❞✉❝-& ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛#❡ ♦❢-❡♥ ✧&♦❧❞✧ -♦ -❤✐#❞

♣❛#-② ❛❞✈❡#-✐&✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡&✳ ❋♦# -❤✐& ♠❛--❡# ❛♥❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❞❡-#✐♠❡♥- ♦❢ ✉&❡#&✱ ♣#✐✲

✈❛❝② ✐& ♦❢-❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛& ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐-✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❡❛-✉#❡ ❛♥❞ ✐- ✐& ♥♦- ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥-❡❞ ❜② ❞❡&✐❣♥✳

❲❤✐❧❡ ✐- ✐& -#✉❡ -❤❛- &♦♠❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❥♦✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐-✐❡& ❛♥❞ ❞✐&❝❧♦&❡

♣❡#&♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦#♠❛-✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦#❞❡# -♦ ✜♥❞ ♥❡✇ ❢#✐❡♥❞& ✇❤♦ &❤❛#❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥-❡#❡&-&✱

♦-❤❡#& ✇♦✉❧❞ &✐♠♣❧② ✇❛♥- -♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♠♦#❡ ❝♦♥-#♦❧ ♦✈❡# -❤❡✐# ♣#✐✈❛❝②✳ ❚❤❡ &✐-✉❛-✐♦♥

✇♦#&❡♥& ✇❤❡♥ &♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡-✇♦#❦& ❢♦#❝❡ -❤❡ ✉&❡#& ✐♥-♦ ♣#♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ -❤❡✐# #❡❛❧ ♥❛♠❡&

✇✐-❤♦✉- ♣#❡&❡♥-✐♥❣ -❤❡♠ ✇✐-❤ ❛❧-❡#♥❛-✐✈❡&✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❝#❡❛-✐♥❣ ♠✉❧-✐♣❧❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-✐❡& ♦#

✉&✐♥❣ ♣&❡✉❞♦♥②♠&✳

❆ &♦❧✉-✐♦♥ -♦ -❤❡ &♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❞❛"❛ #✐❧♦# ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ -❤#♦✉❣❤ ❞❡❝❡♥-#❛❧✐③❛✲

-✐♦♥✱ ✇❤❡#❡ ✉&❡#& ❛#❡ ❢#❡❡ -♦ ❤♦&- -❤❡✐# ❞❛-❛ ✇❤❡#❡✈❡# -❤❡② ✇❛♥-✳ ■♥ -❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣

&❡❝-✐♦♥ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞✐&❝✉&& ❤♦✇ ❞❡❝❡♥-#❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② &②&-❡♠& ♣❧❛② ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦#-❛♥- #♦❧❡

✐♥ ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ -#✉❡ ❞❛-❛ ♦✇♥❡#&❤✐♣ ❢♦# ✉&❡#&✳

✶✳✶✳✷ ■❞❡♥'✐'②✱ ❛ ❦❡② ❢❛❝'♦0 ❢♦0 '❤❡ ❞❡❝❡♥'0❛❧✐③❡❞ 4♦❝✐❛❧

❲❡❜

❇❡❢♦#❡ ❞✐&❝✉&&✐♥❣ ❞❡❝❡♥-#❛❧✐③❡❞ &♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥&✱ ✇❡ ♠✉&- ✜#&- ❞❡✜♥❡ -❤❡

❝♦♥❝❡♣- ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥"✐"②✳ ❚❤❡ ✜#&- D✉❡&-✐♦♥ ✇❡ ❛&❦ ♦✉#&❡❧✈❡& ✐& #❡❧❛-❡❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❢♦#♠

❛♥❞ ♥❛-✉#❡ ♦❢ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-✐❡&✳ ❖❢-❡♥✱ ❛♥ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② &-❛#-& ✇✐-❤ ❛ ✉♥✐D✉❡

✐❞❡♥-✐✜❡# ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡#&♦♥ -♦ ❛ ✉&❡# ♣#♦✜❧❡ ❞❡&❝#✐❜✐♥❣ -❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② ♦❢ ❛

♣❡#&♦♥ ♠❛② ❛❧&♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ -❤❡ &✉♠ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥& ❛♥❞ ♣♦&-✐♥❣& -❤❛- ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥

❣❡♥❡#❛-❡❞ ❜② -❤❛- ♣❡#&♦♥✱ ❛& ✇❡❧❧ ❛& #❡❧❛-✐♦♥&❤✐♣& ❜❡-✇❡❡♥ -❤❡ ♣❡#&♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦-❤❡#

♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥-#✐❜✉-✐♥❣ -♦ -❤❡ ♦♥❡✬& #❡♣✉-❛-✐♦♥✳

❙✐♥❝❡ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-✐❡& ❛❧&♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐-❤ ♣❡#&♦♥❛❧ ❞❛-❛✱ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡# ♦❢ #✐&❦&

❛#❡ #❡❧❛-❡❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❡①♣♦&✉#❡ ♦❢ -❤❡&❡ ❞❛-❛ ❬✺✺❪✳ ❚❤❡#❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❝❝♦✉♥-& ♦❢

❡♠♣❧♦②❡#& ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝-✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦#♠❛-✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉- ♣♦-❡♥-✐❛❧ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡& ❢#♦♠

-❤❡✐# ❜❧♦❣& ❬✼✵❪ ❛♥❞ &♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡-✇♦#❦✐♥❣ &✐-❡& ❬✹✾❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ✉&❡❞ -❤✐& ✐♥❢♦#♠❛-✐♦♥

-♦ ❞✐&♠✐&& -❤❡♠ ♦# ❞❡♥② -❤❡♠ ❥♦❜&✳ ❆ #❡❝❡♥- &-✉❞② ❬✷✼❪ ♣❡#❢♦#♠❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛#

❝❛#❡❡# ❛♥❞ #❡&✉♠❡✲❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ✇❡❜&✐-❡ #❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ -❤❛- ✹✻✪ ♦❢ ❡①❡❝✉-✐✈❡& &❛② -❤❡②

❛#❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② -♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❤✐#✐♥❣ ❞❡❝✐&✐♦♥ ❜❛&❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♣#♦&♣❡❝-✐✈❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡✬& ♦♥❧✐♥❡

✐❞❡♥-✐-② ♦# ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ♣#♦✜❧❡✳ ❙♦ ❢❛#✱ -❤❡ ♠♦&- ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇♦#❦❛#♦✉♥❞ ❢♦# ♣❡♦♣❧❡

❤❛& ❜❡❡♥ -♦ #❡♣❧❛❝❡ #❡❛❧ ✐❞❡♥-✐-✐❡& ✇✐-❤ ♣&❡✉❞♦♥②♠&✳

■❞❡♥-✐-② ✐& ❡❛&✐❧② ♦♥❡ ♦❢ -❤❡ ♠♦&- ❞✐✣❝✉❧- #❡&❡❛#❝❤ ❛#❡❛& ♦♥ -❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ❛& ✐-

#❡D✉✐#❡& ❜♦-❤ ♣#❛❝-✐❝❛❧ &♦❧✉-✐♦♥& ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧-✐❞✐&❝✐♣❧✐♥❛#② #❡&❡❛#❝❤✳ ❲❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡

-❤❛- ✐❞❡♥-✐-② ✐♠♣❧✐❡& -♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ -♦ #❡❢❡# #❡❧✐❛❜❧② -♦ ❛♥②-❤✐♥❣✱ ❛❜&-#❛❝- ♦# #❡❛❧✱

❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡#❡♥- ❝♦♥-❡①-&✳ ■♥ ♦✉# ❞❛② -♦ ❞❛② ❧✐✈❡&✱ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ -❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣- ♦❢

♣❡#&♦♥❛❧ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② -♦ ❜❡ D✉✐-❡ &✐♠♣❧❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♦✉# ♥❛♠❡&✮✳ ❨❡- ♦♥ ❝❧♦&❡# ✐♥&♣❡❝-✐♦♥✱

✇❡ ✜♥❞ -❤❛- ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ -❤❡&❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣-& -♦ ❛ ❲❡❜ &❝❛❧❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡& D✉✐-❡ -#✐❝❦②✱ ❛&

✐& -❤❡ ❝❛&❡ ✇❤❡♥ ✇❡ -②♣❡ ♦✉# ♥❛♠❡ ✐♥-♦ ❛ &❡❛#❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ &❡❡ -❤❛- ✐- ♠❛②

#❡❢❡# -♦ ♠❛♥② ♦-❤❡# ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡#❡♥- ❝♦♥-❡①-&✳ ■- ❜❡❝♦♠❡& ❡✈❡♥ ✇♦#&❡ ✇❤❡♥

✐- ♠✐❣❤- #❡❢❡# -♦ ✉& ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥-❡①- -❤❛- ✇❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦- ✐♥-❡♥❞ -♦✳

Page 25: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

4 1. INTRODUCTION

❖♥❡ ✇❛② &♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐&❤ ✐❞❡♥&✐&② ✐, &♦ ❡,&❛❜❧✐,❤ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦♥✈❡♥&✐♦♥ &❤❛&

✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡, ♣❛3&✐❝✉❧❛3 &❤✐♥❣, ✐♥ ❛ ✉♥✐❢♦3♠ ♠❛♥♥❡3 &❤❛& ✐, ❡❛,✐❧② 3❡✉,❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✈❡3,❡

❝♦♥&❡①&,✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ &♦ &❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ✐& ❜❡❝♦♠❡, ♦❜✈✐♦✉, &❤❛& ✉,✐♥❣ ❍❚❚=

❯♥✐❢♦3♠ ❘❡,♦✉3❝❡ ■❞❡♥&✐✜❡3, ✭❯❘■,✮ ❛, ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡3, ✐, &❤❡ ♣3❡❢❡33❡❞ ❝❤♦✐❝❡✳

❚❤❡ ❦❡② ❛❞✈❛♥&❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❍❚❚= ❯❘■, ♦✈❡3 ❛♥② ♦&❤❡3 ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ ,❝❤❡♠❡ ✭❡✳❣✳

❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞3❡,,❡,✱ ✉♥✐D✉❡ ✉,❡3 ■❉,✱ ❡&❝✳✮ ✐, &❤❛& ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞❛&❛ ♣3✐♥❝✐♣❧❡, ,❛②

&❤❡,❡ ❯❘■, ,❤♦✉❧❞ 3❡&✉3♥ ❛ ✉,❡❢✉❧ ❞❡,❝3✐♣&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛& &❤❡ ❯❘■ ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡, ✇❤❡♥

❛❝❝❡,,❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❲❡❜ ❜3♦✇,❡3 ♦3 ❝♦♠♣✉&❡3 ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✉,✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❍❚❚= ♣3♦&♦❝♦❧✳

❚❤❡ ♣3♦❝❡,, ♦❢ ❡,&❛❜❧✐,❤✐♥❣ ♦♥❡✬, ✐❞❡♥&✐&② ❧❡❛❞, &♦ ✐❞❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐,

❛❧,♦ ❛ ❦❡② ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥& ♦❢ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ,❡3✈✐❝❡,✳ ❍❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡3,✐,&❡♥&

✐❞❡♥&✐&② ❛❝3♦,, ❞✐✛❡3❡♥& ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥, ✐, ✈❡3② ❞✐✣❝✉❧& &♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡✱ ,✐♥❝❡

&❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣& ♦❢ ❞❡❝❡♥$)❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ 3❡D✉✐3❡, ❛ ❝♦♥,✐❞❡3❛❜❧❡ ❡✛♦3& ❢3♦♠

❧❛3❣❡ ❡♥&✐&✐❡, ✐♥ &❡3♠, ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛&✐❜✐❧✐&②✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ♣♦✇❡3❢✉❧ &3✉,& 3❡❧❛&✐♦♥,❤✐♣,

❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ♣❛3&✐❡,✳ ▼❛♥② ,❡3✈✐❝❡, ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&❡ ✉,❡3, ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ✉,❡3 ♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞

♣❛,,✇♦3❞ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛&✐♦♥,✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ 3❡,✉❧&, ✐♥ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ &♦ 3❡♠❡♠❜❡3 ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ❛

❧♦& ♦❢ ❛❝❝♦✉♥&,✳ ■♥ &❤❛& 3❡,♣❡❝&✱ ❢❡❞❡3❛&❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥

,❡3✈✐❝❡, ❧✐❦❡ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❬✺✹❪✱ ❖❆✉&❤ ❬✷✷❪ ❛♥❞ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ =❡3,♦♥❛ ❬✻✽❪ ❤❛✈❡ ♣3♦✈❡♥ &♦

❜❡ D✉✐&❡ ✉,❡❢✉❧✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡3✱ ♦♥❝❡ &❤❡ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❤❛, ❜❡❡♥ ♣❡3❢♦3♠❡❞✱ ,♦♠❡

,❡3✈✐❝❡, ,&✐❧❧ 3❡D✉✐3❡ &❤❛& ✉,❡3, ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥&, ✐♥ ♦3❞❡3 &♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ♣3♦✜❧❡

❞❛&❛✳ ❚♦ &❤✐, 3❡❣❛3❞✱ ❲❡❜■❉✱ &❤❡ ✜3,& ♦❢ ♦✉3 ❝♦♥&3✐❜✉&✐♦♥,✱ ♣3♦✈✐❞❡, ❜♦&❤ ❛

❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥&✐&② ♣❧❛&❢♦3♠✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, &❤❡ ❜❛,✐, ❢♦3 ❛ ❞❡❝❡♣&✐✈❡❧② ,✐♠♣❧❡ ②❡&

,❡❝✉3❡ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐,♠ &❤3♦✉❣❤ &❤❡ ✉,❡ ♦❢ ❝3②♣&♦❣3❛♣❤②✱

✐♥ &❤❡ ❢♦3♠ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♣3❡,❡♥&❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❡&❛✐❧

✐♥ ❈❤❛♣&❡3 ✷✳

✶✳✶✳✸ ■♥%❡'♦♣❡'❛❜✐❧✐%② ❜❛/❡❞ ♦♥ %❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥%✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛♥❞

▲❉8

❆ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ♠✉,& ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ ✇♦3❦ ❛❝"♦$$ ❞✐✛❡"❡♥*

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥$✱ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡3❡♥& ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥, &♦ ✐♥&❡3❛❝& ✇✐&❤ ❡❛❝❤

♦&❤❡3 &❤3♦✉❣❤ &❤❡ ✉,❡ ♦❢ ❞❛&❛ ,❡♠❛♥&✐❝,✳ ■& ✐, ✐♠♣♦3&❛♥& &❤❛& ✉,❡3, ❜❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞

&♦ ❝❤♦♦,❡ ✇❤❡3❡ &♦ ,&♦3❡ &❤❡✐3 ❞❛&❛✱ ♠❛② &❤❛& ❜❡ ♦♥ ♣❡3,♦♥❛❧ ,❡3✈❡3, &❤❡② ♦✇♥

❛♥❞ ❦❡❡♣ ✐♥ &❤❡✐3 ❤♦♠❡,✱ ♦3 ❡♥&3✉,&✐♥❣ &❤❡✐3 ❞❛&❛ &♦ &❤❡✐3 ❢3✐❡♥❞, ♦3 ♣❡♦♣❧❡ &❤❡②

&3✉,&✳ ❯,❡3, ♠❛② ❡✈❡♥ &❛❦❡ ❛❞✈❛♥&❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♠②3✐❛❞ ♦❢ ❝❧♦✉❞ ,&♦3❛❣❡ ,❡3✈✐❝❡,

❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ &❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ &❤♦✉❣❤ ,&❡♣, ♠✉,& ❜❡ &❛❦❡♥ &♦ ❡♥,✉3❡ &❤❡ ♣3✐✈❛❝② ♦❢ &❤❡✐3

❞❛&❛✱ ✇✐&❤ 3❡,♣❡❝& &♦ &❤❡ ,❡3✈✐❝❡ ♣3♦✈✐❞❡3,✳

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❛✉,❡ ❢♦3 ✇❤✐❝❤ ,&♦3✐♥❣ ❞❛&❛ ✐♥ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ♠❛♥♥❡3 ✐, ✉♥♣♦♣✲

✉❧❛3✱ ✐, &❤❛& ♠❛❥♦3 ❲❡❜ ,❡3✈✐❝❡, ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ✐♥❝❡♥&✐✈❡ &♦ ,❤❛3❡ ❞❛&❛ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡❛❝❤

♦&❤❡3 ♦3 &♦ ❣✐✈❡ ✉,❡3, ♠♦3❡ ♦✇♥❡3,❤✐♣ &❤❛♥ ♥❡❝❡,,❛3② ❢♦3 &❤❡✐3 ♦✇♥ ❞❛&❛✳ ❊✈❡♥

&❤♦✉❣❤ ♠♦,& ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥, ♣3♦✈✐❞❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ =3♦❣3❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥&❡3❢❛❝❡, ✭❆=■,✮

✇❤✐❝❤ ❛3❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛&❡❞ &♦ ♣❡3❢♦3♠✐♥❣ ,♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✐♥&❡3♦♣❡3❛❜✐❧✐&② &❛,❦,✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡3, ❛3❡

,&✐❧❧ 3❡D✉✐3❡❞ &♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♣3✐♦3✐ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ &❤❡,❡ ❆=■, ❜❡❢♦3❡ ❛&&❡♠♣&✐♥❣ &♦

♣3♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥&❡3♦♣❡3❛❜✐❧✐&②✳ ❚♦ ♦✉3 ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ &❤❡3❡ ✐, ❝✉33❡♥&❧② ♥♦ ,&❛♥❞❛3❞✐③❡❞

❆=■ ❢♦3 ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥,✱ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❛& &❤❡ ❞✐,❝3❡&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐✲

❝❛&✐♦♥ &♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✐&, ♦✇♥ ❆=■✳ ❘❡❝❡♥&❧② ❤♦✇❡✈❡3✱ ❛ ,&❛♥❞❛3❞ ✐, ❜❡✐♥❣ ♣3♦♣♦,❡❞

❢♦3 ,✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❆=■ ✇✐&❤✐♥ &❤❡ ❲♦3❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥,♦3&✐✉♠ ✭❲✸❈✮✳ ■& 3❡❧✐❡, ♦♥

&❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥$✐❝ ❲❡❜✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ 3❡❢❡3, &♦ &❤❡ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ ❞❛&❛ ❬✶✷❪✱ ✐♥ ♦3❞❡3 &♦ ♦✛❡3 &3✉❡

✐♥&❡3♦♣❡3❛❜✐❧✐&②✳

Page 26: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MOTIVATION 5

❚❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜

❚❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ,❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♥,✐❞❡1❡❞ ✐♥ ,♦♠❡ ✇❛②, ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❛'❛❜❛,❡✱

♦1 ❜❡''❡1 ②❡' ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛'✐♦♥ ,♣❛❝❡✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ♠♦,' ♦❢ '❤❡ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛'✐♦♥ ♦♥ '❤❡

❲❡❜ ✐, ❞❡,✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦1 ❤✉♠❛♥ 1❡❛❞❡1,✱ '❤♦✉❣❤ ♦♥❧② ✉,❡❢✉❧ ❢♦1 ❤✉♠❛♥✲'♦✲❤✉♠❛♥

✐♥'❡1❛❝'✐♦♥✱ '❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✐♥'❡♥❞, '♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡, '♦ ♣❛1'✐❝✐♣❛'❡ ✐♥ '❤✐,

✐♥'❡1❛❝'✐♦♥ ❜② ♣1♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡, ❢♦1 ❡①♣1❡,,✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛'✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡

♣1♦❝❡,,❛❜❧❡ ❢♦1♠✳ ■♥ ♦'❤❡1 ✇♦1❞,✱ '❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ♦✛❡1, '❤❡ '♦♦❧, '♦ ❝♦♥✈❡②

'❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❞❛'❛ ,♦ '❤❛' ✐' ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡1,'♦♦❞ ❜② ❝♦♠♣✉'❡1, ❛♥❞ ♥♦'

♠✐,✐♥'❡1♣1❡'❡❞✳

❚❤❡ ♠♦,' ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♠❡❛♥, ✉,❡❞ ❜② '❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ '♦ ❞❡,❝1✐❜❡ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛'✐♦♥

❛1❡ '❤❡ ❘❡,♦✉1❝❡ ❉❡,❝1✐♣'✐♦♥ ❋1❛♠❡✇♦1❦ ✭❘❉❋✮ ❬✹✸❪ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❚✉1'❧❡ ❬✻❪ ,②♥'❛①✳

❲❤✐❧❡ ❘❉❋ ✐, ❜❛,❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ '❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ,'❛'❡♠❡♥', ❛❜♦✉' 1❡,♦✉1❝❡, ✭✐♥

♣❛1'✐❝✉❧❛1 ❲❡❜ 1❡,♦✉1❝❡,✮ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❢♦1♠ ♦❢ ,✉❜❥❡❝'✲♣1❡❞✐❝❛'❡✲♦❜❥❡❝' ❡①♣1❡,,✐♦♥,

✭❝❛❧❧❡❞ !✐♣❧❡&✮✱ '❤❡ ❚✉1'❧❡ ,②♥'❛① ✐, ✉'✐❧✐③❡❞ '♦ ❡①♣1❡,, ❞❛'❛ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❘❉❋ ❞❛'❛

♠♦❞❡❧✳

❆ '②♣✐❝❛❧ '1✐♣❧❡ ✐, ♣1❡,❡♥'❡❞ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✱ ✇❤❡1❡ '❤❡ ,✉❜❥❡❝' ✐, ❁❃ ✭✇❤✐❝❤

1❡❢❡1, '♦ '❤❡ ❝✉11❡♥' ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥'✮✱ '❤❡ ♣1❡❞✐❝❛'❡ ✐, ❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡) ✇❤✐❧❡ '❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝'

❜❡✐♥❣ ❤++♣-✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡✳ ❆❧❧ ,'❛'❡♠❡♥', ❛1❡ ❝♦♥'❛✐♥❡❞

✇✐'❤✐♥ '❤❡ ,❛♠❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥'✱ 1❡,✐❞✐♥❣ ❛' ❤++♣-✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦❢✐❧❡✱ ❛♥❞

❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛, ♣!✐♠❛!②❚♦♣✐❝ '❤❡ ✐♥♥❡1 1❡❢❡1❡♥❝❡ ★♠❡ ♣♦✐♥'✐♥❣ '♦ ❛ -❡!&♦♥✱ ♥❛♠❡❧②

❇❛11②✳ ❆ ✈✐,✉❛❧ 1❡♣1❡,❡♥'❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ,❛♠❡ '1✐♣❧❡, ✐, ♣1♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛, ❛ ❣1❛♣❤ ✐♥

❋✐❣✉1❡ ✶✳✷✳

❅♣)❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤++♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥-✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳

❁❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿;❡)-♦♥❛❧;)♦❢✐❧❡❉♦❝✉♠❡♥+ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡) ❁❤++♣-✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♣)✐♠❛)②❚♦♣✐❝ ❁❤++♣-✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃ ✳

❁★♠❡❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿;❡)-♦♥ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✧❇❛))②✧ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇- ❁❤++♣-✿✴✴❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❡❞✉✴♣✴❆♥♥★▼❙❝❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿✇❡❜❧♦❣ ❁❤++♣✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❜❧♦❣❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✿ ❆ '②♣✐❝❛❧ ,✉❜❥❡❝'✲♣1❡❞✐❝❛'❡✲♦❜❥❡❝' 1❡❧❛'✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❚✉1'❧❡✳

❚❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❢❛❝✐❧✐'❛'❡, ❝1♦,,✲❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥, ❛♥❞ ,❡1✈✐❝❡,✱

'❤❛♥❦, '♦ ❞❛'❛ ❜❡✐♥❣ ,'1✉❝'✉1❡❞ ✐♥'♦ ♦♥'♦❧♦❣✐❡, ❛♥❞ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛1✐❡,✳ ❆♥ ♦♥'♦❧♦❣②

❢♦1♠❛❧❧② 1❡♣1❡,❡♥', ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛, ❛ ,❡' ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡♣', ✇✐'❤✐♥ ❛ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ '❤❡

1❡❧❛'✐♦♥,❤✐♣, ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ '❤♦,❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣',✳ ❱♦❝❛❜✉❧❛1✐❡, ❛1❡ ❛ ❧❡,, ❢♦1♠❛❧ ✇❛② ♦❢

❡①♣1❡,,✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❡♣', ♦1 ❡♥'✐'✐❡, ❛♥❞ '❤❡ 1❡❧❛'✐♦♥, ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ '❤❡♠✳ ❆ '②♣✐❝❛❧ ❝❛,❡

♦❢ ❛ ❧❛1❣❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞❛'❛ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥ ✐, ❉❇R❡❞✐❛

✱ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ❡,,❡♥'✐❛❧❧②✱ ♠❛❦❡, '❤❡

❝♦♥'❡♥' ♦❢ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❘❉❋✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣♦1'❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉❇R❡❞✐❛ ✐, ♥♦' ♦♥❧②

'❤❛' ✐' ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡, ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❞❛'❛✱ ❜✉' ❛❧,♦ '❤❛' ✐' ✐♥❝♦1♣♦1❛'❡, ❧✐♥❦, '♦ ♦'❤❡1

❤!!♣✿✴✴❞❜♣❡❞✐❛✳♦,❣

Page 27: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

6 1. INTRODUCTION

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❋✐❣✉$❡ ✶✳✷✿ ❆ ❣$❛♣❤ $❡♣$❡.❡♥0❛0✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇❛$$②✬. ♣$♦✜❧❡✳

❞❛0❛.❡0. ♦♥ 0❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ 0♦ ●❡♦♥❛♠❡.

✳ ❇② ♣$♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❡①0$❛ ❧✐♥❦. ❡①♣$❡..❡❞

❛. ❘❉❋ 0$✐♣❧❡.✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛0✐♦♥. ❛$❡ ❛❜❧❡ 0♦ ❡①♣❧♦✐0 0❤❡ .❡♠❛♥0✐❝. ♦❢ ❞❛0❛ ❛♥❞ ❣❛✐♥

❛❞❞✐0✐♦♥❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❢$♦♠ ♦0❤❡$ ❞❛0❛.❡0.✳ ❈♦♥✈❡$.❡❧②✱ ❜② ✈✐$0✉❡ ♦❢ ✐♥0❡❣$❛0✐♥❣

❢❛❝0. ❢$♦♠ .❡✈❡$❛❧ ❞❛0❛.❡0.✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛0✐♦♥. ❛$❡ ♥♦✇ ❛❜❧❡ 0♦ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❜❡00❡$ ✉.❡$

❡①♣❡$✐❡♥❝❡✳

❚❤❡ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛*❛ +❧❛*❢♦/♠

❚❤❡ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛*❛ +❧❛*❢♦/♠ ✭▲❉I✮ ❬✻✼❪ ✐. ❝♦♥.✐❞❡$❡❞ 0♦ ❜❡ 0❤❡ ✜$.0 ❛00❡♠♣0

❛0 ♣$♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❛ .0❛♥❞❛$❞✐③❡❞ ❆I■ ❢♦$ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛0✐♦♥.✳ ❊..❡♥0✐❛❧❧②✱ ✐0 ✐. ❛ .❡0

♦❢ ❜❡.0 ♣$❛❝0✐❝❡. ❢♦$ ❛ $❡❛❞✲✇$✐0❡ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛0❛ ❛$❝❤✐0❡❝0✉$❡✱ ❜❛.❡❞ ♦♥ ❍❚❚I

❛❝❝❡.. 0♦ ❲❡❜ $❡.♦✉$❝❡. 0❤❛0 ❞❡.❝$✐❜❡ 0❤❡✐$ .0❛0❡ ✉.✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ❘❉❋ ❞❛0❛ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ■0

❞❡.❝$✐❜❡. 0❤❡ ✉.❡ ♦❢ ❍❚❚I ✈❡$❜. ❢♦$ ❢❡0❝❤✐♥❣ ✭●❊❚✮✱ ✉♣❞❛0✐♥❣ ✭I❖❙❚✴I❆❚❈❍✮✱

❝$❡❛0✐♥❣ ✭I❯❚✮ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❡0✐♥❣ ✭❉❊▲❊❚❊✮ $❡.♦✉$❝❡. ❢$♦♠ .❡$✈❡$. 0❤❛0 ❡①♣♦.❡ 0❤❡✐$

$❡.♦✉$❝❡. ❛. ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛0❛✳ ■0 ♣$♦✈✐❞❡. .❡✈❡$❛❧ $✉❧❡. ❛. ✇❡❧❧ ❛. ❝❧❛$✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥. ❛♥❞

❡①0❡♥.✐♦♥. ♦❢ 0❤❡ ❢♦✉$ $✉❧❡. ♦❢ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛0❛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛$❡ 0❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿

✶✳ ❯.❡ ❯❘■. ❛. ♥❛♠❡. ❢♦$ ❡♥0✐0✐❡.❀

✷✳ ❯.❡ ❍❚❚I ❯❘■. .♦ 0❤❛0 ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❧♦♦❦ ✉♣ 0❤♦.❡ ♥❛♠❡.❀

✸✳ ❲❤❡♥ .♦♠❡♦♥❡ ❧♦♦❦. ✉♣ ❛ ❯❘■✱ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡ ✉.❡❢✉❧ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛0✐♦♥✱ ✉.✐♥❣ ❡①✐.0✐♥❣

.0❛♥❞❛$❞. ✭❡✳❣✳ ❘❉❋✱ ❙I❆❘◗▲✮❀

✹✳ ■♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❧✐♥❦. 0♦ ♦0❤❡$ ❯❘■. .♦ 0❤❛0 ♠♦$❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛0✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐.❝♦✈❡$❡❞✳

❆❞♦♣0✐♥❣ ▲❉I ✐. ✐♠♣♦$0❛♥0 .✐♥❝❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡$. ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡$ ❤❛✈❡ 0♦ $❡❞❡✜♥❡

❆I■. ❡✈❡$② 0✐♠❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❙❡♠❛♥0✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛0✐♦♥ ✐. ❝$❡❛0❡❞✳

▲❉I ❢♦❝✉.❡. ♦♥ 0✇♦ ✐♠♣♦$0❛♥0 ❝♦♥❝❡♣0.✱ /❡1♦✉/❝❡1 ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥*❛✐♥❡/1✳

▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛*❛ +❧❛*❢♦/♠ ❘❡1♦✉/❝❡1 ✭▲❉I❘.✮ ❛$❡ ❍❚❚I $❡.♦✉$❝❡. 0❤❛0

❝♦♠♣❧② 0♦ 0❤❡ .✐♠♣❧❡ ♣❛00❡$♥. ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡♥0✐♦♥. ✐♥ 0❤✐. .❡❝0✐♦♥✳ ❍❚❚I $❡\✉❡.0.

❤!!♣✿✴✴❣❡♦♥❛♠❡+✳♦-❣

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1.2. MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS 7

♦ ❛❝❝❡%%✱ ♠♦❞✐❢②✱ ❝,❡❛ ❡ ♦, ❞❡❧❡ ❡ ▲❉0❘% ❛,❡ ❛❝❝❡♣ ❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣,♦❝❡%%❡❞ ❜② ▲❉0❘

%❡,✈❡,%✳ ▼♦% ▲❉0❘% ❛,❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✲%♣❡❝✐✜❝ ,❡%♦✉,❝❡% ❤❛ ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥ ❞❛ ❛ ❢♦, ❛♥

❡♥ ✐ ② ✐♥ %♦♠❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♠❡,❝✐❛❧✱ ❣♦✈❡,♥♠❡♥ ❛❧✱ %❝✐❡♥ ✐✜❝✱

,❡❧✐❣✐♦✉%✱ ♦, ♦ ❤❡,✳

▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛(❛ )❧❛(❢♦-♠ ❈♦♥(❛✐♥❡-0 ✭▲❉0❈%✮ ❛,❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝ ✐♦♥% ♦❢ ▲❉0❘%✱

%✐♠✐❧❛, ♦ ❤♦✇ ❜❧♦❣ ♣♦% % ❛,❡ ❣,♦✉♣❡❞ ✐♥ ♦ ❜❧♦❣%✱ ✇✐❦✐ ♣❛❣❡% ❛,❡ ❣,♦✉♣❡❞

✐♥ ♦ ✇✐❦✐%✱ ❛♥❞ ♣,♦❞✉❝ % ❛,❡ ❣,♦✉♣❡❞ ✐♥ ♦ ❝❛ ❛❧♦❣✉❡%✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷ ❞❡%❝,✐❜❡% ❛

❝♦♥ ❛✐♥❡, ❛♥❞ ✐ % ,❡%♦✉,❝❡%✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❞❝)❡"♠+✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴♣✉"❧✳♦"❣✴❞❝✴)❡"♠+✴❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① "❞❢+✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴✷✵✵✵✴✵✶✴"❞❢✲+❝❤❡♠❛★❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❧❞♣✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴♥+✴❧❞♣★❃ ✳

❁❃ ❛ ❧❞♣✿❈♦♥)❛✐♥❡"❀

❞❝)❡"♠+✿)✐)❧❡ ✧❆ ✈❡"② +✐♠♣❧❡ ❝♦♥)❛✐♥❡"✧ ❀

"❞❢+✿♠❡♠❜❡" ❁♠❡♠❜❡"✶❃✱ ❁♠❡♠❜❡"✷❃✱ ❁♠❡♠❜❡"✸❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✿ ❆ %✐♠♣❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥❡, ,❡♣,❡%❡♥ ❡❞ ✐♥ ❚✉, ❧❡✳

■♥ ❤❡ ♥❡① %❡❝ ✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❜,✐❡✢② ♣,❡%❡♥ ❤❡ ❧✐% ♦❢ ♦✉, ❝♦♥ ,✐❜✉ ✐♦♥%✱ ✇✐ ❤ ❛♥

✐♥✲❞❡♣ ❤ ❞✐%❝✉%%✐♦♥ ♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❤❡ ♥❡① ❝❤❛♣ ❡,%✳

✶✳✷ ▼❛✐♥ ❝♦♥)*✐❜✉)✐♦♥-

✶✳✷✳✶ ❲❡❜■❉

❆ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞✐% ,✐❜✉ ❡❞ %♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ,❡K✉✐,❡% ❤❛ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❡,%♦♥ ♠✉% ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ ♦

❝♦♥ ,♦❧ ❤❡✐, ✐❞❡♥ ✐ ②✱ ❤❛ ❤✐% ✐❞❡♥ ✐ ② ❜❡ ❧✐♥❦❛❜❧❡ ❛❝,♦%% %✐ ❡% ✲ ♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤

♣❡,%♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ ,❡❧❛ ✐♦♥%❤✐♣% ✲ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✐ ♣♦%%✐❜❧❡ ♦ ❛✉ ❤❡♥ ✐❝❛ ❡

❣❧♦❜❛❧❧② ✇✐ ❤ %✉❝❤ ✐❞❡♥ ✐ ✐❡%✳

❆ ❲❡❜■❉ ❬✻✵❪ ✐% ❛♥ ❍❚❚0 ❯❘■ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉♥✐K✉❡❧② ,❡❢❡,% ♦ ❛♥ ❆❣❡♥ ✭0❡,%♦♥✱

❖,❣❛♥✐③❛ ✐♦♥✱ ●,♦✉♣✱ ❉❡✈✐❝❡✱ ❡ ❝✳✮✳ ❆ ❞❡%❝,✐♣ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞

✐♥ ❤❡ ♣!♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+✱ ❛ ②♣❡ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ♣❛❣❡ ❤❛ ❛♥② ❲❡❜ ✉%❡, ✐% ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛,

✇✐ ❤✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉%❡% ❛ % ❛♥❞❛,❞✐③❡❞ ❘❉❋ %❡,✐❛❧✐③❛ ✐♦♥ ❢♦,♠❛ ✳ ❲❡❜■❉ ✉%❡%

✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛,✐❡% %✉❝❤ ❛% ❋,✐❡♥❞✲♦❢✲❛✲❋,✐❡♥❞ ✭❋❖❆❋✮ ❬✶✹❪ ♦ ♣,♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡ ❡ ✉%❡,

♣,♦✜❧❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐% ✉♥❞❡, ❤❡ ✉%❡,✬% ❝♦♥ ,♦❧ ❬✺✾❪✳

❲❡❜■❉% ❝❛♥ ❛❧%♦ ❜❡ ✉%❡❞ ♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ ,✉% ❜② ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♦ ❧✐♥❦

♦❣❡ ❤❡, ❤❡✐, ♣,♦✜❧❡% ✐♥ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♦, ♣,♦ ❡❝ ❡❞ ♠❛♥♥❡, ❬✻✶❪✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❲❡❜ ♦❢

,✉% ❝❛♥ ❤❡♥ ❜❡ ✉%❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛✉ ❤♦,✐③❛ ✐♦♥ ❞❡❝✐%✐♦♥%✱

❜② ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡%% ♦ ,❡%♦✉,❝❡% ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❤❡ ♣,♦♣❡, ✐❡% ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥ ✱ %✉❝❤

❤❛ ❤❡✴%❤❡ ✐% ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜② %♦♠❡ ,❡❧❡✈❛♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ✇♦,❦% ❛ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✐% ❛

❢❛♠✐❧② ♠❡♠❜❡,✱ ✐% ♣❛, ♦❢ %❡✈❡,❛❧ ❣,♦✉♣%✱ ❡ ❝✳✳

❲❡❜■❉ ✐% ❛ ✇♦,❦✲✐♥✲♣,♦❣,❡%% ♦♣❡♥ % ❛♥❞❛,❞ ✇✐ ❤✐♥ ❤❡ ❲♦,❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜

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8 1. INTRODUCTION

❈♦♥#♦$%✐✉♠

✱ ❢♦$ ✇❤✐❝❤ ■ ❛♠ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ %❤❡ ❛✉%❤♦$# ❛♥❞ ❛❧#♦ ❛♥ ❡❞✐%♦$✳ ▼♦$❡

✐♥❢♦$♠❛%✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉% ❲❡❜■❉ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♣$❡#❡♥%❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣%❡$ ✷✳

✶✳✷✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉ ❆✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❬✸✽❪ ♣$♦%♦❝♦❧ ❡♥❛❜❧❡# #❡❝✉$❡✱ ❡✣❝✐❡♥% ❛♥❞ ✉#❡$ ❢$✐❡♥❞❧②

❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ♦♥ %❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ❜② %❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❞✈❛♥%❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛♥❞ %❤❡ ❚▲❙

♣$♦%♦❝♦❧ ❬✷❪✳ ■% ❡♥❛❜❧❡# ♣❡♦♣❧❡ %♦ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%❡ %♦ ❛♥② #✐%❡ ❜② #✐♠♣❧② ❝❧✐❝❦✐♥❣

♦♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ %❤❡ ❝❡$%✐✜❝❛%❡# ♣$♦♣♦#❡❞ %♦ %❤❡♠ ❜② %❤❡✐$ ❜$♦✇#❡$✳ ❚❤❡#❡ ❝❡$%✐✜❝❛%❡#

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝$❡❛%❡❞ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❝❧✐❝❦ ❜② ❛♥② ❲❡❜■❉ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$ ❢♦$ %❤❡✐$ ✉#❡$#✳

❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♣$♦%♦❝♦❧ #♣❡❝✐✜❡# ❤♦✇ ❛ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%❡

❛ ✉#❡$ ❛❢%❡$ $❡H✉❡#%✐♥❣ ❤✐# ❝❡"#✐✜❝❛#❡ ✇✐%❤♦✉% $❡H✉✐$✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❝❡$%✐✜❝❛%❡ %♦ ❜❡

#✐❣♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ ✇❡❧❧ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❈❡$%✐✜❝❛%❡ ❆✉%❤♦$✐%②✳ ■% $❡❧✐❡# ♦♥ ❝❧✐❡♥% ❝❡$%✐✜❝❛%❡# %♦

♣$♦✈❡ %❤❛% ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥% ♣♦##❡##❡# %❤❡ ♣$✐✈❛%❡ ❦❡② %❤❛% ♠❛%❝❤❡# ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② #%♦$❡❞

✐♥ %❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥%✳ ❚❤✐# ❛❧#♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡# %❤❛% ♦♥❧② %❤❡ ♦✇♥❡$ ♦❢ %❤❡

♣$✐✈❛%❡ ❦❡② ❤❛# ✇$✐%❡ ❛❝❝❡## %♦ %❤❡ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥% ❛♥❞ %❤✉# ✐% ✐# ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢

❛❞❞✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❘❉❋ ❞❡#❝$✐♣%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐#✴❤❡$ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❛❧#♦ ❜❡ ✉#❡❞ ❢♦$ ❛✉%♦♠❛%✐❝ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥

❜② $♦❜♦%#✱ #✉❝❤ ❛# ❲❡❜ ❝$❛✇❧❡$# ♦❢ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞❛%❛ $❡♣♦#✐%♦$✐❡#✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡

❛❣❡♥%# ✇♦$❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ✉#❡$# %♦ ❤❡❧♣ %❤❡♠ ✐♥ %❤❡✐$ ❞❛✐❧② %❛#❦#✳ ❚❤❡

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♣$♦%♦❝♦❧ ✐# ♥♦% ❧✐♠✐%❡❞ %♦ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ♦♥ %❤❡ ❲♦$❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜✱

❜✉% ❝❛♥ ✐♥ %❤❡♦$② ✇♦$❦ ✇✐%❤ ❛♥② ♣$♦%♦❝♦❧ ❜❛#❡❞ ♦♥ ❚▲❙✳

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛❝❝❡'' ❞❡❧❡❣❛#✐♦♥ ❬✻✾❪ ✐# ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦$%❛♥% ❢❡❛%✉$❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ %♦

❞❡❝❡♥%$❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥#✱ ❛# ✐% ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡$ $❡H✉✐$❡# %❤❡ ✉#❡$✬# ♣$❡#❡♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥

♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%❡❞ $❡H✉❡#%#✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛ #♦❧✉%✐♦♥ %❤❛% ♣$♦%❡❝%# ✉#❡$

♣$✐✈❛❝② ❜② ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ #❡$✈❡$# %♦ $❡#♣♦♥❞ %♦ $❡H✉❡#%# ❛# ✐❢ %❤❡② ✇❡$❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♠❛❞❡

❜② #♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✉#❡$#✱ ❛♥❞ %❤✉# #❡$✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♥%❡♥% ❜❛#❡❞ ♦♥ %❤❡ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥%$♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡#

%❤❛% ❛$❡ #♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢♦$ %❤❡ $❡H✉❡#%✐♥❣ ✉#❡$✳

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✐# ❛ ✇♦$❦✲✐♥✲♣$♦❣$❡## ♦♣❡♥ #%❛♥❞❛$❞ ✇✐%❤✐♥ %❤❡ ❲♦$❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜

❈♦♥#♦$%✐✉♠

✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥%$✐❜✉%❡❞ %♦ %❤❡ %❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❛#♣❡❝%# ♦❢ %❤❡ #♣❡❝✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥

♦✈❡$ %❤❡ ♣❛#% %✇♦ ②❡❛$#✱ ❛♥❞ ■ ❛♠ ❛❧#♦ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✐%# ❡❞✐%♦$#✳ ▼♦$❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛%✐♦♥

❛❜♦✉% ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♣$❡#❡♥%❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝%✐♦♥ ✷✳✸ ♦❢ ❈❤❛♣%❡$ ✷✳

❊①+❡♥❞✐♥❣ +❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♣2♦+♦❝♦❧

❇❛#❡❞ ♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ ✇❡ ♣$♦♣♦#❡ ♦✉$ %❤✐$❞ ❝♦♥%$✐❜✉%✐♦♥✱ ❛ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠ %❤❛%

❡♥❛❜❧❡# ❞❡❧❡❣❛%❡❞ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐# ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠ ✐# ✉#❡❢✉❧ ❡#♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦$

#❡$✈✐❝❡ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$# %❤❛% ❛$❡ ♥♦% ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ %♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡$✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥

#❡$✈✐❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ %❤✉# ❤❛✈❡ %♦ $❡❧② ♦♥ ❛ %❤✐$❞ ♣❛$%② #❡$✈✐❝❡ %♦ ❛❝% ❛# ❛ ❲❡❜■❉

✈❡$✐✜❡$✳ ❙❡❝%✐♦♥ ✷✳✹ ♦❢ ❈❤❛♣%❡$ ✷ ♦✛❡$# ❛ ❢✉❧❧ ❞❡#❝$✐♣%✐♦♥ ♦❢ %❤✐# ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠✳

❆❝❝❡## ❞❡❧❡❣❛%✐♦♥ ✐# ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦$%❛♥% ❢❡❛%✉$❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ %♦ ❞❡❝❡♥%$❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛♣✲

♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥#✱ ❛# ✐% ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡$ $❡H✉✐$❡# %❤❡ ✉#❡$✬# ♣$❡#❡♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐✲

❝❛%❡❞ $❡H✉❡#%#✳ ❲❡ ❤❡$❡❜② ♦✛❡$ ❛ #♦❧✉%✐♦♥ %❤❛% ♣$♦%❡❝%# ✉#❡$ ♣$✐✈❛❝② ❜② ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣

#❡$✈❡$# %♦ $❡#♣♦♥❞ %♦ $❡H✉❡#%# ❛# ✐❢ %❤❡② ✇❡$❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♠❛❞❡ ❜② #♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✉#❡$#✱ ❛♥❞

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✸✳♦)❣

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✸✳♦)❣

Page 30: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

1.3. THESIS STRUCTURE 9

❤✉# #❡%✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♥ ❡♥ ❜❛#❡❞ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥ %♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡# ❤❛ ❛%❡ #♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢♦% ❤❡

%❡3✉❡# ✐♥❣ ✉#❡%✳ ▼♦%❡ ✐♥❢♦%♠❛ ✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉ ♦✉% ❢♦% ❤ ❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞

✐♥ ❙❡❝ ✐♦♥ ✷✳✺ ♦% ❈❤❛♣ ❡% ✷✳

✶✳✷✳✸ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡,, ❈♦♥/0♦❧ ❙❡0✈✐❝❡

❖✉% ❤✐%❞ ❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ✐♦♥✳ ❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥ %♦❧ ❙❡%✈✐❝❡ ✭❙❆❈❙✮ ✐# ❝♦♠♣%✐#❡❞

♦❢ ✇♦ ❞✐# ✐♥❝ #✉❜✲#❡%✈✐❝❡#✱ ❛ ❘❡❧❛$✐♦♥(❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐$♦, ✭❘▼✮ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❙$❛$✐❝

❆❝❝❡(( ❈♦♥$,♦❧ ✭❙❆❈✮ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✱ ❡❛❝❤ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ✐ # ♦✇♥ ♣❛% ✐❝✉❧❛% #❡ ♦❢ ❛#❦#

✭❙❡❝ ✐♦♥ ✸✳✸ ♦❢ ❈❤❛♣ ❡% ✸✮✳ ❙❆❈❙ ✉#❡# ❝♦♥$❡①$ ❛♥❞ (♦❝✐❛❧ ♣,♦①✐♠✐$② ❞✐($❛♥❝❡ ❛#

♠❡ %✐❝# ❢♦% ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥ %♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡# ❬✺✽❪✳

❚❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥ %♦❧ ❙❡%✈✐❝❡ ✐# ❡#♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✉#❡❢✉❧ ❢♦% ❝♦♥ %♦❧❧✐♥❣ ♣❡%#♦♥❛❧

✉#❡% ✐♥❢♦%♠❛ ✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐# ♦❢ ❡♥ ♣%♦♥❡ ♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡# ✭❡✳❣✳ # ❛ ✉# ♠❡##❛❣❡#✱ ♣❤♦♥❡

♥✉♠❜❡%#✱ ❧✐# ♦❢ ❢%✐❡♥❞#✱ ❡ ❝✳✮✳ ❚♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ❛ ✉#❡%✲❢%✐❡♥❞❧② ②❡ %♦❜✉# ❛♥❞ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡

❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥ %♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠✱ ❛# ♦♣♣♦#❡❞ ♦ ❝♦♥ %♦❧❧✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡## ❜② #❡♣❛%❛ ✐♥❣ ✉#❡%#

✐♥ ♦ ❣%♦✉♣#✱ ✇❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ♦ ❛❦❡ ❛❞✈❛♥ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ #♦❝✐❛❧ ♣%❛❝ ✐❝❡✱ ♥❛♠❡❧②

❤❡ ✉#❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥$❡①$✳ ❈♦♥ ❡① ❧❛❜❡❧# ❛%❡ ❛##✐❣♥❡❞ ♦ ❜♦ ❤ ♣%♦✜❧❡ ✐♥❢♦%♠❛ ✐♦♥ ❞❛ ❛

✭❡✳❣✳ ♥❛♠❡✱ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡%#✱ ❜❧♦❣ ❛❞❞%❡##❡#✱ ❡ ❝✳✮ ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# ♦ ❲❡❜ %❡#♦✉%❝❡#

✭❡✳❣✳ ♣❤♦ ♦#✱ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ #✱ ❡ ❝✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ #❛♠❡ ❧❛❜❡❧# ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛##✐❣♥❡❞ ♦ ✉#❡%#✱ ✐♥

#✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② ❤❛ ✉#❡%# ❧❛❜❡❧❧❡❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ #♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥ ❡① ✭✐✳❡✳ ✧✇♦%❦✧✮ ❝❛♥ ❡❛#✐❧②

❜❡ ♠❛ ❝❤❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥# %❡#♦✉%❝❡# #❤❛%✐♥❣ ❤❡ #❛♠❡ ❝♦♥ ❡① ✳

▼♦%❡ ✐♥❢♦%♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥ %♦❧ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♣%♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣ ❡% ✸✳

✶✳✸ ❚❤❡&✐& &()✉❝(✉)❡

❚❤❡ ❤❡#✐# ✐# # %✉❝ ✉%❡❞ ❛# ❢♦❧❧♦✇#✳ ❚❤✐# ❝❤❛♣ ❡% ♣%♦✈✐❞❡# ❤❡ ♠♦ ✐✈❛ ✐♦♥

❜❡❤✐♥❞ ♦✉% %❡#❡❛%❝❤✱ ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# ❛ #❤♦% ✐♥ %♦❞✉❝ ✐♦♥ ♦ ♦✉% ❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ✐♦♥#✳

❈❤❛♣ ❡% ✷ ❞❡#❝%✐❜❡# ♦✉% ✜%# ❢♦✉% ❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ✐♦♥#✳ ❚❤❡ ✜%# ❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ✐♦♥✱

❲❡❜ ■❞❡♥$✐$② ❛♥❞ ❉✐(❝♦✈❡,② ✭❲❡❜■❉✮✱ ❛ #✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐✈❡%#❛❧ ✐❞❡♥ ✐✜❝❛ ✐♦♥

♠❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠ ❤❛ ✐# ❞✐# %✐❜✉ ❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥❧② ❡① ❡♥#✐❜❧❡✳ ■ ✐♠♣%♦✈❡# ♣%✐✈❛❝②✱

#❡❝✉%✐ ② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥ %♦❧ ♦✈❡% ❤♦✇ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❡%#♦♥ ❝❛♥ ✐❞❡♥ ✐❢② ❤❡♠#❡❧✈❡#✳ ❚❤❡ #❡❝♦♥❞

❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ✐♦♥✱ ❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉ ❤❡♥ ✐❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♣%♦ ♦❝♦❧✱ ❡♥❛❜❧❡# #❡❝✉%❡✱ ❡✣❝✐❡♥

❛♥❞ ✉#❡% ❢%✐❡♥❞❧② ❛✉ ❤❡♥ ✐❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❜② ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♦ ❧♦❣✐♥ ✉#✐♥❣

❝❧✐❡♥ ❝❡% ✐✜❝❛ ❡# ❛♥❞ ✇✐ ❤♦✉ %❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❈❡% ✐✜❝❛ ✐♦♥ ❆✉ ❤♦%✐ ✐❡#✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐%❞

❛♥❞ ❢♦✉% ❤ ❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ✐♦♥# ❛%❡ ❛♥ ❡① ❡♥#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ ♦✛❡%✐♥❣ ❞❡❧❡❣❛ ❡❞

❛✉ ❤❡♥ ✐❝❛ ✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡## ❞❡❧❡❣❛ ✐♦♥✳

❈❤❛♣ ❡% ✸ ♣%❡#❡♥ # ♦✉% ✜❢ ❤ ❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ✐♦♥✱ ❛ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥ %♦❧ ❙❡%✈✐❝❡

❢♦% ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥#✳ ❲❡ ❜❡❣✐♥ ❜② ❛❦✐♥❣ ❛ ❞❡ ❛✐❧❡❞ ❧♦♦❦ ❛ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥$❡①$ ❛♥❞

(♦❝✐❛❧ ♣,♦①✐♠✐$②✱ ❛# ♠❡ %✐❝# ❢♦% ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥ %♦❧ #②# ❡♠ ❛✐❧♦%❡❞ ❢♦%

#♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥#✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♦ ❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥ %♦❧ ❙❡%✈✐❝❡✱

❤❡#❡ ♠❡ %✐❝# ❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ❡ ♦ ❤❡ #②# ❡♠✬# ❛❞❛♣ ❛❜✐❧✐ ② ✐♥ ❡%♠# ♦❢ ❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝#

♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ %❡❧❛ ✐♦♥#❤✐♣#✳

❆❧❧ ♦✉% ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ ❛ ✐♦♥ ❡✛♦% # ❛%❡ ♣%❡#❡♥ ❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣ ❡% ✹✱ ❛# ♠❡❛♥# ♦ ✈❛❧✲

✐❞❛ ❡ ♦✉% %❡#❡❛%❝❤✳ ❚❤✐# ❝❤❛♣ ❡% ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥# ❛❧❧ ♣%❛❝ ✐❝❛❧ ❛#♣❡❝ # ♦❢ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ ✐♥❣

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10 1. INTRODUCTION

❛ ❞❡❝❡♥%&❛❧✐③❡❞ *♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ✐❞❡♥%✐%②✱ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥✱ ❛❝❝❡** ❝♦♥%&♦❧

❛♥❞ ❞❛%❛ ♦✇♥❡&*❤✐♣✳ ❲❡ ✐♥%&♦❞✉❝❡ %❤❡ ♣&♦❥❡❝% ▼②"#♦✜❧❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛✐♠* %♦ ❜❡

❛ ❞❡❝❡♥%&❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥%✐%② ♣&♦✈✐❞❡&✳ ◆❡①%✱ ✇❡ ♣&❡*❡♥% %✇♦ ♦♣❡♥ *♦✉&❝❡ ❧✐❜&❛&✐❡*

✭❲❡❜■❉❛✉%❤ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛%❡❞❆✉%❤✮ %❤❛% ❛&❡ ✉*❡❞ %♦ ♣❡&❢♦&♠ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥✳ ▲❛*%❧②✱ ✇❡ ❞❡*❝&✐❜❡ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖✱ ❛ ♣❡&*♦♥❛❧ ❞❛%❛ *%♦&❡ ✇❤❡&❡

❞✐✛❡&❡♥% ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥* ❝❛♥ *%♦&❡ ❞❛%❛ ❛❜♦✉% ❛♥❞ ❢♦& %❤❡ ✉*❡&✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡&❡ ❞❛%❛

❛&❡ ❡I✉❛❧❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❜❡%✇❡❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥*✳

❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❈❤❛♣%❡& ✺ *✉♠♠❛&✐③❡* ♦✉& &❡*❡❛&❝❤ &❡*✉❧%* ❜② ♣&♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❧✉*✐♦♥*

❛* ✇❡❧❧ ❛* ❛ &❡✢❡❝%✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✇❤❛% ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❞♦ %♦ ✐♠♣&♦✈❡ ♦✉& ❝♦♥%&✐❜✉%✐♦♥* ❛♥❞ %♦

♣&♦✈✐❞❡ ♥❡✇ &❡*❡❛&❝❤ ❞✐&❡❝%✐♦♥*✳ ❆* ♣❛&% ♦❢ %❤❡ ♣❡&*♣❡❝%✐✈❡ ✇♦&❦✱ ✇❡ %❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉%

%❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥,✐❝ ▼❡//❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦,✐✜❝❛,✐♦♥/ "#♦,♦❝♦❧ ✭❙▼◆P✮ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥%❡♥❞* %♦

♦✛❡& %✇♦ ❞✐*%✐♥❝% %②♣❡* ♦❢ ♠❡**❛❣❡*✳ ❚❤❡ ✜&*% %②♣❡ ✐* *✐♠✐❧❛& %♦ ❡♠❛✐❧✱ ✐♥ %❤❛%

✐% ♣&♦✈✐❞❡* ❡♥❞✲%♦✲❡♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ❜❡%✇❡❡♥ %❤❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ♣❛&%✐❡*✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ %❤❡

*❡❝♦♥❞ %②♣❡ ❝♦♥*✐*%* ♦❢ ❛❝%✐✈✐%② *%&❡❛♠* ✭✐✳❡✳ ✉♣❞❛%❡* ❛❜♦✉% ♦%❤❡& ✉*❡&*✮✳ ❲❡

❛❧*♦ ❞✐*❝✉** %❤❡ ♣♦**✐❜✐❧✐%② ♦❢ ❝&❡❛%✐♥❣ ❛ %&❛♥*♣❛&❡♥% ❲❡❜■❉ ♣&♦①②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉*❡*

❝❡&%❛✐♥ ♣❛&%* ♦❢ ❛ ✉*❡&✬* ❲❡❜■❉ ♣&♦✜❧❡ ✐♥ ♦&❞❡& %♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ♥❡✇ ✐❞❡♥%✐%✐❡* *♣❡❝✐✜❝

%♦ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥% %②♣❡* ♦❢ *❡&✈✐❝❡* ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛♥♦♥②♠♦✉*✱ *❤♦♣♣✐♥❣✱ ❜❧♦❣❣✐♥❣✱ ❡%❝✳✮✳

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❈❤❛♣$❡& ✷

■❞❡♥$✐$② ❛♥❞ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥

♦♥ $❤❡ ❲❡❜

❉✐❣✐#❛❧ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ❝+❡❞❡♥#✐❛❧, ,✉❝❤ ❛, ♣❛,,✇♦+❞,✱ #♦❦❡♥, ❛♥❞ ❦❡②, ❛+❡ ✉,❡❞ #♦

❡♥,✉+❡ #❤❛# ♦♥❧② ❛✉#❤♦+✐③❡❞ ✉,❡+, ❛+❡ ❛❜❧❡ #♦ ❛❝❝❡,, ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ,❡+✈✐❝❡,✳ ❇❡❝❛✉,❡

,✉❝❤ ,❡+✈✐❝❡, ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ,❡♥,✐#✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❢♦+♠❛#✐♦♥✱ #❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡

❛##+❛❝#✐✈❡ #❛+❣❡#, ❢♦+ ❛ ✈❛+✐❡#② ♦❢ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❛##❛❝❦,✳ ❋♦+ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧

,❡+✈✐❝❡, ♠✉,# ✉,❡ ,#+♦♥❣❡+ ❝+❡❞❡♥#✐❛❧, ❢♦+ ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#✐♦♥ #♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❢+❛✉❞✳ ❇❡❝❛✉,❡

♦❢ ,❡+✐♦✉, #❤+❡❛#, ❛♥❞ ✇✐❞❡,♣+❡❛❞ #❤❡❢# ❛♥❞ ♠✐,✉,❡ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ❝+❡❞❡♥#✐❛❧,✱ #❤❡+❡

✐, ❝♦♥,✐❞❡+❛❜❧❡ ✐♥#❡+❡,# ✐♥ #❤❡ ❛+❡❛ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥#✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❞❞+❡,,❡,

,❡❝✉+❡ ✉,❡ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ❝+❡❞❡♥#✐❛❧,✳

❉❡❝❡♥#+❛❧✐③❡❞✱ ✉,❡+✲❝❡♥#+✐❝ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥# ♦✛❡+, ❜❡##❡+ ♣+✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞

❝♦♥#+♦❧ ♦✈❡+ #❤❡ ✉,❡ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ❝+❡❞❡♥#✐❛❧,✱ ,✐♥❝❡ ✐# ❛❧❧♦✇, ✉,❡+, #♦ ✢❡①✐❜❧② ❝❤♦♦,❡

✇❤❛# ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ✐♥❢♦+♠❛#✐♦♥ ✐, +❡❧❡❛,❡❞ #♦ ♦#❤❡+ ❡♥#✐#✐❡, ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ #+❛♥,❛❝#✐♦♥✳ ❋♦+

✐♥,#❛♥❝❡✱ ✉,❡+, ♠❛② ❝❤♦♦,❡ #♦ ✉,❡ ❛ #+✉,#❡❞ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ♣+♦✈✐❞❡+ ✭■❞C✮ #❤❛# #❤❡②

❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ ✐, #❤❡ ♠♦,# ❛♣♣+♦♣+✐❛#❡ ❢♦+ ❡❛❝❤ #+❛♥,❛❝#✐♦♥✱ ♦+ #❤❡② ♠❛② ❡✈❡♥ ✉,❡

#❤❡✐+ ♦✇♥ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ♣+♦✈✐❞❡+✱ #❤❡+❡❢♦+❡ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ #❤❡♠ #♦ ❝♦♥#+♦❧ ✇❤❛# ✐❞❡♥#✐#②

✐♥❢♦+♠❛#✐♦♥ ✐, ❞✐,❝❧♦,❡❞ #♦ ,❡+✈✐❝❡ ♣+♦✈✐❞❡+, ✭❙C✮✳

■♥ #❤✐, ❝♦♥#❡①#✱ ✇❡ ♣+♦♣♦,❡ ❛♥ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥# ,②,#❡♠ ❛+❝❤✐#❡❝#✉+❡

❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ #❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣# ♦❢ ❞❡❝❡♥#+❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ♣+♦✈✐❞❡+✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✇✐#❤ ❛♥

❡✣❝✐❡♥# ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥#+♦❧ ,②,#❡♠✱ ❡♥,✉+❡, #❤❛# ✐❞❡♥#✐#② ❝+❡❞❡♥#✐❛❧, +❡♠❛✐♥ ✉♥❞❡+

#❤❡ ✉,❡+✬, ❝♦♥#+♦❧✳

❚❤✐, ❝❤❛♣#❡+ ✐, ,#+✉❝#✉+❡❞ ❛, ❢♦❧❧♦✇,✳ ❙❡❝#✐♦♥ ✷✳✶ ♣+♦✈✐❞❡, ❛♥ ♦✈❡+✈✐❡✇ ♦❢

❡①✐,#✐♥❣ ,♦❧✉#✐♦♥,✳ ❙❡❝#✐♦♥ ✷✳✷ ♣+❡,❡♥#, ♦✉+ ✜+,# ❝♦♥#+✐❜✉#✐♦♥✱ ❲❡❜ ■❞❡♥#✐#② ❛♥❞

❉✐,❝♦✈❡+② ✭❲❡❜■❉✮✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣+✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ,❡❝✉+✐#② ❛♥❛❧②,✐,✳ ❙❡❝#✐♦♥ ✷✳✸

♣+❡,❡♥#, ♦✉+ ,❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥#+✐❜✉#✐♦♥✱ #❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#✐♦♥ ♣+♦#♦❝♦❧✳ ❙❡❝✲

#✐♦♥ ✷✳✺ ❞✐,❝✉,,❡, #❤❡ ♣♦,,✐❜✐❧✐#② ♦❢ ✉,✐♥❣ ❛ #❤✐+❞✲♣❛+#② ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#✐♦♥ ,❡+✈✐❝❡ ✐♥

❝❛,❡, ✇❤❡+❡ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥, ❝❛♥♥♦# ❞✐+❡❝#❧② ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥# #❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♣+♦#♦✲

❝♦❧✳ ❙❡❝#✐♦♥ ✷✳✺ ❝♦✈❡+, #❤❡ #♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ❞❡❧❡❣❛#✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥# #♦ ❛❝# ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ❛ ✉,❡+

✐♥ ♦+❞❡+ #♦ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡+ +❡O✉✐+❡ #❤❡ ✉,❡+✬, ♣+❡,❡♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#❡❞

+❡O✉❡,#,✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣+❡,❡♥# ❛ ❧✐,# ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❧✉,✐♦♥,✳

✶✶

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12 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

✷✳✶ ❘❡❧❛'❡❞ ✇♦+❦

■♥ "❤✐% %❡❝"✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ %"❛," ❜② ,❡✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ,❡❧❛"❡❞ ✇♦,❦ ✐♥ ✉%❡,✲❝❡♥",✐❝ ✐❞❡♥"✐"②

♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥" ❛,❡❛✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❞✐%❝✉%%✐♥❣ "❤❡ ✐%%✉❡% ❛♥❞ "❤,❡❛"% ❛❣❛✐♥%" ❡①✐%"✐♥❣

✉%❡,✲❝❡♥",✐❝ ✐❞❡♥"✐"② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥" %❝❤❡♠❡%✳ ❲❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ "♦ ✐♥✈❡%"✐❣❛"❡ "❤❡

♣,♦"♦❝♦❧% ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣,♦✈✐❞❡ ✉%❡,% ✇✐"❤ ✐❞❡♥"✐"②✱ ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛"",✐❜✉"❡

❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♣,♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛❞❞✐"✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛"❛ ❛❜♦✉" "❤❡ ✉%❡,✮✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐❣♥♦,✐♥❣ "❤❡

♣,♦"♦❝♦❧% "❤❛" ❢♦❝✉% ♦♥ ♦♥❡ %♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛%♣❡❝"✳

❚❤❡ ✐❞❡♥"✐"② ❛♥❞ ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♣,♦"♦❝♦❧% "❤❛" ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣,❡%❡♥" ♥❡①" ❛,❡ ❜❛%❡❞

♦♥ "❤,❡❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❡♥"✐"✐❡%✳ ❚❤❡ ✜,%" ♦♥❡ ✐% "❤❡ ✉%❡,✱ ♦, ♠♦,❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② "❤❡

❜,♦✇%❡,✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐% "②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ,❡%♣♦♥%✐❜❧❡ ❢♦, ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥✳ ◆❡①" ✐% "❤❡ %❡,✈✐❝❡

♣,♦✈✐❞❡, ✭❙B✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐% ✉%✉❛❧❧② ❛ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛"✐♦♥✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ "❤❡ ✐❞❡♥"✐"②

♣,♦✈✐❞❡, ✭■❞B✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧%♦ ❛❝"% ❛% ❛♥ ❛"",✐❜✉"❡ ♣,♦✈✐❞❡,✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤♦%❡ "❛%❦ ✐% "♦

❤❛♥❞❧❡ ,❡D✉❡%"% ❢♦, "❤❡ ✉%❡,✬% ✐❞❡♥"✐"② ❞❛"❛✳

✷✳✶✳✶ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝,

❖♣❡♥■❉ ❬✺✹❪ ✐% ❛ ❧✐❣❤"✇❡✐❣❤" ✐❞❡♥"✐"② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥" %②%"❡♠ ♦,✐❣✐♥❛❧❧② ❞❡%✐❣♥❡❞

❢♦, ,❡❧❛"✐✈❡❧② %✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛"✐♦♥%✱ %✉❝❤ ❛% ❜❧♦❣ %❡,✈✐❝❡%✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ "❤❡ ❖♣❡♥■❉

❜,❛♥❞ ❤❛% ✉♥❞❡,❣♦♥❡ %❡✈❡,❛❧ ♠❛❥♦, ❝❤❛♥❣❡%✱ ✐"% ❧❛"❡%" ✐"❡,❛"✐♦♥ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❖♣❡♥■❉

❈♦♥♥❡❝" ❬✺✻❪ ✐% ❛ ♣,♦✜❧❡ ♦❢ ❖❆✉"❤ ✷✳✵ ❬✸✺❪✱ ♦♣"✐♠✐③✐♥❣ ❝❡,"❛✐♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥"% ♦❢

❖❆✉"❤ ❢♦, %❡,✈❡,✲%✐❞❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❛"",✐❜✉"❡% ✇❤✐❧❡ ,❡D✉✐,✐♥❣ ♥♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡% "♦

❝✉,,❡♥" ❜,♦✇%❡,%✳ ❖❆✉"❤ ✐% ❛ %"❛♥❞❛,❞ ❢♦, ❣,❛♥"✐♥❣ ❞❛"❛ ❛✉"❤♦,✐③❛"✐♦♥ "♦ "❤✐,❞

♣❛,"✐❡%✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ "♦ ❣,❛♥" ❛❝❝❡%% "♦ ♣,✐✈❛"❡ ,❡%♦✉,❝❡% ❛❢"❡, ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♥❣

"❤❡♠%❡❧✈❡% ✈✐❛ "❤❡✐, ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐❞❡♥"✐"②✳ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝" ✉%❡% ❖❆✉"❤ ✷✳✵ ❢♦, "❤❡

❛✉"❤♦,✐③❛"✐♦♥ ✢♦✇✱ "❤♦✉❣❤ ✐" ❛❞❞% ❛ %♠❛❧❧ ♥✉♠❜❡, ♦❢ ❛"",✐❜✉"❡% ✐♥ "❤❡ ,❡%♣♦♥%❡

❜❡"✇❡❡♥ ❛♥ ✐❞❡♥"✐"② ♣,♦✈✐❞❡, ❛♥❞ "❤❡ %❡,✈✐❝❡ ♣,♦✈✐❞❡,✳ ❖♥❡ ✐♠♣♦,"❛♥" ♣♦✐♥"

✐% "❤❛" ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝"✱ ❛% ✐" ✐% ❛ ♣,♦✜❧❡ ♦❢ ❖❆✉"❤✱ ❞♦❡% ♥♦" %"❛♥❞❛,❞✐③❡ ❛♥②

❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥✱ ❜✉" ♦♥❧② %♣❡❝✐✜❡% ❛♥ ❍❚❚B ,❡❞✐,❡❝"✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❢,♦♠ "❤❡ %❡,✈✐❝❡

♣,♦✈✐❞❡, "♦ "❤❡ ✐❞❡♥"✐"② ♣,♦✈✐❞❡,✳ ■♥ ❝✉,,❡♥" ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥"❛"✐♦♥% ♦❢ ❖♣❡♥■❉✱

❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ✐% ✉%✉❛❧❧② ❞♦♥❡ ✈✐❛ ❛ ✉%❡, ♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛%%✇♦,❞ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛"✐♦♥✳

❋✐❣✉,❡ ✷✳✶ ❞❡♣✐❝"% "❤❡ ♥❡❝❡%%❛,② %"❡♣% "❤❛" ❤❛✈❡ "♦ ❜❡ "❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ ♦,❞❡, "♦

%✉❝❝❡%%❢✉❧❧② ♣❡,♠✐" "♦ ❛ %❡,✈✐❝❡ ♣,♦✈✐❞❡, "♦ ❛❝❝❡%% ❛ ✉%❡,✬% ♣❡,%♦♥❛❧ ❛"",✐❜✉"❡%✳

✶✳ ❆ ✉%❡, ✈✐%✐"% ❛ %❡,✈✐❝❡ ♣,♦✈✐❞❡, ✭❙B✮ "❤❛" ♥❡❡❞% ❛"",✐❜✉"❡%✳

✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❙B ♠❛❦❡% ❛ ,❡D✉❡%" ❢♦, ❛"",✐❜✉"❡% "♦ "❤❡ ✐❞❡♥"✐"② ♣,♦✈✐❞❡, ✭■❞B✮✳

✸✳ ❚❤❡ ✉%❡, ✐% ,❡❞✐,❡❝"❡❞ "♦ "❤❡ ■❞B ❢,♦♠ "❤❡ ❙B✳

✹✳ ❚❤❡ ✉%❡, ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"❡% "♦ "❤❡ ■❞B ✭"②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ✉%✐♥❣ ❛ ✉%❡,♥❛♠❡✲♣❛%%✇♦,❞

❝♦♠❜✐♥❛"✐♦♥✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✐% ❣,❛♥"❡❞ ❛ ❜❡❛,❡, "♦❦❡♥✳

✺✳ ❚❤❡ ✉%❡, ✐% ,❡❞✐,❡❝"❡❞ ❜❛❝❦ "♦ "❤❡ ❙B ❛♥❞ ❣,❛♥"% ❛♥ ❛✉"❤♦,✐③❛"✐♦♥ "♦❦❡♥

"♦ "❤❡ ❙B✳

✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❙B %❡♥❞% "❤❡ ❛✉"❤♦,✐③❛"✐♦♥ "♦❦❡♥ "♦ "❤❡ ■❞B ❛♥❞ ,❡❝❡✐✈❡% ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡%%

"♦❦❡♥ ✭❛ ❜❡❛,❡, "♦❦❡♥ ✇✐"❤ ❛ %♣❡❝✐✜❝ %❝♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❧✐♠✐"❡❞ ❧✐❢❡%♣❛♥✮✳

✼✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ "❤❡ ❛❝❝❡%% "♦❦❡♥ ✐% ✈❛❧✐❞✱ "❤❡ ■❞B %❡♥❞% ❛"",✐❜✉"❡% "♦ "❤❡ ❙B✳

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2.1. RELATED WORK 13

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❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✶✿ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝5 ✭❜❛9❡❞ ♦♥ ❖❆✉5❤ ✷✳✵✮✳

❆✉5❤❡♥5✐❝❛5✐♦♥ ✐9 ♦✉5 ♦❢ 9❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝5 9♣❡❝✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥✱ ❜✉5 5❤❡

✢♦✇ ✉9✉❛❧❧② $❡❧✐❡9 ♦♥ $❡❞✐$❡❝59 ❛♥❞ ✐5 ✐9 ❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧5 ❜❛9❡❞ ♦♥ ✉9❡$♥❛♠❡9 ❛♥❞

♣❛99✇♦$❞9✳ ❆✉5❤♦$✐③❛5✐♦♥ $❡❧✐❡9 ♦♥ ❖❆✉5❤ ✷✳✵ ❛♥❞ ❛ 9❡$✈❡$✲9✐❞❡ ✢♦✇ ✐9 ❢✉❧❧②

9♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ 5❤❛5 ✇♦$❦9 ❡✈❡♥ ✇❤❡♥ 5❤❡ ✉9❡$ ✐9 ♦✤✐♥❡✱ ♦♥❝❡ 5❤❡ ✉9❡$ ❤❛9 ❣$❛♥5❡❞

❛✉5❤♦$✐③❛5✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐9 ✐9 ❛ ❞✐95✐♥❝5 ❛❞✈❛♥5❛❣❡ ❢♦$ ✉9❡✲❝❛9❡9 ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❛❣❣$❡❣❛5✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ✐♥5❡$✲❛♣♣❧✐❝❛5✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛5✐♦♥9✳ ❚❤❡$❡❢♦$❡✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥9✐❞❡$ 5❤❛5 ❖♣❡♥■❉

❈♦♥♥❡❝5 ♦✛❡$9 ❛♥ ✧♦✤✐♥❡ ❝❧✐❡♥5❀ 9❡$✈❡$✲5♦✲9❡$✈❡$✧ ❛✉5❤♦$✐③❛5✐♦♥ ✢♦✇✳

❘❡❞✐$❡❝5✐♦♥ ❛55❛❝❦9 ❛$❡ ♣♦99✐❜❧❡ ✇✐5❤ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝5✳ ❯♥❧❡99 5❤❡ ✉9❡$

✐9 ❛✇❛$❡ 5❤❛5 ❚▲❙ ✐9 ❡♥❛❜❧❡❞✱ ❛ ♠❛❧✐❝✐♦✉9 9❡$✈✐❝❡ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$ ❝❛♥ ❢♦♦❧ 5❤❡♠ ✐♥5♦

$❡❞✐$❡❝5✐♥❣ 5♦ ❛ ❢❛❦❡ ✐❞❡♥5✐5② ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$ 9✐5❡ ❛♥❞ 5❤❡♥ ✉9❡ 5❤❛5 $❡❞✐$❡❝5✐♦♥ 5♦

✐♥5❡$❝❡♣5 5❤❡✐$ $❡❛❧ ❝$❡❞❡♥5✐❛❧9 ✭✐✳❡✳ ✉9✉❛❧❧② ♣❛99✇♦$❞9✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛❧✐❝✐♦✉9 ♣❛$5②

❝❛♥ 5❤❡♥ $❡✉9❡ 5❤❡ 95♦❧❡♥ ❝$❡❞❡♥5✐❛❧9 5♦ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ $❡❛❧ ❛✉5❤♦$✐③❛5✐♦♥ ❝♦❞❡ 5♦

5❤❡ ❛❝5✉❛❧ ✐❞❡♥5✐5② ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$✱ ❡✛❡❝5✐✈❡❧② ✐♠♣❡$9♦♥❛5✐♥❣ 5❤❡ $❡❛❧ ✉9❡$✳ ❚❤❡$❡

❛$❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡$ ♦❢ ✈❛$✐❛5✐♦♥9 ♦♥ 5❤✐9 ❛55❛❝❦✱ 9✉❝❤ ❛9 ❛ $❡❛❧ ✐❞❡♥5✐5② ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$

❜❡✐♥❣ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✇✐5❤ ❛ ♠❛❧✐❝✐♦✉9 $❡❞✐$❡❝5✐♦♥ ❯❘■ 5♦ ❢❛❦❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞ 9❡$✈✐❝❡ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$✳

❊✈❡♥ 5❤♦✉❣❤ ✈❛❧✐❞✐5② ❧✐❢❡9♣❛♥9✱ ♦♥❡✲5✐♠❡ ❛✉5❤♦$✐③❛5✐♦♥ ❝♦❞❡9 ❛♥❞ 5♦❦❡♥9 ♣$♦✲

✈✐❞❡ ✐♥❝$❡❛9❡❞ 9❡❝✉$✐5②✱ ❛ ❜❡❛$❡$ 5♦❦❡♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥5❡$❝❡♣5❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉9❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛55❛❝❦✳

❚❤✐9 ✐9 ♣♦99✐❜❧❡ ❜❡❝❛✉9❡ ❜❡❛$❡$ 5♦❦❡♥9 ❛$❡ ❛✉5❤♦$✐③❛5✐♦♥ ❝$❡❞❡♥5✐❛❧9 ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛$❡

❧❛5❡$ ✉9❡❞ ✐♥ ❖♣❡♥■❉✱ ♦♥❝❡ ❛✉5❤❡♥5✐❝❛5✐♦♥ ❤❛9 ❜❡❡♥ ♣❡$❢♦$♠❡❞✳ ❆9 ❛❧❧ ❛✉5❤♦✲

$✐③❛5✐♦♥ ❝$❡❞❡♥5✐❛❧9 ❛$❡ 5$❛♥9♠✐55❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❍❚❚S ✉9❡$✲❛❣❡♥5 $❡❞✐$❡❝5✐♦♥9✱ 5❤❡9❡

❝$❡❞❡♥5✐❛❧9 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ $❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ ♣♦99✐❜❧② ✈✐❛ ❍❚❚S $❡❢❡$$❡$ ❤❡❛❞❡$9 ❛♥❞ 5❤❡ ❜$♦✇9❡$

❤✐95♦$②✳ ❆❞❞✐5✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ♦♥❝❡ ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡99 5♦❦❡♥ ✐9 ❣$❛♥5❡❞✱ 5❤❡ 9❡$✈✐❝❡ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$ ❝❛♥

5❛❧❦ 5♦ 5❤❡ ✐❞❡♥5✐5② ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$ ✇✐5❤♦✉5 ❛♥② ✐♥5❡$❛❝5✐♦♥ ✇✐5❤ 5❤❡ ✉9❡$✳ ❚❤❡ ✉9❡$

❞♦❡9 ♥♦5 ♥❡❝❡99❛$✐❧② ❦♥♦✇ 5❤❡ 9❝♦♣❡✱ ❧✐❢❡5✐♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞9 ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡99 5♦ 5❤❡✐$ ❛5✲

5$✐❜✉5❡9 5❤❛5 ❛ 5♦❦❡♥ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡9✳ ❋✉$5❤❡$♠♦$❡✱ 5❤❡ ✐❞❡♥5✐5② ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$ ❝❛♥ ♦❜9❡$✈❡

❡✈❡$② ✐♥5❡$❛❝5✐♦♥ ♦❢ 5❤❡ ✉9❡$ ✇✐5❤ ❛♥② 9❡$✈✐❝❡ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$✳

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14 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

✷✳✶✳✷ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ )❡+,♦♥❛

▼♦③✐❧❧❛ &❡()♦♥❛ ❬✻✽❪ ✭❢♦(♠❛❧❧② ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛) ❇(♦✇)❡(■❉✮ ❛❧❧♦✇) ✉)❡() :♦ ❛✉:❤❡♥:✐✲

❝❛:❡ ❜② ♣(♦✈✐♥❣ :❤❡✐( ✐❞❡♥:✐:② ✈✐❛ ❛ ✈❡"✐✜❡❞ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞(❡))✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♠♦♥):(❛:❡)

:❤❡ ✉)❡(✬) ♦✇♥❡()❤✐♣ ♦❢ :❤❡ ❛❞❞(❡))❡) :♦ )❡(✈✐❝❡ ♣(♦✈✐❞❡() ✉)✐♥❣ ❛ ❝(②♣:♦❣(❛♣❤✐❝

♣(♦♦❢✳ ❯♥❧✐❦❡ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝: ✇❤✐❝❤ (❡I✉✐(❡) :(✉): ✐♥ :❤❡ )❡(✈❡(✱ &❡()♦♥❛

(❡I✉✐(❡) :(✉): ✐♥ :❤❡ ❜(♦✇)❡(✳ ❚❤❡ )②):❡♠ ❛❧❧♦✇) ❛♥ ✐❞❡♥:✐:② ♣(♦✈✐❞❡( :♦ ):♦(❡ ❛

)❡❝✉(❡✱ (❡✈♦❝❛❜❧❡ ❦❡② (❡♣(❡)❡♥:✐♥❣ ❛ ✉)❡( ❛✉:❤❡♥:✐❝❛:✐♦♥ ✐♥:♦ ❛ ❜(♦✇)❡(✳ ■: ❛❧)♦

✐♥❞✐❝❛:❡) :♦ :❤❡ ❜(♦✇)❡( :❤❡ :❡(♠) ♦❢ ✉)❡ ♦❢ :❤❡ ❦❡②✱ )♦ :❤❛: ✐: ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣✐(❡❞✱

✐♥✈❛❧✐❞❛:❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ (❡❢(❡)❤❡❞ ❛) ♥❡❡❞❡❞✳ ❲✐:❤ )♦♠❡ ❛❞❞✐:✐♦♥❛❧ ✇♦(❦✱ ✐: ❝❛♥ ❜❡

✉)❡❞ :♦ ❝(❡❛:❡ ♣)❡✉❞♦♥②♠♦✉) ✐❞❡♥:✐:✐❡) :❤❛: ❛❧❧♦✇ ❛ ✉)❡( :♦ ♣(♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥:

❛❞❞(❡)) ♣❡( )❡(✈✐❝❡ ♣(♦✈✐❞❡(✳

��� ��

❋✐❣✉(❡ ✷✳✷✿ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ &❡()♦♥❛✳

❋✐❣✉(❡ ✷✳✷ ❞❡♣✐❝:) :❤❡ ♥❡❝❡))❛(② ):❡♣) :♦ )✉❝❝❡))❢✉❧❧② ❛✉:❤❡♥:✐❝❛:❡ ✉)✐♥❣

▼♦③✐❧❧❛ &❡()♦♥❛✳

✶✳ ❚❤❡ ✉)❡( ❛::❡♠♣:) :♦ ✐❞❡♥:✐❢② ❤✐♠)❡❧❢✴❤❡()❡❧❢ ❜② ♣(♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡✲♠❛✐❧ ❛❞✲

❞(❡))✱ ✐♥ ♦(❞❡( :♦ ❜✐♥❞ :❤❛: ❛❞❞(❡)) :♦ ❛ ♣❛(:✐❝✉❧❛( )❡: ♦❢ ❝(②♣:♦❣(❛♣❤✐❝

❦❡②) ✭❢♦( ✇❤✐❝❤ :❤❡ ✉)❡( :❤❡♥ ♣(♦✈✐❞❡) ❛ ♣(♦♦❢ ♦❢ ♣♦))❡))✐♦♥✮ ❜② ❤❛✈✐♥❣

:❤❡ ■❞& ❛::❡): :♦ :❤❛: ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣✳

✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❜(♦✇)❡( ❝❤❡❝❦) :♦ )❡❡ ✐❢ ❛ ♣(✐✈❛:❡ ❦❡② ❛))♦❝✐❛:❡❞ ✇✐:❤ :❤❛: ❡♠❛✐❧

❛❞❞(❡)) ✐) ♣(❡)❡♥: ✐♥ :❤❡ ❜(♦✇)❡(✳

✸✳ ■❢ ♥♦ ❦❡② ❡①✐):) ✐♥ :❤❡ ❜(♦✇)❡( ❢♦( :❤❛: )♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞(❡))✱ :❤❡♥ :❤❡

❜(♦✇)❡( ❣❡♥❡(❛:❡) ❦❡② ♠❛:❡(✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ (❡❣✐):❡() :❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ✇✐:❤ :❤❡ ■❞&✳

✹✳ ❚❤❡ ❜(♦✇)❡( )❡♥❞) ❛ )✐❣♥❡❞ ❛✉:❤❡♥:✐❝❛:✐♦♥ ❝(❡❞❡♥:✐❛❧ :♦ :❤❡ ❙&✳

✺✳ ❚❤❡ ❙& ✈❡(✐✜❡) :❤❡ ❛✉:❤❡♥:✐❝❛:✐♦♥ ❝(❡❞❡♥:✐❛❧) ✇✐:❤ :❤❡✐( ❧♦❝❛❧❧② ):♦(❡❞

❞❛:❛❜❛)❡ ♦❢ ■❞& ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②)✱ ❛✉:❤❡♥:✐❝❛:❡) :❤❡ ✉)❡( ✐❢ ✈❡(✐✜❝❛:✐♦♥ )✉❝❝❡❡❞)

✭♥♦: )❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❞✐❛❣(❛♠ ❛) :❤✐) ):❡♣ ❞♦❡) ♥♦: ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ✇✐:❤ ❡✈❡(② :(❛♥)❛❝✲

:✐♦♥✮✳

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2.1. RELATED WORK 15

✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❜&♦✇)❡& )❡♥❞) )✐❣♥❡❞ ❛//&✐❜✉/❡) /♦ /❤❡ ❙2✳

❆) ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ✐) ❞♦♥❡ ❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧/ ✉)✐♥❣ ❝&②♣/♦❣&❛♣❤✐❝ ❦❡②) ❛) ♦♣♣♦)❡❞

/♦ ✉)❡&♥❛♠❡✲♣❛))✇♦&❞)✱ ✐/ ✐) ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦&❡ )❡❝✉&❡✳ ❋✉&/❤❡&♠♦&❡✱ /❤❡&❡ ✐) ♥♦

♥❡❡❞ ❢♦& &❡❞✐&❡❝/✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐) )♣❡❝✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥ ❞♦❡) ♥♦/ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐/❧② )❡/ ♣❛&❛♠❡/❡&) ❢♦&

/❤❡ ❛✉/❤♦&✐③❛/✐♦♥ )❝♦♣❡✱ ❜✉/ ✐/ ❡♥❛❜❧❡) ❛ ❜&♦✇)❡&✲♠❡❞✐❛/❡❞ ✢♦✇ ♦❢ ✈❡&✐✜❡❞

❛//&✐❜✉/❡)✳ ❚❤❡ ❞&❛✇❜❛❝❦ ✐) /❤❛/ ✐/ ♦♥❧② ✇♦&❦) ✐❢ /❤❡ ❜&♦✇)❡& ✐) ♦♥❧✐♥❡✳

❆❧/❤♦✉❣❤ /❤❡ )❡&✈✐❝❡ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡& ❦♥♦✇) /❤❡ ✐❞❡♥/✐/② ♣&♦✈✐❞❡&✬) ❦❡② ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧

❤❛✈❡ /♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❛/ ❧❡❛)/ ♦♥❝❡ ✇✐/❤ /❤❡ ✐❞❡♥/✐/② ♣&♦✈✐❞❡& /♦ ❞❡/❡&♠✐♥❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②

♦❢ ✉)❡&✱ ✐/ ❞♦❡) ♥♦/ ❤❛✈❡ /♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ✐♥ /❤❡♦&② ♠♦&❡ /❤❛♥ ♦♥❝❡ ♣❡& ❡✲♠❛✐❧ ✭❛❧/❤♦✉❣❤

✉♣❞❛/❡) )❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❛/ )❡/ /✐♠❡ ✐♥/❡&✈❛❧) /❤♦✉❣❤ ❧❡)) ❢&❡E✉❡♥/❧② /❤❛♥ ✉)❡&

/&❛♥)❛❝/✐♦♥)✮✳ ■/ ♠✉)/ ❜❡ ♥♦/❡❞ /❤❛/ ✉)✐♥❣ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞&❡)) ❛) ✐❞❡♥/✐✜❡&) ❡♥❛❜❧❡)

/❤❡ ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ /&❛♥)❛❝/✐♦♥)✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡&✱ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞&❡))❡) ❝❛♥ ❜❡ )❤♦&/✲❧✐✈❡❞ ♦& /❤❡②

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉)❡❞ ❛) ♣)❡✉❞♦♥②♠♦✉)✳

❯♥❢♦&/✉♥❛/❡❧②✱ ❛❧❧ ✈❡&✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝&②♣/♦❣&❛♣❤✐❝ ❦❡②) ❢&♦♠ /❤❡ ❜&♦✇)❡& ✐)

❞♦♥❡ ❜② ❛ ❝❡♥/&❛❧✐③❡❞ )❡&✈✐❝❡ ✭❤//♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜&♦✇)❡&✐❞✳♦&❣✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛

♠❛❥♦& ✈✉❧♥❡&❛❜✐❧✐/② ✐❢ ❝♦♠♣&♦♠✐)❡❞✳ ■&♦♥✐❝❛❧❧②✱ /❤❡ &❡❣✐)/&❛/✐♦♥ /♦ /❤❡ ■❞2 )✉❝❤

❛) ❤//♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜&♦✇)❡&✐❞✳♦&❣ ✐) ❝✉&&❡♥/❧② ❞♦♥❡ ✇✐/❤ ✉)❡& ♥❛♠❡) ❛♥❞ ♣❛))✇♦&❞)✳

■♥ /❤❡ ❡♥❞✱ /❤❡ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ 2❡&)♦♥❛ ♦♣❡&❛/✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦✉❧❞ )✐♠♣❧② ❜❡ ❝♦♥)✐❞❡&❡❞

♣&♦♦❢ ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦❣✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐/②✱ )✐♠✐❧❛& /♦ ♦/❤❡& )②)/❡♠) ✇❤✐❝❤ &❡❧② ♦♥

❡♠❛✐❧) /♦ &❡)❡/ ❢♦&❣♦//❡♥ ♣❛))✇♦&❞)✳ ❚❤❡&❡❢♦&❡✱ /❤❡ )❡❝✉&✐/② ♦❢ /❤❡ )②)/❡♠ &❡❧✐❡)

♦♥ /❤❡ )❡❝✉&✐/② ♦❢ /❤❡ ■❞2 ✲ ✐♥ /❤✐) ❝❛)❡ /❤❡ ❡♠❛✐❧ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡&✳ ●✐✈❡♥ /❤❡ ♣♦♦& )/❛/❡

♦❢ /❤❡ )❡❝✉&✐/② ❢♦& ♠❛♥② ❡♠❛✐❧ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡&) ✭❡✳❣✳ ❙❚❆❘❚▲❙ ♥♦/ ♣&♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✇❛&♥✐♥❣

♠❡))❛❣❡) ✐❢ ❚▲❙ ❞♦❡) ♥♦/ ✇♦&❦✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡✲♠❛✐❧) /♦ ❜❡ /&❛♥)♠✐//❡❞ ❛) ❝❧❡❛&/❡①/✮✱

/❤❡ ♣♦))✐❜✐❧✐/② ♦❢ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞&❡)) ❝♦♠♣&♦♠✐)❡ ❣&❡❛/❧② ❛✛❡❝/) /❤✐) )②)/❡♠✳

✷✳✶✳✸ ❲❡❜ ❆✉)❤❡♥)✐❝❛)✐♦♥

❆ &❡❝❡♥/ ❡✛♦&/ ❝♦♠❡) ✐♥ /❤❡ ❢♦&♠ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❆✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ❬✷✸❪✱ ❛ ❏❛✈❛❙❝&✐♣/✲❜❛)❡❞

❝&②♣/♦❣&❛♣❤✐❝ ❧✐❜&❛&② )/❛♥❞❛&❞✐③❡❞ ❜② /❤❡ ❲✸❈ ❲❡❜ ❈&②♣/♦❣&❛♣❤② ❲♦&❦✐♥❣

●&♦✉♣✳ ❲❡❜ ❆✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ❛❧❧♦✇) ❜♦/❤ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝/ ❛♥❞ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ 2❡&)♦♥❛

❛✉/❤♦&✐③❛/✐♦♥ ✢♦✇) /♦ /❛❦❡ ♣❧❛❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛/ /❤❡ )❛♠❡ /✐♠❡ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ /❤❡ ❞❛♥❣❡&♦✉)

&❡❞✐&❡❝/✐♦♥) ✉)❡❞ ❜② ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝/ ❜② &❡♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ /❤❡ ❜❡❛&❡& /♦❦❡♥) ✇✐/❤ )✐❣♥❡❞

/♦❦❡♥)✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥/❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝/ ❛♥❞ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ 2❡&)♦♥❛

✐) /❤❛/ ✉)❡& ❛//&✐❜✉/❡) ❝❛♥ ❜❡ /&❛♥)♠✐//❡❞ ♦✤✐♥❡✱ /❤❛♥❦) /♦ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝/✬)

✧♦✤✐♥❡ ❝❧✐❡♥/❀ )❡&✈❡&✲/♦✲)❡&✈❡&✧ ✢♦✇✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛/ /❤❡ )❛♠❡ /✐♠❡ ♦✛❡&✐♥❣ ✐♥❝&❡❛)❡❞

♣&✐✈❛❝② ❢♦& ✉)❡& ❛//&✐❜✉/❡) /❤❛♥❦) /♦ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ 2❡&)♦♥❛✬) ✧♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❝❧✐❡♥/✲/♦✲)❡&✈❡&✧

✢♦✇✳

❋✐❣✉&❡ ✷✳✸ ♣&❡)❡♥/) /❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✢♦✇) ♦❢ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝/ ❛♥❞ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛

2❡&)♦♥❛ ✇❤❡♥ ✉)✐♥❣ ❲❡❜ ❆✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥✳

✶✳ ❯)❡& ✈✐)✐/) /❤❡ ❙2 ❛♥❞ ♣&❡)❡♥/) /❤❡ ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ❝&❡❞❡♥/✐❛❧✱ )✐❣♥❡❞ ❜②

/❤❡ ■❞2✳

✷✳ ■❢ /❤❡ ✉)❡& ✇✐)❤❡) /♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ♦✤✐♥❡ ❛//&✐❜✉/❡ ❛❝❝❡))✱ /❤❡♥ /❤❡ ✉)❡& ♠✉)/

&❡❣✐)/❡& ✐/) ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ✇✐/❤ /❤❡ ■❞2 ❛♥❞ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ /❤❛/ ✢♦✇✳

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16 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

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❋✐❣✉$❡ ✷✳✸✿ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❆✉1❤❡♥1✐❝❛1✐♦♥✳

✸✳ ❚❤❡ ■❞9 :✐❣♥: 1❤❡ ✉:❡$✬: ❛✉1❤❡♥1✐❝❛1✐♦♥ ❝$❡❞❡♥1✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛♥② ❛11$✐❜✉1❡: 1♦

❜❡ 1$❛♥:♠✐11❡❞ ✈✐❛ 1❤❡ ❜$♦✇:❡$✳

✹✳ ❚❤❡ ❙9 ✈❡$✐✜❡: 1❤❡ :✐❣♥❛1✉$❡ ♦❢ 1❤❡ ❛✉1❤❡♥1✐❝❛1✐♦♥ ❝$❡❞❡♥1✐❛❧✳

✺✳ ■❢ 1❤❡ :✐❣♥❛1✉$❡ ♦♥ ❛✉1❤❡♥1✐❝❛1✐♦♥ ❝$❡❞❡♥1✐❛❧ ✐: ✈❛❧✐❞✱ 1❤❡♥ 1❤❡ ✉:❡$ ✐:

❛✉1❤❡♥1✐❝❛1❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✈❡$✐✜❡❞ ❛11$✐❜✉1❡: ❝❛♥ ❜❡ :❡♥1 ✈✐❛ 1❤❡ ❜$♦✇:❡$ ✐❢ ♥❡❡❞❡❞✳

✻✳ ■♥ 1❤❡ ❝❛:❡ ♦❢ ❛✉1❤♦$✐③❡❞ ♦✤✐♥❡ ✢♦✇✱ :✐❣♥❡❞ ❛11$✐❜✉1❡: ❛$❡ :❡♥1 ❢$♦♠ 1❤❡

■❞9 1♦ 1❤❡ ❙9✳

❚❤✐: :♦$1 ♦❢ ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤ ❝❛♥ ♦✛❡$ ✐❞❡♥1✐✜❡$: 1❤❛1 ❛$❡ :❤♦$1✲❧✐✈❡❞ ✭♦$ ♣:❡✉❞♦♥②✲

♠♦✉:✮ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♠❛✐♥1❛✐♥✐♥❣ 1❤❡ ♣$✐✈❛❝② ❢♦$ ✉:❡$ ❛11$✐❜✉1❡:✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥:✐❞❡$ ❡♠❛✐❧

✈❡$✐✜❝❛1✐♦♥ 1♦ ❜❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ♠❛♥② ♣♦::✐❜❧❡ ❛✉1❤❡♥1✐❝❛1✐♦♥ ♠❡1❤♦❞:✱ 1❤♦✉❣❤ ✐1 ✐:

♣♦::✐❜❧❡ 1♦ 1$❛♥:❢❡$ ♦♥❧② :✐❣♥❡❞ ✐❞❡♥1✐✜❡$: 1♦ 1❤❡ $❡❧②✐♥❣ ♣❛$1② ✐♥ ❝❛:❡: ✇❤❡$❡

❛♥♦1❤❡$ ❢♦$♠ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤✲:❡❝✉$✐1② ✭✐✳❡✳ ❛ :♠❛$1❝❛$❞✮ ❛✉1❤❡♥1✐❝❛1✐♦♥ ✐: ♥❡❡❞❡❞✳ ❍♦✇✲

❡✈❡$✱ ❡✈❡♥ 1❤✐: :②:1❡♠ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✈✉❧♥❡$❛❜❧❡ 1♦ 1$❛✣❝ ❛♥❛❧②:✐:✱ 1❤♦✉❣❤ ✐1 ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❛♠❡❧✐♦$❛1❡❞ 1❤$♦✉❣❤ 1❤❡ ✉:❡ ♦❢ ♣$♦①✐❡: ❛♥❞ ♠❡::❛❣❡: ❜❡✐♥❣ :❡♥1 $❡❣✉❧❛$❧② ❛♥❞

♣❛❞❞❡❞✳

✷✳✶✳✹ ❙❆▼▲

❚❤❡ ❖❆❙■❙ ❙❡❝✉)✐+② ❆--❡)+✐♦♥ ▼❛)❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❙❆▼▲✮ ❬✸✷❪ -+❛♥❞❛)❞ ❞❡✜♥❡-

❛♥ ❳▼▲✲❜❛-❡❞ ❢)❛♠❡✇♦)❦ ❢♦) ❞❡-❝)✐❜✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ -❡❝✉)✐+② ✐♥❢♦)♠❛+✐♦♥

❜❡+✇❡❡♥ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❜✉-✐♥❡-- ♣❛)+♥❡)-✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛++❡♠♣+- +♦ +❛❝❦❧❡ +❤❡ -✐♥❣❧❡✲-✐❣♥

♦♥ ✭❙❙❖✮ ♣)♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♠♦♥❣-+ ♠❛♥② ♦+❤❡)-✳ ❚❤✐- -❡❝✉)✐+② ✐♥❢♦)♠❛+✐♦♥ ✐- ❡①♣)❡--❡❞

✐♥ +❤❡ ❢♦)♠ ♦❢ ♣♦)+❛❜❧❡ ❙❆▼▲ ❛--❡)+✐♦♥- +❤❛+ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥- ✇♦)❦✐♥❣ ❛❝)♦--

-❡❝✉)✐+② ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❜♦✉♥❞❛)✐❡- ❝❛♥ +)✉-+✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡- ♦❢ ❙❆▼▲ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥+ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡

✉♥✐✈❡)-✐+✐❡-✱ ●♦♦❣❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✐-❝♦✳ ❯♥❧✐❦❡ ♠❛♥② ♦+❤❡) ✐❞❡♥+✐+② +❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡-✱ ❙❆▼▲

✐- ❛❜❧❡ +♦ ♣)♦✈✐❞❡ -❡❝✉)✐+② -♦❧✉+✐♦♥- ❢♦) ❜❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❣♦✈❡)♥♠❡♥+ ❲❡❜ ♣♦)+❛❧-✳

❙❆▼▲ ✐-✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡)✱ ♦❢+❡♥ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛- ❜❡✐♥❣ ♠♦)❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① +❤❛♥ ✐- ♥❡❝❡--❛)② +♦

-✉♣♣♦)+ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥+❛+✐♦♥- )❡N✉✐)✐♥❣ ❧♦✇ ❧❡✈❡❧- ♦❢ ❛--✉)❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤✐- ❤❛- ❞)✐✈❡♥

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2.1. RELATED WORK 17

♠❛♥② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡*+ ,♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② +✐♠♣❧❡* ,❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡+ ❧✐❦❡ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ✐♥ ❧♦✇ ❛++✉*❛♥❝❡

+❝❡♥❛*✐♦+✳

■♥ ,❤❡ ❧❛,❡+, ✈❡*+✐♦♥✱ ❙❆▼▲ ✷✳✵ ❬✶✻❪✱ ,❤❡ ♣*✐♠❛*② ✉+❡ ❝❛+❡ ✐+ +,✐❧❧ ❲❡❜ ❇*♦✇+❡*

❙❙❖✱ ❜✉, ,❤❡ +❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ ❙❆▼▲ ✷✳✵ ✐+ ❜*♦❛❞❡* ,❤❛♥ ♣*❡✈✐♦✉+ ✈❡*+✐♦♥+ ♦❢ ❙❆▼▲✳

❚❤❡ ✉+❡* ✜*+, ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,❡+ ,♦ ,❤❡ ✐❞❡♥,✐,② ♣*♦✈✐❞❡*✳ ❚❤❡ ✉+❡* ✐+ ,❤❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ ,♦

❛❝❝❡++ ❛ *❡+♦✉*❝❡ ❛, ♦♥❡ ♦* ♠♦*❡ +❡*✈✐❝❡ ♣*♦✈✐❞❡*+ ✇✐,❤♦✉, ♥❡❡❞✐♥❣ ,♦ ❧♦❣ ✐♥ ❛,

❡❛❝❤ +❡*✈✐❝❡ ♣*♦✈✐❞❡*✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐❛❣*❛♠ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉*❡ ✷✳✹ +❤♦✇+ ,❤❡ ♣*♦❝❡++ ❢♦* ✇❤❛,

✐+ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛+ ❙❡*✈✐❝❡ K*♦✈✐❞❡* ■♥✐,✐❛,❡❞ ❙✐♥❣❧❡ ❙✐❣♥✲♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐+ ✇❤❛, ❤❛♣♣❡♥+

✇❤❡♥ ,❤❡ ✉+❡* ✈✐+✐,+ ,❤❡ +❡*✈✐❝❡ ✜*+,✱ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❡❞+ ,♦ ❜❡ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,❡❞✳

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❋✐❣✉*❡ ✷✳✹✿ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥, ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❙❆▼▲ ✷✳✵ ❲❡❜ ❇*♦✇+❡* ❙❙❖ ♣*♦✜❧❡✱ ✉+✐♥❣

,❤❡ ❍❚❚K K❖❙❚ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣✳

✶✳ ❚❤❡ ✉+❡* ♠❛❦❡+ ❛ *❡O✉❡+, ,♦ ,❤❡ ❙K ❢♦* ❛ +♣❡❝✐✜❝ *❡+♦✉*❝❡✳ ❚❤✐+ *❡O✉❡+,

♠❛② ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ✐♥ ❛ ✈❛*✐❡,② ♦❢ ✇❛②+ ❢♦* ❛ ✈❛*✐❡,② ♦❢ *❡❛+♦♥+✳ ❋♦* ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ,❤❡

✉+❡* ♠❛② ❜❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜♦♦❦♠❛*❦ ♦* ❝❧✐❝❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ❢*♦♠ ❛♥ ❡♠❛✐❧✳

✷✳ ❚♦ ❜❡❣✐♥ ,❤❡ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,✐♦♥ ♣*♦❝❡++✱ ,❤❡ ❙K *❡+♣♦♥❞+ ✇✐,❤ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥,

❝♦♥,❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❳❍❚▼▲ ❢♦*♠✱ +✐❣♥+ ✐,✱ ♦♣,✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❡♥❝*②♣,+ ✐,✱ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❝♦❞❡+

✐,✳ ❆♥ ♦*❣❛♥✐③❛,✐♦♥✲+♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❤♦+, ♥❛♠❡ ❛❧❧♦✇+ ,❤❡ ✉+❡*✬+ ♦*❣❛♥✐③❛,✐♦♥ ,♦ ❜❡

❞✐+❝♦✈❡*❡❞✳ ❆❧♦♥❣ ✇✐,❤ ,❤❡ ❙❆▼▲ ❘❡O✉❡+,✱ ❛♥ ❍❚❚K ♣❛*❛♠❡,❡* ❝❛❧❧❡❞

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18 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

❘❡❧❛②❙&❛&❡ ✐! ♣❛!!❡❞ ❛❧♦♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ ■❞-✳ ❚❤✐! ❝❛♣*✉2❡! *❤❡ ❧♦❝❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡

2❡!♦✉2❝❡ *❤❡ ✉!❡2 ♦2✐❣✐♥❛❧❧② 2❡5✉❡!*❡❞✳

✸✳ ❚❤❡ ✉!❡2 ❛❣❡♥* ✐!!✉❡! ❛ -❖❙❚ 2❡5✉❡!* *♦ *❤❡ ❙❙❖ !❡2✈✐❝❡ ❛* *❤❡ ■❞-✳

❚❤❡ ❙❙❖ !❡2✈✐❝❡ ♣2♦❝❡!!❡! *❤❡ ❆✉&❤♥❘❡+✉❡,& ❡❧❡♠❡♥* ✭❜② ❯❘▲✲❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣✱

❜❛!❡✻✹✲❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✢❛*✐♥❣ *❤❡ 2❡5✉❡!*✱ ✐♥ *❤❛* ♦2❞❡2✮ ❛♥❞ ♣❡2❢♦2♠! ❛

!❡❝✉2✐*② ❝❤❡❝❦✳ ■❢ *❤❡ ✉!❡2 ❞♦❡! ♥♦* ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞ !❡❝✉2✐*② ❝♦♥*❡①* ✭✐✳❡✳ ❛♥

❡①✐!*✐♥❣ !❡!!✐♦♥✮✱ *❤❡ ✐❞❡♥*✐*② ♣2♦✈✐❞❡2 ✐❞❡♥*✐✜❡! *❤❡ ✉!❡2✳

✹✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❙❖ !❡2✈✐❝❡ ♦♥ *❤❡ ■❞- ✈❛❧✐❞❛*❡! *❤❡ 2❡5✉❡!*✱ ❜✉✐❧❞! *❤❡ ❙❆▼▲❘❡✲

,♣♦♥,❡ ❛♥❞ 2❡!♣♦♥❞! ✇✐*❤ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ❝♦♥*❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❳❍❚▼▲ ❢♦2♠✳ ❚❤❡

✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❘❡❧❛②❙&❛&❡ ♣❛2❛♠❡*❡2 ❤❛! ❜❡❡♥ ♣2❡!❡2✈❡❞ ❢2♦♠ ❙*❡♣ ✸✳

✺✳ ❚❤❡ ✉!❡2 ✭❜2♦✇!❡2✮ ✐!!✉❡! ❛ -❖❙❚ 2❡5✉❡!* *♦ *❤❡ ❛!!❡2*✐♦♥ ❝♦♥!✉♠❡2 !❡2✲

✈✐❝❡ ❛* *❤❡ ❙-✱ ✇❤❡2❡ *❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡! ♦❢ *❤❡ ❙❆▼▲❘❡,♣♦♥,❡ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❧❛②❙&❛&❡

♣❛2❛♠❡*❡2! ❛2❡ *❛❦❡♥ ❢2♦♠ *❤❡ ❳❍❚▼▲ ❢♦2♠ ❛* ❙*❡♣ ✹✳

✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❛!!❡2*✐♦♥ ❝♦♥!✉♠❡2 !❡2✈✐❝❡ ♣2♦❝❡!!❡! *❤❡ 2❡!♣♦♥!❡✱ ❝2❡❛*❡! ❛ !❡❝✉2✐*②

❝♦♥*❡①* ✭✐✳❡✳ ❛ !❡!!✐♦♥✮ *♦ ❧♦❣ *❤❡ ✉!❡2 ✐♥*♦ *❤❡ ❙- ❛♥❞ 2❡❞✐2❡❝*! *❤❡ ✉!❡2

*♦ *❤❡ 2❡5✉❡!*❡❞ 2❡!♦✉2❝❡✳

❙❆▼▲ ❞♦❡! ♥♦* !♣❡❝✐❢② *❤❡ ♠❡*❤♦❞ ♦❢ ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ❛* *❤❡ ✐❞❡♥*✐*②

♣2♦✈✐❞❡2❀ ✐* ♠❛② ✉!❡ ❛ ✉!❡2♥❛♠❡✴♣❛!!✇♦2❞✱ ♠✉❧*✐❢❛❝*♦2 ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥✱ ❡*❝✳✳ ❆

❞✐2❡❝*♦2② !❡2✈✐❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇! ✉!❡2! *♦ ❧♦❣✐♥ ✇✐*❤ ❛ ✉!❡2 ♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛!!✇♦2❞✱

✐! ❛ *②♣✐❝❛❧ !♦✉2❝❡ ♦❢ ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ *♦❦❡♥! ✭✐✳❡✳ ♣❛!!✇♦2❞!✮ ❛* ❛♥ ✐❞❡♥*✐*②

♣2♦✈✐❞❡2✳ ❆♥② ♦❢ *❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛2 ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥*❡2♥❡* !♦❝✐❛❧ !❡2✈✐❝❡! ❛❧!♦ ♣2♦✈✐❞❡

✐❞❡♥*✐*② !❡2✈✐❝❡! *❤❛* ✐♥ *❤❡♦2② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉!❡❞ *♦ !✉♣♣♦2* ❙❆▼▲ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡!✳

❙✐♥❝❡ ✐* ✐! ❳▼▲✲❜❛!❡❞✱ ❙❆▼▲ ❤❛! ❡①*❡♥!✐❜✐❧✐*②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡! ✐* ❛ ✈❡2②

✢❡①✐❜❧❡ !*❛♥❞❛2❞✳ ❚✇♦ ❢❡❞❡2❛*✐♦♥ ♣❛2*♥❡2! ❝❛♥ ❝❤♦♦!❡ *♦ !❤❛2❡ ✇❤❛*❡✈❡2

✐❞❡♥*✐*② ❛**2✐❜✉*❡! *❤❡② ✇❛♥* ✐♥ ❛ ❙❆▼▲ ❛!!❡2*✐♦♥ ✭♠❡!!❛❣❡✮ ♣❛②❧♦❛❞ ❛! ❧♦♥❣

❛! *❤♦!❡ ❛**2✐❜✉*❡! ❝❛♥ ❜❡ 2❡♣2❡!❡♥*❡❞ ✐♥ ❳▼▲✳ ■♥*❡2♦♣❡2❛❜✐❧✐*② ❛❧!♦ ❣✐✈❡!

❙❆▼▲ ❛ ❤✉❣❡ ❛❞✈❛♥*❛❣❡ ♦✈❡2 ♣2♦♣2✐❡*❛2② ❙❙❖ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐!♠!✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ 2❡5✉✐2❡ *❤❡

✐❞❡♥*✐*② ♣2♦✈✐❞❡2 ❛♥❞ ❙- *♦ ❜♦*❤ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥* *❤❡ !❛♠❡ !♦❢*✇❛2❡✳ ❆❞❞✐*✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛

!✐♥❣❧❡ ❙❆▼▲ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥*❛*✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ !✉♣♣♦2* ❙❙❖ ❝♦♥♥❡❝*✐♦♥! ✇✐*❤ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡2❡♥*

❢❡❞❡2❛*✐♦♥ ♣❛2*♥❡2!✳

❙❆▼▲ ✇❛! ❞❡!✐❣♥❡❞ *♦ ❜❡ 2♦❜✉!* ✇❤❡♥ ✐* ❝♦♠❡! *♦ !❡❝✉2✐*② *❤2❡❛*! ❛!

✇❡❧❧ ❛! ✉!❡2 ❞❛*❛ ♣2✐✈❛❝②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡2✱ ❛♥ ✐♥✲❞❡♣*❤ ❞❡!❝2✐♣*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦!!✐❜❧❡ ❛**❛❝❦

!❝❡♥❛2✐♦! ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♥*❡2♠❡❛!✉2❡! ❤❛! ❜❡❡♥ ♣2♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❖❆❙■❙ ✐♥ ❬✹✽❪✳

✷✳✶✳✺ ❙②♥'❤❡*✐*

❯♥❢♦2*✉♥❛*❡❧②✱ ♥❡✐*❤❡2 ♦❢ *❤❡ ❛❢♦2❡♠❡♥*✐♦♥❡❞ ♣2♦*♦❝♦❧! ♦✛❡2 *2✉❡ ❞❡❝❡♥*2❛❧✲

✐③❛*✐♦♥✱ !✐♥❝❡ !❡2✈✐❝❡ ♣2♦✈✐❞❡2! ♦✛❡2 ❛ ❧✐♠✐*❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡2 ♦❢ ❝❤♦✐❝❡! ❢♦2 ✐❞❡♥*✐*②

♣2♦✈✐❞❡2!✱ ❜❛!❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♣2✐♦2✐ *2✉!* 2❡❧❛*✐♦♥!❤✐♣! ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ *❤❡♠✳ ❆❞❞✐*✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱

❡✈❡♥ *❤♦✉❣❤ !♦♠❡ ✉!❡2 ❛**2✐❜✉*❡! ❛2❡ *2❛♥!♠✐**❡❞ ♦♥❝❡ ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ❤❛! ❜❡❡♥

♣❡2❢♦2♠❡❞✱ *❤❡ ✉!❡2 ✐! ✉!✉❛❧❧② ❢♦2❝❡❞ *♦ ❝2❡❛*❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥* ♦♥ *❤❡ ♥❡✇

!❡2✈✐❝❡ ♣2♦✈✐❞❡2✱ *❤✉! ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❢2♦♠ ♦♥❡ !✐❧♦ *♦ ❛♥♦*❤❡2✳ ▼♦2❡♦✈❡2✱ ✉!❡2♥❛♠❡

❛♥❞ ♣❛!!✇♦2❞! ❛2❡ !*✐❧❧ *❤❡ ♣2❡❢❡22❡❞ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ ✐* ❝♦♠❡! *♦ ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥

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2.2. WEB IDENTITY AND DISCOVERY - WEBID 19

❝!❡❞❡♥%✐❛❧)✱ ❞❡❝!❡❛)✐♥❣ %❤❡ )❡❝✉!✐%② ♦❢ %❤❡ )②)%❡♠✳

■♥ %❤❡ ♥❡①% )❡❝%✐♦♥ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣!❡)❡♥% %❤❡ ✜!)% ♦❢ ♦✉! ❝♦♥%!✐❜✉%✐♦♥)✱ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥✲

%!❛❧✐③❡❞✱ ✉)❡!✲❝❡♥%!✐❝ ✐❞❡♥%✐%② )❝❤❡♠❡ ❜❛)❡❞ ♦♥ %❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥%✐❝ ❲❡❜✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤♦♣❡)

%♦ ❛❞❞!❡)) ❡①✐)%✐♥❣ ✐))✉❡) ♣!❡)❡♥% ✐♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛! ❞❡❝❡♥%!❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ♣!♦✲

%♦❝♦❧)✳

✷✳✷ ❲❡❜ ■❞❡♥(✐(② ❛♥❞ ❉✐-❝♦✈❡1② ✲ ❲❡❜■❉

❆ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞✐)%!✐❜✉%❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ !❡>✉✐!❡) %❤❛% ❡❛❝❤ ♣❡!)♦♥ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ %♦ ❝♦♥%!♦❧

%❤❡✐! ✐❞❡♥%✐%② ❛♥❞ %❤❛% %❤✐) ✐❞❡♥%✐%② ❜❡ ❧✐♥❦❛❜❧❡ ❛❝!♦)) )✐%❡)✱ %❤✉) ♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤

♣❡!)♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ !❡❧❛%✐♦♥)❤✐♣)✳

❲❡❜■❉ ❬✻✵❪✱ ♦✉! ✜!)% ❝♦♥%!✐❜✉%✐♦♥✱ ✐) ❛ )✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐✈❡!)❛❧ ✐❞❡♥%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥

♠❡❝❤❛♥✐)♠ %❤❛% ✐) ❞✐)%!✐❜✉%❡❞✱ ♦♣❡♥❧② ❡①%❡♥)✐❜❧❡✱ ✐♠♣!♦✈❡) ♣!✐✈❛❝②✱ )❡❝✉!✐%② ❛♥❞

❝♦♥%!♦❧ ♦✈❡! ❤♦✇ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❡!)♦♥ ❝❛♥ ✐❞❡♥%✐❢② %❤❡♠)❡❧✈❡)✳ ■% ❞♦❡) %❤✐) ❜② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣

%❤❡ ❜❡)% ♣!❛❝%✐❝❡) ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❆!❝❤✐%❡❝%✉!❡ ✇❤✐❧)% ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✇❡❧❧ ❡)%❛❜❧✐)❤❡❞

✇✐❞❡❧② ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ♣!♦%♦❝♦❧) ❛♥❞ )%❛♥❞❛!❞) ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❍❚▼▲ ❬✼❪✱ ❯❘■) ❬✶✶❪✱

❍❚❚N ❬✶✵❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❘❉❋ )❡♠❛♥%✐❝)✳ ❲❡❜■❉ ✐) ❛ ✇♦!❦✲✐♥✲♣!♦❣!❡)) ♦♣❡♥ )%❛♥❞❛!❞

✇✐%❤✐♥ %❤❡ ❲♦!❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥)♦!%✐✉♠

✱ %♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❛!❡ ❛❝%✐✈❡❧② ❝♦♥%!✐❜✉%✐♥❣✳

❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡!❛❧ ✐❞❡❛ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉ ✐) %❤❛% ❆❣❡♥%) ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ♣❡!)♦♥✱ ❛♥ ♦!❣❛♥✐✲

③❛%✐♦♥✱ ❛ ❣!♦✉♣✱ ❡%❝✳✮ ❝!❡❛%❡ %❤❡✐! ♦✇♥ ✐❞❡♥%✐%✐❡) ❜② ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛ ✉♥✐#✉❡ ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡(

✭✐✳❡✳ ❛♥ ❍❚❚N ❯❘■✮ %♦ ❛ ♣(♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&✱ ❛ %②♣❡ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ♣❛❣❡ %❤❛% ❛♥②

❲❡❜ ✉)❡! ✐) ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛! ✇✐%❤✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉)❡) ❛ )%❛♥❞❛!❞✐③❡❞ ❘❉❋ )❡!✐❛❧✐③❛%✐♦♥

❢♦!♠❛%✳ ❚❤❡ ♣!♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥% ❝♦♥%❛✐♥) ❛❧❧ %❤❡ ♥❡❝❡))❛!② ✐♥❢♦!♠❛%✐♦♥ %♦ ❝!❡❛%❡

❛ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ %!✉)% ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇) ♣❡♦♣❧❡ %♦ ❧✐♥❦ %♦❣❡%❤❡! %❤❡✐! ♣!♦✜❧❡) ✐♥ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝

♦! ♣!♦%❡❝%❡❞ ♠❛♥♥❡!✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ %!✉)% ❝❛♥ %❤❡♥ ❜❡ ✉)❡❞ ❜② ❲❡❜ )❡!✈✐❝❡)

%♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛✉%❤♦!✐③❛%✐♦♥ ❞❡❝✐)✐♦♥)✱ ❜② ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡)) %♦ !❡)♦✉!❝❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥

%❤❡ ♣!♦♣❡!%✐❡) ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥%✱ )✉❝❤ %❤❛% ❤❡✴)❤❡ ✐) ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜② )♦♠❡ !❡❧❡✈❛♥% ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱

✇♦!❦) ❛% ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✐) ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♠❡♠❜❡!✱ ✐) ♣❛!% ♦❢ )♦♠❡ ❣!♦✉♣✱ ❡%❝✳✳

❇❡❢♦!❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ ❲❡❜■❉ ✇♦!❦)✱ ✇❡ ♠✉)% ♣!♦✈✐❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐%✐♦♥) ❢♦! )❡✈❡!❛❧

%❡!♠) ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✉)❡❞ ♦! ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉)✐♥❣✳

❙❡"✈❡" ✲ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❝♦♥%❛❝%❛❜❧❡ ❛% ❛ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♥❛♠❡ ♦! ■N ❛❞❞!❡)) %❤❛% ❤♦)%) ❛

♥✉♠❜❡! ♦❢ ❣❧♦❜❛❧❧② ❛❝❝❡))✐❜❧❡ )❡!✈✐❝❡)✳

❙❡"✈✐❝❡ ✲ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ♦! ❛❣❡♥% ❧✐)%❡♥✐♥❣ ❢♦! !❡>✉❡)%) ❛% ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ■N ❛❞❞!❡))

❛♥❞ ♣♦!% ♥✉♠❜❡! ♦♥ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ )❡!✈❡!✳

❘❡'✉❡)*✐♥❣ ❆❣❡♥* ✲ ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥% %❤❛% ✐♥✐%✐❛%❡) ❛ !❡>✉❡)% %♦ ❛ )❡!✈✐❝❡✱ ♦♥ ❛

❣✐✈❡♥ )❡!✈❡!✳

❲❡❜■❉ ✲ ❛ ❯❘■ ✇✐%❤ ❛♥ ❍❚❚N ♦! ❍❚❚N❙ )❝❤❡♠❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞❡♥♦%❡) ❛♥ ❆❣❡♥%

✭N❡!)♦♥✱ ❖!❣❛♥✐③❛%✐♦♥✱ ●!♦✉♣✱ ❉❡✈✐❝❡✱ ❡%❝✳✮✳

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✸✳♦)❣

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20 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

❲❡❜■❉ %&♦✜❧❡ ✲ ❛♥ ❘❉❋ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥, ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉♥✐0✉❡❧② ❞❡3❝4✐❜❡3 ,❤❡ ❆❣❡♥,

❞❡♥♦,❡❞ ❜② ,❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✐♥ 4❡❧❛,✐♦♥ ,♦ ,❤❛, ❲❡❜■❉✳

❉❡&❡❢❡&❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❛ ❯❘■ ✲ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❝✉44❡♥, ❝♦♥,❡①, ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥,✐❝ ❲❡❜✱ ,❤❡

♦♣❡4❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡4❡❢❡4❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❛ ❯❘■ 4❡3✉❧,3 ✐♥ ❛❝❝❡33✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ✐♥❢♦4♠❛,✐♦♥ 4❡3♦✉4❝❡

♦♥ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜ ✭❧♦❝❛,❡❞ ❛, ,❤❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❯❘■✮ ❛♥❞ ❡①,4❛❝,✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ❘❉❋ 3❡♠❛♥,✐❝3 ❢4♦♠

✐,✳

❍❛3❤ ❯❘■ ✲ ❛ ❯❘■ ❝♦♥,❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❢4❛❣♠❡♥, ✐❞❡♥,✐✜❡4 ✭✐✳❡✳ ★♠❡✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❛3❤

3②♠❜♦❧ ✭★✮ 3❡♣❛4❛,❡3 ,❤❡ ❯❘■ ,♦ ❜❡ ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ✉♣✱ ,❤❡ 3♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥' ❯❘■

♣❛4, ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❯❘■ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠❡3 ❜❡❢♦4❡ ,❤❡ ★✱ ❢4♦♠ ,❤❡ +❡❧❛'✐✈❡ ❯❘■ ♣❛4, ✇❤✐❝❤

✐3 ❝♦♥3✐❞❡4❡❞ ,♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥♥❡4 4❡❢❡4❡♥❝❡ ✇✐,❤✐♥ ,❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥,✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛ ❤❛3❤ ✐3

♣4❡3❡♥,✱ ,❤❡ ❧♦♦❦✉♣ ♦♣❡4❛,✐♦♥ ✐3 ♣❡4❢♦4♠❡❞ ♦♥ ,❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❯❘■✳

%♦✐♥5❡❞ ●&❛♣❤ ✲ ❛ ❣4❛♣❤ ,❤❛, ✐3 ♣❛4, ♦❢ ❛♥ ❘❉❋ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❛♥❞ ,❤❛, ❝❛♥

❜❡ 4❡❢❡44❡❞ ,♦ ❜② ✐,3 4❡❧❛,✐✈❡ ❯❘■ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❁★♠❡❃✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡4❡♥❝❡ ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ ,❤❡

♥❛♠❡❞ ❣+❛♣❤ ❬✶✼❪ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✐♥,❡❞ ❣4❛♣❤ ✐3 ,❤❛, ,❤❡ ❧❛,,❡4 ✐3 ✉3❡❞ ,♦ 4❡❢❡4 ,♦ ❛

4❡3♦✉4❝❡ ,❤❛, ✐3 ♣❛4, ♦❢ ❛ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❣4❛♣❤✱ ❛♥❞ ,❤❛, ✇❤♦3❡ ❝♦♥,❡①, ✐3 ♦♥❧② ✈❛❧✐❞

✇✐,❤✐♥ ,❤❛, ♥❛♠❡❞ ❣4❛♣❤✳

❚♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐❢② ,❤❡3❡ ,❡4♠3✱ ❋✐❣✉4❡ ✷✳✺ ❞❡3❝4✐❜❡3 ,❤❡ 4❡❧❛,✐♦♥3 ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ ❚✐♠

❇❡4♥❡43✲▲❡❡✬3 ❲❡❜■❉ ✭✐✳❡✳ ,❤❡ ❯❘■✮ ❛♥❞ ,❤❡ ♣4♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥, ,♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐, 4❡❢❡43✳

❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■ ✲ ❤,,♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦4❣✴W❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡4♥❡43✲▲❡❡✴❝❛4❞★✐ ✲ ✐3 ❛♥

✐❞❡♥'✐✜❡+ ,❤❛, 4❡❢❡43 ,♦ ❛ ♣❡43♦♥ ♦4 ♠♦4❡ ❣❡♥❡4❛❧❧② ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥,✱ ✐♥ ,❤✐3 ❝❛3❡ ,♦

❚✐♠ ❇❡4♥❡43✲▲❡❡✳

❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ W4♦✜❧❡ ❯❘■ ✲ ❤,,♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦4❣✴W❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡4♥❡43✲▲❡❡✴❝❛4❞ ✲

❞❡♥♦,❡3 ,❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥' ❞❡3❝4✐❜✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ❛❣❡♥, ,♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■ 4❡❢❡43✳ ❚❤❡

♣4♦✜❧❡ ♠❛② ❝♦♥,❛✐♥ ❛♥② ♥✉♠❜❡4 ♦❢ 4❡❧❛,✐♦♥3 ❞❡3❝4✐❜✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ❛❣❡♥,✳ ❋♦4 ❡①❛♠♣❧❡

❛ ✉3❡4 ❝❛♥ ♣✉❜❧✐3❤ ❛ ❞❡♣✐❝,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐♠3❡❧❢✱ 3♦ ,❤❛, ♦♥❝❡ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,❡❞ ❛ 3❡4✈✐❝❡

❝❛♥ ♣❡43♦♥❛❧✐③❡ ,❤❡ ✉3❡4 ❡①♣❡4✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✉3❡4 ❝❛♥ ❛❧3♦ ♣♦3, ❧✐♥❦3 ,♦ ❦♥♦✇♥

♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ✇❤♦ ✐♥ ,✉4♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❲❡❜■❉3 ♣✉❜❧✐3❤❡❞ ♦♥ ♦,❤❡4 3✐,❡3✱ ✐♥ ♦4❞❡4 ,♦ ❝4❡❛,❡

❛ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✳ ▼♦4❡ ✐♠♣♦4,❛♥,❧②✱ ,❤❡ ✉3❡4 ❝❛♥ ♣✉❜❧✐3❤ ♦♥❡ ♦4 ♠♦4❡ 4❡❧❛,✐♦♥3

,♦ ♣4✐♥❝✐♣❛❧3 ✉3❡❞ ❜② ❞✐✛❡4❡♥, ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,✐♦♥ ♣4♦,♦❝♦❧3✳ ▼♦4❡ ✐♥❢♦4♠❛,✐♦♥ ♦♥

❲❡❜■❉ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❧❛,❡4 ♦♥ ✐♥ ❙❡❝,✐♦♥ ✷✳✸✳

✷✳✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■

❖♥ ,❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥,✐❝ ❲❡❜✱ ❯❘■3 ✐❞❡♥,✐❢② ♥♦, ❥✉3, ❲❡❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥,3✱ ❜✉, ❛❧3♦ 4❡❛❧✲

✇♦4❧❞ ♦❜❥❡❝,3 ❧✐❦❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛43✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❛❜3,4❛❝, ✐❞❡❛3 ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❡①✐3,✐♥❣

,❤✐♥❣3 ❧✐❦❡ ♠②,❤✐❝❛❧ ❤❡4♦❡3✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ 4❡❢❡4 ,♦ ,❤❡3❡ ❛3 4❡❛❧✲✇♦4❧❞ ♦❜❥❡❝,3 ♦4

,❤✐♥❣3✳ ❋♦4 ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ,❤❡ ♣❡43♦♥ ❆♥♥ ✐3 ❞❡3❝4✐❜❡❞ ♦♥ ❤❡4 ❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡✳ ❇❛44② ♠❛②

♥♦, ❧✐❦❡ ,❤❡ ❧♦♦❦ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡✱ ❜✉, ♠❛② ✇❛♥, ,♦ ❧✐♥❦ ,♦ ,❤❡ ♣❡43♦♥ ❆♥♥✳

❚❤❡4❡❢♦4❡✱ ,✇♦ ❯❘■3 ❛4❡ ♥❡❡❞❡❞✱ ♦♥❡ ❢♦4 ❆♥♥✱ ♦♥❡ ❢♦4 ,❤❡ ❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡ ♦4 ❛♥ ❘❉❋

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❞❡3❝4✐❜✐♥❣ ❆♥♥✳

■♥ ♦✉4 ❝❛3❡✱ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■ ♠✉3, ❜❡ ♦♥❡ ,❤❛, ❞❡4❡❢❡4❡♥❝❡3 ,♦ ❛ ❞♦❝✲

✉♠❡♥, ,❤❡ ✉3❡4 ❝♦♥,4♦❧3✳ ❋♦4 ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❢ ❛ ✉3❡4 ❇❛44② ❝♦♥,4♦❧3 ,❤❡

3❡4✈❡4 ❤♦3,✐♥❣ ❤,,♣3✿✴✴❜❛44②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣4♦✜❧❡✱ ,❤❡♥ ❤✐3 ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■ ❝❛♥ ❜❡

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2.2. WEB IDENTITY AND DISCOVERY - WEBID 21

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22 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤&&♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥-✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃✳

❚❤❡ ❋%✐❡♥❞✲♦❢✲❛✲❋%✐❡♥❞ ✭❋❖❆❋✮ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛%② ❛❧❧♦✇8 9❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥9✐❝ ❲❡❜

❝♦♠♠✉♥✐9② 9♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥✲❞❛9❛ 8♦❝✐❛❧ ❣%❛♣❤✳ ❚❤✐8 ♦♥9♦❧♦❣② ❞❡8❝%✐❜❡8 ♣❡♦♣❧❡

❛♥❞ 9❤❡✐% ♣%♦♣❡%9✐❡8✱ ❛8 ✇❡❧❧ ❛8 ❧✐♥❦8 ❜❡9✇❡❡♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✉8✐♥❣ ❘❉❋✳ ■♥ 9❤✐8 ♠♦❞❡❧✱

❛ ✉♥✐❢♦%♠ %❡8♦✉%❝❡ ✐❞❡♥9✐✜❡% ✭❯❘■✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ ♦✉% ❝❛8❡ ✐8 9❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣%♦✜❧❡

❯❘■✱ %❡❢❡%8 9♦ ❋❖❆❋ ❞❛9❛ %❡♣%❡8❡♥9✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡%8♦♥✱ ❛ ❣%♦✉♣✱ ♦% 9❤❡✐% ❛❣❡♥98 ❛♥❞

9❤❡✐% %❡8♣❡❝9✐✈❡ %❡❧❛9✐♦♥8✳ ❋❖❆❋ ❝♦❧❧❡❝98 ❛ ✈❛%✐❡9② ♦❢ 9❡%♠8❀ 8♦♠❡ ❞❡8❝%✐❜❡

♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ 8♦♠❡ ❣%♦✉♣8✱ 8♦♠❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥98✳ ❉✐✛❡%❡♥9 ❦✐♥❞8 ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛9✐♦♥8 ❝❛♥ ✉8❡

♦% ✐❣♥♦%❡ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥9 ♣❛%98 ♦❢ ❋❖❆❋✳ ❋❖❆❋ ❞❡8❝%✐♣9✐♦♥8 ❛%❡ 9❤❡♠8❡❧✈❡8 ♣✉❜❧✐8❤❡❞

❛8 ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥98 ✐♥ 9❤❡ ❲❡❜ ✭❡✳❣✳ ✉8✐♥❣ ❘❉❋✴❳▼▲✱ ◆✸✱ ❡9❝✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ %❡8✉❧9

♦❢ 9❤❡ ❋❖❆❋ ♣%♦✜❧❡ ✐8 ❛ ♥❡9✇♦%❦ ♦❢ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥98 ❞❡8❝%✐❜✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡9✇♦%❦ ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡

❛♥❞ ♣%♦♣❡%9✐❡8✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❋❖❆❋ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥9 ✐8 ✐98❡❧❢ ❛♥ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❞❡8❝%✐♣9✐✈❡

♥❡9✇♦%❦ 89%✉❝9✉%❡✳

✷✳✷✳✸ #✉❜❧✐(❤✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣2♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥,

❈♦♥#❡♥# ♥❡❣♦#✐❛#✐♦♥

❆❝❝♦%❞✐♥❣ 9♦ ❲✸❈ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡8 ❬✸✾❪✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❲❡❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥9 ✭❛❧8♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞

✐♥❢♦%♠❛9✐♦♥ %❡8♦✉%❝❡✮ ✐❢ ❛❧❧ ✐98 ❡88❡♥9✐❛❧ ❝❤❛%❛❝9❡%✐89✐❝8 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥✈❡②❡❞ ✐♥ ❛

♠❡88❛❣❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ❲❡❜ ♣❛❣❡✱ ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦% ❛ ♣%♦❞✉❝9 ❝❛9❛❧♦❣✉❡✮✳

■♥ ❍❚❚T✱ ❛ ✷✵✵ %❡8♣♦♥8❡ ❝♦❞❡ 8❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ 8❡♥9 ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ❲❡❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥9

❤❛8 ❜❡❡♥ ❛❝❝❡88❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ❛ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥9 ❲❡❜ 8❡%✈❡% ❝♦♥✜❣✉%❛9✐♦♥ ✐8 ♥❡❡❞❡❞

✇❤❡♥ ♣✉❜❧✐8❤✐♥❣ ❯❘■8 9❤❛9 ❛%❡ ♠❡❛♥9 9♦ ✐❞❡♥9✐❢② ❡♥9✐9✐❡8 ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛%❡ ♥♦9

❲❡❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥98✳ ❲❡❜ ❝❧✐❡♥98 ❛♥❞ 8❡%✈❡%8 ✉8❡ 9❤❡ ❍❚❚T ♣%♦9♦❝♦❧ 9♦ %❡W✉❡89

%❡♣%❡8❡♥9❛9✐♦♥8 ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥98 ❛♥❞ 8❡♥❞ ❜❛❝❦ 9❤❡ %❡8♣♦♥8❡8✳ ❍❚❚T ❤❛8 ❛

♣♦✇❡%❢✉❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐8♠ ❢♦% ♦✛❡%✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥9 ❢♦%♠❛98 ❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✈❡%8✐♦♥8 ♦❢ 9❤❡

8❛♠❡ ❲❡❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥9 ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛8 ❝♦♥&❡♥& ♥❡❣♦&✐❛&✐♦♥✳

❲❤❡♥ ❛ ✉8❡% ❛❣❡♥9 ✭8✉❝❤ ❛8 ❛ ❜%♦✇8❡%✮ ♠❛❦❡8 ❛♥ ❍❚❚T %❡W✉❡89✱ ✐9 8❡♥❞8

❛❧♦♥❣ 8♦♠❡ ❍❚❚T ❤❡❛❞❡%8 9♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛9❡ ✇❤❛9 ❞❛9❛ ❢♦%♠❛98 ❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✐9 ♣%❡❢❡%8✳

❚❤❡ 8❡%✈❡% 9❤❡♥ 8❡❧❡❝98 9❤❡ ❜❡89 ♠❛9❝❤ ❢%♦♠ ✐98 ✜❧❡ 8②89❡♠ ♦% ✐9 ♠❛② ❣❡♥❡%❛9❡ 9❤❡

❞❡8✐%❡❞ ❝♦♥9❡♥9 ♦♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞✱ ❛♥❞ 9❤❡♥ 8❡♥❞8 ✐9 ❜❛❝❦ 9♦ 9❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥9✳ ❋♦% ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱

❛ ❜%♦✇8❡% ❝♦✉❧❞ 8❡♥❞ ❛ 8♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❍❚❚T %❡W✉❡89 9♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛9❡ 9❤❛9 ✐9 ✇❛♥98 ❛ ❚✉%9❧❡

%❡♣%❡8❡♥9❛9✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤99♣✿✴✴❜❛%%②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣❡♦♣❧❡★♠❡✱ ❛8 8❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✸✳ ❲❡

❝❛♥ 8❡❡ 9❤❛9 8✐♥❝❡ 9❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥9 8♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ 9❤❛9 ✐9 ❆❝❝❡♣&- 9❡①9✴9✉%9❧❡✱ 9❤❡ 8❡%✈❡%

%❡8♣♦♥❞❡❞ ✇✐9❤ 9❤❡ ❛♣♣%♦♣%✐❛9❡ ❈♦♥&❡♥&✲❚②♣❡✱ ♣♦✐♥9✐♥❣ 9♦ 9❤❡ %✐❣❤9 ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥9✳

❇%♦✇8❡%8 ❛%❡ ❛❧8♦ ❛❜❧❡ 9♦ ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡ 9❤❡✐% ❛❜✐❧✐9② 9♦ ❝♦♥8✉♠❡ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥9

❢♦%♠❛98 ♦❢ ❘❉❋✱ 9❤%♦✉❣❤ ❆❝❝❡♣& ❤❡❛❞❡%8 9❤❛9 ✉8❡ ; ✭W✉❛❧✐9②✮ ✈❛❧✉❡8✱ ❛8 8❡❡♥ ✐♥

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✹✳

❍❡%❡ ✇❡ 8❡❡ 9❤❛9 9❤❡ ❜%♦✇8❡% ❛❝❝❡♣98 ❘❉❋✴❳▼▲ ✇✐9❤ ❛ W ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢

✵✳✼ ❛♥❞ ❚✉%9❧❡ ✇✐9❤ ❛ W ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✶✳✵ ✭9❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧9✮✳ ❚❤✐8 ♠❡❛♥8 9❤❛9 9❤❡

❜%♦✇8❡% ❤❛8 ❛ 8❧✐❣❤9 ♣%❡❢❡%❡♥❝❡ ❢♦% ❚✉%9❧❡ ♦✈❡% ❘❉❋✴❳▼▲✱ ❡✈❡♥ 9❤♦✉❣❤

9❤❡ ♣%❡❢❡%❡♥❝❡ ❢♦% ❚✉%9❧❡ ❞♦❡8♥✬9 ♥❡❝❡88❛%✐❧② ♠❡❛♥ 9❤❛9 ❡✈❡%② 8❡%✈❡% 8❤♦✉❧❞

8❡♥❞ ❚✉%9❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ 8❡%✈❡% ❤❛8 9♦ ❧♦♦❦ ❛9 9❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥9✬8 ♣%❡❢❡%❡♥❝❡8✱ ❛♥❞ 9❤❡♥ ✐9

♠✉89 ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❞❡❝✐8✐♦♥ ❜❛8❡❞ ♦♥ 9❤❡ W✉❛❧✐9② ♦❢ 9❤❡ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥9 ✈❛%✐❛♥98 ✐9 ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦✛❡%✳

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2.2. WEB IDENTITY AND DISCOVERY - WEBID 23

❘❡"✉❡$%✿

●❊❚ ✴♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❍❚❚/✴✶✳✶

❍♦$%✿ ❜❛44②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡

❆❝❝❡♣%✿ %❡①%✴%✉4%❧❡

❘❡$♣♦♥$❡✿

❍❚❚/✴✶✳✶ ✷✵✵ ❖❑

❈♦♥%❡♥%✲❚②♣❡✿ %❡①%✴%✉4%❧❡

❈♦♥%❡♥%✲▲♦❝❛%✐♦♥✿ ❤%%♣$✿✴✴❜❛##②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣❡♦♣❧❡

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✸✿ ❘❡*✉❡,- ❛♥❞ 0❡,♣♦♥,❡ ❢♦0 -❤❡ ❚✉0-❧❡ ✈❡0,✐♦♥ ♦❢ -❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥-✳

❆❝❝❡♣%✿ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥✴4❞❢✰①♠❧❀"❂✵✳✼✱ %❡①%✴%✉4%❧❡

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✹✿ ❆❝❝❡♣- ❤❡❛❞❡0✳

❈♦♥-❡♥- ♥❡❣♦-✐❛-✐♦♥ ✐, ❢❛✐0❧② ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✱ ❜✉- ✐♥ -❤❡ ,❛♠❡ -✐♠❡ ✐- ✐, ❛ ♣♦✇✲

❡0❢✉❧ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❝❤♦♦,✐♥❣ -❤❡ ❜❡,- ✈❛0✐❛♥- ❢♦0 ♠✐①❡❞✲♠♦❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥-, -❤❛- ❝❛♥ ❞❡❛❧

✇✐-❤ ❍❚▼▲ ❛♥❞ ❘❉❋✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ❛ ❞❡❝✐,✐✈❡ ❢❛❝-♦0 ❢♦0 ✐♥-❡0♦♣❡0❛❜✐❧✐-② ❜❡-✇❡❡♥

❞❡❝❡♥-0❛❧✐③❡❞ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥,✳

❚❤❡ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥-

❚❤❡ ♣0❡❢❡00❡❞ ❢♦0♠❛- ❢♦0 ✇0✐-✐♥❣ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣0♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥-, ✐, -❤❡ ❚✉0-❧❡ ❬✻❪

♥♦-❛-✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ,②♥-❛① ✐, ,✐♠♣❧❡ -♦ ✉,❡ ❛♥❞ ✐, ✈❡0② ,✐♠✐❧❛0 -♦ -❤❡ ❙O❆❘◗▲ ❬✺✷❪

*✉❡0② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ -✉0♥ 0❡,❡♠❜❧❡, ❙◗▲✳ ❚✉0-❧❡ ♣0♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥-, ♠✉,-

❜❡ ,❡0✈❡❞ ✇✐-❤ -❤❡ ❡① ✴ ✉% ❧❡ ❝♦♥-❡♥- -②♣❡✳

❚❛❦❡ ❢♦0 ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ -❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❤ ♣)✿✴✴❜❛%%②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣%♦✜❧❡★♠❡✱ ❢♦0 ✇❤✐❝❤

-❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ O0♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥- ❝♦♥-❛✐♥, -❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❚✉0-❧❡ 0❡♣0❡,❡♥-❛-✐♦♥✱ ❛,

,❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✺✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡0✱ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣0♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥- ❞♦❡, ♥♦- ♥❡❡❞ -♦ ❝♦♥-❛✐♥ ♦♥❧② ♣✉❜❧✐❝

0❡,♦✉0❝❡,✳ ❆ ,✐♠♣❧❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ♣0♦-❡❝-✐♥❣ ✐-, ❝♦♥-❡♥-, ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② ,❡♣❛0❛-✐♥❣

♣❛0-, ♦❢ -❤❡ ♣0♦✜❧❡ ✐♥❢♦0♠❛-✐♦♥ ✐♥-♦ ,❡♣❛0❛-❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥-,✱ ❡❛❝❤ ♣0♦-❡❝-❡❞ ❜②

❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥-0♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡,✳ ■♥ -❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❇❛00② ✐, ❧✐♠✐-✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡,, -♦ ❤✐,

❧✐,- ♦❢ ❢0✐❡♥❞,✱ ❜② ♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇) 0❡❧❛-✐♦♥, ✐♥-♦ ❛ ,❡♣❛0❛-❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥-✱ ❛,

,❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✻✳

■♥ -❤✐, ❝❛,❡✱ ❤ ♣)✿✴✴❜❛%%②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❢%✐❡♥❞) ✐, ❛ ❯❘■ ♣♦✐♥-✐♥❣ -♦ ❛♥ ❆❈▲

♣0♦-❡❝-❡❞ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥- ❝♦♥-❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐,- ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜② ❇❛00② ✭❝❢✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✼✮✳

✷✳✷✳✹ ❊①%❡♥❞✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣1♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥%

❆ ♥♦-❛❜❧❡ ❛❞✈❛♥-❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉ ♦✈❡0 ♦-❤❡0 ✐❞❡♥-✐-② ,❝❤❡♠❡, ✐, -❤❛- ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❡❛,✐❧② ❡①-❡♥❞❡❞✳ ❇② ,✐♠♣❧② ❡①♣0❡,,✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡0❡♥- ✐♥❢♦0♠❛-✐♦♥ -❤0♦✉❣❤ ❛❞❞✐-✐♦♥❛❧

✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛0✐❡,✱ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣0♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥-, ❤❛✈❡ -❤❡ ✉,❡❢✉❧ ❝❤❛0❛❝-❡0✐,-✐❝ -❤❛- -❤❡②

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24 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥1✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳

❁❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿7❡"1♦♥❛❧7"♦❢✐❧❡❉♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡" ❁★♠❡❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♣"✐♠❛"②❚♦♣✐❝ ❁★♠❡❃ ✳

❁★♠❡❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿7❡"1♦♥ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✧❇❛""②✧ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿✐♠❣ ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣✐❝,✉"❡✳❥♣❣❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇1 ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❡❞✉✴♣✴❆♥♥★▼❙❝❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇1 ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳❝♦♠✴♣✴❙✉❡★✐❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿✇❡❜❧♦❣ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❜❧♦❣❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✺✿ ❆ ❜❛+✐❝ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣1♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥7 ❡①♣1❡++❡❞ ✐♥ ❚✉17❧❡✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥1✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① "❞❢1✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴✷✵✵✵✴✵✶✴"❞❢✲1❝❤❡♠❛★❃ ✳

❁❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿7❡"1♦♥❛❧7"♦❢✐❧❡❉♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡" ❁★♠❡❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♣"✐♠❛"②❚♦♣✐❝ ❁★♠❡❃ ✳

❁★♠❡❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿7❡"1♦♥❀

❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✧❇❛""②✧❀

❢♦❛❢✿✐♠❣ ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣✐❝,✉"❡✳❥♣❣❃ ❀

"❞❢1✿1❡❡❆❧1♦ ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❢"✐❡♥❞1❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✻✿ ❚❤❡ ❞❢#✿#❡❡❆❧#♦ 1❡❧❛7✐♦♥ ✐+ ✉+❡❞ ❛+ 1❡❢❡1❡♥❝❡ ❢♦1 7❤❡ ❢1✐❡♥❞+ +❡❝7✐♦♥

♦❢ 7❤❡ ♣1♦✜❧❡✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥1✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳

❁❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿7❡"1♦♥❛❧7"♦❢✐❧❡❉♦❝✉♠❡♥,❀

❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡" ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣"♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃❀

❢♦❛❢✿♣"✐♠❛"②❚♦♣✐❝ ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣"♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃✳

❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣"♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿7❡"1♦♥❀

❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇1 ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❡❞✉✴♣✴❆♥♥★▼❙❝❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇1 ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳❝♦♠✴♣✴❙✉❡★✐❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✼✿ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥7❡♥7+ ♦❢ ❤**♣#✿✴✴❜❛ ②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❢ ✐❡♥❞#✳

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2.2. WEB IDENTITY AND DISCOVERY - WEBID 25

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❛%✐❧② ♠❡*❣❡❞✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❛*1✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝❡♥1*❛❧✐③❡❞ ❞❡%❝*✐♣1✐♦♥% 1♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♠✲

❜✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ✐♥1❡*❡%1✐♥❣ ✇❛②%✳ ■♥ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣*♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥1%✱ ❛❞❞✐1✐♦♥❛❧ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛*✐❡%

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉%❡❞ ❡✐1❤❡* 1♦ ❡①1❡♥❞ 1❤❡ ✉%❡*✬% ♣❡*%♦♥❛❧ ♣*♦✜❧❡✱ ❜② ♠❡❛♥% ♦❢ ♣*♦✈✐❞✐♥❣

❧♦❝❛1✐♦♥ ❝♦♦*❞✐♥❛1❡%✱ ❛ ❧✐%1 ♦❢ ♣❡*%♦♥❛❧ ✐♥1❡*❡%1% ❛♥❞ ♠♦*❡✱ ❛% ✇❡❧❧ ❛% 1♦ ❞❡%❝*✐❜❡

❞✐✛❡*❡♥1 ❛❝1✐✈✐1✐❡% *❡❧❛1❡❞ 1♦ 1❤❡ ✉%❡* ✲ ❡✳❣✳ 1❤❡ ✉%❡*✬% ❜❧♦❣ ♣♦%1%✱ ♣*♦❥❡❝1% 1♦

✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡✴%❤❡ ❝♦♥1*✐❜✉1❡%✱ ❡1❝✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥1✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① 1✐♦❝✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴"❞❢1✳♦"❣✴1✐♦❝✴♥1★❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❞❝✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴♣✉"❧✳♦"❣✴❞❝✴,❡"♠1✴❃ ✳

❁❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿;❡"1♦♥❛❧;"♦❢✐❧❡❉♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡" ❁★♠❡❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♣"✐♠❛"②❚♦♣✐❝ ❁★♠❡❃ ✳

❁★♠❡❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿;❡"1♦♥ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✧❇❛""②✧ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿✇❡❜❧♦❣ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❜❧♦❣❃ ✳

❁❤,,♣✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❜❧♦❣✴♣♦1,1✴✶❃ ❛ 1✐♦❝✿;♦1, ❀

1✐♦❝✿❤❛1❴❝"❡❛,♦" ❁★♠❡❃ ❀

❞❝✿,✐,❧❡ ✧❍❡❧❧♦ ✇♦"❧❞✦✧ ❀

1✐♦❝✿❝♦♥,❡♥, ✧❚❤✐1 ✐1 ♠② ❢✐"1, ♣♦1,✳✧ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✽✿ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣*♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥1 ❝♦♥1❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧♦❣ ♣♦%1✱ ❡①♣*❡%%❡❞

✉%✐♥❣ ❙■❖❈✳

❋♦* ✐♥%1❛♥❝❡✱ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣*♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥1 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①1❡♥❞❡❞ 1♦ ❝♦♥1❛✐♥

❜❧♦❣ ♣♦%1% ❜② ✉%✐♥❣ ❛♥ ♦♥1♦❧♦❣② ❝❛❧❧❡❞ 1❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥1✐❝❛❧❧②✲■♥1❡*❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❖♥❧✐♥❡

❈♦♠♠✉♥✐1✐❡% ✭❙■❖❈✮ ❬✶✸❪✳ ❋*♦♠ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✽✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❡❛%✐❧② 1❡❧❧ 1❤❛1 ❇❛**② ❤❛% ❛

❜❧♦❣ ♣♦%1 ❛1 1❤❡ ❯❘■ ❤!!♣✿✴✴❜❛''②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❜❧♦❣✴♣♦0!0✴✶✱ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ 1❤❡ 1✐1❧❡ ❍❡❧❧♦

✇♦'❧❞✦ ❛♥❞ ❛ %♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥1❡♥1✳

❆❞❞✐1✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ✐❢ ❛ ✉%❡* ✐% ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡*❡♥1 ♣*♦❥❡❝1%✱ ❤❡✴%❤❡ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣*❡%%

1❤✐% 1❤*♦✉❣❤ 1❤❡ ❉❡%❝*✐♣1✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ U*♦❥❡❝1 ✭❉❖❆U✮ ❬✷✻❪ ♦♥1♦❧♦❣②✳ ■♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✾✱

❇❛**② %1❛1❡% 1❤❛1 ❤❡ ✐% ❛ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡* ❢♦* ❛ ♣*♦❥❡❝1 ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ▼② 7'♦❥❡❝!✳ ❇②

❡①♣*❡%%✐♥❣ 1❤✐% ❢❛❝1 1❤*♦✉❣❤ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞❛1❛✱ ❛♥② %❡*✈✐❝❡ ✐% ♥♦✇ ❛❜❧❡ 1♦ ❞❡*❡❢❡*❡♥❝❡

1❤❡ ❯❘■ ❢♦* 1❤❡ ♣*♦❥❡❝1 ✲ ✐✳❡✳ ❤!!♣✿✴✴♠②♣'♦❥❡❝!✳♦'❣✴ ✲ ✐♥ ♦*❞❡* 1♦ ❞✐%❝♦✈❡* ♠♦*❡

✐♥❢♦*♠❛1✐♦♥✳

❆% ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ %❡❡✱ *❡✉%✐♥❣ ❡①✐%1✐♥❣ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛*✐❡% ❣*❡❛1❧② ✐♥❝*❡❛%❡% ✐♥1❡*♦♣❡*❛❜✐❧✲

✐1②✱ %✐♥❝❡ ❛♥② ❙❡♠❛♥1✐❝ ❲❡❜ %❡*✈✐❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ 1♦ ✉♥❞❡*%1❛♥❞ 1❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢

1❤❡ ❞❛1❛ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✇✐1❤✐♥ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣*♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥1✳

✷✳✷✳✺ #$✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ,❡❝✉$✐/② ❛♥❛❧②,✐,

!✐✈❛❝②

❆% ②♦✉ ♠✐❣❤1 ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦1✐❝❡❞✱ ❲❡❜■❉ ✐♥ ✐1% %✐♠♣❧❡%1 ❢♦*♠ %✉✛❡*% ❢*♦♠ 1❤❡

%❛♠❡ ❧✐♠✐1❛1✐♦♥% 1❤❛1 ❛✛❡❝1 ♠♦%1 ♣❡*%✐%1❡♥1 ✐❞❡♥1✐1② %❝❤❡♠❡%✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ 1❤♦%❡

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26 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥1✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❞♦❛♣✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴✉1❡❢✉❧✐♥❝✳❝♦♠✴❞♦❛♣✴❃ ✳

❁❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿9❡"1♦♥❛❧9"♦❢✐❧❡❉♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡" ❁★♠❡❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♣"✐♠❛"②❚♦♣✐❝ ❁★♠❡❃ ✳

❁★♠❡❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿9❡"1♦♥ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✧❇❛""②✧ ✳

❁❤,,♣✿✴✴♠②♣"♦❥❡❝,✳♦"❣✴❃ ❛ ❞♦❛♣✿9"♦❥❡❝, ❀

❞♦❛♣✿♥❛♠❡ ✧▼② 9"♦❥❡❝,✧ ❀

❞♦❛♣✿❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡" ❁★♠❡❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✾✿ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥6 ❡①6❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐6❤ ❉❖❆; ✐♥❢♦/♠❛6✐♦♥✳

❧✐♠✐6❛6✐♦♥>✱ 6❤❡ ♣/✐♠❛/② ❝♦♥❝❡/♥ ✐> 6❤❛6 ✉>❡/ ♣/✐✈❛❝② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡/♠✐♥❡❞ ❜②

6/❛❝❦✐♥❣✴✜♥❣❡/♣/✐♥6✐♥❣ 6❤❡ ✉>❡/ ❛❝/♦>> ❞✐✛❡/❡♥6 >❡/✈✐❝❡>✳ ❊✈❡♥ 6❤♦✉❣❤ ❛❝❝❡>>

6♦ ❛❧❧ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛6✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ /❡>6/✐❝6❡❞ 6❤/♦✉❣❤ ❛❝❝❡>> ❝♦♥6/♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡>✱ ❜②

❛❣❣/❡❣❛6✐♥❣ ✉>❡/ ❞❛6❛ ❢/♦♠ ♠✉❧6✐♣❧❡ >❡/✈✐❝❡>✱ ❛66❛❝❦❡/> ❝♦✉❧❞ ✐♥ 6❤❡♦/② ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡

6♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡6❡ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ♦❢ 6❤❡ ✉>❡/✳ ❖❢ ❝♦✉/>❡✱ 6❤❡ >❛♠❡ ❤②♣♦6❤❡>✐> /❡♠❛✐♥>

✈❛❧✐❞ ❢♦/ >❡/✈✐❝❡> ♦♣❡/❛6❡❞ ❜② 6❤❡ >❛♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳

❆ ♣♦>>✐❜❧❡ >♦❧✉6✐♦♥ ✐> 6♦ ✉>❡ ♠✉❧6✐♣❧❡ ✐❞❡♥6✐✜❡/> ✭❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■>✮ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ 6♦

6❤❡ >❛♠❡ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥6✳ ❙❤♦/6✲❧✐✈❡❞ ✐❞❡♥6✐✜❡/> ♦✛❡/ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡66❡/ ♣/♦6❡❝6✐♦♥✱

6❤♦✉❣❤ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ 6❤❡♠ ❜❡❝♦♠❡> ✐♥❝/❡❛>✐♥❣❧② ❞✐✣❝✉❧6✱ ❡>♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦/ ✉>❡/> ❡❞✐6✐♥❣

6❤❡✐/ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥6> ❜② ❤❛♥❞✳ ❆♥♦6❤❡/ >♦❧✉6✐♦♥ ✐> 6♦ ✐♥✈❡>6✐❣❛6❡ ❛ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐>♠

>✐♠✐❧❛/ 6♦ ❉♦ ◆♦# ❚%❛❝❦ ✭❉◆❚✮ ❬✺✵❪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐> ❛ ✉♥✐✈❡/>❛❧ 6❤✐/❞✲♣❛/6② ❲❡❜

6/❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♦♣6 ♦✉6✱ ❜✉6 ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡♥❢♦/❝❡ ❛❝❝❡>> ❝♦♥6/♦❧ ♦♥ ❡①6❡/♥❛❧ >❡/✈✐❝❡>

6♦♦✳

❙❡❝✉$✐&②

◆♦6 ✉>✐♥❣ ❍❚❚;❙ ✇❤❡♥ >❡/✈✐♥❣ 6❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥6 ♦♣❡♥> 6❤❡ ❞♦♦/

6♦ ♠❛♥✲✐♥✲6❤❡✲♠✐❞❞❧❡ ❛66❛❝❦>✳ ❚❤✐> ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝✉//❡♥6❧② ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ 6✇♦ ✇❛②>✳

❚❤❡ ✜/>6 ✇❛② ✐> 6♦ ❤♦>6 ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥6 ♦♥ ❍❚❚;❙✲❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ❲❡❜

>❡/✈❡/>✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡/✱ /❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❍❚❚;❙ ❛❧>♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡> ❤❛✈✐♥❣ 6♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛6❡ 6❤❡ >❡/✈❡/✬>

❝❡/6✐✜❝❛6❡> 6❤/♦✉❣❤ ❛ >6❛♥❞❛/❞ ;✉❜❧✐❝ ❑❡② ■♥❢/❛>6/✉❝6✉/❡ ✭;❑■✮ 6/✉>6 ❝❤❛✐♥✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ✐> ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥6❛❧❧② ✈✉❧♥❡/❛❜❧❡ ❜❡❝❛✉>❡ ❈❆> ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣/♦♠✐>❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉>❡❞

6♦ /❡♣❧❛❝❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❝❡/6✐✜❝❛6❡> ❢♦/ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥> ♦❢ ❞♦♠❛✐♥>✳

❆❧6❡/♥❛6✐✈❡❧②✱ 6❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❉◆❙✲❇❛>❡❞ ❆✉6❤❡♥6✐❝❛6✐♦♥ ♦❢ ◆❛♠❡❞ ❊♥6✐6✐❡>

✭❉❆◆❊✮ ❬✸✻❪ ♣/♦6♦❝♦❧ ♦✛❡/> 6❤❡ ♦♣6✐♦♥ 6♦ ✉>❡ 6❤❡ ❉◆❙❙❊❈ ❬✹❪ ✐♥❢/❛>6/✉❝6✉/❡ 6♦

>6♦/❡ ❛♥❞ >✐❣♥ ❦❡②> ❛♥❞ ❝❡/6✐✜❝❛6❡> 6❤❛6 ❛/❡ ✉>❡❞ ❜② ❚▲❙✳ ❉❆◆❊ ✐> ❡♥✈✐>✐♦♥❡❞

❛> ❛ ♣/❡❢❡/❛❜❧❡ ❜❛>✐> ❢♦/ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②> 6♦ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ◆❛♠❡ ❙②>6❡♠ ✭❉◆❙✮

♥❛♠❡>✱ ❜❡❝❛✉>❡ 6❤❡ ❡♥6✐6✐❡> 6❤❛6 ✈♦✉❝❤ ❢♦/ 6❤❡ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❞❛6❛ 6♦

❉◆❙ ♥❛♠❡> ❛/❡ 6❤❡ >❛♠❡ ❡♥6✐6✐❡> /❡>♣♦♥>✐❜❧❡ ❢♦/ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ 6❤❡ ❉◆❙ ♥❛♠❡>

✐♥ [✉❡>6✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ♦6❤❡/ ✇♦/❞>✱ ❉❆◆❊ ❛❧❧♦✇> 6❤❡ >✐6❡ ♦✇♥❡/> 6♦ ♣✉❜❧✐>❤ 6❤❡✐/

❝❡/6✐✜❝❛6❡> ✐♥ ❉◆❙✳

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2.3. WEBID-TLS 27

■♥ "❤❡ ♥❡①" &❡❝"✐♦♥ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣-❡&❡♥" ❛♥ ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♣-♦"♦❝♦❧ ❜❛&❡❞ ♦♥

❲❡❜■❉ ❛♥❞ ❝❧✐❡♥" ❝❡-"✐✜❝❛"❡& ✐♥ ❲❡❜ ❜-♦✇&❡-&✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡& ♥♦" -❡❧② ♦♥ "❤❡

❝❧❛&&✐❝ 7❑■ ✐♥❢-❛&"-✉❝"✉-❡ ✐♥ ♦-❞❡- "♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ "-✉&"✳

✷✳✸ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

❚❤❡ ❝❧❛&&✐❝ ♠❡❛♥& ♦❢ ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ❛-❡ "❤❡ ✉&❡ ♦❢ ♦♠❡$❤✐♥❣ ②♦✉ ❦♥♦✇ ✭✐✳❡✳

❛ ♣❛&&✇♦-❞✮✱ ♦♠❡$❤✐♥❣ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❛ ❤❛-❞✇❛-❡ "♦❦❡♥✮✱ ♦- ♦♠❡$❤✐♥❣ ②♦✉

❛/❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❛ ✜♥❣❡-♣-✐♥"✮✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ "❤✐& ❝❛♥ ❡♥❝♦♠♣❛&& ❝-②♣"♦❣-❛♣❤✐❝❛❧❧② ❣❡♥❡-❛"❡❞

♦♥❡✲"✐♠❡ ♣❛&&✇♦-❞& ❬✸✹❪✱ &♦♣❤✐&"✐❝❛"❡❞ &♠❛-" ❝❛-❞& ❬✻✷❪ ♦- ❜✐♦♠❡"-✐❝& ❬✻✸❪✱

"❤❡&❡ "❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡& ❛-❡ ❡①♣❡♥&✐✈❡ "♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦-❡ ❡①♣❡♥&✐✈❡ "♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡

❡✣❝✐❡♥"❧②✳ ▼♦&" ❲❡❜ &✐"❡& ✉&❡ "❤❡ ♥♦✇✲❢❛♠✐❧✐❛- ♣❛&&✇♦-❞✱ &♦♠❡"❤✐♥❣ "❤❛" ✐&

❦♥♦✇♥ ♦♥❧② "♦ "❤❡ ✉&❡- ❛♥❞ "❤❡ ✇❡❜ &❡-✈✐❝❡✳

7❛&&✇♦-❞& ♣❧❛❝❡ "❤❡ &♠❛❧❧❡&" ✐♥✐"✐❛❧ ❜✉-❞❡♥ ♦♥ ❜♦"❤ ♣❛-"✐❡& ✐♥ ♦-❞❡- "♦ ❢♦-♠

❛ "-✉&"❡❞ -❡❧❛"✐♦♥&❤✐♣✳ ❚❤❡② ❛-❡✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡-✱ ❛ &❡-✐♦✉& ✇❡❛❦ ❧✐♥❦ ✐♥ "❤❡ ❝❤❛✐♥ ♦❢

"-✉&"✱ ❛& ✉&❡-& ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ &❤♦✇♥ "♦ ❜❡ ❜❛❞ ❛" ❞❡✈✐&✐♥❣ ♣❛&&✇♦-❞& "❤❛" ❛-❡ -♦❜✉&"

❛❣❛✐♥&" ❣✉❡&&✐♥❣✳ ❚♦ ♠❛❦❡ "❤✐♥❣& ✇♦-&❡✱ ♣❛&&✇♦-❞& ❛-❡ -❡✉&❡❞ ❛❝-♦&& ❞♦♠❛✐♥&

❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛"✐♦♥&✱ &♦ "❤❛" ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ✇❡❜ &❡-✈❡- ❤❛& ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♠♣-♦♠✐&❡❞✱ ❛♥ ❛""❛❝❦❡-

♠❛② ♣♦"❡♥"✐❛❧❧② "❛❦❡ ❛❞✈❛♥"❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡♥"✐"②✬& ✐❞❡♥"✐"② ❛❝-♦&& ♠✉❧"✐♣❧❡ &✐"❡&✳

7❛&&✇♦-❞& &❡-✈❡ ❛& ❛ ❜❛&✐& ♦❢ "-✉&"✱ ❜✉" "❤❡② -❡L✉✐-❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❢-❛&"-✉❝"✉-❡ ❢♦-

❞❡❧❡❣❛"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ "-❛♥&❢❡- ♦❢ "-✉&"✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦&" ❜❛&✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ "-✉&" ✐& &✐♠♣❧② "❤❡

✉&❡- "-✉&"✐♥❣ "❤❡ ✇❡❜&✐"❡✳ ❚❤✐& ❝❧❛&&✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ -❡✢❡❝"& "❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ "-✉&"✱

❜✉" ❞♦❡& ♥♦" ✇♦-❦ ❢♦- "❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✇♦-❧❞✱ ✇❤❡-❡ ♠✉❝❤ ♦❢ "❤❡ "-❛♥&❛❝"✐♦♥

✐& ❤✐❞❞❡♥ ❬✶✺❪✳ ❇❡"✇❡❡♥ "❤❡ ✉&❡- ❛♥❞ "❤❡ &❡-✈✐❝❡ ♣-♦✈✐❞❡- ❧✐❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡- ♦❢

"❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦-❣❛♥✐③❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❛②❡-&✿ "❤❡ ❜-♦✇&❡-✱ "❤❡ ■♥"❡-♥❡" ❙❡-✈✐❝❡ 7-♦✈✐❞❡-

✭■❙7✮✱ ❛♥❞ "❤❡ &"❛♥❞❛-❞& ❛♥❞ &②&"❡♠& ❡♥&✉-✐♥❣ ✐♥"❡-♦♣❡-❛❜✐❧✐"②✳ ❚❤❡&❡ ❧❛②❡-&

❤❛✈❡ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥" ♠♦❞❡❧& ♦❢ "-✉&"✱ &♦♠❡ &"-♦♥❣❡- "❤❛♥ ♦"❤❡-&✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❡-"✐✜❝❛"❡

♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥" &②&"❡♠ ✉&❡❞ "♦ "-✉&" ❞✐❣✐"❛❧ ❝❡-"✐✜❝❛"❡& ❢♦- "❤❡ &❡❝✉-❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢

✐♥❢♦-♠❛"✐♦♥ ✈✐❛ ❙❙▲✴❚▲❙ ✉&❡& ❛ ♠♦♥♦❧✐"❤✐❝ &②&"❡♠ ♦❢ "-✉&" "❤-♦✉❣❤ ❛&&♦❝✐❛"✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡-❡ ❡①✐&"& ❛ ❧❛-❣❡ &❡" ♦❢ ❈❡-"✐✜❝❛"✐♦♥ ❆✉"❤♦-✐"✐❡& ✭❈❆&✮ ❢-♦♠ ✇❤♦♠ ❛ ✇❡❜

&✐"❡ ❝❛♥ ♦❜"❛✐♥ ❛ ❝❡-"✐✜❝❛"❡ ✉&❡❞ ❢♦- "❤❡&❡ &❡❝✉-❡ "-❛♥&❛❝"✐♦♥&✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❡❜ ❜-♦✇&❡-

✇✐❧❧ ❛✉"♦♠❛"✐❝❛❧❧② ♦♥❧② ❡♥❣❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❛ &❡❝✉-❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝"✐♦♥ ✇✐"❤ ❛ ✇❡❜ ❜-♦✇&❡- ✐❢

"❤❡ ❲❡❜ &✐"❡✬& ❝❡-"✐✜❝❛"❡ ✐& ❛♣♣-♦✈❡❞ ❜② "❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❡&"❛❜❧✐&❤❡❞ &❡" ♦❢ ❈❆&✳

❚❤❡-❡ ❡①✐&"&✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡-✱ ❛ ❦❡② ✢❛✇ ✐♥ "❤✐& "-✉&" ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❯&❡-& ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ✇❛② ♦❢

❞✐✛❡-❡♥"✐❛"✐♥❣ ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ ❈❆&✱ ❛♥❞ "❤❡-❡ ✐& ✐♥❝-❡❛&✐♥❣ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ "❤❛" &♦♠❡ ❛-❡ ♥♦"

"-✉&"✇♦-"❤② ❛" ❛❧❧ ❬✸❪✳

✷✳✸✳✶ ■♥&'♦❞✉❝&✐♦♥

❖✉- &❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥"-✐❜✉"✐♦♥✱ "❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♣-♦"♦❝♦❧ ❬✸✽❪✱ ❡♥❛❜❧❡&

&❡❝✉-❡✱ ❡✣❝✐❡♥" ❛♥❞ ✉&❡- ❢-✐❡♥❞❧② ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♦♥ "❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❜② ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡

"♦ ❝❤♦♦&❡ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥" ❝❡-"✐✜❝❛"❡ ♣-♦♣♦&❡❞ "♦ "❤❡♠ ❜② "❤❡✐- ❜-♦✇&❡- ❞✉-✐♥❣ "❤❡

❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♣-♦❝❡&&✳ ❆ ✈❡-② ✐♠♣♦-"❛♥" ❛&♣❡❝" ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✐& "❤❛" ✐"

-❡♣❧❛❝❡& &"❛♥❞❛-❞ ✉&❡-♥❛♠❡✲♣❛&&✇♦-❞ ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♠❡"❤♦❞&✱ ❆" "❤❡ &❛♠❡

"✐♠❡✱ ✐" ✐& ❡❛&② "♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥" &✐♥❝❡ ✐" "❛❦❡& ❛❞✈❛♥"❛❣❡ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❝-②♣"♦❣-❛♣❤②

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28 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

❜❡❤✐♥❞ &❤❡ ❚(❛♥*♣♦(& ▲❛②❡( ❙❡❝✉(✐&② ✭❚▲❙✮ ♣(♦&♦❝♦❧ ❬✷✺❪✳ ❋✉(&❤❡(♠♦(❡✱ ✐& ✐*

♥♦& ❛✛❡❝&❡❞ ❜② &❤❡ *❛♠❡ ✐**✉❡* &❤❛& ❛(❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ &♦ >❑■*✱ *✐♥❝❡ ✐& ❞♦❡* ♥♦& (❡❧②

♦♥ ❈❡(&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ ❆✉&❤♦(✐&✐❡*✳ ❯*✐♥❣ *❡❧❢✲*✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❡(&✐✜❝❛&❡* ❛❧*♦ ♠❡❛♥* (❡❞✉❝✐♥❣

❝♦*&* ❝(❡❛&❡❞ ❢(♦♠ ✐**✉✐♥❣ ❝❡(&✐✜❝❛&❡* ❜② &(✉*&❡❞ ❈❆*✳

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥&❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✐* &❤❡ ❢❛❝& &❤❛& ✐& ✐* ❛ &(✉❧② ❞❡❝❡♥&(❛❧✲

✐③❡❞ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ♣(♦&♦❝♦❧✱ ✇✐&❤ ♥♦ ♣(❡✲❡①✐*&✐♥❣ &(✉*& (❡❧❛&✐♦♥*❤✐♣* (❡N✉✐(❡❞

❜❡&✇❡❡♥ &❤❡ ❙> ❛♥❞ &❤❡ ■❞>✱ ✉♥❧✐❦❡ &❤❡ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ♣(♦&♦❝♦❧* ♣(❡*❡♥&❡❞ ✐♥

❙❡❝&✐♦♥ ✷✳✶✳ ■♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ &(✉*& ✐* ❜✉✐❧& ❜② ✉*✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥&✐❝ ❲❡❜ &♦ ✐♠❛❣✲

✐♥❛&✐✈❡❧② (❡❛*♦♥ ♦✈❡( &❤❡ ❝♦♥&❡♥&* ♦❢ &❤❡ ♣(♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&✳ ❋♦( ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❛ ✉*❡(

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❣(❛♥&❡❞ ❛❝❝❡** &♦ ❛ ♣(♦&❡❝&❡❞ (❡*♦✉(❝❡ ❜❡❝❛✉*❡ &❤❡ ♦✇♥❡( ♦❢ &❤❡ (❡*♦✉(❝❡

❤❛* ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡** ❝♦♥&(♦❧ (✉❧❡ *&❛&✐♥❣✿ ✧❣✐✈❡ ❡❛❞ ❛❝❝❡** &♦ ❛❧❧ ✉*❡(* ✇✐&❤ ✇❤♦♠ ■

*❤❛(❡ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ❳ ❢(✐❡♥❞*✧✳ ❆♥♦&❤❡( (✉❧❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❛❝❝❡** &♦ ✉*❡(* ❤❛✈✐♥❣

❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ❤♦*&❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ &❤❛& ❤❛* ❜❡❡♥ ♣(❡✈✐♦✉*❧② ✇❤✐&❡✲❧✐*&❡❞✳ ■& ✐* ✉♣ &♦

❡❛❝❤ *❡(✈✐❝❡ ♣(♦✈✐❞❡( &♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ♦♥ &❤❡ ❣(❛♥✉❧❛(✐&② ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐& ❣(❛♥&* ❛❝❝❡** &♦

✉*❡(*✳

✷✳✸✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ,❡-♠✐♥♦❧♦❣②

❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ &❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝♦♥❝❡♣&* ♣(❡*❡♥&❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ *❡✈❡(❛❧ ♥❡✇ &❡(♠* ♠✉*& ♥♦✇

❜❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞✳

❈❡"#✐✜❝❛#❡ ✲ ✐* ❛ ❝(②♣&♦❣(❛♣❤✐❝ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥& ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② &♦ ❛

✉*❡(✴❛❣❡♥&✬* ❞✐*&✐♥❣✉✐*❤❡❞ ♥❛♠❡ ✭❉◆✮✱ ♦( ✐♥ &❤❡ ❝❛*❡ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ &♦ &❤❡

❙✉❜❥❡❝)❆❧)❡ ♥❛)✐✈❡◆❛♠❡✳

❲❡❜■❉ ❈❡"#✐✜❝❛#❡ ✲ ✐* ❛ *&❛♥❞❛(❞ ❳✳✺✵✾ ❝❡(&✐✜❝❛&❡ ❬✻✺❪ &❤❛& ✐* ✉*❡❞ &♦

✐❞❡♥&✐❢② ❛♥ ❆❣❡♥& ✉*✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♦( ♠♦(❡ ❲❡❜■❉*✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❡(&✐✜❝❛&❡ ❞♦❡* ♥♦& ♥❡❡❞ &♦

❜❡ *✐❣♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ ✇❡❧❧ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❈❆✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡(✱ ✐& ❝❛♥ ❜❡ *✐❣♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ &(✉*&❡❞ ❈❆✱ ❜②

&❤❡ *❡(✈❡( ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤♦*&* &❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ >(♦✜❧❡✱ ♦( ✐& ❝❛♥ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡ *❡❧❢ *✐❣♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡

❝❡(&✐✜❝❛&❡ ♠✉*& ❝♦♥&❛✐♥ ❛ ❙✉❜❥❡❝)❆❧)❡ ♥❛)✐✈❡◆❛♠❡ ❡①&❡♥*✐♦♥ ✇✐&❤ ❛& ❧❡❛*& ♦♥❡

❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■ ❡♥&(② ✐❞❡♥&✐❢②✐♥❣ &❤❡ ✉*❡(✴❛❣❡♥&✳ ❉❡(❡❢❡(❡♥❝✐♥❣ &❤✐* ❯❘■ *❤♦✉❧❞

(❡&✉(♥ ❛ (❡♣(❡*❡♥&❛&✐♦♥ ❝♦♥&❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❘❉❋ ❞❛&❛✳ ❆ &②♣✐❝❛❧ ❙❆◆ ❡①&❡♥*✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡

❢♦( ❛ ❝❡(&✐✜❝❛&❡ ✐❞❡♥&✐❢②✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❤))♣3✿✴✴❜❛ ②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣ ♦✜❧❡★♠❡ ❝❛♥

❜❡ ♦❜*❡(✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✵✳

❳✳✺✵✾✈✸ ❡①)❡♥+✐♦♥+✿

✳✳✳

❳✺✵✾✈✸ ❙✉❜❥❡❝) ❆❧)❡6♥❛)✐✈❡ ◆❛♠❡✿

❯❘■✿❤))♣+✿✴✴❜❛##②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣#♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✵✿ ❚❤❡ ❙✉❜❥❡❝& ❆❧&❡(♥❛&✐✈❡ ◆❛♠❡ ❡①&❡♥*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❳✳✺✵✾ ❝❡(&✐✜❝❛&❡✳

❚▲❙ ❙❡"✈✐❝❡ ✲ *❡❝✉(❡* &❤❡ &(❛♥*♣♦(& ❧❛②❡( ❜❡❢♦(❡ ♣❛**✐♥❣ ♠❡**❛❣❡* &♦ &❤❡

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❧❛②❡( *❡(✈✐❝❡ ✐&*❡❧❢ ✭✐♥ &❤✐* ❝❛*❡ &❤❡ ❍❚❚> *❡(✈❡(✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❚▲❙ ♣(♦&♦✲

❝♦❧ ❬✷✺❪ ✐* ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ &♦ ✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❝♦♥♥❡❝&✐♦♥*✳ ■& ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡* &❤❡ *❡(✈❡( &♦ &❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥&✱

*❡❝✉(✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❛♥❞ ✐* ❛❜❧❡ &♦ (❡N✉❡*& ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❝(❡❞❡♥&✐❛❧* ❢(♦♠ &❤❡

❝❧✐❡♥& ✐❢ ♥❡❡❞❡❞✳ ❙❡(✈❡( ❝(❡❞❡♥&✐❛❧* ❛♥❞ ❝❧✐❡♥& ❝(❡❞❡♥&✐❛❧* &(❛❞✐&✐♦♥❛❧❧② &❛❦❡ &❤❡

❢♦(♠ ♦❢ ❳✳✺✵✾ ❝❡(&✐✜❝❛&❡* ❝♦♥&❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❝(②♣&♦❣(❛♣❤✐❝ ❦❡②*✳ ❚❤❡ ❚▲❙ ♣(♦&♦❝♦❧

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2.3. WEBID-TLS 29

❡♥❛❜❧❡% &❤❡ ❚▲❙ %❡+✈✐❝❡ &♦ ✈❡+✐❢② &❤❛& &❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥& ❝♦♥&+♦❧% &❤❡ ♣+✐✈❛&❡ ❦❡② ❝♦++❡✲

%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ &♦ &❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ♣✉❜❧✐%❤❡❞ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡✳ ❚+✉%& ❞❡❝✐%✐♦♥% ♦♥ ♦&❤❡+

❛&&+✐❜✉&❡% ♦❢ &❤❡ ✉%❡+✴❛❣❡♥& ♣✉❜❧✐%❤❡❞ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡ ✲ %✉❝❤ ❛% &❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥

♥❛♠❡ ✲ ❛+❡ &+❛❞✐&✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❜❛%❡❞ ♦♥ &❤❡ &+✉%& ✐♥ &❤❡ ❈❆ &❤❛& %✐❣♥❡❞ &❤❡ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡✳

❲❡❜■❉ ❱❡&✐✜❡& ✲ ✐% ❛ %❡+✈✐❝❡ ♦+ ❛ %♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢✉♥❝&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ %❡+✈✐❝❡ &❤❛& &❛❦❡%

❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❧❛✐♠ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❝❦% &❤❛& ✐& ✐% ❝✉++❡♥&❧② &+✉❡✱ ❛% ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝&✐♦♥ ✷✳✸✳✹✳

❲❡❜■❉ ❈❧❛✐♠ ✲ ✐% ❛ %❡& ♦❢ %&❛&❡♠❡♥&% ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦& ❜❡❡♥ ✈❡+✐✜❡❞✳ ■❢

&❤❡ ❈❡+&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ ❆✉&❤♦+✐&② ✐% ♥♦& ❦♥♦✇♥ &♦ ❜❡ &+✉%&❡❞ ✭❛% ✐& ✐% ✐♥ &❤❡ ❝❛%❡ ♦❢

%❡❧❢✲%✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡%✮✱ &❤❡♥ &❤❡ %&❛&❡♠❡♥&% ✐♥ &❤❡ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡ ♠✉%& ❜❡ %✉❜❥❡❝&❡❞

&♦ %❝+✉&✐♥②✳ ■♥ ♣❛+&✐❝✉❧❛+✱ %&❛&❡♠❡♥&% ❛❜♦✉& &❤❡ ❙✉❜❥❡❝&❆❧&❡)♥❛&✐✈❡◆❛♠❡ ♦❢

&❤❡ ❛❣❡♥& &❤❛& ❦♥♦✇% &❤❡ ♣+✐✈❛&❡ ❦❡② %❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦& ❜❡ ❛%%✉♠❡❞ &♦ ❜❡ &+✉❡

✉♥&✐❧ ✈❡+✐✜❡❞✳ ❆ ❲❡❜■❉ ❈❧❛✐♠ &❤❡♥ ✐% &❤❡ 0&❛&❡♠❡♥& ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥&✐&② ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ &❤❡

❙✉❜❥❡❝&❆❧&❡)♥❛&✐✈❡◆❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ &❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❝♦♥&❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡✳

❑❡② ❙0♦&❡ ✲ ♣+♦✈✐❞❡% ❛ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐%♠ &♦ +❡&✉+♥ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡% &♦ ❛✉&❤♦+✐③❡❞ ❝❧✐❡♥&%

❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ %✐❣♥ ❝+②♣&♦❣+❛♣❤✐❝ &♦❦❡♥% ✇✐&❤ &❤❡ ❝♦++❡%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❦❡②✳ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

♣+♦&♦❝♦❧ ❞♦❡% ♥♦& %♣❡❝✐❢② ✇❤❡+❡ &❤❡ ❑❡② ❙&♦+❡ ✐% ❧♦❝❛&❡❞❀ ✐& ♠❛② ❜❡ ♣♦%%✐❜❧❡ ❢♦+

❛ ❝❧✐❡♥& &♦ ❝♦♥&❛✐♥ ✐&% ♦✇♥ ❑❡② ❙&♦+❡ ♦+ &❤❛& &❤❡ ❑❡② ❙&♦+❡ ✐% ❛ %❡♣❛+❛&❡ ♣+♦❝❡%%

♦♥ &❤❡ ❖♣❡+❛&✐♥❣ ❙②%&❡♠✱ ♦+ ❡✈❡♥ &❤❛& ✐& ♠❛② ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡①&❡+♥❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❝❡

❝♦♥&+♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② &❤❡ ✉%❡+✳

✷✳✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡+,✐✜❝❛,❡

❲❤❡♥ ❝+❡❛&✐♥❣ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡✱ ✐& ✐% ✈❡+② ✐♠♣♦+&❛♥& &♦ ❝❤♦♦%❡ ❛ ✉%❡+

❢+✐❡♥❞❧② ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ◆❛♠❡ ✭❈◆✮ ❢♦+ &❤❡ ✉%❡+✱ ❛% ✐& ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧❧♦✇ &❤❡ ✉%❡+ &♦ ❞✐%✲

&✐♥❣✉✐%❤ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡+❡♥& ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡% ❤❡✴%❤❡ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥%&❛❧❧❡❞ ✐♥ ❤✐%✴❤❡+

❜+♦✇%❡+✳ ❚❤✐% ♥❛♠❡ ♠❛② &❤❡♥ ❛❧%♦ ❜❡ ❞✐%♣❧❛②❡❞ ❜② ❛♥② %❡+✈❡+ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♥❣

&❤❡ ✉%❡+ ❛% ❛ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❢+✐❡♥❞❧② ❧❛❜❡❧✳ ▼❛♥② &♦♦❧% ❡①✐%& &♦ ❝+❡❛&❡ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡%✳ ❙♦♠❡

❦❡② %&♦+❡% ❛❧❧♦✇ ✉%❡+% &♦ ❝+❡❛&❡ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡% &❤+♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❢+✐❡♥❞❧② ❯%❡+ ■♥&❡+❢❛❝❡

✭❯■✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡+✱ ✉%✐♥❣ ❛ ❦❡② %&♦+❡ ♦♥ &❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥& %&✐❧❧ +❡S✉✐+❡% &❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② &♦ ❜❡

♣✉❜❧✐%❤❡❞ ♦♥ &❤❡ %❡+✈❡+✱ ❛% ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ %❡❡ %♦♦♥✳

■& ✐% ♣♦%%✐❜❧❡ &♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ &❤❡ ❝+❡❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ &❤❡ ❦❡② ✇✐&❤ ✐&% ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦♥❡

%&❡♣ ✐♥ %✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② ❛% &♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ &❤❡ %❡+✈❡+ &♦ ♠❛❦❡ &❤❡ ❞❡❝✐%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛& &❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉

%❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡✱ ❜② ✉%✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❍❚▼▲✺ ❁❦❡②❣❡♥❃ ❡❧❡♠❡♥&✳ ❚❤✐% ❡❧❡♠❡♥& ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞

✐♥ ❛♥ ❍❚▼▲ ❢♦+♠ %♦ &❤❛& ✇❤❡♥ %✉❜♠✐&&✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❢♦+♠✱ &❤❡ ❜+♦✇%❡+ ❛%❦% &❤❡ ❦❡②

%&♦+❡ &♦ ❝+❡❛&❡ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♣+✐✈❛&❡ ❦❡② ♣❛✐+✳ ❖♥ +❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ &❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣❛+& ♦❢

&❤❡ ❦❡② ♣❛✐+✱ &❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥& &❤❡♥ %❡♥❞% ❛ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡ +❡S✉❡%& ❛% ♣❛+& ♦❢ &❤❡ ❢♦+♠ &♦

&❤❡ %❡+✈✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ %❡+✈✐❝❡ &❤❡♥ ❝+❡❛&❡% ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡ ❛♥❞ +❡&✉+♥% ✐& &♦ &❤❡

❝❧✐❡♥& &♦ ❜❡ ✐♥%&❛❧❧❡❞ ✐♥&♦ ❤✐%✴❤❡+ ❦❡② %&♦+❡✳ ■♥ &❤❛& ✇❛②✱ &❤❡ %❡+✈❡+ ✐% ✐♥ &❤❡

♣♦%✐&✐♦♥ &♦ ❜❡%& ♠❛❦❡ &❤❡ ❞❡❝✐%✐♦♥% ♦❢ ✇❤❛& &❤❡ ❝❡+&✐✜❝❛&❡ %❤♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥&❛✐♥ ❛♥❞

✇❤❛& &❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ %❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡✱ ✇✐&❤♦✉& &❤❡ ♣+✐✈❛&❡ ❦❡② ❡✈❡+ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ &❤❡ %❡❝✉+❡ ❦❡②

%&♦+❡✳ ❋+♦♠ &❤❡ ✉%❛❜✐❧✐&② ♣♦✐♥& ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❢♦+ &❤✐% ♠❡&❤♦❞✱ &❤❡ ✉%❡+ ❡①♣❡+✐❡♥❝❡ ✐%

❛ %✐♠♣❧❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❧✐❝❦ ♦♣❡+❛&✐♦♥✳

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30 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

❈!②♣$♦❣!❛♣❤✐❝ ❱♦❝❛❜✉❧❛!②

■♥ "❤✐% %❡❝"✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❧✐%" "❤❡ ❝♦,❡ ❝,②♣"♦❣,❛♣❤✐❝ "❡,♠% ,❡2✉✐,❡❞ ❢♦, ❡①♣,❡%%✐♥❣ ♣✉❜✲

❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❝♦,,❡%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ "♦ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡,"✐✜❝❛"❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❞❡"❛✐❧ %♦♠❡ ♦❢ "❤❡ ✉%❡❢✉❧

♦♣"✐♦♥❛❧ ,❡❧❛"✐♦♥% ❢,♦♠ "❤❡ ❋❖❆❋ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛,② "❤❛" ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✉%❡❞ ✐♥ "❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡%✳

❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣,♦♣❡,"✐❡% %❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉%❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♥✈❡②✐♥❣ "❤❡ ,❡❧❛"✐♦♥

❜❡"✇❡❡♥ "❤❡ ✉%❡,✴❛❣❡♥" ❛♥❞ ❤✐%✴❤❡, ❦❡②✱ ✇✐"❤✐♥ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣,♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥"%✳ ❚❤❡

❲❡❜■❉ ♣,♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ♠✉%" ❡①♣♦%❡ "❤❡ ,❡❧❛"✐♦♥ ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ "❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛♥❞ "❤❡

✉%❡,✴❛❣❡♥"✬% ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②% ❜② ✉%✐♥❣ "❤❡ ❝❡"# ♦♥"♦❧♦❣②

❛% ✇❡❧❧ ❛% "❤❡ %"❛♥❞❛,❞ ①%❞

❞❛"❛"②♣❡%

❝❡!$✿❘❙❆4✉❜❧✐❝❑❡② ✲ ,❡❢❡,% "♦ "❤❡ ❝❧❛%% ♦❢ ❘❙❆ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳ ❚❤❡ ❘❙❆✲

G✉❜❧✐❝❑❡② ♠✉%" %♣❡❝✐❢② "❤❡ ❝❡,"✿♠♦❞✉❧✉% ❛♥❞ ❝❡,"✿❡①♣♦♥❡♥" ♣,♦♣❡,"✐❡%✳

❝❡!$✿❦❡② ✲ ✉%❡❞ "♦ ❛%%♦❝✐❛"❡ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ✇✐"❤ ❛♥ ❘❙❆G✉❜❧✐❝❑❡②✳ ❆ ❲❡❜■❉

♣,♦✜❧❡ ♠✉%" ❝♦♥"❛✐♥ ❛" ❧❡❛%" ♦♥❡ ❘❙❆G✉❜❧✐❝❑❡② "❤❛" ✐% ❛%%♦❝✐❛"❡❞ ✇✐"❤ "❤❡

❝♦,,❡%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❲❡❜■❉✳

❝❡!$✿♠♦❞✉❧✉9 ✲ ✉%❡❞ "♦ ,❡❧❛"❡ ❛♥ ❘❙❆G✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② "♦ ✐"% ♠♦❞✉❧✉% ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❆♥

❘❙❆ ❦❡② ♠✉%" ❤❛✈❡ ♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ♠♦❞✉❧✉%✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛"❛"②♣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧✉% ✐%

①%❞✿❤❡①❇✐♥❛"②✳

❝❡!$✿❡①♣♦♥❡♥$ ✲ ✉%❡❞ "♦ ,❡❧❛"❡ ❛♥ ❘❙❆G✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② "♦ ✐"% ❡①♣♦♥❡♥" ✈❛❧✉❡✳

❆♥ ❘❙❆ ❦❡② ♠✉%" ❤❛✈❡ ♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥"✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛"❛"②♣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧✉%

✐% ①%❞✿✐♥#❡❣❡"✳

4✉❜❧✐9❤✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❝❡!$✐✜❝❛$❡ ❞❛$❛ ✐♥ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ 4!♦✜❧❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥$

❚❤❡ %❡" ♦❢ ,❡❧❛"✐♦♥% "♦ ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐%❤❡❞ ✐♥ "❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣,♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ❝❛♥ ❜❡

♣,❡%❡♥"❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❣,❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ♥♦"❛"✐♦♥ ❛% ❞✐%♣❧❛②❡❞ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✶✳ ❆ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❲❡❜■❉

♣,♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ✐% ♥♦" ,❡2✉✐,❡❞ "♦ ❝♦♥"❛✐♥ "❤❡ ✉%❡,✴❛❣❡♥"✬% ♥❛♠❡ ♦, ❛♥② ♦"❤❡,

✐♥❢♦,♠❛"✐♦♥ "❤❛" ❤❡✴%❤❡ ♠❛② ✇❛♥" "♦ ❦❡❡♣ ♣,✐✈❛"❡✱ ❛% ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥

❙❡❝"✐♦♥ ✷✳✷✳✸✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡,✱ "❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ,❡♣,❡%❡♥"❛"✐♦♥ ♠✉%" ❛❧✇❛②% ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧②

❛❝❝❡%%✐❜❧❡ ❜② ❲❡❜■❉ ❱❡,✐✜❡,%✳

✷✳✸✳✹ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉0❤❡♥0✐❝❛0✐♦♥ ♣6♦0♦❝♦❧

■♥ ♦,❞❡, "♦ ♣,♦✈✐❞❡ "❤❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❝♦♥"❡①" ♦❢ ❛ ✉%❡,✴❛❣❡♥" ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ "♦ ❛ %❡,✈✐❝❡

♣,♦✈✐❞❡, ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✐❧❧✉%",❛"❡ "❤❡ ♣,♦"♦❝♦❧ ✇✐"❤ "❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ %❡2✉❡♥❝❡ ❞✐❛❣,❛♠

✭❝❢✳ ❋✐❣✉,❡ ✷✳✻✮✳ ❆" "❤✐% ♣♦✐♥"✱ ♦♥❧② ❛"",✐❜✉"❡% "❤❛" ❛,❡ ♣❛," ♦❢ "❤❡ ✉%❡,✴❛❣❡♥"✬%

♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣,♦✜❧❡ ❛,❡ ",❛♥%♠✐""❡❞✱ %✐♥❝❡ ❛✉"❤♦,✐③❛"✐♦♥ ❞❡❝✐%✐♦♥% ❛,❡ "❛❦❡♥

✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥"❧② ❢,♦♠ "❤❡ ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♣,♦"♦❝♦❧✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡,✱ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❡①"❡♥❞❡❞ "♦ ♣,♦✈✐❞❡ ❛✉"❤♦,✐③❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦, ♣,♦"❡❝"❡❞ ✉%❡, ❛"",✐❜✉"❡%✱ ❛% ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧

❧❛"❡, ❞✐%❝♦✈❡, ✐♥ ❙❡❝"✐♦♥ ✷✳✹✳

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦)❣✴♥,✴❛✉!❤✴❝❡)!

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦)❣✴✷✵✵✶✴❳▼▲❙❝❤❡♠❛

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2.3. WEBID-TLS 31

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥1✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① "❞❢1✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴✶✾✾✾✴✵✷✴✷✷✲"❞❢✲1②♥,❛①✲♥1★❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❝❡",✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴♥1✴❛✉,❤✴❝❡",★❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ①1❞✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴✷✵✵✶✴❳▼▲❙❝❤❡♠❛★❃ ✳

❁❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿E❡"1♦♥❛❧E"♦❢✐❧❡❉♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡" ❁★♠❡❃ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♣"✐♠❛"②❚♦♣✐❝ ❁★♠❡❃ ✳

❁★♠❡❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿E❡"1♦♥❀

❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✧❇❛""②✧❀

❝❡",✿❦❡② ❬ ❛ ❝❡",✿❘❙❆E✉❜❧✐❝❑❡②❀

"❞❢1✿❧❛❜❡❧ ✧▼② ✇♦"❦ ❧❛♣,♦♣✳✧❀

❝❡",✿♠♦❞✉❧✉1 ✧❝❜✷✹❡❞✽✳✳✳✳❞❞❜✺✷✶✸✾✶❛✶✧❫❫①1❞✿❤❡①❇✐♥❛"②❀

❝❡",✿❡①♣♦♥❡♥, ✻✺✺✸✼ ❀

❪ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✶✿ ❚✉+,❧❡ +❡♣+❡-❡♥,❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣+♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❝♦♥,❛✐♥✐♥❣ ,❤❡

♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❡❧❡♠❡♥,- ❝♦++❡-♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ,♦ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡+,✐✜❝❛,❡✳

■, -❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♥♦,❡❞ ,❤❛, ❢+♦♠ ❛ ✉-❡+✬- ♣♦✐♥, ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ ,❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡,❡ ♣+♦❝❡--

♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,✐♦♥ ✐- -✐♠♣❧② ❛ ♦♥❡ ❝❧✐❝❦ ♦♣❡+❛,✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡✴-❤❡

❝❤♦♦-❡- ,❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡+,✐✜❝❛,❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✉-❡+ ✐- ♥♦, +❡F✉✐+❡❞ ,♦ +❡♠❡♠❜❡+ ❛♥② ❝+❡✲

❞❡♥,✐❛❧- ✐♥ ♦+❞❡+ ,♦ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,❡✳

��� ��

❋✐❣✉+❡ ✷✳✻✿ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ -,❡♣- ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❛+❡ ❛- ❢♦❧❧♦✇-✳

✶✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ❛,,❡♠♣,✐♥❣ ,♦ ❛❝❝❡-- ❛ ♣+♦,❡❝,❡❞ +❡-♦✉+❝❡ ♦♥ ,❤❡ ❙K✱ ,❤❡ ✉-❡+ ✐-

❛-❦❡❞ ,♦ ♣+♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥, ❝❡+,✐✜❝❛,❡✱ ❛- ♣❛+, ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❚▲❙ ❤❛♥❞-❤❛❦❡✳ ❆,

,❤✐- ♣♦✐♥,✱ ,❤❡ ❙K ✈❡+✐✜❡- ,❤❛, ,❤❡ ✉-❡+ ♦✇♥- ,❤❡ ♣+✐✈❛,❡ ❦❡② ❝♦++❡-♣♦♥❞✐♥❣

,♦ ,❤❡ ❝❡+,✐✜❝❛,❡✬- ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② -❡♥, ,♦ ,❤❡ ❙K✳

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32 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❙&✬( ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡.✐✜❡. ❡①2.❛❝2( 2❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❢.♦♠ 2❤❡ ✉(❡. ❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡✬(

❙✉❜❥❡❝&❆❧&❡)♥❛&✐✈❡◆❛♠❡ ❡①2❡♥(✐♦♥✱ ❛( ✇❡❧❧ ❛( 2❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧✉( ❛♥❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥2

❝♦..❡(♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ 2♦ 2❤❡ ❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡✬( ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳

✸✳ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡.✐✜❡. ❞❡.❡❢❡.❡♥❝❡( 2❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✐♥ ♦.❞❡. 2♦ ♦❜2❛✐♥ 2❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉

♣.♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2 ❢.♦♠ 2❤❡ ■❞&✳

✹✳ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡.✐✜❡. ❛((❡.2( ✐❢ 2❤❡ ✉(❡. ❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡✬( ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❡❧❡♠❡♥2(

✭✐✳❡✳ ♠♦❞✉❧✉( ❛♥❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥2✮ ♠❛2❝❤ 2❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❡❧❡♠❡♥2( ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ 2❤❡

❲❡❜■❉ ♣.♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2✳ ■❢ 2❤❡② ♠❛2❝❤✱ 2❤❡ ✉(❡. ✐( 2❤❡♥ (✉❝❝❡((❢✉❧❧②

❛✉2❤❡♥2✐❝❛2❡❞ 2♦ 2❤❡ ❙&✳

❚♦ ❜❡22❡. ✉♥❞❡.(2❛♥❞ 2❤❡ ❛✉2❤❡♥2✐❝❛2✐♦♥ ♣.♦❝❡((✱ ❞❡2❛✐❧❡❞ ❞❡(❝.✐♣2✐♦♥( ♦❢

❡❛❝❤ (2❡♣ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦✇ ❜❡ ♣.♦✈✐❞❡❞✳

❙!❡♣ ✶ ✲ ■♥✐!✐❛!✐♥❣ !❤❡ ❛✉!❤❡♥!✐❝❛!✐♦♥ ♣/♦!♦❝♦❧

❚❤❡ ❛✉2❤❡♥2✐❝❛2✐♦♥ ♣.♦❝❡(( ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥✐2✐❛2❡❞ ✐♥ 2✇♦ ✇❛②(✳ ■2 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ 2.✐❣❣❡.❡❞

❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧2 ❛2 2❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥2 ♦❢ 2❤❡ .❡F✉❡(2 ♦♣❡.❛2✐♦♥ ♦♥ 2❤❡ ♣.♦2❡❝2❡❞ .❡(♦✉.❝❡

✭❡✳❣✳ 2❤.♦✉❣❤ ❛♥ ❍❚❚& ●❊❚✮✱ ♦. (✐♠♣❧② ❜② ❝❧✐❝❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛ ✧▲♦❣✐♥✧ ❜✉22♦♥

❞✐(♣❧❛②❡❞ ❜② 2❤❡ (❡.✈✐❝❡ ♣.♦✈✐❞❡.✳ ❊✐2❤❡. ✇❛②✱ ❚▲❙ ❛❧❧♦✇( 2❤❡ (❡.✈❡. 2♦ .❡F✉❡(2

❛ ❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡ ❢.♦♠ 2❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥2 ✉(✐♥❣ 2❤❡ ❈❡)&✐✜❝❛&❡❘❡3✉❡4& ♠❡((❛❣❡ ❬❙❡❝2✐♦♥ ✼✳✹✳✹❪

♦❢ ❚▲❙ ✈✶✳✷ ❬✷✺❪✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉2❤❡♥2✐❝❛2✐♦♥ ❞♦❡( ♥♦2 .❡❧② ♦♥ ❝❧❛((✐❝ &❑■

2.✉(2 ✭❈❆( (✐❣♥✐♥❣ 2❤❡ ❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡✮ 2♦ ✈❡.✐❢② 2❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❧❛✐♠( ♠❛❞❡ 2❤❡.❡✐♥✱ 2❤❡

(❡.✈❡. ♠❛② ❝❤♦♦(❡ 2♦ ❛❝❝❡♣2 (❡❧❢✲(✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❧✐❡♥2 ❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡(✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡.✱ ❛2 ❧❡❛(2 ♦♥❡

✈❡.✐✜❝❛2✐♦♥ ♠✉(2 ❜❡ ♣❡.❢♦.♠❡❞ ♦♥ 2❤❡ ❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❤❡❝❦( 2❤❛2 2❤❡ ✉(❡.

♦✇♥( 2❤❡ ♣.✐✈❛2❡ ❦❡② ❝♦..❡(♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ 2♦ 2❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② 2❤❛2 ✐( ❝♦♥2❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ 2❤❡

❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡ (❡♥2 2♦ 2❤❡ ❙&✳

❙!❡♣ ✷ ✲ ❊①!/❛❝!✐♥❣ ♣❡/!✐♥❡♥! ✐♥❢♦/♠❛!✐♦♥ ❢/♦♠ !❤❡ ❝❡/!✐✜❝❛!❡

❖♥❝❡ 2❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥2 ❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡ ✐( .❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② 2❤❡ (❡.✈❡.✱ 2❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡.✐✜❡. ♣.♦✲

❝❡❡❞( 2♦ ❡①2.❛❝2 2✇♦ ✐♠♣♦.2❛♥2 ❡❧❡♠❡♥2(✳ ❚❤❡ ✜.(2 ♦♥❡ ✐( 2❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝♦♥2❛✐♥❡❞

✐♥ 2❤❡ ❙✉❜❥❡❝&❆❧&❡)♥❛&✐✈❡◆❛♠❡ ❡①2❡♥(✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ 2❤❡ (❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✐( 2❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧✉(

❛♥❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥2 ✈❛❧✉❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠♣♦(❡ 2❤❡ ❝❡.2✐✜❝❛2❡✬( ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉

❤♦❧❞( 2❤❡ ❧♦❝❛2✐♦♥ ✇❤❡.❡ 2❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣.♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞✱ 2②♣✐❝❛❧❧②

❤&&♣4✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦✜❧❡★♠❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❙✉❜❥❡❝&❆❧&❡)♥❛&✐✈❡◆❛♠❡ ❝❛♥ (2♦.❡ ♠✉❧✲

2✐♣❧❡ ❲❡❜■❉(✳

❙!❡♣ ✸ ✲ ❉❡/❡❢❡/❡♥❝✐♥❣ !❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■

◆♦✇ 2❤❛2 2❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❱❡.✐✜❡. ❤❛( ♦❜2❛✐♥❡❞ 2❤❡ ❧✐(2 ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉(✱ ✐2 ♥❡❡❞( 2♦

♦❜2❛✐♥ 2❤❡ ♣.♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2(✳ ■2 ❞♦❡( 2❤✐( ❜② ❞❡.❡❢❡.❡♥❝✐♥❣ 2❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■

✉(✐♥❣ 2❤❡ ♣.♦2♦❝♦❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛2❡❞ ✐♥ ✐2( (❝❤❡♠❡✱ ✐♥ 2❤✐( ❝❛(❡ ❤&&♣4✿✴✴✳

■❢ ✇❡ ✜.(2 ❝♦♥(✐❞❡. ❲❡❜■❉( ✇✐2❤ ❤❛(❤ ❯❘■(✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ 2❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♦❢ 2❤✐(

❛( ❢♦❧❧♦✇(✳ ❆( ✐( ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ 2❤❡ ❘❋❈ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❯❘■( ❬✶✶❪✿

❚❤❡ ❢.❛❣♠❡♥2 ✐❞❡♥2✐✜❡. ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥2 ✭♦. ❤❛(❤✮ ♦❢ ❛ ❯❘■ ❛❧❧♦✇( ✐♥❞✐✲

.❡❝2 ✐❞❡♥2✐✜❝❛2✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ (❡❝♦♥❞❛.② .❡(♦✉.❝❡ ❜② .❡❢❡.❡♥❝❡ 2♦ ❛ ♣.✐♠❛.②

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2.3. WEBID-TLS 33

❡"♦✉ ❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞✐*✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❞❡♥*✐❢②✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦ ♠❛*✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡♥*✐✜❡❞ "❡❝✲

♦♥❞❛ ② ❡"♦✉ ❝❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ "♦♠❡ ♣♦ *✐♦♥ ♦ "✉❜"❡* ♦❢ *❤❡ ♣ ✐♠❛ ② ❡✲

"♦✉ ❝❡✱ "♦♠❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♦♥ ❡♣ ❡"❡♥*❛*✐♦♥" ♦❢ *❤❡ ♣ ✐♠❛ ② ❡"♦✉ ❝❡✱ ♦

"♦♠❡ ♦*❤❡ ❡"♦✉ ❝❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♦ ❞❡"❝ ✐❜❡❞ ❜② *❤♦"❡ ❡♣ ❡"❡♥*❛*✐♦♥"✳

❬✳✳✳❪ ❚❤❡ "❡♠❛♥*✐❝" ♦❢ ❛ ❢ ❛❣♠❡♥* ✐❞❡♥*✐✜❡ ❛ ❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② *❤❡ "❡*

♦❢ ❡♣ ❡"❡♥*❛*✐♦♥" *❤❛* ♠✐❣❤* ❡"✉❧* ❢ ♦♠ ❛ ❡* ✐❡✈❛❧ ❛❝*✐♦♥ ♦♥ *❤❡

♣ ✐♠❛ ② ❡"♦✉ ❝❡✳

❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❱❡ ✐✜❡ ♥❡❡❞" *♦ ❢❡*❝❤ *❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥*✱ ✐❢ ✐* ❞♦❡" ♥♦* ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞

♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❝❛❝❤❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❱❡ ✐✜❡ ♠✉"* ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ *♦ ♣❛ "❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥*" ✐♥ ❚✉ *❧❡✱

❛♥❞ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ *♦ ❛❧"♦ ♣❛ "❡ *❤❡♠ ✐♥ ♦*❤❡ "❡ ✐❛❧✐③❛*✐♦♥"✱ "✉❝❤ ❛" ❘❉❋❛ ❬✶❪ ♦

❘❉❋✴❳▼▲ ❬✺❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❡"✉❧* ♦❢ *❤✐" ♣ ♦❝❡"" "❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ ❣ ❛♣❤ ♦❢ ❘❉❋ ❡❧❛*✐♦♥"

*❤❛* ❝♦♥*❛✐♥" ♦♥❡ ♦ ♠♦ ❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②" ❡♣ ❡"❡♥*❡❞ ❛" ♠♦❞✉❧✉" ❛♥❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥*

✈❛❧✉❡"✱ ❛" "❡❡♥ ❡❛ ❧✐❡ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✶✳

L❧❡❛"❡ ♥♦*❡ *❤❛* ✐♥ ♦ ❞❡ *♦ ♦❜*❛✐♥ *❤❡ ♣ ♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ❢ ♦♠ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉

❝♦♥*❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❢ ❛❣♠❡♥* ✐❞❡♥*✐✜❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❤**♣"✿✴✴❜❛ ②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣ ♦✜❧❡★♠❡✮✱ ♦♥❡

♥❡❡❞" *♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡ ❡♥❝❡ *❤❡ ❡"♦✉ ❝❡ ❡❢❡ ❡❞ *♦ ✇✐*❤♦✉* *❤❡ ❢ ❛❣♠❡♥* ✐❞❡♥*✐✜❡ ✱

❛" ♣ ❡"❡♥*❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝*✐♦♥ ✷✳✷✳ ❆❧*❡ ♥❛*✐✈❡❧②✱ ❍❚❚L ✸✵✸ ❡❞✐ ❡❝*" ✇✐*❤ ❛ ❞✐✛❡ ❡♥*

▲♦❝❛$✐♦♥ ❤❡❛❞❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉"❡❞ ✐♥ ♦ ❞❡ *♦ ♦❜*❛✐♥ *❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣ ♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥*✳ ❚❤❡

❯❘■ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦* ❜❡ *❤❡ "❛♠❡ ❛" *❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■✳ ❋♦ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ *❤❡

❲❡❜■❉ ❤$$♣)✿✴✴❜❛--②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣-♦✜❧❡✴ ✇✐❧❧ ❡❞✐ ❡❝* *♦ ❛ ❚✉ *❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* *❤❛*

♠❛② *②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❜❡ ❧♦❝❛*❡❞ ❛* ❤$$♣)✿✴✴❜❛--②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣!♦✜❧❡✳''❧✳

❙!❡♣ ✹ ✲ ❱❡'✐❢②✐♥❣ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉!❤❡♥!✐❝❛!✐♦♥

❚♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❧❛✐♠✱ *❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❱❡ ✐✜❡ ♠✉"* ✜♥❞ ✐❢ *❤❡ ❣ ❛♣❤ ❡*✉ ♥❡❞

❜② *❤❡ ♣ ♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ❝♦♥*❛✐♥" ❛* ❧❡❛"* ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✱ ❛♥❞ *❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛ ❡ ✐* *♦

*❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥* ❝❡ *✐✜❝❛*❡✬" ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳ ■♥ ♦*❤❡ ✇♦ ❞"✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛" *♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ✐❢ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧✉"

❛♥❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥* ♣❛✐ ❢ ♦♠ *❤❡ ♣ ♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ♠❛*❝❤ *❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧✉" ❛♥❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥*

♣❛✐ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥* ❝❡ *✐✜❝❛*❡✳

❚❤❡ ❛❝*✉❛❧ ✈❡ ✐✜❝❛*✐♦♥ ♣ ♦❝❡"" ♠❛② *❛❦❡ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ *✇♦ ❞✐✛❡ ❡♥* ✇❛②"✱ ❞❡✲

♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ *❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❱❡ ✐✜❡ ✬" ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐*✐❡"✱ ❡✐*❤❡ ❜② ✉"✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❙L❆❘◗▲ ❬✺✷❪

[✉❡ ② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ❚❡"*✐♥❣ ❢♦ ♣❛**❡ ♥" ✐♥ ❣ ❛♣❤" ✐"

✇❤❛* *❤❡ ❙L❆❘◗▲ [✉❡ ② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✐" "♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② ❞❡"✐❣♥❡❞ *♦ ❞♦✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✜ "*

❧♦♦❦ ❛* ❤♦✇ *♦ ✉"❡ ❙L❆❘◗▲ ❛" ✐* ✐" ❛❧"♦ *❤❡ "✐♠♣❧❡"* ♠❡*❤♦❞✱ ❛♥❞ *❤❡♥ ✇❤❛*

"♦♠❡ ♦*❤❡ ♣ ♦❣ ❛♠♠❛*✐❝ ♦♣*✐♦♥" ♠✐❣❤* ❜❡✳

❇❡❧♦✇ ✐" *❤❡ ❙L❆❘◗▲ ◗✉❡ ② ❚❡♠♣❧❛*❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ "❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉"❡❞ ❢♦ ❛♥ ❘❙❆

♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳ ■* ❝♦♥*❛✐♥" *❤ ❡❡ ✈❛ ✐❛❜❧❡" ❄✇❡❜✐❞✱ ❄♠♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❄❡①♣ *❤❛* ❤❛✈❡ *♦ ❜❡

❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② *❤❡ ❛♣♣ ♦♣ ✐❛*❡ ✈❛❧✉❡"✳

❯♥❧✐❦❡ *❤❡ ❙L❆❘◗▲ ❙❊▲❊❈❚✱ *❤❡ ❆❙❑ [✉❡ ② ✐" ✉"❡❞ *♦ ❡*✉ ♥ ❛ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥

❡"✉❧* ✭✐✳❡✳ * ✉❡ ♦ ❢❛❧"❡✮✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ "♣❡❝✐✜❝ "❡* ♦❢ *❡ ♠"✳ ■♥ *❤✐" ❝❛"❡✱ ✐* ✐♥*❡♥❞" *♦

✜♥❞ ❛❧❧ ♦❝❝✉ ❡♥❝❡" ♦❢ ❛ ❄♠♦❞✉❧✉) ❛♥❞ ❄❡①♣ ♣❛✐ ✇✐*❤✐♥ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❄✇❡❜✐❞ ❣ ❛♣❤✳

■❢ ❛ ♠❛*❝❤ ✐" ❢♦✉♥❞✱ *❤❡ [✉❡ ② ✇✐❧❧ *❤❡♥ ❡*✉ ♥ $-✉❡✳ ■♥ *❤✐" ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ *❤❡ *❤ ❡❡

✈❛ ✐❛❜❧❡" ❤❛✈❡ *❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❞❡"❝ ✐♣*✐♦♥"✿

❄✇❡❜✐❞ ✲ "❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② *❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❘❡"♦✉ ❝❡✳ ■♥ *❤❡ ❙L❆❘◗▲

♥♦*❛*✐♦♥✱ *❤❡ ❯❘▲ "* ✐♥❣ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ ❁ ❃ ✐♥ *❤❡ ♣♦"✐*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡

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34 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

❘❊❋■❳ ✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦0❣✴♥3✴❛✉)❤✴❝❡0)★❃

❘❊❋■❳ ①3❞✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦0❣✴✷✵✵✶✴❳▼▲❙❝❤❡♠❛★❃

❆❙❑ ④

❄✇❡❜✐❞ ✿❦❡② ❬

✿♠♦❞✉❧✉3 ❄♠♦❞❀

✿❡①♣♦♥❡♥) ❄❡①♣❀

❪ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✷✿ ❘❡♣+❡,❡♥.❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ .②♣✐❝❛❧ ❙5❆❘◗▲ ❆❙❑ :✉❡+②✳

❄✇❡❜✐❞ ✈❛+✐❛❜❧❡✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❁❤""♣$✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦✜❧❡★♠❡❃✱ +❡♣+❡,❡♥.✐♥❣ ❛♥

❘❉❋ +❡,♦✉+❝❡✳

❄♠♦❞ ✲ ,❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ +❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② .❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧✉, ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ .❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳ ❆❧❧

❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✵ ❜②.❡, ✭✇+✐..❡♥ ✧✵✵✧ ✐♥ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✮ ,❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ +❡♠♦✈❡❞✴✐❣✲

♥♦+❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ +❡,✉❧.✐♥❣ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ,.+✐♥❣ ,❤♦✉❧❞ .❤❡♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ❜② .❤❡

①$❞✿❤❡①❇✐♥❛)② ❞❛.❛.②♣❡✳

❄❡①♣ ✲ ,❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ +❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② .❤❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥. ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ .❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✱

✇+✐..❡♥ ❛, ❛♥ ①$❞✿✐♥"❡❣❡) .②♣❡❞ ❧✐.❡+❛❧✳ ■♥ ❙5❆❘◗▲ ❛, ✐♥ ❚✉+.❧❡ ♥♦.❛.✐♦♥ .❤✐,

❝❛♥ ❥✉,. ❜❡ ✇+✐..❡♥ ❞✐+❡❝.❧② ❛, ❛♥ ✐♥.❡❣❡+✱ .❤❡+❡❢♦+❡ .❤❡ ❞❛.❛.②♣❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐❣♥♦+❡❞✳

❆,,✉♠✐♥❣ .❤❛. .❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡+✐✜❡+ +❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❇❛++②✬, ❦❡②✱ ❝♦♥.❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧✉,

.❤❛. ,.❛+., ✇✐.❤ ❝❜✷✹❡❞✽ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞, ✇✐.❤ ❞❞❜✺✷✶✸✾✶❛✶✳✳✳ ❛♥❞ ✇❤♦,❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥. ✐,

✻✺✺✸✼ .❤❡♥ .❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡.❡ :✉❡+② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✸✳

❘❊❋■❳ ✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦0❣✴♥3✴❛✉)❤✴❝❡0)★❃

❘❊❋■❳ ①3❞✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦0❣✴✷✵✵✶✴❳▼▲❙❝❤❡♠❛★❃

❆❙❑ ④

❁❤))♣3✿✴✴❜❛00②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣0♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃ ✿❦❡② ❬

✿♠♦❞✉❧✉3 ✧❝❜✷✹❡❞✽✳✳✳❞❞❜✺✷✶✸✾✶❛✶✧❫❫①3❞✿❤❡①❇✐♥❛0②❀

✿❡①♣♦♥❡♥) ✻✺✺✸✼❀

❪ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✸✿ ❈♦♠♣❧❡.❡ ❙5❆❘◗▲ ❆❙❑ :✉❡+②✳

❆ ❙5❆❘◗▲ ❆❙❑ :✉❡+② ,✐♠♣❧② +❡.✉+♥, .+✉❡ ♦+ ❢❛❧,❡✳ ■❢ ✐. +❡.✉+♥, .+✉❡✱ .❤❡♥

.❤❡ ❦❡② ✇❛, ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ .❤❡ ❣+❛♣❤ ♦❜.❛✐♥❡❞ ❢+♦♠ .❤❡ ♣+♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥. ❛♥❞ .❤❡

❝❧❛✐♠ ✐, ✈❡+✐✜❡❞✳

■♥ ♦+❞❡+ .♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ .❤❡ ❝❧❛,, ♦❢ :✉❡+✐❡, ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② .❤❡ .❡♠♣❧❛.❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ .♦ +❡✲

.✉+♥ .+✉❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❛,❦❡❞ ♦❢ ❣+❛♣❤, ✇❤❡+❡ .❤❡ ❤❡①❇✐♥❛+② ♦+ .❤❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥. ❝♦♥.❛✐♥,

✇❤✐.❡,♣❛❝❡ ❝❤❛+❛❝.❡+, ✐♥ ✐♥✐.✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧ ♣♦,✐.✐♦♥✱ .❤❡ :✉❡+② ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ♠✉,. ,✉♣✲

♣♦+. .❤❡ ❉✲❡♥.❛✐❧♠❡♥. +❡❣✐♠❡ ❢♦+ ①$❞✿❤❡①❇✐♥❛)② ❛♥❞ ①$❞✿✐♥"❡❣❡) ❛, ,♣❡❝✐✜❡❞

✐♥ ❙5❆❘◗▲ ✶✳✶ ❊♥.❛✐❧♠❡♥. ❘❡❣✐♠❡,

✳ ❚❤❡ ❉✲❡♥.❛✐❧♠❡♥. +❡❣✐♠❡ ✐, ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❢♦+

❞❛.❛.②♣❡❞ ✐♥.❡+♣+❡.❛.✐♦♥,✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❣✐✈❡ ,❡♠❛♥.✐❝, .♦ ❞❛.❛.②♣❡,✳ ❆ ❞❛"❛"②♣❡ ✐,

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦)❣✴❚❘✴-♣❛)/❧✶✶✲❡♥!❛✐❧♠❡♥!✴★❉❊♥!❘❡❣✐♠❡

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2.3. WEBID-TLS 35

❛♥ ❡♥#✐#② ❝❤❛(❛❝#❡(✐③❡❞ ❜② ❛ ,❡# ♦❢ ❝❤❛(❛❝#❡( ,#(✐♥❣, ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ❢♦(♠, ❛♥❞ ❛

♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❢(♦♠ #❤❛# ,❡# #♦ ❛ ,❡# ♦❢ ✈❛❧✉❡,✳ ❋♦(♠❛❧❧②✱ ❛ ❞❛#❛#②♣❡ ❞ ✐, ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜②

#❤(❡❡ ✐#❡♠,✿

✶✳ ❛ ♥♦♥✲❡♠♣#② ,❡# ♦❢ ❝❤❛(❛❝#❡( ,#(✐♥❣, ❝❛❧❧❡❞ #❤❡ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ,♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❀

✷✳ ❛ ♥♦♥✲❡♠♣#② ,❡# ❝❛❧❧❡❞ #❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ,♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❀

✸✳ ❛ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❢(♦♠ #❤❡ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ,♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❞ #♦ #❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ,♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❞✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ #❤❡

❧❡①✐❝❛❧✲#♦✲✈❛❧✉❡ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❞✳

❉❛#❛#②♣❡❞ ✐♥#❡(♣(❡#❛#✐♦♥, ❢♦( ❛♥ ❘❉❋ ❣(❛♣❤ ❛(❡ (❡❧❛#✐✈✐③❡❞ #♦ ❛ ❞❛#❛#②♣❡

♠❛♣✱ ❉✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐, ❛ ,❡# ♦❢ ♣❛✐(, ❝♦♥,✐,#✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❯❘■ (❡❢❡(❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞❛#❛#②♣❡

,✉❝❤ #❤❛# ♥♦ ❯❘■ (❡❢❡(❡♥❝❡ ❛♣♣❡❛(, #✇✐❝❡ ✐♥ #❤❡ ,❡# ✲ ✐✳❡✳ ❉ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ (❡❣❛(❞❡❞

❛, ❛ ❢✉♥❝#✐♦♥ ❢(♦♠ ❛ ,❡# ♦❢ ❯❘■ (❡❢❡(❡♥❝❡, #♦ ❛ ,❡# ♦❢ ❞❛#❛#②♣❡,✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ #❤❡

❞❛#❛#②♣❡, ♦❢#❡♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ,✐♥❣❧❡ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ (❡♣(❡,❡♥#❛#✐♦♥ ❢♦( ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛#❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✭✐✳❡✳

❡❛❝❤ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❞❛#❛#②♣❡✬, ✈❛❧✉❡ ,♣❛❝❡ ✐, ❞❡♥♦#❡❞ ❜② ❛ ,✐♥❣❧❡ (❡♣(❡,❡♥#❛#✐♦♥

✐♥ ✐#, ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ,♣❛❝❡✮✱ #❤✐, ✐, ♥♦# ❛❧✇❛②, #❤❡ ❝❛,❡✳ ❆ ❝❛♥♦♥✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ✐, ❛

♣(❡,❝(✐❜❡❞ ,✉❜,❡# ♦❢ #❤❡ ✐♥✈❡(,❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐, ♦♥❡✲#♦✲♦♥❡ ❛♥❞

✇❤♦,❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✭✇❤❡(❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡✮ ✐, #❤❡ ❡♥#✐(❡ (❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣

✭#❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ,♣❛❝❡✮✳ ❚❤✉,✱ ❛ ❝❛♥♦♥✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ,❡❧❡❝#, ♦♥❡ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ (❡♣(❡,❡♥#❛#✐♦♥

❢♦( ❡❛❝❤ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✐♥ #❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ,♣❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❛♥♦♥✐❝❛❧ (❡♣(❡,❡♥#❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✐♥

#❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ,♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞❛#❛#②♣❡ ✐, #❤❡ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ (❡♣(❡,❡♥#❛#✐♦♥ ❛,,♦❝✐❛#❡❞ ✇✐#❤ #❤❛#

✈❛❧✉❡ ❜② #❤❡ ❞❛#❛#②♣❡✬, ❝❛♥♦♥✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣✳

❋♦( ✈❡(✐✜❡(, #❤❛# ❞♦ ♥♦# ❤❛✈❡ ❛❝❝❡,, #♦ ❛ ❙L❆❘◗▲ O✉❡(② ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❜✉# ❝❛♥

O✉❡(② #❤❡ ❘❉❋ ❞❛#❛ ✐♥ ❛ ♣(♦❣(❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ✇❛②✱ ✐# ✐, (❡❧❛#✐✈❡❧② ❡❛,② #♦ ❡♠✉❧❛#❡

#❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❙L❆❘◗▲ O✉❡(②✳ ❚❤❡(❡ ❛(❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡( ♦❢ ✇❛②, ♦❢ ❞♦✐♥❣ #❤✐,✱ ,♦♠❡

♠♦(❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥# #❤❛♥ ♦#❤❡(,✳

❆ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♣(♦❣(❛♠♠❛#✐❝ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❛,,❡(#✐♥❣ ✇❤❡#❤❡( ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♠♦❞✉❧✉, ❛♥❞

❡①♣♦♥❡♥# ♣❛✐( ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✇✐#❤✐♥ ❛ ❣(❛♣❤✱ ✐, #♦ #❛❦❡ #❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ #❤❡

❝❡(#✐✜❝❛#❡ ❛# ❙#❡♣ ✷ ❛♥❞ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛ ❣(❛♣❤ ,#❛(#✐♥❣ ❢(♦♠ ✐#✳ ❲✐#❤ #❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛,

,✉❜❥❡❝#✱ #❤❡ ,②,#❡♠ ♠✉,# #❤❡♥ ✐#❡(❛#❡ #❤(♦✉❣❤ ❛❧❧ #❤❡ (❡❧❛#✐♦♥, ♦❢ #②♣❡ ❝❡"#✿❦❡②✳

◆❡①$✱ $❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡,✐✜❡, ♠✉1$ ❧♦♦❦ ✇✐$❤✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❡"#✿❦❡② $♦ ✜♥❞ ❛♥ ♦❝❝✉,,❡♥❝❡

♦❢ ✧❝❜✷✹❡❞✽✳✳✳❞❞❜✺✷✶✸✾✶❛✶✧✂✂①5❞✿❤❡①❇✐♥❛"②✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧② $❤❡ 1②1$❡♠ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✈❡,✐❢②

$❤❛$ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❦❡②1 $❤❛$ ❤❛❞ 1❛$✐1✜❡❞ $❤♦1❡ ,❡❧❛$✐♦♥1 ❛❧1♦ ❤❛❞ $❤❡ ❝❡"#✿❡①♣♦♥❡♥#

,❡❧❛$✐♦♥ $♦ $❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡, ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ $❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ✐1 ✻✺✺✸✼✳

❚♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐$❛$❡ $❡1$1✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥$❡❞ ♦✉, ♦✇♥ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡,✐✜❡, ✐♥ ?❍?✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧1♦ ❞✐1♣❧❛②1 ❛❧❧ $❤❡ 1$❡♣1 $❛❦❡♥ ❞✉,✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ♣,♦❝❡11 ✐♥

❛ ✈❡,❜♦1❡✱ ✉1❡,✲❢,✐❡♥❞❧② ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡,✐✜❡, ❤❛1 ❜❡❡♥ ,❡❧❡❛1❡❞

❛1 ♦♣❡♥ 1♦✉,❝❡

1♦❢$✇❛,❡✱ ✇✐$❤ ❛ ♣❡,♠✐11✐✈❡ ▼■❚ ❧✐❝❡♥1❡✳

■♥ $❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ 1❡❝$✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✐♥✈❡1$✐❣❛$❡ ♣♦11✐❜❧❡ 1❤♦,$❝♦♠✐♥❣1 ❛♥❞ ❛$$❛❝❦1 ♦♥

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳

❤!!♣#✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴❲❡❜■❉❛✉!❤✴❲❡❜■❉❛✉!❤

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36 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

✷✳✸✳✺ ❙❡❝✉(✐*② ❛♥❛❧②/✐/

❘❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝❡)*✐✜❝❛*❡-

❖♥❡ ♦❢ %❤❡ ❞✐)❛❞✈❛♥%❛❣❡) ✉)✉❛❧❧② ♣1❡)❡♥% ✐♥ ❞❡❝❡♥%1❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥

)②)%❡♠)✱ ❡)♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② %❤♦)❡ ❜❛)❡❞ ♦♥ ❝1②♣%♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ )♦❧✉%✐♦♥)✱ ✐) %❤❛% %❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ %♦

1❡❧② ♦♥ 7❑■ ❛♥❞ ❈❡1%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ❆✉%❤♦1✐%✐❡)✳ ❋✉1%❤❡1♠♦1❡✱ ✐❢ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥% ❝❡1%✐✜❝❛%❡

❤❛) ❜❡❡♥ ❧♦)%✱ )%♦❧❡♥ ♦1 ✐% ❤❛) ❡①♣✐1❡❞✱ %❤❡② ♠✉)% ♣1♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❝❧❡❛1 ♣1♦❝❡)) ♦❢

❝❡1%✐✜❝❛%❡ 1❡✈♦❝❛%✐♦♥✳ ■♥ %❤❡ ❝❛)❡ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ %❤✐) ♣1♦❝❡)) ✐) ✈❡1② )✐♠♣❧❡✱

%❤❡ ✉)❡1 )✐♠♣❧② ❤❛✈✐♥❣ %♦ 1❡♠♦✈❡ %❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❞❡)❝1✐♣%✐♦♥ ❝♦11❡)♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ %♦

%❤❡ ✐♥✈❛❧✐❞❛%❡❞ ❝❡1%✐✜❝❛%❡ ❢1♦♠ ❤✐)✴❤❡1 ♣1♦✜❧❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡1✱ %❤✐) ♠❡❛♥) %❤❛% ❜♦%❤

%❤❡ ♣1♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥% ❛♥❞ %❤❡ ■❞7 ♣❧❛② ❛ ❞❡❝✐)✐✈❡ 1♦❧❡ ✐♥ %❤❡ )②)%❡♠✬) )❡❝✉1✐%②✱

❛) ♥❡①% ♣1❡)❡♥%❡❞✳

◆♦♥✲)❡♣✉❞✐❛*✐♦♥ ❢♦) ♣)♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥*-

❆ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ♣1♦❝❡)) 1❡K✉✐1❡) %❤❛% ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥% ❝❡1%✐✜❝❛%❡ ❜❡ %1❛♥)✲

♠✐%%❡❞ ♦✈❡1 ❚▲❙✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡1✱ %❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ )♣❡❝✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ❞♦❡) ♥♦% ♠❡♥%✐♦♥

❛♥②%❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉% 1❡K✉✐1✐♥❣ ❚▲❙ ❢♦1 %❤❡ 1❡)% ♦❢ %❤❡ ♣1♦❝❡))✱ %❤❛% ✐) ❞❡1❡❢❡1❡♥❝✐♥❣

%❤❡ ♣1♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥%✳ ❚❤✉)✱ ✐♥ ♦1❞❡1 ❢♦1 ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡1✐✜❡1 %♦ %1✉)% %❤❡ )♦✉1❝❡

♦❢ %❤❡ ♣1♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥%✱ ✐% ♠✉)% %1✉)% %❤❛% %❤❡ )❡1✈❡1 ❤♦)%✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥%

✐) ✐♥❞❡❡❞ %❤❡ 1✐❣❤% ♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♥♦ ♠❛♥✲✐♥✲%❤❡✲♠✐❞❞❧❡ ❛%%❛❝❦ ✐) ❝✉11❡♥%❧② %❛❦✐♥❣

♣❧❛❝❡✳ ❚❤✐) ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② ❢♦1❝✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡1✐✜❡1 %♦ ♦♥❧② ❞❡1❡❢❡1✲

❡♥❝❡ ❲❡❜■❉) ❝♦♥%❛✐♥✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❍❚❚7❙ )❝❤❡♠❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐❣♥♦1✐♥❣ %❤❡ ♦♥❡) ✇✐%❤ ❍❚❚7✳

❆ )♦♠❡✇❤❛% 1❡❧❛%❡❞ ✐))✉❡ ❞❡❛❧) ✇✐%❤ %❤❡ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝✐%② ♦❢ ❛ ♣1♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥%✬)

❝♦♥%❡♥%)✳ ❊✈❡♥ %❤♦✉❣❤ ❍❚❚7❙ ♦1 ❉❆◆❊ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉)❡❞ %♦ ❡♥)✉1❡ %❤❡ ✐❞❡♥%✐%②

♦❢ %❤❡ )♦✉1❝❡ )❡1✈❡1 ❛) ✇❡❧❧ ❛) ❡♥❞✲%♦✲❡♥❞ ♣1♦%❡❝%✐♦♥ ❢♦1 ❞❛%❛ %1❛♥)♠✐))✐♦♥✱

❛♥ ❛%%❛❝❦❡1 ♠✐❣❤% ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠♣1♦♠✐)❡❞ %❤❡ )❡1✈❡1 %❤1♦✉❣❤ ♦%❤❡1 ♠❡❛♥)✱ ❛♥❞

%❤❡1❡❢♦1❡ ♠✐❣❤% ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ %♦ ❛❧%❡1 %❤❡ ❝♦♥%❡♥%) ♦❢ %❤❡ ♣1♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥% ✐♥ ♦1❞❡1

%♦ ✐♥)❡1% ❤✐)✴❤❡1 ♦✇♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳ ❚❤✐) ✐))✉❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❞❞1❡))❡❞ ❜② )✐❣♥✐♥❣ %❤❡

❝♦♥%❡♥%) ♦❢ %❤❡ ♣1♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥% %❤1♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❝1②♣%♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐)♠ ❛) %❤❡

♦♥❡ ♣1♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② %❤❡ ●◆❯ 71✐✈❛❝② ●✉❛1❞ ✭●7●✮ ❬✹✹❪✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡1✱ %❤✐) ❛♣♣1♦❛❝❤

♥♦% ♦♥❧② ✐♠♣❧✐❡) ❛♥ ❡①✐)%✐♥❣ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ ❚1✉)% ❜❡%✇❡❡♥ %❤❡ ♣❛1%✐❡)✱ ❜✉% ❛❧)♦ %❤❡

❛❜✐❧✐%② %♦ ♣❡1❢♦1♠ ❝1②♣%♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ ♦♣❡1❛%✐♦♥) ♦♥ %❤❡ %1✐♣❧❡)✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ %✉1♥

1❡K✉✐1❡) ❛♥ ❛❜)%1❛❝%✴❝❛♥♦♥✐❝❛❧ 1❡♣1❡)❡♥%❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ %1✐♣❧❡)✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥% ♦❢ ❡①✐)%✐♥❣

)❡1✐❛❧✐③❛%✐♦♥ )❝❤❡♠❡)✳ ▼♦1❡♦✈❡1✱ ✉)❡1) ✇♦✉❧❞ 1❡K✉✐1❡ ❛ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐)♠ %♦ 1❡♠♦%❡❧②

❛♥❞ )❡❝✉1❡❧② ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②)✱ )✉❝❤ ❛) %❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♦✛❡1❡❞ ❜② ❚❆❑❊❙ ❬✶✽❪✳

●❡♥❡)❛❧ ✉-❛❜✐❧✐*②

❈❡1%✐✜❝❛%❡ )✉♣♣♦1% ✐♥ ❜1♦✇)❡1) ✐) ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧✱ ❜♦%❤ ❢1♦♠ ❛ ✉)❛❜✐❧✐%② ❢❛❝%♦1 ❛) ✇❡❧❧

❛) ❢1♦♠ ❛♥ ❛)♣❡❝% ❢❛❝%♦1 ✭✉)❡1 ✐♥%❡1❢❛❝❡ ✐♥❝♦♥)✐)%❡♥❝② ❛❝1♦)) ❜1♦✇)❡1 ✈❡♥❞♦1)✮✳

❖♥❝❡ ❛ ❝❡1%✐✜❝❛%❡ ❤❛) ❜❡❡♥ )❡❧❡❝%❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉)❡❞ ❢♦1 ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥✱ %❤❡1❡ ✐) ♥♦

✇❛② %♦ ✧❞❡)❡❧❡❝%✧ ✐% ♦1 %♦ ✧❧♦❣ ♦✉%✧✱ %❤❡1❡❢♦1❡ 1❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧% ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ❢♦1

❛❧❧ ❢✉%✉1❡ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ 1❡K✉❡)%) ❢1♦♠ )❡1✈✐❝❡ ♣1♦✈✐❞❡1) ✉♥❧❡)) %❤❡ ❜1♦✇)❡1 ✐)

1❡)%❛1%❡❞✳

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2.4. WEBID-TLS DELEGATED AUTHENTICATION 37

❚❤❡ ♥❡①% &❡❝%✐♦♥ ♦✛❡+& ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥%+❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛&❡❞ ♦♥

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ ❛& ❛♥ ❛❧%❡+♥❛%✐✈❡ %♦ ❤♦&%✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡+✐✜❡+ ♦♥ %❤❡ &❛♠❡ &❡+✈❡+

❛& %❤❡ &❡+✈✐❝❡ ♣+♦✈✐❞❡+✳

✷✳✹ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛0❡❞ ❛✉0❤❡♥0✐❝❛0✐♦♥

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛%❡❞ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ✐& %❤❡ ♣+♦❝❡&& ♦❢ ✉&✐♥❣ ❛ %❤✐+❞✲♣❛+%②

❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ &❡+✈✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❝❛&❡& ✇❤❡+❡ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥& ❛♥❞ &❡+✈✐❝❡& ❡✐%❤❡+ ❞♦

♥♦% ♦✛❡+ ❚▲❙ ♦+ ❉❆◆❊ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐%✐❡&✱ ♦+ ❝❤♦♦&❡ ♥♦% %♦ ❤♦&% %❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡+✐✜❡+

&❡+✈✐❝❡ %❤❡♠&❡❧✈❡&✳ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛%❡❞ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ❛❞❞& ❛♥♦%❤❡+ ❡♥%✐%②

%♦ %❤❡ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ✢♦✇✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② %❤❡ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ G❛+%② ✭❘G✮✱ ❛& &❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉+❡ ✷✳✼✳

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❋✐❣✉+❡ ✷✳✼✿ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛%❡❞ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ &%❡♣& ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ %❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛%❡❞ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❛+❡ ❛&

❢♦❧❧♦✇&✳

✶✳ ❆& ♦♣♣♦&❡❞ %♦ &%❛♥❞❛+❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ %❤✐& ❝❛&❡ %❤❡ ✉&❡+

✐& ✜+&% +❡❞✐+❡❝%❡❞ %♦ ❛ %❤✐+❞✲♣❛+%② ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡+✐✜❡+ &❡+✈✐❝❡✱ %❤❡ ❘G✳

✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❘G✬& ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡+✐✜❡+ ❡①%+❛❝%& %❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❢+♦♠ %❤❡ ✉&❡+ ❝❡+%✐✜❝❛%❡✬&

❙✉❜❥❡❝&❆❧&❡)♥❛&✐✈❡◆❛♠❡ ❡①%❡♥&✐♦♥✱ ❛& ✇❡❧❧ ❛& %❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧✉& ❛♥❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥%

❝♦++❡&♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ %♦ %❤❡ ❝❡+%✐✜❝❛%❡✬& ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳

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38 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

✸✳ ❚❤❡ ❘& ❞❡❢❡)❡♥❝❡, -❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ✐♥ ♦)❞❡) -♦ ♦❜-❛✐♥ -❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣)♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✲

✉♠❡♥- ❢)♦♠ -❤❡ ■❞&✳

✹✳ ❚❤❡ ❘& ❛,,❡)-, ✐❢ -❤❡ ✉,❡) ❝❡)-✐✜❝❛-❡✬, ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❡❧❡♠❡♥-, ✭✐✳❡✳ ♠♦❞✉❧✉,

❛♥❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥-✮ ♠❛-❝❤ -❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❡❧❡♠❡♥-, ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ -❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣)♦✜❧❡

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥-✳ ■❢ -❤❡② ♠❛-❝❤✱ -❤❡ ✉,❡) ✐, -❤❡♥ ,✉❝❝❡,,❢✉❧❧② ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-❡❞ -♦

-❤❡ ❘&✳

✺✳ ❚❤❡ ❘& )❡❞✐)❡❝-, -❤❡ ✉,❡) ❜❛❝❦ -♦ -❤❡ ❙&✱ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❛❞❞✐-✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦)♠❛✲

-✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦)❞❡) -♦ ❛--❡,- -❤❡ ✉,❡)✬, ❝❧❛✐♠,✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ❛ ,✐❣♥❛-✉)❡ -♦ ♣)♦✈❡ -❤❡

❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝✐-② ♦❢ -❤❡ ♠❡,,❛❣❡ ✲ ✐✳❡✳ -❤❡ ♠❡,,❛❣❡ ❝♦♠❡, ❢)♦♠ ❛ )❡❛❧ ❘& ❛♥❞

♥♦- ❢)♦♠ ❛♥ ❛--❛❝❦❡)✳

✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❙& ✈❡)✐✜❡, -❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ,✐❣♥❛-✉)❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❣, -❤❡ ✉,❡) ✐♥-♦ -❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥✱

✇❤✐❧❡ ❛- -❤❡ ,❛♠❡ -✐♠❡ ❢❡-❝❤✐♥❣ ✉,❡) ❞❛-❛ ❢)♦♠ -❤❡ ■❞&✳

❚❤❡ ,❡❝♦♥❞ )❡❞✐)❡❝-✐♦♥ -❤❛- -❛❦❡, ♣❧❛❝❡ ❞✉)✐♥❣ ❙-❡♣ ✺ ❝♦♥-❛✐♥, ❛❞❞✐-✐♦♥❛❧

✐♥❢♦)♠❛-✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞❡❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❯❘▲✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② -❤❡ ✇❡❜✐❞✱ %&✱ '❡❢❡''❡' ❛♥❞ &✐❣✱ ✇❤❡)❡

-❤❡ ❛❢♦)❡♠❡♥-✐♦♥❡❞ ❛)❣✉♠❡♥-, ❤❛✈❡ -❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣,✿

• ✇❡❜✐❞ ✲ ❝♦♥-❛✐♥, -❤❡ ✉)❧✲❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■ -❤❛- ✇❛, ✉,❡❞ -♦ ✈❡)✐❢② -❤❡

❝❧❛✐♠✳

• %& ✲ ✐, ❛ ✉)❧✲❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ -✐♠❡ ,-❛♠♣ ✐♥ ❳▼▲ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❢♦)♠❛-✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣)♦-❡❝-,

❛❣❛✐♥,- )❡♣❧❛② ❛--❛❝❦,✿ ✷✵✶✸✲✵✺✲✷✷❈❊❙❚✶✻✪✸❆✺✹✪✸❆✵✹✪✷❇✵✷✪✸❆✵✵

• '❡❢❡''❡' ✲ ✐, ❡✐-❤❡) -❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♥❛♠❡ ♦) -❤❡ ■& ❛❞❞)❡,, ♦❢ -❤❡ ❘&✳ ❚❤✐,

✐♥❢♦)♠❛-✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉,❡❞ ❜② -❤❡ ❙& -♦ ✐❞❡♥-✐❢② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❘& ♣❡)❢♦)♠❡❞ -❤❡

❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡)✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ♦)❞❡) -♦ ,❡❧❡❝- -❤❡ ❛♣♣)♦♣)✐❛-❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② -♦ ✉,❡

❢♦) ,✐❣♥❛-✉)❡ ✈❡)✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥✳

• &✐❣ ✲ ✐, ❛ ,✐❣♥❛-✉)❡ ♦✈❡) -❤❡ ♣)❡✈✐♦✉, ❛)❣✉♠❡♥-, ❛♥❞ -❤❡✐) ❝♦))❡,♣♦♥❞✐♥❣

❞❛-❛✳

❆- -❤❡ ♦-❤❡) ❡♥❞✱ -❤❡ ,❡)✈✐❝❡ ♣)♦✈✐❞❡) )❡❝❡✐✈❡, ❛ ❯❘▲ ,✐♠✐❧❛) -♦ -❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✐♥

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✹✱ ✇❤❡)❡ ❤%%♣✿✴✴❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❝♦♠ ✐, -❤❡ ❛❞❞)❡,, ♦❢ -❤❡ ❙&✳

❤!!♣✿✴✴❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❝♦♠✴❄✇❡❜✐❞❂❤!!♣3✪✸❆✪✷❋✪✷❋❜❛99②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✪✷❋♣9♦❢✐❧❡✪✷✸♠❡

✫!3❂✷✵✶✸✲✵✺✲✷✷❈❊❙❚✶✻✪✸❆✺✹✪✸❆✵✹✪✷❇✵✷✪✸❆✵✵

✫9❡❢❡99❡9❂❤!!♣3✪✸❆✪✷❋✪✷❋9♣✲❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❝♦♠✫3✐❣❂3❢✵▲9✻❘✐■❉❢❨

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✹✿ ❆ ,✉❝❝❡,,❢✉❧ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛-❡❞ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ )❡❞✐)❡❝- ❯❘▲✳

❲✐-❤ -❤❡ ✐♥-)♦❞✉❝-✐♦♥ ♦❢ -❤❡ )❡❧②✐♥❣ ♣❛)-② ,❡)✈✐❝❡✱ ❛❞❞✐-✐♦♥❛❧ ,❡❝✉)✐-② ❝♦♥✲

,✐❞❡)❛-✐♦♥, ♠✉,- ❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ -♦ -❤❡ ♦♥❡, ♣)♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❢♦) -❤❡ ,-❛♥❞❛)❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ♣)♦-♦❝♦❧✳ ▼♦)❡ ✐♠♣♦)-❛♥-❧②✱ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛-❡❞ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛✲

-✐♦♥ ❝❛♥♥♦- -❛❦❡ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✉♥❧❡,, ❛ -)✉,- )❡❧❛-✐♦♥,❤✐♣ ❡①✐,-, ❜❡-✇❡❡♥ -❤❡ ❙& ❛♥❞

-❤❡ ❘&✳ ▼♦)❡♦✈❡)✱ ❞✉❡ -♦ -❤❡ ❞❡❝❡♥-)❛❧✐③❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛-❡❞

❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥✱ -❤❡ ,❡)✈✐❝❡ ♣)♦✈✐❞❡) ♠✉,- ♠❛✐♥-❛✐♥ ❛ ✇❤✐-❡ ❧✐,- ♦❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡

)❡❧②✐♥❣ ♣❛)-✐❡, ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐- -)✉,-,✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②, ❝♦))❡,♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ -♦ -❤❡

♣)✐✈❛-❡ ❦❡②, ✉,❡❞ ❢♦) ,✐❣♥✐♥❣ -❤❡ )❡❞✐)❡❝-✐♦♥ ❯❘▲✳

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2.5. WEBID-TLS ACCESS DELEGATION 39

❍❛✈✐♥❣ ❝♦✈❡)❡❞ +❤❡ -+❛♥❞❛)❞ ❛- ✇❡❧❧ ❛- +❤❡ ❞❡❧❡❣❛+❡❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉+❤❡♥✲

+✐❝❛+✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❛)❡ ♥♦✇ ❢❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐--✉❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ )❡-✉❧+- ❢)♦♠ ✉-✐♥❣ ❝❧✐❡♥+ ❝❡)+✐✜❝❛+❡-

✇❤✐❧❡ ♦♣❡)❛+✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥+)❛❧✐③❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ■♥ ♦+❤❡) ✇♦)❞-✱ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛✲

+✐♦♥- ❛♥❞ -❡)✈✐❝❡- +♦ ♣❡)❢♦)♠ ❝❡)+❛✐♥ +❛-❦- ❢♦) +❤❡✐) ✉-❡)-✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ +❤❡ ✉-❡)- ❛)❡

♥♦+ ♣)❡-❡♥+ +♦ -❡❧❡❝+ ❛♥❞ ✉-❡ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❝❡)+✐✜❝❛+❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ -❡❝+✐♦♥ ♣)❡-❡♥+-

❛ -♦❧✉+✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ❛❣❡♥+- +♦ ✇♦)❦ ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ✉-❡)-✳

✷✳✺ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛❝❝❡.. ❞❡❧❡❣❛2✐♦♥

■+ ✐- ✇♦)+❤ ♥♦+✐♥❣ +❤❛+ +❤❡ ❤♦-+ -❡)✈✐♥❣ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣)♦✜❧❡- ❝♦♥+)♦❧- +❤❡ ✐❞❡♥+✐+② ♦❢

❡✈❡)② ❛❣❡♥+ ✇❤♦-❡ ❯❘■ ✐- ✇✐+❤✐♥ +❤❛+ -❡)✈❡)✬- ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ❚❤✐- ❤♦-+ ✐- ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛-

+❤❡ ♦)✐❣✐♥ -❡)✈❡)✱ ❛♥❞ ✐+ ✐- +❤❡ ♦)✐❣✐♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ )❡-♦✉)❝❡- -❡)✈❡❞ ❜② ✐+✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❡❛-✐❧②

+❤✐♥❦ ♦❢ +❤❡ ♦)✐❣✐♥ -❡)✈❡) ❛- ♥♦+ ♦♥❧② ❛❜❧❡ +♦ )❡-♣♦♥❞ +♦ )❡E✉❡-+-✱ ❜✉+ ❛❧-♦ ❛-

❛♥ ❛❣❡♥+ ❛❜❧❡ +♦ ♠❛❦❡ )❡E✉❡-+-✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉+❤❡♥+✐❝❛+✐♦♥ )❡E✉✐)❡-

+❤❡ ✈❡)✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥ -❡)✈❡) +♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣)♦✜❧❡ )❡E✉❡-+- +♦ ♦+❤❡) -❡)✈❡)- ✐♥ ♦)❞❡)

+♦ ✈❡)✐❢② +❤❡ ✐❞❡♥+✐+② ♦❢ ❛❣❡♥+- ❛++❡♠♣+✐♥❣ +♦ ❛✉+❤❡♥+✐❝❛+❡ +♦ ✐+✳ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉

-♣❡❝✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥ ❞❡-❝)✐❜❡- +❤✐- +❛-❦ ❛- ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐-❤❡❞ ❜② ❛ -❡♣❛)❛+❡ ❛❣❡♥+✱ +❤❡

❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡)✐✜❡) ✲ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❜② ❛♥♦+❤❡) -❡)✈✐❝❡ ♦♥ +❤❡ ✇❡❜ ✭✐✳❡✳

❲❡❜■❉ )❡❧②✐♥❣ ♣❛)+✐❡- ♦) ♣)♦①② ❛✉+❤❡♥+✐❝❛+✐♦♥ -❡)✈❡)-✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣)♦✜❧❡

❢✉)+❤❡)♠♦)❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ -❡)✈❡❞ ❜② +❤❡ -❛♠❡ ❛❣❡♥+ ❛- +❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ +❤❡ )❡E✉❡-+✱

✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛-❡ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❝❛-❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❡❡) +♦ ♣❡❡) ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛+✐♦♥✳

I❧❡❛-❡ ❝♦♥-✐❞❡) +❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♥❛+✉)❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✿

❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢)✐❡♥❞- ♦❢ ♦♥❡✬- ❢)✐❡♥❞- ❛❝❝❡-- +♦ )❡-♦✉)❝❡-✳ ❚❤✐- ❛✉+❤♦)✐③❛+✐♦♥ )✉❧❡

)❡E✉✐)❡- +❤❡ ❲❡❜ -❡)✈❡) +♦ ❢❡+❝❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ ✐+- ✉-❡)-✬ ❢)✐❡♥❞- ♣)♦✜❧❡-✱ ✐♥ ♦)❞❡) +♦

❜✉✐❧❞ ✉♣ +❤❡ ❧✐-+ ♦❢ ❛✉+❤♦)✐-❡❞ ✉-❡)-✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡)✱ +❤❡)❡ ✐- ❛ ♣)✐✈❛❝② ✐--✉❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞

❤❡)❡✱ -✐♥❝❡ -♦♠❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❞♦ ♥♦+ ✇❛♥+ +♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ +❤❡✐) -♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡+✇♦)❦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧②

✈✐-✐❜❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ -♦♠❡ ♠❛② ♥♦+ ✇❛♥+ +♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥② ♦❢ ✐+ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ✈✐-✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤♦-❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡

♠❛② +❤❡♥ ♣)♦+❡❝+ +❤❡✐) ❲❡❜■❉ ♣)♦✜❧❡- ✇✐+❤ ❛❝❝❡-- ❝♦♥+)♦❧ )✉❧❡- -✉❝❤ ❛- ♦♥❧② +♦

❛❧❧♦✇ ❢)✐❡♥❞- ♦❢ +❤❡✐) ❢)✐❡♥❞- ❛❝❝❡-- +♦ ✐+✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡)✱ ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ❛ -❡)✈❡) +❤❛+ ♥❡❡❞-

❛❝❝❡-- +♦ +❤❡-❡ ♣)♦✜❧❡- ✐♥ ♦)❞❡) +♦ ❛♣♣❧② ✐+- ♦✇♥ ❛❝❝❡-- ❝♦♥+)♦❧ )✉❧❡- ❣❡+ ❛❝❝❡--

+♦ +❤❡ ✐♥❢♦)♠❛+✐♦♥❄ ❲♦✉❧❞ +❤❡ -❡)✈❡) ✐+-❡❧❢ ♥❡❡❞ +♦ ❜❡ ❧✐-+❡❞ ❛- ❛ ❢)✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛

❢)✐❡♥❞ ❜② ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ +❤❡ ✉-❡)- ❢)✐❡♥❞-❄ ❙❤♦✉❧❞ +❤❡ -❡)✈❡) +❛❦❡ ♦♥ +❤❡ ✐❞❡♥+✐+② ♦❢

+❤❡ ✉-❡) ❢♦) ✇❤♦♠ ✐+ ✐- ❢❡+❝❤✐♥❣ )❡-♦✉)❝❡-❄

❲❡ ❞✐-+✐♥❣✉✐-❤ +❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ )♦❧❡- ✐♥ +❤❡ ❛❝❝❡-- ❞❡❧❡❣❛+✐♦♥ ♣)♦❝❡--✿

✶✳ ❚❤❡ (❡❝*❡+❛*② ❛❝+- ✐♥ +❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ ❛♥♦+❤❡) ❛❣❡♥+✱ +❤❡ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳

✷✳ ❚❤❡ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✐- +❤❡ ❛❣❡♥+ ✇❤♦ ❤❛- ❛ (❡❝*❡+❛*② +❤❛+ ❛❝+- ♦♥ ✐+- ❜❡❤❛❧❢✳

❚❤❡ -♦❧✉+✐♦♥ ✇❡ ♣)♦♣♦-❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❜❛-❡❞ ♦♥ +❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❣❡♥❡)❛❧ ♣)✐♥❝✐♣❧❡-✿

❉✐"#✐♥❣✉✐"❤ "❡❝*❡#❛*② ❢*♦♠ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ■❞❡♥+✐+② -❤♦✉❧❞ ❛- ♠✉❝❤ ❛- ♣♦--✐❜❧❡

❜❡ +)❛♥-♣❛)❡♥+✳ ❆ -❡❝)❡+❛)② -❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ✐+- ♦✇♥ ❲❡❜■❉✱ ❜❛-❡❞ ♦♥ +❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣

♠♦+✐✈❛+✐♦♥✿

✶✳ ■+ ❛❧❧♦✇- )❡-♦✉)❝❡ ❣✉❛)❞- +♦ ♣❡)♠✐+ ♦) ❞❡♥② )❡E✉❡-+- ❜❛-❡❞ ♦♥ +❤✐- ✐♥❢♦)✲

♠❛+✐♦♥✳

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40 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

✷✳ ❙❡❝%❡&❛%✐❡) &❤❛& ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛♥② ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❛❧) ❞♦ ♥♦& ♥❡❡❞ &♦ )✇✐&❝❤ &❤❡✐% ❝❡%&✐✜✲

❝❛&❡ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ %❡7✉❡)&)✳

✸✳ ■& ❛❧❧♦✇) &♦ ❞❡)❝%✐❜❡ &❤❡ %❡❧❛&✐♦♥ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ❛ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐&) )❡❝%❡&❛%②

✉)✐♥❣ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛&❛✳

❊❛"❡ ♦❢ ✉"❡ ❚❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ♣❧❛❝❡ &♦ ❞❡)❝%✐❜❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ )❡❝%❡&❛%✐❡) ❛%❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞

&♦ ♦♣❡%❛&❡ ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ❛ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ )❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ &❤❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✬) ❲❡❜■❉ ♣%♦✜❧❡✳ ❚♦

❣%❛♥& ❞❡❧❡❣❛&❡❞ ❛❝❝❡)) &♦ ❛ )❡❝%❡&❛%② ❛❣❡♥&✱ ♥♦ ♦&❤❡% ❛❝&✐♦♥) )❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ %❡7✉✐%❡❞

♦&❤❡% &❤❛♥ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ✶ &%✐♣❧❡ &♦ &❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣%♦✜❧❡✳ ❘❡&%❛❝&✐♥❣ &❤✐) ❣%❛♥& )❤♦✉❧❞

)✐♠♣❧② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡ %❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ &❤❡ &%✐♣❧❡ ❢%♦♠ &❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣%♦✜❧❡✳

▼✐♥✐♠❛❧ ♣-♦.♦❝♦❧ ❢♦♦.♣-✐♥. ❇② ✉)✐♥❣ ❍❚❚H ❛♥❞ ✇♦%❦✐♥❣ ❞❡❝❧❛%❛&✐✈❡❧② ❜②

♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ )&❛&❡♠❡♥&) ✐♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&)✱ ✇❡ ❡❛)❡ &❤❡ ❛❞♦♣&✐♦♥ ♦❢ )❡❝%❡&❛%② ❞❡❧❡❣❛&✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ♣%♦&♦❝♦❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥&)✳ ❲❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ &❤❛& &❤✐) ✐) ❛ ❝%✉❝✐❛❧

❢❡❛&✉%❡ ♦❢ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛&❛ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡%❛❧✳

❊✣❝✐❡♥❝② ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ &❤❡ ♣%♦♣♦)❡❞ )♦❧✉&✐♦♥ )❤♦✉❧❞ )❝❛❧❡ ✇✐&❤ ❛ ❣%♦✇✐♥❣ ♥✉♠✲

❜❡% ♦❢ ✉)❡%) ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥♥❡❝&✐♦♥)✳ ■♥ ♦✉% ❝♦♥&❡①& &❤✐) ♠❡❛♥) &❤❛& ❛ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ )❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ ❛❝& ✐♥ &❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ &❤♦✉)❛♥❞) ♦❢ ✉)❡%)✳

❚❤❡ ♦%✐❣✐♥ )❡%✈❡% ❛❝&✐♥❣ ❛) ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥& ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ❛ ✉)❡% ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥)✐❞❡%❡❞

❛) ❛ ❦❡❡♣❡% ♦❢ )❡❝%❡&) ❢♦% &❤❛& ✉)❡%✳ ■& )❤♦✉❧❞ ❦♥♦✇ ❤♦✇ &♦ ❞✐)&✐♥❣✉✐)❤ ✇❤❛&

%❡♠♦&❡ )❡%✈❡%) &❡❧❧ ✐& ✇❤❡♥ ✐& ✐) ❛❝&✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ✉)❡%✱ ❢%♦♠ ✇❤❛& ❛

%❡♠♦&❡ )❡%✈❡% &❡❧❧) ✐& ✇❤❡♥ ✐& ✐) ❛❝&✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ❛♥♦&❤❡% ✉)❡% ❬✻✾❪✳ ❍❡%❡✱ &❤❡

♣%♦❜❧❡♠ ❧✐❡) ✐♥ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝✐♥❣ &❤❡ %❡♠♦&❡ )❡%✈❡% &♦ &%✉)& &❤❛& ❛ )❡❝%❡&❛%② ✐) ❛❝&✐♥❣

♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛%&✐❝✉❧❛% ✉)❡%✳ ❖✉% )♦❧✉&✐♦♥ ✐) &♦ ♠❛❦❡ &❤✐) %❡❧❛&✐♦♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐&

❜② ✉)❡ ♦❢ ❛ )♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❘❉❋ %❡❧❛&✐♦♥ ♣%♦✈✐)✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❡❝#❡$❛#② ✭❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✺✮✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ✐) ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝& ♣%♦♣❡%&② ✇✐&❤ ❛ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ %❛♥❣❡ ❛) ❢♦❛❢✿❆❣❡♥$ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤

✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣%♦✈✐)✐♦♥❛❧❧② ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❝❡#$✿ ♥❛♠❡)♣❛❝❡✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥1✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① "❞❢1✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴✷✵✵✵✴✵✶✴"❞❢✲1❝❤❡♠❛★❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❝❡",✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴♥1✴❛✉,❤✴❝❡",★❃ ✳

❁★♠❡❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿?❡"1♦♥❀

❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✧❇❛""②✧❀

❝❡",✿1❡❝"❡,❛"② ❁❤,,♣1✿✴✴❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❝♦♠✴1❡❝"❡,❛"②✴❝❛"❞★♠❡❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✺✿ ❚❤❡ ❝❡#$✿ ❡❝#❡$❛#② %❡❧❛&✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛ )❡❝%❡&❛%② &♦ ❇❛%%②✬) ♣%♦✜❧❡✳

❆❞❞✐&✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❡✈❡♥ &❤♦✉❣❤ &❤❡ )❡❝%❡&❛%② ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦✇ ✉)❡ ✐&) ♦✇♥ ❲❡❜■❉ &♦

♣❡%❢♦%♠ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&❡❞ %❡7✉❡)&)✱ ✐& ✇♦✉❧❞ )&✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ &♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛&❡ &❤❡ ✉)❡% ♦♥

❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ✇❤♦♠ ✐& ❛❝&)✳ ❚♦ ❞♦ )♦✱ ✐& ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ &♦ ❝%❡❛&❡ ❛♥ ❍❚❚H ❤❡❛❞❡% ❝❛❧❧❡❞

❖♥✲❇❡❤❛❧❢✲❖❢✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♥&❛✐♥ &❤❡ ✉)❡%✬) ❲❡❜■❉ ✭❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ %❡♠♦&❡

)❡%✈❡% ❝❛♥ &❤❡♥ ✈❡%✐❢② &❤❛& &❤❡ ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡❞ ❛❣❡♥& ✐) &❤❡ )❡❝%❡&❛%② ♦❢ &❤❡ ✉)❡% ♦♥

✇❤♦)❡ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ✐& ✇✐)❤❡) &♦ ❛❝& ♦♥ ✭❛) )♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❖♥✲❇❡❤❛❧❢✲❖❢ ❤❡❛❞❡%✮✱

❜② ❞❡%❡❢❡%❡♥❝✐♥❣ &❤❛& ✉)❡%✬) ♣%♦✜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✈❡%✐❢②✐♥❣ &❤❛& &❤❡ ✉)❡% )♣❡❝✐✜❡) &❤❡

✿ ❡❝#❡$❛#② %❡❧❛&✐♦♥ &❤❡%❡✱ ❛) )❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✺✳

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2.6. CONCLUSION 41

❘❡"✉❡$%✿

●❊❚ ✴♣,✐✈❛%❡ ❍❚❚1✴✶✳✶

❍♦$%✿ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❡❞✉

❆❝❝❡♣%✿ %❡①%✴%✉,%❧❡

❖♥✲❇❡❤❛❧❢✲❖❢✿ ❤%%♣$✿✴✴❜❛##②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣#♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✻✿ *❡+❢♦+♠✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❍❚❚* ●❊❚ 4♦ +❡5✉❡74 ❛ +❡7♦✉+❝❡ ❛7 ❛ 7❡❝+❡4❛+②

✇♦+❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ✉7❡+ ❇❛++②✳

■❢ ♥♦ ❡❝#❡$❛#② +❡❧❛4✐♦♥ ✐7 ♣+❡7❡♥4 ✐♥ ❇❛++②✬7 ♣+♦✜❧❡✱ ❛❝❝❡77 4♦ 4❤❡ +❡7♦✉+❝❡

✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞❡♥✐❡❞ ❢♦+ 4❤❡ 7❡❝+❡4❛+②✳

✷✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥

■❞❡♥4✐4② ✐7 ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❝♦♥❝❡♣4✱ +❡✢❡❝4✐♥❣ ✐77✉❡7 ♦❢ 74❛❜✐❧✐4②✱ ❝♦♥4❡①4✱ ♣+✐✈❛❝②

❛♥❞ ♦✇♥❡+7❤✐♣✱ ❛❝+♦77 +❡❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✈✐+4✉❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥4✐4② ❛77✉+❛♥❝❡✱

4♦❣❡4❤❡+ ✇✐4❤ 4❤❡ ❝♦♥7❡5✉❡♥❝❡7 4❤❛4 ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ✇❤❡♥ ✐❞❡♥4✐4② ❝❛♥♥♦4 ❜❡ ❛77✉+❡❞✱

❤❛7 ❜❡❝♦♠❡ 4❤❡ ❢♦❝✉7 ♦❢ 7✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥4 +❡7❡❛+❝❤ ❡✛♦+47✳

❈✉++❡♥4❧② ♦♥ 4❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ✉7❡+7 ♥❡❡❞ 4♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ❞✐✛❡+❡♥4 ✉7❡+♥❛♠❡7 ❛♥❞

♣❛77✇♦+❞7 ❝♦++❡7♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ 4♦ ❞✐✛❡+❡♥4 ❛❝❝♦✉♥47 4❤❡② ❤❛✈❡✳ ▼♦❞❡+♥ ❲❡❜✲❜❛7❡❞

7✐♥❣❧❡ 7✐❣♥✲♦♥ 7♦❧✉4✐♦♥7 ❤❡❧♣ +❡❞✉❝❡ 4❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐4② ❢♦+ ✉7❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥4

♦❢ 4❤❡ ✉7❡+ ❝+❡❞❡♥4✐❛❧7✳ ❚❤❡7❡ 7♦❧✉4✐♦♥7 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❛4❡❣♦+✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❢❡❞❡+❛4❡❞

✭4②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❙❆▼▲✮ ♦+ ✉7❡+✲❝❡♥4+✐❝ ✐❞❡♥4✐4② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥4 ✭❡✳❣✳ ❖♣❡♥■❉✮✳ ❖♥

4❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❢❡❞❡+❛4❡❞ ✐❞❡♥4✐4② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥4 ✐7 7❡❝✉+❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦74 ♣+❡✈❛❧❡♥4✱

❡7♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❝♦+♣♦+❛4❡ ❛♥❞ 7❝✐❡♥4✐✜❝ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐4✐❡7✳ ❖♥ 4❤❡ ♦4❤❡+ ❤❛♥❞ ✉7❡+✲

❝❡♥4+✐❝ ❛♣♣+♦❛❝❤❡7 ♦✛❡+ ❜❡44❡+ ♣+✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥4❛✐♥❛❜✐❧✐4②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡+✱ ❢❡✇

❛♣♣+♦❛❝❤❡7 ♦✛❡+ ❜♦4❤ ✐❞❡♥4✐4② ❛♥❞ ❛✉4❤❡♥4✐❝❛4✐♦♥ ❛4 4❤❡ 7❛♠❡ 4✐♠❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡

❛❧7♦ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ 4❤❡ +❡✉7❡ ♦❢ ✉7❡+ ❞❛4❛ ❛44+✐❜✉4❡7 ♦♥ ♦4❤❡+ 7❡+✈✐❝❡7 ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛4✐♦♥7✳

■♥ 4❤✐7 ❝❤❛♣4❡+✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥4+♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❲❡❜■❉✱ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥4+❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉7❡+✲❝❡♥4+✐❝

✐❞❡♥4✐4② 7❝❤❡♠❡ ❜❛7❡❞ ♦♥ 4❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥4✐❝ ❲❡❜✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡7❝+✐❜❡❞ 4❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥4❛❣❡7

♦❢ ✉7✐♥❣ ❲❡❜■❉ 4♦ ❝+❡❛4❡ ❞❡❝❡♥4+❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥4✐4✐❡7 ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛+❡ ✉♥❞❡+ 4❤❡ ✉7❡+✬7

❝♦♥4+♦❧✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧7♦ ♣+❡7❡♥4❡❞ ❤♦✇ ❲❡❜■❉ ❢❛❝✐❧✐4❛4❡7 ✐♥4❡+♦♣❡+❛❜✐❧✐4②✱ ❛♥❞

❛❧7♦ ❤♦✇ ✐4 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❛7✐❧② ❡①4❡♥❞❡❞ 4❤+♦✉❣❤ ❞✐✛❡+❡♥4 ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛+✐❡7✳

❇❛7❡❞ ♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣+❡7❡♥4❡❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❛✉4❤❡♥4✐❝❛4✐♦♥

♣+♦4♦❝♦❧ ❜❛7❡❞ ♦♥ ❝❧✐❡♥4 ❝❡+4✐✜❝❛4❡7 ✐♥ 4❤❡ ❜+♦✇7❡+✳ ❈♦♠♣❛+❡❞ 4♦ ❡①✐74✐♥❣

❞❡❝❡♥4+❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉4❤❡♥4✐❝❛4✐♦♥ ♣+♦4♦❝♦❧7✱ ✐47 ♠❛❥♦+ ❛❞✈❛♥4❛❣❡ ✐7 4❤❛4 ✉7❡+7 ♥♦

❧♦♥❣❡+ ❤❛✈❡ 4♦ +❡♠❡♠❜❡+ ✉7❡+♥❛♠❡7 ❛♥❞ ♣❛77✇♦+❞7✳ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✐7 ♥❛4✉+❛❧❧②

7❡❝✉+❡ ❞✉❡ 4♦ 4❤❡ ❢❛❝4 4❤❛4 ✐4 ♦♣❡+❛4❡7 ♦✈❡+ ❚▲❙✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛4 4❤❡ 7❛♠❡ 4✐♠❡

♥♦4 7✉✛❡+✐♥❣ ❢+♦♠ ♣♦4❡♥4✐❛❧ 4+✉74 ✐77✉❡7 ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❛+✐7❡ ✇❤❡♥ +❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥

❈❡+4✐✜❝❛4✐♦♥ ❆✉4❤♦+✐4✐❡7✳

❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧7♦ ♦✛❡+❡❞ ❛ 7♦❧✉4✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❛❜❧❡7 ❞❡❧❡❣❛4❡❞ ❛✉4❤❡♥4✐❝❛4✐♦♥ ❢♦+

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ❚❤✐7 7♦❧✉4✐♦♥ ✐7 ✉7❡❢✉❧ ❡7♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦+ 7❡+✈✐❝❡ ♣+♦✈✐❞❡+7 4❤❛4 ❛+❡

♥♦4 ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ 4♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡+✐✜❝❛4✐♦♥ 7❡+✈✐❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ 4❤✉7 ❤❛✈❡ 4♦ +❡❧② ♦♥ ❛

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42 2. IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICATION ON THE WEB

❤✐#❞ ♣❛# ② (❡#✈✐❝❡ ♦ ♣❡#❢♦#♠ ❛✉ ❤❡♥ ✐❝❛ ✐♦♥✳

❆❝❝❡(( ❞❡❧❡❣❛ ✐♦♥ ✐( ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦# ❛♥ ❢❡❛ ✉#❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♦ ❞❡❝❡♥ #❛❧✐③❡❞

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥(✱ ❛( ✐ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡# #❡8✉✐#❡( ❤❡ ✉(❡#✬( ♣#❡(❡♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❛✉ ❤❡♥✲

✐❝❛ ❡❞ #❡8✉❡( (✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛ (♦❧✉ ✐♦♥ ❤❛ ♣#♦ ❡❝ ( ✉(❡# ♣#✐✈❛❝② ❜②

❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ (❡#✈❡#( ♦ #❡(♣♦♥❞ ♦ #❡8✉❡( ( ❛( ✐❢ ❤❡② ✇❡#❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♠❛❞❡ ❜② (♣❡❝✐✜❝

✉(❡#(✱ ❛♥❞ ❤✉( (❡#✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♥ ❡♥ ❜❛(❡❞ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥ #♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡( ❤❛ ❛#❡

(♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢♦# ❤❡ #❡8✉❡( ✐♥❣ ✉(❡#✳

■♥ ❤❡ ♥❡① ❝❤❛♣ ❡#✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣#❡(❡♥ ✇♦ ②♣❡( ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥ #♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐(♠(

✇❤✐❝❤ ♦❣❡ ❤❡# ✇✐ ❤ ❲❡❜■❉✱ ♦✛❡# ❜❡ ❡# ♣#✐✈❛❝② ❢♦# ✉(❡#(✳

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❈❤❛♣$❡& ✸

❆❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧

❲❤❡♥ ❝♦♥&✐❞❡)✐♥❣ +❤❡ &❡❝✉)✐+② )❡.✉✐)❡♠❡♥+& ♦❢ ♠♦&+ ❞✐&+)✐❜✉+❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥&✱

❛✉+❤♦)✐③❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢+❡♥ ❡♠❡)❣❡& ❛& ❛ ❝❡♥+)❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥+ ✐♥ +❤❡ ❞❡&✐❣♥ ♦❢ +❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡

&❡❝✉)✐+② &②&+❡♠ ❬✼✷❪✳ ❚❤❡)❡❢♦)❡✱ ♠❛♥② &❡❝✉)✐+② ♣)♦♣❡)+✐❡& ❛)❡ ❞❡+❡)♠✐♥❡❞ ❜②

+❤❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐+②✱ +)✉&+✇♦)+❤✐♥❡&& ❛♥❞ ❡①♣)❡&&✐✈❡♥❡&& ♦❢ +❤❡ ❛✉+❤♦)✐③❛+✐♦♥ &❝❤❡♠❡✳

❆❝❝❡&& ❝♦♥+)♦❧ ✐& +❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐&♠ +❤❛+ ❛❧❧♦✇& )❡&♦✉)❝❡ ♦✇♥❡)& +♦ ❞❡✜♥❡✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡

❛♥❞ ❡♥❢♦)❝❡ ❛❝❝❡&& ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡& ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡ +♦ ❡❛❝❤ )❡&♦✉)❝❡ ❬✺✼❪✳ ❇♦+❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♣+& ❛)❡

)❡❧❛+❡❞ &✐♥❝❡ ❛❝❝❡&& ❝♦♥+)♦❧ ✇✐❧❧ ✉&✉❛❧❧② ❝♦♥&✐❞❡) ❛✉+❤♦)✐③❛+✐♦♥& ❛& +❤❡ ❜❛&✐& +♦

♣)♦❞✉❝❡ ❛❝❝❡&& ❞❡❝✐&✐♦♥&✳

❚❤❡ &❤✐❢+ ❢)♦♠ ❝❡♥+)❛❧✐③❡❞ +♦ ❞❡❝❡♥+)❛❧✐③❡❞ &②&+❡♠& ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥& ♣♦&❡&

♥❡✇ )❡.✉✐)❡♠❡♥+& ✐♥ ❜♦+❤ ❛✉+❤♦)✐③❛+✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡&& ❝♦♥+)♦❧ &②&+❡♠&✳ ■♥ +❤❡

❝❛&❡ ♦❢ ❝❡♥+)❛❧✐③❡❞ &②&+❡♠&✱ +❤❡ &❛♠❡ ❡♥+✐+② ✐& )❡&♣♦♥&✐❜❧❡ ❢♦) +❤❡ ❛&&✐❣♥♠❡♥+

♦❢ ❛++)✐❜✉+❡& ♦) ♣)✐✈✐❧❡❣❡& +♦ ❝❧✐❡♥+& ✭❆✉+❤♦)✐③❛+✐♦♥✮ ❛♥❞ +❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ +❤❡

❛❝❝❡&& )❡.✉❡&+& +♦ ❞❡+❡)♠✐♥❡ ✇❤❡+❤❡) +❤❡② ♠✉&+ ❜❡ ❣)❛♥+❡❞ ♦) ♥♦+ ✭❆❝❝❡&&

❈♦♥+)♦❧✮✳ ❆❧❧ +❤❡ ✐♥❢♦)♠❛+✐♦♥ )❡.✉✐)❡❞ +♦ ❛♥❛❧②&❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛+❡ +❤❡ ♣)✐✈✐❧❡❣❡& ✐&

&+♦)❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ ❧♦❝❛❧❧② ✐♥ +❤❡ &❛♠❡ &②&+❡♠ ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ +❤❡ )❡&♦✉)❝❡& )❡&✐❞❡✳

❲❡ ❛)❡ ✐♥+❡)❡&+❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡&& ❝♦♥+)♦❧ +♦ ❞❡❝❡♥+)❛❧✐③❡❞ &②&+❡♠&✱ ✇❤❡)❡

✐♥+❡)♦♣❡)❛❜✐❧✐+② ❛♥❞ ❞❛+❛ ♣♦)+❛❜✐❧✐+② ❛)❡ +❤❡ ❞❡❝✐&✐✈❡ ❢❛❝+♦)&✳ ■♥ +❤✐& ❝❤❛♣+❡)✱

✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥✈❡&+✐❣❛+❡ ❛♥❞ ♣)♦♣♦&❡ ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡&& ❝♦♥+)♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦) +❤❡ &♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥+✐❝

❲❡❜✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ +❛❦❡& ✐♥+♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥+ +❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❡✈♦❧✉+✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉&❡) )❡❧❛+✐♦♥&✱ ❛♥❞

✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❡& +♦ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛+❛ ❣❡♥❡)❛+❡❞ ❜② ✉&❡)& ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣)♦✜❧❡ ❞❛+❛✱ ✇❛❧❧ ♣♦&+&✱

❝♦♥✈❡)&❛+✐♦♥&✱ ❡+❝✳✮✳

❚❤✐& ❝❤❛♣+❡) ✐& &+)✉❝+✉)❡❞ ❛& ❢♦❧❧♦✇&✳ ❙❡❝+✐♦♥ ✸✳✶ ♦✛❡)& ❛♥ ♦✈❡)✈✐❡✇ ♦❢

❡①✐&+✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡&& ❝♦♥+)♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐&♠&✱ ❢♦❝✉&✐♥❣ ♦♥ +❤♦&❡ +❤❛+ ❛♣♣❧② +♦ +❤❡

❙❡♠❛♥+✐❝ ❲❡❜✳ ❙❡❝+✐♦♥ ✸✳✷ ✐♥+)♦❞✉❝❡& +❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣+& ♦❢ ❝♦♥#❡①#& ❛♥❞ &♦❝✐❛❧

♣+♦①✐♠✐#② ❞✐&#❛♥❝❡✱ ❛& ♠❡+)✐❝& ❢♦) ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛❝❝❡&& ❝♦♥+)♦❧ &②&+❡♠ &♣❡❝✐✜❝ +♦

&♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥&✳ ❙❡❝+✐♦♥ ✸✳✸ ❞❡&❝)✐❜❡& ♦✉) ❝♦♥+)✐❜✉+✐♦♥✱ ❛ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡&&

❈♦♥+)♦❧ ❙❡)✈✐❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❛❞❛♣+ +♦ +❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝& ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ )❡❧❛+✐♦♥&❤✐♣&✳

❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣)❡&❡♥+ ❛ ❧✐&+ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❧✉&✐♦♥&✳

❇❡❢♦)❡ ❞✐&❝✉&&✐♥❣ ♦✉) ❝♦♥+)✐❜✉+✐♦♥&✱ ✇❡ ✜)&+ ❛♥❛❧②&❡ ❡①✐&+✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡&& ❝♦♥+)♦❧

♠❡❝❤❛♥✐&♠&✱ ❢♦❝✉&✐♥❣ ♦♥ +❤♦&❡ +❤❛+ ❛♣♣❧② +♦ ❞❡❝❡♥+)❛❧✐③❡❞ &②&+❡♠&✳

✹✸

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44 3. ACCESS CONTROL

✸✳✶ ❘❡❧❛'❡❞ ✇♦+❦

❚❤❡ ❜❛%✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣+% ✉♣♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡%% ❝♦♥+.♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐% ❜❛%❡❞ ❞❡+❡.♠✐♥❡% +❤❡

✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐+② ♦❢ +❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ +♦ ❛❞❛♣+ +♦ ❞✐✛❡.❡♥+ ❡♥✈✐.♦♥♠❡♥+% ❛♥❞ %②%+❡♠%✳ ❙❡✈❡.❛❧

❛❝❝❡%% ❝♦♥+.♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧% ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞✱ .❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡.❡♥+ %❝❤❡♠❡% ❛♥❞

.❡<✉✐.❡♠❡♥+%✳ ■+ ✐% ✐♠♣♦.+❛♥+ +♦ .❡❛❧✐③❡ +❤❛+ ♠♦%+ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❡①✐%+✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡%% ❝♦♥+.♦❧

♠♦❞❡❧% ✇❡.❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦. ❝❧♦%❡❞ ♦. ❝❡♥+.❛❧✐③❡❞ ✭✐✳❡✳ ✐❧♦✮ ❡♥✈✐.♦♥♠❡♥+%✳

❚❤❡.❡ ❛.❡ ❝✉..❡♥+❧② +❤.❡❡ ❣❡♥❡.✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧% ❢♦. ❛❝❝❡%% ❝♦♥+.♦❧✱ +❤❡ ❉✐%❝.❡+✐♦♥❛.②

❆❝❝❡%% ❈♦♥+.♦❧ ✭❉❆❈✮✱ +❤❡ ▼❛♥❞❛+♦.② ❆❝❝❡%% ❈♦♥+.♦❧ ✭▼❆❈✮ ❛♥❞ +❤❡ ❘♦❧❡✲

❜❛%❡❞ ❆❝❝❡%% ❈♦♥+.♦❧ ✭❘❇❆❈✮✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜.✐❡✢② ❝♦✈❡. +❤❡♠ ❜❡❧♦✇✱ %✐♥❝❡ +❤❡②

%❡.✈❡ ❛% ❛ ❜❛%✐% ❢♦. ♠♦%+ ❛❝❝❡%% ❝♦♥+.♦❧ %❝❤❡♠❡%✳

✸✳✶✳✶ ●❡♥❡&✐❝ ❛❝❝❡** ❝♦♥,&♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧*

❉✐%❝.❡+✐♦♥❛.② ❆❝❝❡%% ❈♦♥+.♦❧ ✭❉❆❈✮ ✇❛% ❞❡%✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦. ♠✉❧+✐✲✉%❡. ❞❛+❛❜❛%❡%

❛♥❞ %②%+❡♠% ✇✐+❤ ❛ ❢❡✇✱ ♣.❡✈✐♦✉%❧② ❦♥♦✇♥✱ ✉%❡.%✳ ❈❤❛♥❣❡% ✇❡.❡ .❛.❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧

.❡%♦✉.❝❡% ✇❡.❡ ✉♥❞❡. ❝♦♥+.♦❧ ♦❢ ❛ %✐♥❣❧❡ ❡♥+✐+②✳ ❆❝❝❡%% ✇❛% ❝♦♥+.♦❧❧❡❞ ❜❛%❡❞ ♦♥

+❤❡ ✐❞❡♥+✐+② ♦❢ +❤❡ .❡<✉❡%+❡. ❛♥❞ ♦♥ ❛❝❝❡%% .✉❧❡% %+❛+✐♥❣ ✇❤❛+ .❡<✉❡%+❡.% ❛.❡ ✭♦.

❛.❡ ♥♦+✮ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ +♦ ❞♦ ❬✹✺❪✳

▼❛♥❞❛$♦&② ❆❝❝❡++ ❈♦♥$&♦❧ ✭▼❆❈✮ ❤❛❞ ✐+% ♦.✐❣✐♥% ✐♥ ♠✐❧✐+❛.② ❡♥✈✐.♦♥✲

♠❡♥+% ✇❤❡.❡ +❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡. ♦❢ ✉%❡.% ❝❛♥ ❜❡ <✉✐+❡ ❤✐❣❤✱ ❜✉+ ✇✐+❤ ❛ %+❛+✐❝✱ ❧✐♥❡❛.❧②

❤✐❡.❛.❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❝❧❛%%✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ +❤❡%❡ ✉%❡.%✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐% ❜❛%❡❞ ♦♥ +❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐+✐♦♥

♦❢ ❛ %❡.✐❡% ♦❢ %❡❝✉.✐+② ❧❡✈❡❧% ❛♥❞ +❤❡ ❛%%✐❣♥♠❡♥+ ♦❢ ❧❡✈❡❧% +♦ .❡%♦✉.❝❡% ❛♥❞ ✉%❡.%✳

▼❆❈ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡% ❝♦♥+.♦❧ ❛❝❝❡%% ❜❛%❡❞ ♦♥ ♠❛♥❞❛+❡❞ .❡❣✉❧❛+✐♦♥% ❞❡+❡.♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❛

❝❡♥+.❛❧ ❛✉+❤♦.✐+② ❬✺✸❪✳

❘♦❧❡✲❜❛+❡❞ ❆❝❝❡++ ❈♦♥$&♦❧ ✭❘❇❆❈✮ ❣❡+% ✐♥%♣✐.❛+✐♦♥ ❢.♦♠ +❤❡ ❜✉%✐♥❡%%

✇♦.❧❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥+ ♦❢ ❘❇❆❈ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡% ✇✐+❤ +❤❡ ❛❞✈❡♥+ ♦❢ ❝♦.♣♦.❛+❡

✐♥+.❛♥❡+%✳ ❈♦.♣♦.❛+✐♦♥% ❛.❡ ✉%✉❛❧❧② ❤✐❡.❛.❝❤✐❝❛❧❧② %+.✉❝+✉.❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡%%

♣❡.♠✐%%✐♦♥% ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ +❤❡ ♣♦%✐+✐♦♥ ♦❢ +❤❡ ✉%❡. ✐♥ +❤❡ ❤✐❡.❛.❝❤②✱ ✐✳❡✳ +❤❡ .♦❧❡

♣❧❛②❡❞ ❜② +❤❡ ✉%❡.✳ ❘❇❆❈ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡% ❝♦♥+.♦❧ ❛❝❝❡%% ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ +❤❡ .♦❧❡% +❤❛+

✉%❡.% ♣❧❛② ✇✐+❤✐♥ +❤❡ %②%+❡♠ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ .✉❧❡% %+❛+✐♥❣ ✇❤❛+ ❛❝❝❡%%❡% ❛.❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ +♦

✉%❡.% ✐♥ ❣✐✈❡♥ .♦❧❡% ❬✸✵❪✳

❆♠♦♥❣ +❤❡ ♣.❡✈✐♦✉% ♠♦❞❡❧%✱ ❘❇❆❈ ✐% ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② ❝♦♥%✐❞❡.❡❞ ❛ ♠❛+✉.❡ ❛♥❞

✢❡①✐❜❧❡ +❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❈♦♥%❡<✉❡♥+❧②✱ ✐+ ✐% +❤❡ ♠♦%+ ♣♦♣✉❧❛. ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐%♠ ✐♥ ✉%❡

+♦❞❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣.♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐+❤ .♦❧❡ ❜❛%❡❞ ❛❝❝❡%% ❝♦♥+.♦❧ ✐% +❤❛+ +❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐%♠%

❛.❡ ❜✉✐❧+ ♦♥ +❤.❡❡ ♣.❡❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣+%✿ ✉ ❡&✱ &♦❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❣&♦✉♣✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐+✐♦♥

♦❢ .♦❧❡% ❛♥❞ ✉%❡. ❣.♦✉♣✐♥❣ ❢❛❝✐❧✐+❛+❡% ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥+✱ ❡%♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❝♦.♣♦.❛+❡

✐♥❢♦.♠❛+✐♦♥ %②%+❡♠%✱ %✐♥❝❡ .♦❧❡% ❛♥❞ ❣.♦✉♣% ✜+ ♥❛+✉.❛❧❧② ✐♥ +❤❡ ♦.❣❛♥✐③❛+✐♦♥❛❧

%+.✉❝+✉.❡% ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡%✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡.✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ +♦ %♦♠❡ ♥❡✇ ❛♥❞ ♠♦.❡ ❣❡♥❡.❛❧

❛❝❝❡%% ❝♦♥+.♦❧ %❝❡♥❛.✐♦% ✭❧✐❦❡ +❤❡ %♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥+✐❝ ❲❡❜✮✱ +❤❡%❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣+% ❛.❡

❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❞✐✣❝✉❧+ +♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✳ ❋✉.+❤❡.♠♦.❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ %+❛+✐❝ ❣.♦✉♣✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✉%❡.% ♦❢

❘❇❆❈ ♠❛② %✉✣❝❡ ✐♥ ❝♦.♣♦.❛+❡ %②%+❡♠%✱ ✐+ ✐% ♥♦+ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ +♦ ❝♦♣❡ ✇✐+❤

+❤❡ .❡<✉✐.❡♠❡♥+% ♦❢ ♠♦.❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❡♥✈✐.♦♥♠❡♥+% ✇❤❡.❡ +❤❡ %+.✉❝+✉.❡ ♦❢ ❣.♦✉♣%

❝❛♥♥♦+ ❜❡ ❢♦.❡%❡❡♥ ❜② +❤❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐%+.❛+♦.% ♦❢ +❤❡ ❛❝❝❡%% ❝♦♥+.♦❧ %②%+❡♠✳

❘❡❝❡♥+ +❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡% %✉❝❤ ❛% +❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥+✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✐♥❝.❡❛%❡ +❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐+② ❛♥❞

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3.1. RELATED WORK 45

❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡( ♦❢ ❲❡❜ (❡-✈✐❝❡( ✇✐ ❤ -❡(♣❡❝ ♦ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥ -♦❧ ❬✻✹❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❛♣✲

❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❇❆❈ ♦ ♥❡✇ ❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡( ❤❛( ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ( ❛- ✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥ ✳ ❆(

❛ -❡(✉❧ ✱ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥ -♦❧ ❢-❛♠❡✇♦-❦( ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❡✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❢-♦♠ ❖❆❙■❙ ❳❆❈▼▲

✭❡❳ ❡♥(✐❜❧❡ ❆❝❝❡(( ❈♦♥ -♦❧ ▼❛-❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ❬✻✻❪ ♦- ❳✲❘❇❆❈ ❬✹✶❪ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡-❡

❜❛(❡❞ ♦♥ ❳▼▲ ♦ ❞❡(❝-✐❜❡ ❤❡ ❛❝❝❡(( -✐❣❤ (✳ ❯♥❢♦- ✉♥❛ ❡❧② ❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦ (✉♣♣♦-

❛ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✐♥ ❡-♣-❡ ❛ ✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥ ✐❝ ❲❡❜ ♦✛❡-(✳ ❋✉- ❤❡-✲

♠♦-❡✱ ❖✲❘❇❆❈ ❬✼✸❪ ❛❞❛♣ ( ❘❇❆❈ ♦ (❡♠❛♥ ✐❝ ✇❡❜ ❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡( ❜② ❡①♣♦- ✐♥❣

✐ ( ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♦ ❛♥ ♦♥ ♦❧♦❣② (♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ✐♦♥✳

✸✳✶✳✷ ❙❡♠❛♥)✐❝ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥).♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐,♠,

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ -❡❛(♦♥ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ♦ ❛♥❛❧②(❡ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥ -♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐(♠( ❤❛

❛-❡ ❜❛(❡❞ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥ ✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛♥❞ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛ ❛ ♣-✐♥❝✐♣❧❡(✱ ✐( ❤❡ ❢❛❝ ❤❛

✇❡ ❛-❡ ✐♥ ❡-❡( ❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ (♦❧✉ ✐♦♥ ❤❛ ❛♣♣❧✐❡( ♦ ❞❡❝❡♥ -❛❧✐③❡❞ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥(✳

▼♦-❡♦✈❡-✱ ✇❡ ❛-❡ ❛❧(♦ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦- (♦❧✉ ✐♦♥( ❤❛ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❡-♦♣❡-❛❜✐❧✐ ② ❜② ❡❛(✐❧②

❡①♣♦- ✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥ -♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡( ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡ ✉(❡-✬( ❞❛ ❛✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❛-❡

❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦- ❛♥ ❡♥✈✐-♦♥♠❡♥ ✇❤❡-❡ ❛❝❝❡(( ♦ -❡(♦✉-❝❡( ✐( ❜❛(❡❞ ♦♥ -❡❛(♦♥✐♥❣✳

❚❤❡ ✉❧ ✐♠❛ ❡ (✉❝❝❡(( ♦❢ ❛ ❙❡♠❛♥ ✐❝ ❲❡❜✲❜❛(❡❞ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥ -♦❧ (②( ❡♠✱

❤♦✇❡✈❡-✱ ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ❛( ♠✉❝❤ ♦♥ ❤❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐ ✐♦♥( ♦❢ ✐ ( ✉(❡✱ ❛( ♦♥ ❤❡

✉♥❞❡-❧②✐♥❣ ❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐ (❡❧❢✳ ▼✉❝❤ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♣♦✇❡- ♦❢ ❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥ ✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❧✐❡(

✐♥ ✐ ( ❛❜✐❧✐ ② ♦ ❤❡❧♣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ (❤❛-❡ ✐♥❢♦-♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♠♦-❡ -✐❝❤❧② ❛♥❞ ♦ ❞✐(❝♦✈❡-

(✉❜ ❧❡ ✐♥❢♦-♠❛ ✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡( ❛❝-♦(( ❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❤❛ ❛-❡ ♥♦ ✈✐(✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ♦❞❛②✬(

-❡❧❛ ✐✈❡❧② ✢❛ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐♥❢♦-♠❛ ✐♦♥ ❡♥✈✐-♦♥♠❡♥ ✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡-✱ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ (❤❛-❡

✐♥❢♦-♠❛ ✐♦♥ ❢-❡❡❧② ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡♥✈✐-♦♥♠❡♥ ❤❛ ✐( ❤-❡❛ ❡♥✐♥❣ ♦- ❛♥ ✐ ❤❡ ✐❝❛❧ ♦ ❜❛(✐❝

(♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡❡❞( (✉❝❤ ❛( ♣-✐✈❛❝②✱ (❡❝✉-✐ ②✱ ❤❡ ❢-❡❡ ✢♦✇ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦-♠❛ ✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❜✐❧✐ ②

♦ ❡①❡-❝✐(❡ ❤❡✐- ✐♥ ❡❧❧❡❝ ✉❛❧ ♣-♦♣❡- ② -✐❣❤ ( ❛( ❤❡② ❝❤♦♦(❡✳ ❚❤♦✉❣❤ ♦❞❛②✬(

❲❡❜ ❢❛❧❧( (❤♦- ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ♦❢ ❤❡(❡ ❛-❡❛(✱ ❤❡ ❞❡(❝-✐♣ ✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢✉♥❝ ✐♦♥(

♦❢ ❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥ ✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❝❛♥ ♦✛❡- ❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐ ② ♦ ❤❡❧♣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ❤❡✐- (♦❝✐❛❧

-❡❧❛ ✐♦♥(❤✐♣ ♦♥❧✐♥❡✱ ✐♥ ❛❞❞✐ ✐♦♥ ♦ ❥✉( ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❤❡ -❛❞✐ ✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦-♠❛ ✐♦♥

❝♦♥ ❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❲❡❜ ♦❞❛②✳

❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡%% ❈♦♥)*♦❧

❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡(( ❈♦♥ -♦❧ ✭❲❆❈✮ ✐( ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥ -❛❧✐③❡❞ (②( ❡♠ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥ ✉(❡-(

❛♥❞ ❣-♦✉♣( ❛-❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✈❛-✐♦✉( ❢♦-♠( ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡(( ♦ -❡(♦✉-❝❡(✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡-❡ ✉(❡-( ❛♥❞

❣-♦✉♣( ❛-❡ ✐❞❡♥ ✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❍❚❚Y ❯❘■( ❬✸✼❪✳ ❚❤❡ (②( ❡♠ ✐( (✐♠✐❧❛- ♦ ❤❡ ❛❝❝❡((

❝♦♥ -♦❧ (②( ❡♠ ✉(❡❞ ✇✐ ❤✐♥ ♠❛♥② ✜❧❡ (②( ❡♠( ❡①❝❡♣ ❤❛ ❛❧❧ ❡ ✐ ✐❡( ✭✐✳❡✳ ❤❡

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ ( ❝♦♥ -♦❧❧❡❞✱ ❤❡ ✉(❡-( ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❣-♦✉♣(✮ ❛-❡ ✐❞❡♥ ✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❯❘■(✳ ❆❣❡♥ (

✭❣-♦✉♣( ♦- ✉(❡-(✮ ❛-❡ ✐❞❡♥ ✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❤❡ ❯❘■ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❧❛(( ♦❢ ✉(❡-( ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ✇❤❡♥

❞❡-❡❢❡-❡♥❝❡❞✱ -❡ ✉-♥( ❛ ❧✐( ♦❢ ✉(❡-( ✐♥ ❤❡ ❝❧❛((✳ ❚❤✐( ♠❡❛♥( ❤❛ ❛ ✉(❡- ❤♦( ❡❞

❜② ❛♥ ✐❞❡♥ ✐ ② ♣❧❛ ❢♦-♠ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛ ♠❡♠❜❡- ♦❢ ❛ ❣-♦✉♣ ❤♦( ❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥ ❲❡❜

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♦- (❡-✈✐❝❡✳ ❆❝❝❡(( ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❣-❛♥ ❡❞ ❢♦- ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ ♦♥ ♦♥❡ (❡-✈✐❝❡ ♦

✉(❡-( ❛♥❞ ❣-♦✉♣( ❤♦( ❡❞ ❜② ♦ ❤❡- (❡-✈✐❝❡(✳

❚❤❡ ❛✉ ❤♦-✐③❛ ✐♦♥ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ♠❛❦❡( ✉(❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♠❡ ❛❞❛ ❛ ✜❧❡ ❤❛ ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥( ❤❡

❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥ -♦❧ ❧✐( ✭❆❈▲✮✱ ❡①♣-❡((❡❞ ❛( ❚✉- ❧❡✳ ▼❡ ❛❞❛ ❛ ✐( ❝✉--❡♥ ❧② ( ♦-❡❞ ♦♥

❛ ♣❡-✲❞✐-❡❝ ♦-② ❜❛(✐(✱ ❤♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ (②( ❡♠ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❡❛(✐❧② ❜❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ♦ ( ♦-❡ ❆❈▲

♠❡ ❛❞❛ ❛ ♦♥ ❛ ♣❡-✲❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ ❜❛(✐(✳ ❚❤❡ (❡-✈❡- ❞✐-❡❝ ( ❝❧✐❡♥ ( ♦ ❤❡ ❆❈▲ ❢♦- ❛

Page 67: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

46 3. ACCESS CONTROL

❣✐✈❡♥ ✜❧❡ ✉(✐♥❣ )❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❡❧❂♠❡%❛ ❍❚❚. ❤❡❛❞❡1 ❬✶✾❪✳

❚❤❡ ❆❈▲ ♦♥)♦❧♦❣② ✉(❡❞ ✐( )❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡(( ❈♦♥)1♦❧ ❖♥)♦❧♦❣② ❬✶✸❪✳ ❋♦1

❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ 1✉❧❡✱ ❛❝❧✿❛❝❝❡))❚♦ ❞❡✜♥❡( ❛ 1❡(♦✉1❝❡ )❤❛) ❛❝❝❡(( ✐( ❜❡✐♥❣ ❣1❛♥)❡❞ )♦✳

❛❝❧✿❛❣❡♥% ❛♥❞ ❛❝❧✿❛❣❡♥%❈❧❛)) ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥) ♦1 ❛❣❡♥) ❝❧❛(( ✭✐✳❡✳ ❛♥② ❢♦❛❢✿.❡1(♦♥✮

❛( ❜❡✐♥❣ ❣1❛♥)❡❞ ❛❝❝❡((✳ ❛❝❧✿♠♦❞❡ ❞❡✜♥❡( )❤❡ (❡) ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡(( ♠♦❞❡( )❤❛) ❛1❡

❣1❛♥)❡❞ )♦ )❤❡ ❛❣❡♥) ♦1 ❛❣❡♥) ❝❧❛((✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛❝❧✿❞❡❢❛✉❧%❋♦ ◆❡✇ ♦♣)✐♦♥❛❧❧②

❞❡✜♥❡( )❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧) ❛❝❝❡(( 1✉❧❡( ❢♦1 ♥❡✇ ✭❢✉)✉1❡✮ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥)( ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐1❡❝)♦1②✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✼ ❞✐(♣❧❛②( ❛ (✐♠♣❧❡ ❆❈▲ ♠❡)❛❞❛)❛ ✜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐( ✜❧❡ ❣1❛♥)( )♦ )❤❡

❲❡❜■❉ ❤%%♣)✿✴✴❜❛ ②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣ ♦✜❧❡★♠❡ ❘❡❛❞✱ ❲1✐)❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥)1♦❧ ❛❝❝❡(( )♦

)❤❡ ✜❧❡ ❢♦❛❢✳ ❞❢✱ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛❞ ❛❝❝❡(( )♦ ❢♦❛❢✳ ❞❢ )♦ ❛❧❧ ❛✉)❤❡♥)✐❝❛)❡❞ ❲❡❜■❉ ✉(❡1(✳

■) ❛❧(♦ ❣1❛♥)( ❜❛ ② ❘❡❛❞✱ ❲1✐)❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥)1♦❧ ❛❝❝❡(( ❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧) ❢♦1 ♥❡✇ ✜❧❡(✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❛❝❧✿ ❁❤--♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴♥5✴❛✉-❤✴❛❝❧★❃ ✳

❬❪ ❛ ❛❝❧✿❆✉-❤♦"✐③❛-✐♦♥ ❀

❛❝❧✿❞❡❢❛✉❧-❋♦"◆❡✇ ❁✳❃ ❀

❛❝❧✿❛❝❝❡55❚♦ ❁❢♦❛❢✳"❞❢❃ ❀

❛❝❧✿❛❣❡♥- ❁❤--♣5✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣"♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃ ❀

❛❝❧✿♠♦❞❡ ❛❝❧✿❈♦♥-"♦❧✱ ❛❝❧✿❘❡❛❞✱ ❛❝❧✿❲"✐-❡ ✳

❬❪ ❛ ❛❝❧✿❆✉-❤♦"✐③❛-✐♦♥ ❀

❛❝❧✿❛❝❝❡55❚♦ ❁❢♦❛❢✳"❞❢❃ ❀

❛❝❧✿❛❣❡♥-❈❧❛55 ❁❤--♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥5✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❆❣❡♥-❃ ❀

❛❝❧✿♠♦❞❡ ❛❝❧✿❘❡❛❞ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✼✿ ❆ (✐♠♣❧❡ ❆❈▲ ♠❡)❛❞❛)❛ ✜❧❡✳

❚❤❡ )❤1❡❡ )②♣❡( ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡(( )❤❛) ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❣1❛♥)❡❞ ❛1❡ ❘❡❛❞✱ ❲ ✐%❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥% ♦❧✳

❚❤❡ ❘❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❲1✐)❡ ♠♦❞❡( ❝♦♥)1♦❧ ❛❝❝❡(( )♦ ♥♦1♠❛❧ ✜❧❡( ()♦1❡❞ ♦♥ )❤❡ (❡1✈❡1✳

❈♦♥)1♦❧ ✐( ❡((❡♥)✐❛❧❧② ❛ (♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❢♦1♠ ♦❢ ❲1✐)❡ ❛❝❝❡((✳ .1♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❈♦♥)1♦❧ ❛❝❝❡((

)♦ ❛ ✜❧❡ ❛❧❧♦✇( ❛ ✉(❡1 )♦ ❡❞✐) )❤❡ ❆❈▲ ♠❡)❛❞❛)❛ ❢♦1 )❤❛) ✜❧❡✳ ❆✉)❤♦1✐③❛)✐♦♥ ✐(

❞❡)❡1♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② 1✉♥♥✐♥❣ ❛ (❡) ♦❢ ❙.❆❘◗▲ S✉❡1✐❡( )♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ✐❢ )❤❡ ✉(❡1 ✐( ❣1❛♥)❡❞

❛❝❝❡(( ❡✐)❤❡1 ❛( ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥) ♦1 ❛( ❛ ♠❡♠❜❡1 ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥) ❝❧❛((✳

■❢ ❛ ✉(❡1 ❛))❡♠♣)( )♦ ✉(❡ ❛♥ ❍❚❚. ♠❡)❤♦❞ )❤❛) )❤❡② ❛1❡ ♥♦) ♣❡1♠✐))❡❞

)♦ ✉(❡✱ )❤❡② 1❡❝❡✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❍❚❚. ✹✵✸ 1❡(♣♦♥(❡ ❢1♦♠ )❤❡ (❡1✈❡1✳ ❋♦1 ✐♥()❛♥❝❡✱

❜❛(❡❞ ♦♥ )❤❡ ❆❈▲ ✜❧❡ ♣1❡(❡♥)❡❞ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✼✱ ✐❢ ❛ ✉(❡1 ❛✉)❤❡♥)✐❝❛)❡❞ ✇✐)❤

)❤❡ ❯❘■ ❤%%♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢★♠❡ )1✐❡( )♦ ❞❡❧❡)❡ ❢♦❛❢✳ ❞❢ ✇✐)❤ ❛♥

❍❚❚. ❉❊▲❊❚❊ 1❡S✉❡()✱ )❤❡ (❡1✈❡1 ✇♦✉❧❞ (❡❡ )❤❛) ♦♥❧② ❜❛ ② ❤❛( ❲1✐)❡ ❛❝❝❡((

✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧(♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡( )❤❡ ❞❡❧❡)❡ ♦♣❡1❛)✐♦♥✮ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ )❤❡♥ 1❡(♣♦♥❞ ✇✐)❤ ❍❚❚B

✹✵✸ ❋♦ ❜✐❞❞❡♥✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡1✱ ❲❆❈ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② 1❡()1✐❝) ❛❝❝❡(( )♦ ✜❧❡( ❛( ❛ ✇❤♦❧❡✱ ♥♦) )♦ )❤❡ (♣❡❝✐✜❝

1❡(♦✉1❝❡( ✭✐✳❡✳ )1✐♣❧❡(✮ ❧♦❝❛)❡❞ ✇✐)❤✐♥ ❘❉❋ ✜❧❡( ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ✉(❡1✬( ♣1♦✜❧❡✮✳

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3.1. RELATED WORK 47

❆❝❝♦✉♥%❛❜✐❧✐%② ✐♥ ❘❉❋

❆❝❝♦✉♥%❛❜✐❧✐%② ✐♥ ❘❉❋ ✭❆■❘✮ ❬✹✷❪ ✐5 ❛ ❙❡♠❛♥%✐❝ ❲❡❜✲❜❛5❡❞ <✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

%❤❛% ♣<♦✈✐❞❡5 ❛❝❝❡55 ❝♦♥%<♦❧ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❢♦❝✉5✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❣❡♥❡<❛%✐♥❣ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛%✐♦♥5 ❢♦< ✐%5

✐♥❢❡<❡♥❝❡5 ❛♥❞ ❛❝%✐♦♥5 ❛5 ✇❡❧❧ ❛5 ❝♦♥❢♦<♠✐♥❣ %♦ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛%❛ ♣<✐♥❝✐♣❧❡5✳

❆■❘ ✐5 ❛♥ ❡①%❡♥5✐♦♥ %♦ ◆✸▲♦❣✐❝ ❬✾❪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐5 ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❡①%❡♥5✐♦♥ %♦ %❤❡

❘❉❋ ❞❛%❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ 5✉❝❤ %❤❛% %❤❡ 5❛♠❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉5❡❞ ❢♦< ❧♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞

❞❛%❛✳ ❆■❘ ❤❛5 ❜❡❡♥ 5%<✉❝%✉<❡❞ %♦ ♠❡❡% %❤❡ ❥✉5%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ <✉❧❡ <❡✉5❛❜✐❧✐%②

<❡M✉✐<❡♠❡♥%5 ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ✐♥❢♦<♠❛%✐♦♥ 5②5%❡♠5✳ ❆❧♦♥❣ ✇✐%❤ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ %❤❡ ◆✸▲♦❣✐❝

❢❡❛%✉<❡5 ♦❢ 5❝♦♣❡❞ ♥❡❣❛%✐♦♥ ✭✐✳❡✳ %❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐%② ❢♦< ❛ 5♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥% ♦< ❛♥

❛❜5%<❛❝% ❢♦<♠✉❧❛ %♦ ♦❜❥❡❝%✐✈❡❧② ❞❡%❡<♠✐♥❡ ✇❤❡%❤❡< ♦< ♥♦% ✐% ❤♦❧❞5✱ ♦< ❛❧❧♦✇5 ♦♥❡

%♦ ❞❡<✐✈❡ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❢❛❝%✮✱ 5❝♦♣❡❞ ❝♦♥%❡①%✉❛❧✐③❡❞ <❡❛5♦♥✐♥❣ ✭✐✳❡✳ %♦ <❡❛5♦♥ ✉5✐♥❣

❛ ✜<5% ♦<❞❡< ❧♦❣✐❝ ❜✉% ✇✐%❤♦✉% ❝❧❛55✐❝❛❧ ♥❡❣❛%✐♦♥✮✱ ♥❡5%❡❞ ❣<❛♣❤5✱ ❛♥❞ ❜✉✐❧%✲✐♥

❢✉♥❝%✐♦♥5✱ ❆■❘ ✐5 ❢♦❝✉5❡❞ ♦♥ ❣❡♥❡<❛%✐♥❣ ✉5❡❢✉❧ ❥✉5%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥5 ❢♦< ❛❧❧ ❛❝%✐♦♥5 ♠❛❞❡

❜② %❤❡ <❡❛5♦♥❡<✳ ▲✐❦❡ ◆✸▲♦❣✐❝✱ ❆■❘ ✐5 ✇<✐%%❡♥ ✐♥ ◆✸ ❬✽❪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣<♦✈✐❞❡5 ❛

❤✉♠❛♥✲<❡❛❞❛❜❧❡ 5②♥%❛① ❢♦< ❛ 5✉♣❡<5❡% ♦❢ ❘❉❋✳ ◆✸▲♦❣✐❝ ❡①%❡♥❞5 %❤❡ ❘❉❋ ❞❛%❛

♠♦❞❡❧ ❜② 5✉♣♣♦<%✐♥❣ %❤❡ M✉❛♥%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❛<✐❛❜❧❡5 ❛5 ❯❘■5 ✇✐%❤ %❤❡ ❅❢♦#❆❧❧

❛♥❞ ❅❢♦#❙♦♠❡ ❞✐<❡❝%✐✈❡5✳ ■% ❛❧5♦ ♣❡<♠✐%5 %❤❡ ✐♥❝❧✉5✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❡5%❡❞ ❣<❛♣❤5 ❜②

✉5✐♥❣ ❝✉<❧② ❜<❛❝❡5 %♦ M✉♦%❡ 5✉❜✲❣<❛♣❤5✳

❆■❘ ❝♦♥5✐5%5 ♦❢ ❛ 5❡% ♦❢ ❜✉✐❧%✲✐♥ ❢✉♥❝%✐♦♥5 ❛♥❞ %✇♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥% ♦♥%♦❧♦❣✐❡5

✕ %❤❡ ✜<5% ♦♥❡ ✭❋✐❣✉<❡ ✸✳✶✮ ✐5 ❢♦< 5♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ ❆■❘ <✉❧❡5✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ %❤❡ ♦%❤❡< ♦♥❡ ✐5

❢♦< ❞❡5❝<✐❜✐♥❣ ❥✉5%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥5 ♦❢ %❤❡ ✐♥❢❡<❡♥❝❡5 ♠❛❞❡ ❜② ❆■❘ <✉❧❡5 ✭❋✐❣✉<❡ ✸✳✷✮✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡❧♣ %♦ ✈❡<✐❢② %❤❡ ❛❝❝✉<❛❝② ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✐❞✐%② ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡55 ❝♦♥%<♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡5 ❞✉<✐♥❣

❛✉❞✐% ♣<♦❝❡55❡5✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✉✐❧%✲✐♥ ❢✉♥❝%✐♦♥5 ❛❧❧♦✇ <✉❧❡5 %♦ ❛❝❝❡55 ❲❡❜ <❡5♦✉<❝❡5✱

M✉❡<② ❙T❆❘◗▲ ❡♥❞♣♦✐♥%5✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❡<❢♦<♠ 5❝♦♣❡❞ ❝♦♥%❡①%✉❛❧✐③❡❞ <❡❛5♦♥✐♥❣✱ ❛5

✇❡❧❧ ❛5 ❜❛5✐❝ ♠❛%❤✱ 5%<✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝<②♣%♦❣<❛♣❤✐❝ ♦♣❡<❛%✐♦♥5✳

❋✐❣✉<❡ ✸✳✶✿ ❆■❘ <✉❧❡ ♦♥%♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛5 ♣<❡5❡♥%❡❞ ✐♥ ●❛+♣✐♥❣ ❢♦# ❆■❘ ❲❤② ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞

▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❘✉❧❡+ ❛♥❞ ❏✉+;✐✜❝❛;✐♦♥+ ♦♥ ;❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥;✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❬✹✷❪✳

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48 3. ACCESS CONTROL

❆■❘ ❛❧%♦ %✉♣♣♦)*% ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❘✉❧❡)✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧✐❦❡ ♠♦%* )✉❧❡% ✭❡✳❣✳ ✇❤❡*❤❡) ❧❛✇%✱

%❡❝✉)✐*② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡%✱ ❜✉%✐♥❡%% )✉❧❡%✱ ♦) ✇♦)❦✢♦✇ ♣❧❛♥%✮✱ ❛)❡ )❛)❡❧② ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❛

%✐♥❣❧❡ ❡♥*✐*② ♦) ❡①✐%* ✐♥ ❛ %✐♥❣❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥*✳ ❚❤❡② ✉%✉❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣)✐%❡ ♦❢ %❡✈❡)❛❧

✐♥*❡)❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥* )✉❧❡% *❤❛* ❛)❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥*❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❞✐✛❡)❡♥* ❡♥*✐*✐❡%✳

❆❞❞✐*✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ )✉❧❡% ♠❛② )❡❢❡)❡♥❝❡ ❡①*❡)♥❛❧ )✉❧❡%✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ *❤♦%❡ ♦❢ ♦*❤❡)

♦)❣❛♥✐③❛*✐♦♥%✳

❋✐❣✉)❡ ✸✳✷✿ ❚❤❡ ❆■❘ ❥✉%*✐✜❝❛*✐♦♥ ♦♥*♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛% ♣)❡%❡♥*❡❞ ✐♥ ●❛)♣✐♥❣ ❢♦0 ❆■❘

❲❤② ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❘✉❧❡) ❛♥❞ ❏✉)8✐✜❝❛8✐♦♥) ♦♥ 8❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥8✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❬✹✷❪✳

❆■❘ )✉❧❡% ❛)❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✉%✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣)♦♣❡)*✐❡%✿ ❛✐0✿✐❢ ✱ ❛✐0✿8❤❡♥✱

❛✐0✿❡❧)❡✱ ❛✐0✿❞❡)❝0✐♣8✐♦♥✱ ❛✐0✿0✉❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❛✐0✿❛))❡08✳ ❊✈❡)② )✉❧❡ ✐% ♥❛♠❡❞ ✇✐*❤

❛ ❯❘■✱ ❛♥❞ )✉❧❡% ❛)❡ ❣)♦✉♣❡❞ ✐♥*♦ ❛✐0✿❘✉❧❡❙❡8) ♦) ♥❡%*❡❞ ✉♥❞❡) ♦*❤❡) )✉❧❡%

✭❋✐❣✉)❡ ✸✳✶✮✳ ❚❤✐% ♥❡%*✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ❡✐*❤❡) ✉♥❞❡) *❤❡ ❛✐0✿8❤❡♥ ♣)♦♣❡)*② ♦)

*❤❡ ❛✐0✿❡❧)❡ ♣)♦♣❡)*②✳ ❚❤❡ )✉❧❡% ♥❡%*❡❞ ❞✐)❡❝*❧② ✉♥❞❡) *❤❡ ❘✉❧❡❙❡* ❛)❡ )❡❢❡))❡❞

*♦ ❛% *❤❡ *♦♣ )✉❧❡% ♦❢ *❤❡ )✉❧❡%❡*✳ ❆ ❝❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ )✉❧❡% ✐% ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛% ❛ %❡O✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢

)✉❧❡%✱ %✉❝❤ *❤❛* ❡✈❡)② )✉❧❡✱ ❜❛))✐♥❣ *❤❡ ✜)%* ✐♥ *❤❡ ❝❤❛✐♥✱ ✐% ♥❡%*❡❞ ✉♥❞❡) ❡✐*❤❡)

*❤❡ 8❤❡♥ ♦) *❤❡ ❡❧)❡ ♦❢ *❤❡ ♣)❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ )✉❧❡✳

❚❤❡)❡ ❛)❡ *❤)❡❡ ❦✐♥❞% ♦❢ )✉❧❡% ✐♥ ❆■❘ ✕ ❛✐0✿❇❡❧✐❡❢❘✉❧❡✱ ❛✐0✿❍✐❞❞❡♥❘✉❧❡ ❛♥❞

❛✐0✿❊❧✐❞❡❞❘✉❧❡✳ ❆❧❧ )✉❧❡% ❛)❡✱ ❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧*✱ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ )✉❧❡%✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡%❝)✐♣*✐♦♥% ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✲

❞✐*✐♦♥% ♦❢ ❇❡❧✐❡❢✲)✉❧❡% ❝♦♥*)✐❜✉*❡ *♦ *❤❡ ♦✈❡)❛❧❧ ❥✉%*✐✜❝❛*✐♦♥✳ ✿❱✐❡✇■♠❛❣❡❘✉❧❡✶

✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✽ ✐% ❛♥ *②♣✐❝❛❧ )✉❧❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ )✉❧❡✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥*)❛%*✱ ❍✐❞❞❡♥

)✉❧❡% ❛♥❞ ❊❧✐❞❡❞ )✉❧❡% ❛)❡ ✉%❡❞ *♦ ♠♦❞✐❢② *❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧* ❥✉%*✐✜❝❛*✐♦♥✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✽ ❝♦♥*❛✐♥% ❛♥ ❆■❘ ❘✉❧❡❙❡*✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❆♥♥ ❤❛% ❝)❡❛*❡❞ ♣♦❧✐❝② *♦

❞❡*❡)♠✐♥❡ ✇❤❡*❤❡) ❛❝❝❡%% *♦ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤❡) ♣✐❝*✉)❡% %❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❣)❛♥*❡❞✳ ❆■❘ ✉%❡%

◆✸▲♦❣✐❝ %②♥*❛① *♦ ❞❡❝❧❛)❡ ✈❛)✐❛❜❧❡%✳ ■♥ *❤✐% ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❅❢♦)❆❧❧ ✐% ✉%❡❞ *♦ ❞❡❝❧❛)❡

*✇♦ ✉♥✐✈❡)%❛❧ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✮ ✈❛)✐❛❜❧❡%✱ ✿❘❊◗❯❊❙❚❊❘ ❝♦♥*❛✐♥✐♥❣ *❤❡ )❡O✉❡%*❡)

❛♥❞ ✿E■❈✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥*❛✐♥% *❤❡ ❯❘■ ♦❢ *❤❡ )❡%♦✉)❝❡ ✐♥ O✉❡%*✐♦♥ ✭✐✳❡✳ *❤❡ ♣✐❝*✉)❡✮✳

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3.1. RELATED WORK 49

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❛✐"✿ ❁❤++♣✿✴✴❞✐❣✳❝1❛✐❧✳♠✐+✳❡❞✉✴❚❆▼■✴✷✵✵✼✴❛♠♦"❞✴❛✐"★❃ ✳

❅❢♦"❆❧❧ ✿❘❊◗❯❊❙❚❊❘✱ ✿E■❈ ✳

✿❱✐❡✇■♠❛❣❡❘✉❧❡✶ ❛ ❛✐"✿❇❡❧✐❡❢❘✉❧❡❀

❛✐"✿✐❢ ④ ✿❘❊◗❯❊❙❚❊❘ ❛ "❡M✿❘❡M✉❡1+❡" ❀

"❡M✿"❡M✉❡1+❡❞■♠❣ ✿E■❈✳

✿E■❈ 1✐♦❝✿+♦♣✐❝

❁❤++♣✿✴✴❛♥♥✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣"♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃✳

⑥❀

❛✐"✿+❤❡♥ ❬ ❛✐"✿❞❡1❝"✐♣+✐♦♥ ✭

✧■❢ +❤❡ ♣✐❝+✉"❡ "❡M✉❡1+❡❞ ❝♦♥+❛✐♥1 ✧

✧❆♥♥✱ +❤❡♥ ❡①❡❝✉+❡ ❆♥♥✬1 ♣♦❧✐❝② ✧

✧❛❜♦✉+ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛❝❝❡11✧✮❀

❛✐"✿"✉❧❡ ❛♥♥✿▼②■♠❣E♦❧✐❝②

❪✳

❛♥♥✿▼②■♠❣E♦❧✐❝②

❛✐"✿+❤❡♥ ❬ ❛✐"✿❞❡1❝"✐♣+✐♦♥✭

✧❆♥♥✬1 ♣♦❧✐❝② ✇❛1 ❡①❡❝✉+❡❞✧✮❀

❛✐"✿❛11❡"+ ④

✿❘❊◗❯❊❙❚❊❘ "❡M✿❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥+✲✇✐+❤ ✿❇❛""②❘✉❧❡❙❡+ ⑥

❪❀

❛✐"✿❡❧1❡ ❬ ❛✐"✿❛11❡"+ ④

✿❘❊◗❯❊❙❚❊❘ "❡M✿♥♦♥✲❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥+✲✇✐+❤ ✿❇❛""②❘✉❧❡❙❡+ ⑥

❪✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✽✿ ❆ +②♣✐❝❛❧ ❆■❘ ❘✉❧❡❙❡+✳

◆❡①+✱ ✇❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ :✉❧❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✿❱✐❡✇■♠❛❣❡❘✉❧❡✶✱ ♦❢ +②♣❡ ❛✐-✿❇❡❧✐❡❢❘✉❧❡✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥+❛✐♥> +❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ✇❡ ✇❛♥+ +♦ ❛♣♣❧② ❢♦: ♦✉: ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ■♥ +❤✐> ❝❛>❡ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡

❛ +②♣✐❝❛❧ ✐❢ → ❡❧>❡ ❧♦❣✐❝✱ >+❛+✐♥❣ +❤❛+ ✐❢ ❛ ✿❘❊◗❯❊❙❚❊❘ ✐> +:②✐♥❣ +♦ :❡D✉❡>+

❛❝❝❡>> +♦ ✿E■❈ ❛♥❞ +❤❡ ♣✐❝+✉:❡ ❝♦♥+❛✐♥> ❆♥♥✬> ❲❡❜■❉✱ +❤❡♥ +❤❡ :✉❧❡ >❤♦✉❧❞

❛♣♣❧② +❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥♥✿▼②■♠❣3♦❧✐❝②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐> ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜❡❧♦✇✳

❛♥♥✿▼②■♠❣3♦❧✐❝② ❡①+❡♥❞> +❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ✢♦✇ ❜② >✉♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❛❞❞✐+✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❝+✐♦♥>✳

❍❡:❡✱ ✐+ ✉>❡> +❤❡ ❛✐-✿❛66❡-7 ✈❡:❜ +♦ ✈❡:✐❢② +❤❛+ +❤❡ ✿❘❊◗❯❊❙❚❊❘ ✐> ❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥+

✇✐+❤ +❤❡ :✉❧❡ >❡+ >❤❡ ❝:❡❛+❡❞ ❢♦: +❤✐> ♣✐❝+✉:❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐> ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✿❇❛--②❘✉❧❡❙❡7✳

❚❤❡ :❡>♦✉:❝❡ ✿❇❛--②❘✉❧❡❙❡7 ❝♦♥+❛✐♥> ❛ ❧✐>+ ♦❢ :✉❧❡> ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❇❛::②✳ ❆■❘

>❡♠❛♥+✐❝> ✇✐❧❧ ❝❛✉>❡ +❤❡♠ +♦ ❜❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ❞✉:✐♥❣ +❤❡ :❡❛>♦♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ +❤❡✐: ♣❛:❡♥+

:✉❧❡✱ ✿❱✐❡✇■♠❛❣❡❘✉❧❡✶✳ ❆♥ ❛✐-✿❡❧6❡ ❢❛❧❧✲❜❛❝❦ ❝❛>❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝:❡❛+❡❞✱ ✐♥ ♦:❞❡: +♦

❛♣♣❧② ❛ ❞✐✛❡:❡♥+ ❛❝+✐♦♥ ✐❢ +❤❡ ✿❘❊◗❯❊❙❚❊❘ ✐> ♥♦♥✲❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥+ ✇✐+❤ +❤❡ ❝✉::❡♥+

♣♦❧✐❝②✳

❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥)✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡-- ❈♦♥)/♦❧

❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥+✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡>> ❈♦♥+:♦❧ ❬✼✶❪ ✐> ❜❛>❡❞ ♦♥ +❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥7✐❝

❙3❆❘◗▲ ❙❡❝✉-✐7② ❢♦- ❆❝❝❡66 ❈♦♥7-♦❧ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛:② ✕ ❙✹❆❈ ✭❝❢✳ ❋✐❣✉:❡ ✸✳✸✮✱ ❛

❧✐❣❤+✇❡✐❣❤+ ♦♥+♦❧♦❣② +❤❛+ ❛❧❧♦✇> ✉>❡:> +♦ >♣❡❝✐❢② ✜♥❡✲❣:❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❝❝❡>> ❝♦♥+:♦❧

♣♦❧✐❝✐❡> ❢♦: +❤❡✐: ❘❉❋ ❞❛+❛ ✕ ❡✳❣✳ :❡>+:✐❝+ +❤❡ ❛❝❝❡>> +♦ :❡>♦✉:❝❡> ✇✐+❤✐♥ ❘❉❋

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50 3. ACCESS CONTROL

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3.1. RELATED WORK 51

❆ ✈❡#② ✐♥'❡#❡('✐♥❣ ❢❡❛'✉#❡ ✐( '❤❡ ❆❝❝❡## ❚❛❣❣✐♥❣ ❘✉❧❡ ✭❆❚❘✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐( ✉(❡❞

'♦ ❞❡❝❧❛#❡ '❤❛' '❤❡ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥❞✐'✐♦♥( ✐♥ '❤❡ ❆❈ (❡' ❛♣♣❧✐❡( '♦ ❛♥② ❘❉❋ ❣#❛♣❤

'❛❣❣❡❞ ✇✐'❤ ♦♥❡ ♦# ♠♦#❡ '❛❣( ❢#♦♠ ❛ (❡' ♦❢ '❛❣(✳ ■♥ ♦'❤❡# ✇♦#❞(✱ ✉(❡#( ❝❛♥

(✐♠♣❧② ✧'❛❣✧ ❝❡#'❛✐♥ #❡(♦✉#❝❡( ✇✐'❤ ❛ (♣❡❝✐✜❝ '❛❣ ♥❛♠❡✱ ❢♦# ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♥ ❆❈ ❤❛(

❜❡❡♥ ♣#❡✈✐♦✉(❧② (♣❡❝✐✜❡❞✳

❙❍■✸▲❉

❙❤✐✸❧❞ ❬✷✵❪ ✐( ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥'#♦❧ ❢#❛♠❡✇♦#❦ ❢♦# I✉❡#②✐♥❣ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ ❉❛'❛ (❡#✈❡#(✳ ■'

♣#♦'❡❝'( ❘❉❋ ('♦#❡( ❢#♦♠ ✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❙K❆❘◗▲ I✉❡#✐❡(✱ ✇❤♦(❡ (❝♦♣❡ ✐( #❡('#✐❝'❡❞

'♦ '#✐♣❧❡( ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❛❝❝❡((✐❜❧❡ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❣#❛♣❤( ♦♥❧② ❬✶✼❪✳ ■♥ ♣❛#'✐❝✉❧❛#✱ ❙❤✐✸❧❞

❞❡'❡#♠✐♥❡( '❤❡ ❧✐(' ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡((✐❜❧❡ ❣#❛♣❤( ❜② ❡✈❛❧✉❛'✐♥❣ ♣#❡✲❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛❝❝❡(( ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡(

❛❣❛✐♥(' ❝❧✐❡♥' ❛''#✐❜✉'❡( (❡♥' ✇✐'❤ '❤❡ I✉❡#②✳

❚❤❡ ❙❤✐✸❧❞ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♠❛♥❛❣❡# ❛❧❧♦✇( '❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥'❡①'✲❛✇❛#❡ ❛❝❝❡((

❝♦♥❞✐'✐♦♥( ❢❡❛'✉#✐♥❣ ✉(❡#✱ ❡♥✈✐#♦♥♠❡♥' ✭'✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❛'✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛❧❧✮✱ ❛♥❞

❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❛''#✐❜✉'❡(✳ ▼♦#❡♦✈❡#✱ (✉❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥ ❛❧❧♦✇( ❛ (✐♠♣❧❡# ❞❡✜♥✐'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❡✇

♥❛♠❡❞ ❣#❛♣❤( ♦✈❡# ❛ (❡' ♦❢ ❡①✐('✐♥❣ '#✐♣❧❡(✳

❙❤✐✸❧❞ ❛❞♦♣'( ❡①❝❧✉(✐✈❡❧② ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡(✱ #❡✉(❡( ❡①✐('✐♥❣ ♣#♦✲

♣♦(❛❧(✱ ❛♥❞ ♣#♦'❡❝'( ❞❛'❛ ✉♣ '♦ '#✐♣❧❡ ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐( ❣#♦✉♥❞❡❞ ♦♥ '✇♦

♦♥'♦❧♦❣✐❡(✿ ❙✹❆❈

✭❝❢✳ ❋✐❣✉#❡ ✸✳✸✮ ❞❡❛❧( ✇✐'❤ ❝♦#❡ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥'#♦❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣'( ❛♥❞

/❘■❙❙▼❆

❢♦❝✉(❡( ♦♥ '❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♥'❡①'✳

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥' ♦❢ '❤❡ ❙✹❆❈ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐( '❤❡ ❆❝❝❡(( K♦❧✐❝② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞❡✜♥❡(

'❤❡ ❝♦♥('#❛✐♥'( '❤❛' ♠✉(' ❜❡ (❛'✐(✜❡❞ '♦ ❛❝❝❡(( ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❣#❛♣❤ ♦# ❛ (❡'

♦❢ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❣#❛♣❤(✳ ■❢ '❤❡ ❆❝❝❡(( K♦❧✐❝② ✐( #❛2✐#✜❡❞✱ '❤❡ ❞❛'❛ ❝♦♥(✉♠❡# ✐( ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞

'♦ ❛❝❝❡(( '❤❡ ❞❛'❛✳ ❖'❤❡#✇✐(❡✱ ❛❝❝❡(( ✐( ❞❡♥✐❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥('#❛✐♥'( (♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❜②

'❤❡ ❆❝❝❡(( K♦❧✐❝✐❡( ❝♦♥❝❡#♥ '❤❡ ❞❛'❛ ❝♦♥(✉♠❡#✱ '❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ '❤❡ ❡♥✈✐#♦♥♠❡♥'✱ ♦#

❛♥② ❣✐✈❡♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡(❡ ❞✐♠❡♥(✐♦♥(✳ ❆❝❝❡(( ❈♦♥❞✐'✐♦♥( ❛#❡ ❡①♣#❡((❡❞

❛( ❙K❆❘◗▲ ❆❙❑ I✉❡#✐❡(✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❆❝❝❡(( K♦❧✐❝② ✐( ❛((♦❝✐❛'❡❞ '♦ ❛♥ ❆❝❝❡((

❊✈❛❧✉❛'✐♦♥ ❈♦♥'❡①'✱ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐' ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ '❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❛❝'✉❛❧ ❝♦♥'❡①'

❞❛'❛ ✉(❡❞ '♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛'❡ '❤❡ ❆❝❝❡(( K♦❧✐❝②✳

❚❤❡ ❙❤✐✸❧❞ ❢#❛♠❡✇♦#❦ ❛❧(♦ ❛❞♦♣'( /❘■❙❙▼❆✱ ❛ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛#② ♣#♦✈✐❞✐♥❣

❝❧❛((❡( ❛♥❞ ♣#♦♣❡#'✐❡( '❤❛' (❡#✈❡ '♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦#❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♥'❡①' ❝♦♥❝❡♣'(✱ ❜✉' ✐(

♥♦' ♠❡❛♥' '♦ ❞❡❧✐✈❡# ②❡' ❛♥♦'❤❡# ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♥'❡①'✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ■♥('❡❛❞✱ ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥

❲❡❜ ♦❢ ❉❛'❛ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛#✐❡( ❛♥❞ #❡❝❡♥' ❲✸❈ #❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛'✐♦♥( ❛#❡ #❡✉(❡❞✳ ❚❤❡

♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♥'❡①' ✐( (❡❡♥ ❛( ❛♥ ❡♥❝♦♠♣❛((✐♥❣ '❡#♠✱ ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦#♠❛'✐♦♥ (♣❛❝❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞

❛( '❤❡ (✉♠ ♦❢ '❤#❡❡ ❞✐✛❡#❡♥' ❞✐♠❡♥(✐♦♥(✿ '❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❯#❡6 ♠♦❞❡❧✱ '❤❡ ❉❡✈✐❝❡

❢❡❛'✉#❡( ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❊♥✈✐6♦♥♠❡♥2 ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ '❤❡ ❛❝'✐♦♥ ✐( ♣❡#❢♦#♠❡❞✳

✸✳✶✳✸ ❙②♥&❤❡)✐)

■♥ '❤✐( (❡❝'✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣#❡(❡♥'❡❞ #❡❝❡♥' ✇♦#❦ '❤❛' ❛♣♣❧✐❡( '♦ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥'#♦❧

❢♦# ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ #❡(♦✉#❝❡(✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ (❡❧❡❝'❡❞ (❡✈❡#❛❧ (♦❧✉'✐♦♥( '❤❛' ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐'❤

❤!!♣✿✴✴♥&✳✐♥)✐❛✳❢)✴&✹❛❝✴✈✷✴&✹❛❝❴✈✷✳❤!♠❧

❤!!♣✿✴✴♥&✳✐♥)✐❛✳❢)✴♣)✐&&♠❛✴✈✶✴♣)✐&&♠❛❴✈✶✳❤!♠❧

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52 3. ACCESS CONTROL

❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧ ✐♥ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥&'❛❧✐③❡❞ ❡♥✈✐'♦♥♠❡♥&✳

❚❤❡ ✜'#& #♦❧✉&✐♦♥ ✐# ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡%% ❈♦♥)*♦❧ ✭❲❆❈✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✐& '❡#❡♠❜❧❡# &♦

&❤❡ &②♣✐❝❛❧ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧ ♦❢ ❛ ✜❧❡ #②#&❡♠✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉#❡'# ❛♥❞ ❣'♦✉♣# ✭✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡❞

❜② ❯❘■#✮ ❛'❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ '❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ✇'✐&❡ ❛❝❝❡## &♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&#✳ ❚♦ ❞❡#❝'✐❜❡ ❛❝❝❡##

❝♦♥&'♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡#✱ ❲❆❈ ✉#❡# ✐&✬# ♦✇♥ ♦♥&♦❧♦❣②✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ &❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡%% ❈♦♥)*♦❧

❖♥)♦❧♦❣②✳ ❆♥ ✐♠♣♦'&❛♥& ❞'❛✇❜❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❲❆❈ ✐# &❤❛& ✐& ♦♥❧② '❡#&'✐❝&# ❛❝❝❡## &♦

✜❧❡# ❛# ❛ ✇❤♦❧❡✱ ♥♦& &♦ &❤❡ #♣❡❝✐✜❝ '❡#♦✉'❝❡# ✭✐✳❡✳ &'✐♣❧❡#✮ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❘❉❋ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&

✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ✉#❡'✬# ♣'♦✜❧❡✮✳ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥&'♦❧ ♦♥&♦❧♦❣② ✇❛# ♣✉❜❧✐#❤❡❞ ❜② &❤❡

❲✸❈✱ ❛♥❞ &❤❡ ✐&# ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ♣'♦❝❡## ✇✐❧❧ #♦♦♥ ❜❡❣✐♥ #&❛♥❞❛'❞✐③❛&✐♦♥ ✇✐&❤✐♥

&❤❡ ❲✸❈✳

❚❤❡ #❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✐# ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❆❝❝♦✉♥)❛❜✐❧✐)② ✐♥ ❘❉❋ ✭❆■❘✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐# ❛ ❙❡♠❛♥&✐❝

❲❡❜✲❜❛#❡❞ '✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ &❤❛& ♣'♦✈✐❞❡# ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❢♦❝✉#✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❣❡♥❡'✲

❛&✐♥❣ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛&✐♦♥# ❢♦' ✐&# ✐♥❢❡'❡♥❝❡# ❛♥❞ ❛❝&✐♦♥#✱ #♦ &❤❛& '✉❧❡# ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✈❡'✐✜❡❞

❞✉'✐♥❣ ❛ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛✉❞✐&✳ ❆■❘ ❝♦♥#✐#&# ♦❢ ❛ #❡& ♦❢ ❜✉✐❧&✲✐♥ ❢✉♥❝&✐♦♥# ❛♥❞ &✇♦ ✐♥❞❡✲

♣❡♥❞❡♥& ♦♥&♦❧♦❣✐❡#✱ ♦♥❡ ❢♦' #♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ ❆■❘ '✉❧❡# ❛♥❞ &❤❡ ♦&❤❡' ♦♥❡ ❢♦' ❞❡#❝'✐❜✐♥❣

❥✉#&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥# ♦❢ &❤❡ '❡❛#♦♥✐♥❣ ♣❡'❢♦'♠❡❞ ✉#✐♥❣ ❆■❘ '✉❧❡#✳ ❆# ♦♣♣♦#❡❞ &♦ ❲❆❈✱

❆■❘ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ &♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&# ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# &♦ '❡#♦✉'❝❡# ✇✐&❤✐♥ ❘❉❋ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&#✳

❚❤❡ &❤✐'❞ #♦❧✉&✐♦♥✱ &❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥)✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡%% ❈♦♥)*♦❧ ✭❙❙❲❆❈✮

❛❧❧♦✇# ✉#❡'# &♦ #♣❡❝✐❢② ✜♥❡✲❣'❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡# ❢♦' &❤❡✐' ❘❉❋ ❞❛&❛✱ ✐♥

♦'❞❡' &♦ '❡#&'✐❝& ♦' ❛❧❧♦✇ ❛❝❝❡## &♦ '❡#♦✉'❝❡# ✇✐&❤✐♥ ❘❉❋ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&#✳ ❙❙❲❆❈

✉#❡# &❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥)✐❝ ❙7❆❘◗▲ ❙❡❝✉*✐)② ❢♦* ❆❝❝❡%% ❈♦♥)*♦❧ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛'②

&♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✐&# ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡#✳ ❈♦♠♣❛'❡❞ &♦ &❤❡ ♣'❡✈✐♦✉# ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧

#♦❧✉&✐♦♥#✱ ❙❙❲❆❈ ✉#❡# &❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣& ♦❢ )❛❣%✱ &♦ ❛##✐❣♥ #♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❧❛❜❡❧# &♦ '❡#♦✉'❝❡#✳

❚❤✐# ❢❡❛&✉'❡ ✐# ♣❛'&✐❝✉❧❛'❧② '❡❧❡✈❛♥& &♦ ✉#✱ ❛# ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ #❡❡ ✐♥ &❤❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ #❡❝&✐♦♥✳

❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❙❤✐✸❧❞ ♦✛❡'# ❛ ❝♦♥&❡①&✲❛✇❛'❡ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧ ❢'❛♠❡✇♦'❦ ❢♦' ❝♦♥#✉♠✲

✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ ❉❛&❛ ❢'♦♠ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡#✳ ❚❤❡ ❞'❛✇❜❛❝❦ ♦❢ #✉❝❤ ❢'❛♠❡✇♦'❦ ✐#

&❤❛& ✐& '❡❧✐❡# ♦♥ &❤❡ ❛##✉♠♣&✐♦♥ &❤❛& ❞❛&❛#❡& ❛❞♠✐♥✐#&'❛&♦'# ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♣'♦✜❝✐❡♥&

❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ ❘❉❋ ❛♥❞ ❙L❆❘◗▲✱ ❛♥❞ &❤❛& &❤❡② ❛'❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛'✐❡#

❛♥❞ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♥❡✇ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❣'❛♣❤#✳

❯♥❢♦'&✉♥❛&❡❧②✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❛ #❡& ♦❢ #&❛&✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡# ♠❛② ♥♦& ❡O✉❛❧❧② ❛♣♣❧② ✐♥

❡✈❡'② #✐&✉❛&✐♦♥✳ ❆❞❞✐&✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ #&❛&✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡# ❞♦ ♥♦& &❛❦❡ ✐♥&♦ ❝♦♥#✐❞❡'❛&✐♦♥

&❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝# ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ '❡❧❛&✐♦♥#❤✐♣# ❛♥❞ &❤❡ ♣❛❝❡ ✇✐&❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ &❤❡② ❡✈♦❧✈❡✳

❋✉'&❤❡'♠♦'❡✱ ♠♦#& #❡♠❛♥&✐❝ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧ #②#&❡♠# ❛♣♣❧② &♦ '❡#♦✉'❝❡# ✐♥ &❤❡

❢♦'♠ ♦❢ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&#✱ ♦❢&❡♥ ♥♦& ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ ❛♣♣❧② &♦ &❤❡ &'✐♣❧❡# ❧❡✈❡❧✳

■♥ &❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ #❡❝&✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ♣'♦♣♦#❡ ❛ ❝♦♥&❡①&✲❛✇❛'❡ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧ #❡'✈✐❝❡✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ♣'♦✈✐❞❡# #&❛&✐❝ ❛❝❝❡## ❝♦♥&'♦❧ #②#&❡♠# ✇✐&❤ ♠❡❛♥# &♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ &❤❡ ❝♦♥#&❛♥&

❛♥❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❡✈♦❧✉&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉#❡' '❡❧❛&✐♦♥#❤✐♣#✳

✸✳✷ #$♦♣♦'❡❞ '♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡/$✐❝' ❢♦$ ❛❝❝❡'' ❝♦♥/$♦❧

❆ ♠❛❥♦' ❞'❛✇❜❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❡①✐#&✐♥❣ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥&'♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠# ✐# &❤❛& ✐♥ ♠♦#& ❝❛#❡#

&❤❡② ❛'❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧& &♦ ♠❛✐♥&❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ &❤❡② ❛♣♣❧② &♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&#✳ ■♥ &❤❡ ❝❛#❡ ♦❢

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3.2. PROPOSED SOCIAL METRICS FOR ACCESS CONTROL 53

♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ✱ ❝-❡❛*✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡ ❝♦♥*-♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡ *❤❛* ❛❝❝✉-❛*❡❧② -❡✢❡❝*

*❤❡ ✉ ❡-✬ ♣-✐✈❛❝② ❡①♣❡❝*❛*✐♦♥ ✐ ♦❢*❡♥ ❞✐✣❝✉❧* ✐❢ ♥♦* ♦✉*-✐❣❤* ✐♠♣♦ ✐❜❧❡ ❬✹✼❪✳

■♥ ❣❡♥❡-❛❧✱ ♣-✐✈❛❝② ✐ ❞✐✣❝✉❧* *♦ ♠❡❛ ✉-❡✱ ❡ ♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥❝❡ ✐*✬ ❤❛-❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❢♦-

*❤❡ ✉ ❡- *❤❡♠ ❡❧✈❡ *♦ @✉❛♥*✐❢②✳ ❋♦- ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ♣❤♦*♦ ❛❧♦♥❡ ❛-❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② *♦ ❤❛✈❡

✇✐❧❞❧② ✈❛-②✐♥❣ ♣-✐✈❛❝② -❡@✉✐-❡♠❡♥* ✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✇❤♦ ✐ ✐♥ *❤❡ ♣❤♦*♦✱ ✇❤❡-❡

✐* ✇❛ *❛❦❡♥✱ ✇❤❛* *❤❡ ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✐ ✱ ❡*❝✳ ▼♦-❡ ✇♦--②✐♥❣❧②✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❢♦- ♣❤♦*♦

❢♦- ✇❤✐❝❤ *❤❡ ♣-✐✈❛❝② ❡**✐♥❣ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❜② *❤❡ ✉ ❡-✱ *❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞

❡**✐♥❣ ✉ ✉❛❧❧② ♠❛*❝❤ ✉ ❡- ❡①♣❡❝*❛*✐♦♥ ❧❡ *❤❛♥ ✹✵✪ ♦❢ *❤❡ *✐♠❡ ❬✹✻❪✳

❲❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ *❤❛* ❝✉--❡♥* ❛❝❝❡ ❝♦♥*-♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐ ♠ ✉✛❡- ❢-♦♠ ❛ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢

❝♦♥#❡①#✱ ♣❡❝✐✜❝ *♦ -❡❧❛*✐♦♥ ❤✐♣ ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❲❡ ❜♦--♦✇ *❤❡ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ *❤❡

*❡-♠ ❝♦♥#❡①# ❛♥❞ &✐#✉❛#✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦-❞❡- *♦ -❡❞❡✜♥❡ ✇❤❛* ❝♦♥*❡①* ✐ ✱ ❜❛ ❡❞ ♦♥ ❛

❞❡✜♥✐*✐♦♥ ✜- * ♣-♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❉❡② ❬✷✹❪✿

✏❈♦♥*❡①* ✐ ❛♥② ✐♥❢♦-♠❛*✐♦♥ *❤❛* ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉ ❡❞ *♦ ❝❤❛-❛❝*❡-✐③❡ *❤❡

✐*✉❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡♥*✐*②✱ ✇✐*❤ -❡ ♣❡❝* *♦ *❤❡ -❡❧❛*✐♦♥ ❤✐♣ *♦✇❛-❞ ♦♥❡

♦- ♠✉❧*✐♣❧❡ ♦*❤❡- ❡♥*✐*✐❡ ✳✑

❲❡ ❝♦♥ ✐❞❡- *❤❛* ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥* ❝♦♥*❡①* ❛♥❞ ✐*✉❛*✐♦♥ ✱ ❛❝❝❡ *♦

-❡ ♦✉-❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥*❧② ❬✺✽❪✳ ❆❞❞✐*✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ *♦ ♣-♦♣♦ ❡

❛ ♦❝✐❛❧ ❞✐ *❛♥❝❡ ♠❡*-✐❝ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♣+♦①✐♠✐#②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧ ♦ ♣❧❛② ❛ ✈❡-② ✐♠♣♦-*❛♥*

-♦❧❡ ✐♥ ♦✉- ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❲❡ ❤❛❧❧ ♥♦✇ *❛❦❡ ❛ ❞❡*❛✐❧❡❞ ❧♦♦❦ ❛* ❜♦*❤ ❝♦♥*❡①* ❛♥❞

♣-♦①✐♠✐*②✱ ❛ ♠❡*-✐❝ ❢♦- ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛❝❝❡ ❝♦♥*-♦❧ ② *❡♠ *❛✐❧♦-❡❞ ❢♦- ♦❝✐❛❧

❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ✳

✸✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥'❡①'* ❡①♣,❡**❡❞ ❛* ❧❛❜❡❧*

❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉*❡- -❡♣-❡ ❡♥*❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣-♦✉♣ ✉ ✉❛❧❧② ❞❡ ❝-✐❜❡ ❛♥ ♦-❣❛♥✐③❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢

✉ ❡- ♦❢ ❛ ♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♦❢*✇❛-❡ ♣-♦❞✉❝* ♦- ❢❡❛*✉-❡✱ ❝♦♥ ✐❞❡-❡❞ *♦❣❡*❤❡- ❜❡❝❛✉ ❡ ♦❢

*❤❡ ✐♠✐❧❛-✐*✐❡ *❤❡② ❤❛-❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡-✱ ♦♥❝❡ ✇❡ *-② *♦ ❞✐-❡❝*❧② ❛♣♣❧② *❤✐ ♥♦*✐♦♥

*♦ *❤❡ ♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ *♦ ❢❛❝❡ *❤❡ ❢❛❝* *❤❛* ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛-❡ ✉♥✐@✉❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✳

❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❛❧✇❛② *-② *♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❣-♦✉♣ ✐♥*♦ ✉❜✲❣-♦✉♣ ✱ ❜✉* ✇❡ ♠✉ * ❦❡❡♣ ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞

*❤❛* ♦✉- ♦❝✐❛❧ -❡❧❛*✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✈❡-② ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ *❤❡-❡❢♦-❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧* *♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡

✐♥ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝*-♦♥✐❝ ❡♥✈✐-♦♥♠❡♥*✳

❖♥ *❤❡ ♦*❤❡- ❤❛♥❞✱ ✇❡ ❛-❡ ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥*✐❛*✐♥❣ ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ ❛ ❧❛-❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡-

♦❢ ♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥*❡①* ✱ ♦❢*❡♥ ✇✐*❤ ✈❡-② ✉❜*❧❡ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥❝❡ ✳ ❚♦ ❤❡❧♣ ✉ ❞♦ *❤✐ ✱ ✇❡

❧❛❜❡❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❜❥❡❝* ✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♦✉- -❡❧❛*✐♦♥ *♦✇❛-❞ *❤❡♠ ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ♦✈❡- *❤❡

*✐♠❡✱ ✇❡ ❡✐*❤❡- ♣-❡ ❡-✈❡ ♦- ♠♦❞✐❢② *❤❡ ❧❛❜❡❧ ✳ ❆ ♦♣♣♦ ❡❞ *♦ ❣-♦✉♣✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱

♦♥❡ ♦- ♠♦-❡ ❧❛❜❡❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❛ ✐❣♥❡❞ *♦ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❛*❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥

❛❧ ♦ ❜❡ ✐♥ *❛♥*❧② ❝-❡❛*❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ *❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❛-✐ ❡ ✱ ✐♠✐❧❛- *♦ ❤♦✇ *❛❣ ♦- ❦❡②✇♦-❞

❛-❡ ❝-❡❛*❡❞ ♦♥ ❜❧♦❣❣✐♥❣ ♣❧❛*❢♦-♠ ✭❡✳❣✳ ★❜❡❛❝❤♣❛'(②✷✵✶✸✱ ★.♦❝❝❡'(❡❛♠✱

★❢❛♠✐❧②✱ ❡*❝✳✮✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ *❤❡-❡❢♦-❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ *♦ ❛♣♣❧② *❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣* ♦❢ ❝♦♥#❡①#&

❡①♣-❡ ❡❞ *❤-♦✉❣❤ ❧❛❜❡❧& ✐♥ ♦✉- ♣-♦♣♦ ❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✳

✸✳✷✳✷ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ♣,♦①✐♠✐'② ❞✐*'❛♥❝❡

❈✉--❡♥* ♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ❛-❡ ✉ ✉❛❧❧② ❧✐♠✐*❡❞ ✐♥ *❤❡ *②♣❡ ♦❢ -❡❧❛*✐♦♥ *❤❡②

❡①♣-❡ ✭❢+✐❡♥❞& ♦♥ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✱ ❝✐+❝❧❡& ♦♥ ●♦♦❣❧❡✰ ♦- ❛&♣❡❝#& ♦♥ ❉✐❛ ♣♦-❛✮✱ ❛♥❞

*❤❡② ♦❢*❡♥ ❞♦ ✐* ✐♥ ❛ ✈❡-② ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ✇❛②✱ ✇✐*❤♦✉* *❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ *♦ ❡①♣-❡ *-❡♥❣*❤

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54 3. ACCESS CONTROL

❢♦" "❡❧❛&✐♦♥)✳ ❋♦" ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✇❡ ❛"❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛" ✇✐&❤ "❡❧❛&✐♦♥) ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✭❡✳❣✳

✧❆♥♥ ❦♥♦✇) ❇❛""②✧ ♦" ✧❆♥♥ ❥✉)& ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❢"✐❡♥❞) ✇✐&❤ ❇❛""②✧✮ ❛♥❞ "❡❧❛&✐♦♥) ❜❡✲

&✇❡❡♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❜❥❡❝&) ✭❡✳❣✳ ✧❆♥♥ ♦✇♥) &❤✐) ✐♠❛❣❡✧ ♦" ✧❆♥♥ )❤❛"❡❞ &❤✐) ✜❧❡✧✮✳

❆ &②♣✐❝❛❧ )♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡)❝"✐❜❡ &❤❡ "❡❧❛&✐♦♥ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ❆♥♥

❛♥❞ ❇❛""② ❛) ❛ )&❛&❡♠❡♥& &❤❛& ❇❛""② ✐) ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❆♥♥✬) ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳

❋✐♥❞✐♥❣ &❤❡ "✐❣❤& &❡"♠✐♥♦❧♦❣② ✐) ✈❡"② ✐♠♣♦"&❛♥& ✐♥ &❤✐) ❝❛)❡✱ )✐♥❝❡ ❢♦" )♦♠❡

♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐& ✐♠♣❧✐❡) &❤❡ ❢❛❝& &❤❛& ❆♥♥ ✐) ❢%✐❡♥❞) ✇✐&❤ ❇❛""②✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥ ❢❛❝& ✐&

♦♥❧② ❞❡)❝"✐❜❡) ❛ ✉♥✐❞✐"❡❝&✐♦♥❛❧ "❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ❆♥♥ ❛♥❞ ❇❛""②✳ ❈✉""❡♥&

♣♦♣✉❧❛" )♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡&✇♦"❦) ❝♦♥)✐❞❡" &❤❛& ❆♥♥ ✧✐) ❢"✐❡♥❞)✧ ✇✐&❤ ❇❛""② ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢

&❤❡ "❡❝✐♣"♦❝❛❧ ✐) ❛❧)♦ &"✉❡✱ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❇❛""② ✧✐) ❢"✐❡♥❞)✧ ✇✐&❤ ❆♥♥✳ ❆❞❞✐&✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱

&❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦& ♦✛❡" &❤❡ ♣♦))✐❜✐❧✐&② &♦ ❝♦♥✈❡② ✇❤❛& ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ "❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣ ✐& ✐)✱ )✐♥❝❡

&❤❡② ❧❛❝❦ ❛ )❡♠❛♥&✐❝ ❞❡)❝"✐♣&✐♦♥ ♦❢ )❛✐❞ "❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣✳ ❆& &❤❡ )❛♠❡ &✐♠❡✱ ✐& ✐)

✐♠♣♦"&❛♥& &♦ ♣"❡)❡"✈❡ &❤❡ ♣"✐✈❛❝② ❛)♣❡❝&) ♦❢ ❞✐)❝❧♦)✐♥❣ "❡❧❛&✐♦♥ &②♣❡) ✭❡✳❣✳ ❆♥♥

♠❛② ♥♦& ✇❛♥& ❇❛""② &♦ ❦♥♦✇ &❤❛& ❤❡ ✇❛) ❧❛❜❡❧❧❡❞ ❛) ❛ ✧❜❛❞ ❝♦✲✇♦"❦❡"✧✮✳

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❋✐❣✉"❡ ✸✳✹✿ ❖✉" "❡♣"❡)❡♥&❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥&❡①&✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ♣"♦①✐♠✐&② ❧❡✈❡❧)✱ ❜❛)❡❞ ♦♥

❍❛❧❧✬) ❝♦♥❝❡♣& ♦❢ ♣❡")♦♥❛❧ )♣❛❝❡)✳

■♥ ❚❤❡ ❍✐❞❞❡♥ ❉✐♠❡♥)✐♦♥ ❬✸✶❪✱ ❍❛❧❧ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡) &❤❡ ✈❛"✐♦✉) ❝✉❧&✉"❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣&)

♦❢ )♣❛❝❡ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❞✐✛❡"❡♥❝❡) ❛♠♦♥❣ &❤❡♠ ❛✛❡❝& ♠♦❞❡"♥ )♦❝✐❡&②✳

❍❛❧❧ &❛❧❦) ❛❜♦✉& ❢♦✉" )♣❛❝❡)✿ ✐♥*✐♠❛*❡✱ ♣❡%)♦♥❛❧ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ "❡♥❛♠❡❞ &♦

❝❧♦)❡✮✱ )♦❝✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✳ ❆♣♣❧②✐♥❣ &❤❡)❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣&) &♦ ❛ )♦❝✐❛❧ ♣❧❛&❢♦"♠ ❤❡❧♣)

❞❡✜♥❡ &❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤& ♦❢ "❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣)✳ ❋"♦♠ ♥♦✇ ♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ "❡❢❡" &♦ &❤✐) ♠❡&"✐❝ ❛)

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3.3. PROPOSED SOCIAL ACCESS CONTROL SERVICE 55

♣!♦①✐♠✐&② ✭♥♦# $❡❧❛#❡❞ #♦ ♣❤②,✐❝❛❧ ♦$ ❣❡♦❣$❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ♣$♦①✐♠✐#②✮✳

■♥ #❤❡ ,❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ #❤❡ ,❡$✈✐❝❡ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣$♦♣♦,❡ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ,❡❝#✐♦♥✱ ❛❝❝❡,,

❝♦♥#$♦❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❡, #♦ $❡❧❛#✐♦♥, ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ ✉,❡$, ❛♥❞ $❡,♦✉$❝❡,✳ ❘❡,♦✉$❝❡, ❝❛♥ ❡✐#❤❡$

❜❡ ❘❉❋ #$✐♣❧❡, ❣❡♥❡$❛#❡❞ ❜② #❤❡ ✉,❡$ ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣❡$,♦♥❛❧ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛#✐♦♥✱

❝♦♠♠❡♥#,✱ ❡#❝✳✮ ♦$ ♥♦♥✲❘❉❋ ✜❧❡, ✭❡✳❣✳ ✐♠❛❣❡,✱ ✈✐❞❡♦,✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥#,✱ ❡#❝✳✮✳ ❲❡

✇✐❧❧ ♦♥❧② ❢♦❝✉, ♦♥ #❤❡ ❘❉❋ #②♣❡✱ ,✐♥❝❡ ♥✉♠❡$♦✉, ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥#$♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐,♠,

❛❧$❡❛❞② ❡①✐,# ❢♦$ ♦$❞✐♥❛$② ✜❧❡,✳

❚♦ ❞❡,❝$✐❜❡ $❡❧❛#✐♦♥,❤✐♣, ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ ✉,❡$,✱ ✇❡ ,#❛$# ✇✐#❤ #❤❡ $♦♦# ❝❧❛,, ❝❛❧❧❡❞

❘❡❧❛$✐♦♥(❤✐♣✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦$$❡,♣♦♥❞, #♦ #❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ,♣❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❜② ✐#,❡❧❢ ✐♠♣❧②✐♥❣ ❛♥

✉♥,♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ $❡❧❛#✐♦♥,❤✐♣✳ ◆❡①# ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦✉$ ,✉❜❝❧❛,,❡,✱ +✉❜❧✐❝✱ ❙♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❈❧♦(❡

✭❝♦$$❡,♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ #♦ #❤❡ C❡$,♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧✮✱ ❛♥❞ ■♥$✐♠❛$❡✱ ❛❧❧ ❝♦$$❡,♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ #♦ ❛

♣$♦①✐♠✐#② ❧❡✈❡❧ ❞❡,❝$✐❜❡❞ ❜② ❍❛❧❧ ❬✸✶❪✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡$✱ #❤❡,❡ $❡❧❛#✐♦♥,❤✐♣ #②♣❡, ❞♦

♥♦# ♣$♦✈✐❞❡ ❝♦♥#❡①#✳ ❚♦ ❝♦♥✈❡② ❝♦♥#❡①#✱ ❧❛❜❡❧, ✭✐✳❡✳ ★(✐❜❧✐♥❣(✱ ★(♣♦5$($❡❛♠✮

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛,,✐❣♥❡❞ #♦ ❡❛❝❤ ,✉❜❝❧❛,, ✭❋✐❣✉$❡ ✸✳✹✮✳

✸✳✸ "#♦♣♦&❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡&& ❈♦♥1#♦❧ ❙❡#✈✐❝❡

❖✉$ ♣$♦♣♦,❡❞ ,♦❧✉#✐♦♥✱ #❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡.. ❈♦♥&!♦❧ ❙❡!✈✐❝❡ ✭❙❆❈❙✮ ✐, ♦$#❤♦❣♦♥❛❧

#♦ ❡①✐,#✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥#$♦❧ ,②,#❡♠,✱ ❛, ✐# ✐, ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ♣$♦①✐♠✐#② ❧❡✈❡❧,

❛♥❞ ❧❛❜❡❧, #♦❣❡#❤❡$ ✇✐#❤ ♦✉$ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐♥#❡$❛❝#✐♦♥, ✭❡✳❣✳ ,❤❛$✐♥❣ ❛ $❡,♦✉$❝❡ ✇✐#❤

,♦♠❡♦♥❡✱ #❛❣❣✐♥❣ ❛ ✉,❡$ ✇✐#❤✐♥ ❛ ,♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥#❡①#✱ ❡#❝✳✮✱ ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ #♦ ❛♣♣❧② ❛❝❝❡,,

❝♦♥#$♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡, #♦ ❛ ✉,❡$✬, ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ,♦❝✐❛❧ $❡,♦✉$❝❡, ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ✉,❡$✬, ♣$♦✜❧❡✱ ✇❛❧❧

♣♦,#,✱ ❝♦♥✈❡$,❛#✐♦♥,✮✳

❙❆❈❙ ✐, ❝♦♠♣$✐,❡❞ ♦❢ #✇♦ ❞✐,#✐♥❝# ,✉❜✲,❡$✈✐❝❡,✱ ❛ ❘❡❧❛&✐♦♥.❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐&♦!

✭❘▼✮ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❙&❛&✐❝ ❆❝❝❡.. ❈♦♥&!♦❧ ✭❙❆❈✮ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✱ ❛, ,❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✸✳✺✳

❚❤❡ ❘▼ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡, #❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❡✈♦❧✉#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉,❡$ $❡❧❛#✐♦♥,❤✐♣, ❛♥❞ ✐#

❛♣♣❧✐❡, #♦ ✉,❡$ ❣❡♥❡$❛#❡❞ ❝♦♥#❡♥# ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛#✐♦♥✱ ✇❛❧❧ ♣♦,#,✱ ❝♦♥✈❡$,❛✲

#✐♦♥,✱ ❡#❝✳✮✳ ■# $❡❧✐❡, ♦♥ ❛ ❘❡❧❛#✐♦♥,❤✐♣ ❍✐,#♦$② ❞❛#❛❜❛,❡ ✇❤❡♥ ,✉❣❣❡,#✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡,,

❝♦♥#$♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡, ♦$ #❛❦✐♥❣ ❞❡❝✐,✐♦♥, ✭❙❡❝#✐♦♥ ✸✳✸✳✸✮✳ ❚❤✐, ❞❛#❛❜❛,❡ ❝♦♥#❛✐♥, ❛

❧✐,# ♦❢ ✐♥#❡$❛❝#✐♦♥, ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ #❤❡ ✉,❡$ ❛♥❞ ❤✐,✴❤❡$ ❢$✐❡♥❞,✳ ❍✐,#♦$② ❡♥#$✐❡, ❛$❡

✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥#❧② ❝$❡❛#❡❞ ✇❤❡♥❡✈❡$ #❤❡ ✉,❡$ ✐♥#❡$❛❝#, ✇✐#❤ ♦#❤❡$ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ,✉❝❤ ❛,

,❤❛$✐♥❣ ❛ $❡,♦✉$❝❡ ✇✐#❤ ,♦♠❡♦♥❡✱ #❛❣❣✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡$,♦♥ ✇✐#❤✐♥ ❛ ,♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥#❡①#✱

❡#❝✳✳ ❆, #❤✐, ,②,#❡♠ ✐, ❞❡,✐❣♥❡❞ #♦ $✉♥ ♦♥ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❝♦♥#$♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② #❤❡ ✉,❡$✱

#❤❡ ♣$✐✈❛❝② ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥, $❡,✉❧#✐♥❣ ❢$♦♠ ,✉❝❤ ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥#❡$❛❝#✐♦♥,

,❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ $❡❞✉❝❡❞✳

❆ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥# ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥#✱ #❤❡ ❙❆❈ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✱ ✐, ✉,❡❞ #♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ,#❛#✐❝ ❛❝❝❡,,

❝♦♥#$♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡, #❤❛# ❛♣♣❧② #♦ ♠♦,# #②♣❡, ♦❢ $❡,♦✉$❝❡, ✭❡✐#❤❡$ ❘❉❋ ♦$ ❜✐♥❛$②

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥#,✮✳ ❋♦$ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❡♥❢♦$❝✐♥❣✱ #❤❡ ❙❆❈ ♠❛② $❡❧② ♦♥ ❡✐#❤❡$ ❲❆❈ ♦$ ❆■❘ ✭❝❢✳

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✸✳✺✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ #❤❡♥ ,#♦$❡ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥#$♦❧ $✉❧❡, ✐♥ #❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❞❛#❛❜❛,❡✱

#♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐#❛#❡ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥#$♦❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥#✳ ❘✉❧❡, ❛$❡ $❡♣$❡,❡♥#❡❞ ✉,✐♥❣ ❘❉❋✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❡❛♥, #❤❛# #❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❛,✐❧② ❡①♣♦$#❡❞ #♦ ❜❡ ✉,❡❞ ♦♥ ♦#❤❡$ ♣❧❛#❢♦$♠,✳

❚❤❡ ❙❆❈ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❝❛♥ ♦♣❡$❛#❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥#❧② ❢$♦♠ #❤❡ ❘▼ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✱ ❛, ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧

,❡❡ ✐♥ ❙❡❝#✐♦♥ ✸✳✸✳✷✳

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56 3. ACCESS CONTROL

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3.3. PROPOSED SOCIAL ACCESS CONTROL SERVICE 57

❡❝✐♣✐❡♥&'✳

▲❡& ✉' ♥♦✇ ✐♥✈❡'&✐❣❛&❡ &❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥&' ♦❢ ♦✉ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡'' ❈♦♥& ♦❧ ❙❡ ✈✐❝❡

❛♥❞ &❤❡ ✇❛② &❤❡② ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❛❝❝❡'' ❝♦♥& ♦❧ ❞❡❝✐'✐♦♥'✱ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ✇✐&❤ &❤❡ ❙&❛&✐❝

❆❝❝❡'' ❈♦♥& ♦❧ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✳

✸✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❙'❛'✐❝ ❆❝❝❡,, ❈♦♥'0♦❧ ❡♥❣✐♥❡

❆' &❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ '✉❣❣❡'&'✱ &❤❡ ❙!❛!✐❝ ❆❝❝❡'' ❈♦♥!+♦❧ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡' ♣ ❡❞❡✜♥❡❞

♣ ✐✈❛❝② ✉❧❡'✳ ❊✈❡♥ &❤♦✉❣❤ ✐& ✐' ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦ &❛♥& ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥& ♦❢ ❙❆❈❙✱ ✐& ❞♦❡' ♥♦&

❡>✉✐ ❡ &❤❡ ❘▼ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ &♦ ❜❡ ♣ ❡'❡♥& ❛♥❞ ❢✉♥❝&✐♦♥✐♥❣✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡ ✱ ✐♥ &❤✐' ❝❛'❡✱

✉'❡ ' ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ &♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛❝❝❡'' ❝♦♥& ♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡' ❢♦ &❤❡✐ ❞❛&❛✳ ❚❤❡

❙❆❈ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❤❛' ❜❡❡♥ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥&❡❞ ❛' ❛ ❢❡❛&✉ ❡ ♦❢ ▼②C ♦✜❧❡ ✭'❡❡ ❙❡❝&✐♦♥ ✹✳✸ ♦❢

❈❤❛♣&❡ ✹✮✳

C❧❡❛'❡ ♥♦&❡ ❢ ♦♠ ❋✐❣✉ ❡ ✸✳✺ &❤❛& &❤❡ ❙❆❈ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❝♦♥&❛✐♥' &✇♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❡'✱

&❤❡ ❈♦♥!❡①!' ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐' ♦✉ ❝♦♥& ✐❜✉&✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♣ ❡'❡♥&❡❞ ♥❡①&✱ ❛♥❞

&❤❡ ❣❡♥❡ ✐❝ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜❛'❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ '&❛&✐❝ '❡♠❛♥&✐❝ ❛❝❝❡'' ❝♦♥& ♦❧

♠❡❝❤❛♥✐'♠ ❧✐❦❡ ❲❆❈ ♦ ❆■❘✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡ ✐❝ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦& ❜❡ ♣ ❡'❡♥&❡❞ ❛' ✐& ✐'

♦✉& ♦❢ '❝♦♣❡ ❢♦ &❤✐' &❤❡'✐'✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡ ✱ &❤❡ ♣✉ ♣♦'❡ ♦❢ &❤❡ ❣❡♥❡ ✐❝ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐' &♦

♣ ♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐&✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❛②❡ ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡'' ❝♦♥& ♦❧ ❢♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&'✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥

&❤❡ ✉'❡ ✬' ♣ ❡❢❡ ❡♥❝❡' ✐& ♠❛② ♦ ♠❛② ♥♦& ❜❡ ❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ♦♥ &❤❡ '②'&❡♠✳

❈♦♥#❡①#& ♠♦❞✉❧❡

❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ &❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡' ♣ ♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❧'♦ ❝♦♥'✐❞❡ ✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❢❛❝& &❤❛&

✉'❡ ' ❞♦ ♥♦& ❡♥❥♦② '♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ &✐♠❡ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ♣ ✐✈❛❝② ✉❧❡'✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡ ❛

'❡& ♦❢ ❞❡❢❛✉❧& ✉❧❡'✱ '♣❡❝✐✜❝ &♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♣ ♦①✐♠✐&② ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❛ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐♥ ♦✉

♣ ♦♣♦'❡❞ '♦❧✉&✐♦♥ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡' ✜ '& ❝ ❡❛&✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥&❡①& ✭❧❛❜❡❧✮✳ ❘❡'♦✉ ❝❡' ❛' ✇❡❧❧ ❛'

✉'❡ ' ❛ ❡ ♠❛&❝❤❡❞ &♦ '♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥&❡①&'✳ ■❢ ❛ ♠❛&❝❤ ✐' ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ &❤❡ ❝♦♥&❡①&

&❤❛& ✐' ❜♦✉♥❞ &♦ &❤❡ ❡'♦✉ ❝❡ ❛♥❞ &❤❡ ❝♦♥&❡①& ❛''✐❣♥❡❞ &♦ &❤❡ ✉'❡ ✱ &❤❡♥ &❤❡

✉'❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❣ ❛♥&❡❞ ❛❝❝❡'' &♦ &❤❡ ❡'♦✉ ❝❡✳

❚❤❡ ❡❧❛&✐♦♥'❤✐♣ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ❛ ❝♦♥&❡①& ❛♥❞ ❛ ❡'♦✉ ❝❡ ♦ ❛ ✉'❡ ✐' ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❛

❣ ❛♣❤ ✐♥ ❢♦ ♠ ♦❢ & ✐♣❧❡'✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❜❛'✐❝ ♣ ✐♥❝✐♣❧❡' ♦❢ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛&❛✳ ❈♦♥&❡①&'

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛''✐❣♥❡❞ &♦ ❛❧❧ ❡'♦✉ ❝❡' ❛& &❤❡ & ✐♣❧❡ ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❋♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❛ &✐❝✉❧❛ ✉'❡ ♦❢

&❤❡ '②'&❡♠✱ &❤❡ '②'&❡♠ ❛''✐❣♥' ❛ ❣ ❛♣❤ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝♦♥!❡①!'✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐' ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝&✐♦♥

♦❢ ❝♦♥&❡①&' ❝ ❡❛&❡❞ ❜② &❤❡ ✉'❡ ✭❋✐❣✉ ❡ ✸✳✼✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧'♦ ❛''✐❣♥' ❣ ❛♣❤' ❢♦ ❡❛❝❤

❝♦♥&❡①& ✭❋✐❣✉ ❡ ✸✳✻✮✳ ❆❧❧ ❝♦♥&❡①& ❣ ❛♣❤' ❛ ❡ ❜❡ '&♦ ❡❞ ✐♥ &❤❡ .♦❧✐❝✐❡' ❉❛!❛❜❛'❡✳

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❋✐❣✉ ❡ ✸✳✻✿ ● ❛♣❤ ❝♦♥&❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥&❡①&' ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❇❛ ②✳

❊❛❝❤ ❝♦♥&❡①& ✐' ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛' ❛ ❡'♦✉ ❝❡ ❣ ❛♣❤ ✇✐&❤ ✐&' ♦✇♥ ✉♥✐>✉❡ ❯❘■✳

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58 3. ACCESS CONTROL

❚♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♥)❡①) ❛ ❝❧❡❛, ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✱ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❝♦♥)❡①) ❤❛2 ❛ ♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥

♦♣)✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡2❝,✐♣)✐♦♥ ✜❡❧❞ ✭❋✐❣✉,❡ ✸✳✼✮✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ )❤❡ ❝♦♥)❡①)✬2 ♣,✐♠❛,② ❢✉♥❝)✐♦♥ ✐2

)♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ )❤❡ ,❡❧❛)✐♦♥2❤✐♣ ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ ❛ ✉2❡, ❛♥❞ ❛ ,❡2♦✉,❝❡✱ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥)❡①) ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❜♦✉♥❞ )♦ 2❡✈❡,❛❧ ,❡2♦✉,❝❡2 ❛♥❞ ✉2❡,2 ✭❋✐❣✉,❡ ✸✳✼✮✳ ❋♦, ✐♥2)❛♥❝❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♥)❡①) ❣,❛♣❤

♠❛② ❝♦♥)❛✐♥ ♣,♦✜❧❡ ❞❛)❛ ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡,2✱ ❢✉❧❧ ♥❛♠❡✱ ❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡2✱ ❡)❝✳✮✱

✇❛❧❧ ♣♦2)2✱ ♦, ❡✈❡♥ ❝♦♥✈❡,2❛)✐♦♥2 ❜❡)✇❡❡♥ ✉2❡,2 ✭✐♥ )❤❡ ❢♦,♠ ♦❢ ❙■❖❈

,❡2♦✉,❝❡2✮✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡,✱ 2✐♥❝❡ )❤❡,❡ ✐2 ♥♦ 2✉❝❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♣) ❛2 ✧♣♦✐♥)❡,2✧ ✭❧✐❦❡ )❤❡ ♦♥❡2 ❢♦✉♥❞

✐♥ ❈✴❈✰✰✮✱ )❤✐2 ♦♣❡,❛)✐♦♥ ✐♠♣❧✐❡2 )❤❛) ❡❛❝❤ )✐♠❡ ❛ ❝♦♥)❡①) ✐2 ❛22✐❣♥❡❞ )♦ ❛

,❡2♦✉,❝❡✱ )❤❡ ,❡2♦✉,❝❡ ❯❘■ ✭♦, ❧✐)❡,❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡✮ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝♦♣✐❡❞ ✐♥)♦ )❤❡ ❝♦♥)❡①)

❣,❛♣❤✳ ❆♥♦)❤❡, 2✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥) ❞,❛✇❜❛❝❦ ,❡2✉❧)✐♥❣ ❢,♦♠ )❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥)❡,2 ✐2 )❤❛)

✉♣❞❛)✐♥❣ ❛ ,❡2♦✉,❝❡ ✐♥ )❤❡ ✉2❡,✬2 ♣,♦✜❧❡ ♠✉2) ❜❡ ,❡✢❡❝)❡❞ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥)❡①) ❣,❛♣❤2

❝♦♥)❛✐♥✐♥❣ )❤❛) ♣❛,)✐❝✉❧❛, ,❡2♦✉,❝❡✳

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❋✐❣✉,❡ ✸✳✼✿ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❣,❛♣❤ ❢♦, )❤❡ ❝♦♥)❡①) ★❢"✐❡♥❞'

❋♦, ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❧❡)✬2 ❝♦♥2✐❞❡, )❤❛) ❇❛,,② ❛22✐❣♥2 )❤❡ ★❢"✐❡♥❞' ❝♦♥)❡①)

)♦ ❤✐2 ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡,✱ )❤✉2 ❧✐♠✐)✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡22 )♦ )❤✐2 ,❡2♦✉,❝❡✳ ■♥ ❝❛2❡ )❤✐2

♣❛,)✐❝✉❧❛, ❝♦♥)❡①) ❞♦❡2 ♥♦) ❡①✐2)✱ )❤❡ 2②2)❡♠ ❝,❡❛)❡2 ❛ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥)❡①) ❣,❛♣❤✱

✇✐)❤ )❤❡ ❯❘■ ❤))♣'✿✴✴❜❛""②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣♦❧✐❝✐❡'✴❝♦♥)❡①)'✴❢"✐❡♥❞' ✭❋✐❣✉,❡ ✸✳✼✮✳

❙✐♥❝❡ )❤❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡, ✐2 ♣❛,) ♦❢ )❤❡ ✉2❡, ♣,♦✜❧❡✱ )❤❡ 2②2)❡♠ ❝,❡❛)❡2 ❛

♣♦✐♥)❡❞ ❣,❛♣❤ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❁★♣"♦✜❧❡❃ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐) ❝♦♣✐❡2 )❤❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡, ❡♥),②✳

◆❡①)✱ ❇❛,,② ✇❛♥)2 )♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❆♥♥ )♦ ✈✐❡✇ ❤✐2 ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡,✳ ❚♦ ❞♦ )❤✐2✱

❤❡ ❤❛2 )♦ ❛22✐❣♥ )❤❡ 2❛♠❡ ❝♦♥)❡①) ❧❛❜❡❧ ✭✐✳❡✳ ★❢"✐❡♥❞'✮ )♦ )❤❡ ✉2❡, ❆♥♥✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ✐2 ✐❞❡♥)✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❤❡, ❲❡❜■❉✳ ❚❤❡ 2②2)❡♠ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦✇ ❛❞❞ ❆♥♥✬2 ❲❡❜■❉ )♦

)❤❡ ❧✐2) ♦❢ ✉2❡,2 )♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ )❤❡ ❝♦♥)❡①) ★❢"✐❡♥❞' ❤❛2 ❜❡❡♥ ❛22✐❣♥❡❞ )♦ ✭❋✐❣✉,❡ ✸✳✼✮✳

❙❡✈❡,❛❧ ❝♦♥)❡①)2 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛22✐❣♥❡❞ )♦ ❛ ,❡2♦✉,❝❡ ♦, )♦ ❛ ✉2❡,✳ ❯2❡,2 ✐♥ )❤❡

2❛♠❡ ♣,♦①✐♠✐)② ❧❡✈❡❧ ❝❛♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐✛❡,❡♥) ❝♦♥)❡①)2✱ ❝♦,,❡2♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ )♦ ❞✐✛❡,❡♥)

,❡2♦✉,❝❡2✱ ❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ ✉2❡, ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② 2❡❡ )❤❡ ,❡2♦✉,❝❡2 ❛22✐❣♥❡❞ )♦ )❤❡♠✳ ■) 2❤♦✉❧❞

❜❡ ♥♦)❡❞ )❤❛) ✐❢ )❤❡ ✉2❡, ❤❛2 ♥♦ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛❝❝❡22 ❝♦♥),♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡2✱ )❤❡♥ ❛❧❧ )❤❡

,❡2♦✉,❝❡2 )❤❡② ♦✇♥ ❛,❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧)✳

▲❡) ✉2 ♥♦✇ )❛❦❡ ❛ ❧♦♦❦ ❛) )❤❡ ❛❧❣♦,✐)❤♠ )❤❛) ✐2 ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ ♦,❞❡, )♦ ♠❛)❝❤

✉2❡,2 ❛♥❞ ,❡2♦✉,❝❡2 )♦ ❝♦♥)❡①)2✱ ❡❛❝❤ )✐♠❡ ❛ ,❡U✉❡2) ✐2 ,❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② )❤❡ 2②2)❡♠✳

❤!!♣✿✴✴%❞❢(✳♦%❣✴(✐♦❝✴(♣❡❝✴

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3.3. PROPOSED SOCIAL ACCESS CONTROL SERVICE 59

❈♦♥#❡①# ♠❛#❝❤✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦-✐#❤♠

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✸✳✽ ♣$❡*❡♥,* ❛ *✐♠♣❧❡ ❛❧❣♦$✐,❤♠✱ ❞❡*❝$✐❜✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ♣$♦❝❡** ♦❢ ❝♦♥,❡①,

♠❛,❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ,❤✐* ♣$♦❝❡** ✐* ,♦ ✜♥❛❧❧② $❡,✉$♥ ❛ ✉♥✐#✉❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢

$❡;✉❡*,❡❞ $❡*♦✉$❝❡* ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ✉*❡$✬* ♣$♦✜❧❡✱ ❛ ✇❛❧❧✱ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡$*❛,✐♦♥✱ ❡,❝✳✮✱ ❜❛*❡❞ ♦♥

,❤❡✐$ ❝♦$$❡*♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡**✳

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❋✐❣✉$❡ ✸✳✽✿ ❈♦♥,❡①, ♠❛,❝❤✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦$✐,❤♠✳

❚❤❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛,✐♦♥ ❝♦♥,❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❘❡#✉❡() ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡* ,❤❡ ,②♣❡ ♦❢ ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,❡❞

$❡*♦✉$❝❡ ✭❚✮✱ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♦❢ ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,❡$ ✭❯✮ ❛♥❞ ,❤❡ ❞❛,❛ *❡$✐❛❧✐③❛,✐♦♥ ❢♦$♠❛,

✭❙✮ ❢♦$ ,❤❡ $❡*♣♦♥*❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❚✉$,❧❡✱ ❘❉❋✴❳▼▲✱ ◆✸✱ ❡,❝✳✮✳ ❆, ,❤✐* ♣♦✐♥,✱ ✇❡

❛**✉♠❡ ,❤❛, ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,✐♥❣ ✉*❡$ ❤❛* ❛❧$❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,❡❞ ❛, ,❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥,

♦❢ ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,✳ ■❢ ,❤❡ ✉*❡$ ❤❛* ♥♦, ❜❡❡♥ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,❡❞✱ ♦♥❧② ,❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢

,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,❡❞ $❡*♦✉$❝❡ ✐* $❡,✉$♥❡❞✳

❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ *,❡♣ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❛❧❣♦$✐,❤♠ ✐* ,♦ ❧♦♦❦✉♣ ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,❡$ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❣$❛♣❤

♦❢ ✉*❡$* ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ ,♦ ,❤❡ $❡*♦✉$❝❡ ♦✇♥❡$✳ ■❢ ,❤❡$❡ ✐* ♥♦ ♠❛,❝❤✱ ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,❡$

$❡❝❡✐✈❡* ♦♥❧② ,❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,❡❞ $❡*♦✉$❝❡✳ ❖,❤❡$✇✐*❡✱ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥,❡①,*

❛**✐❣♥❡❞ ,♦ ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,❡$✬* ❲❡❜■❉ ❛$❡ ❡①,$❛❝,❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❧✐*, ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥,❡①,* ❯❘■*

✭❚▲✮ ✐* ❝$❡❛,❡❞✳

❚❤❡ ♥❡①, *,❡♣ ✐* ,♦ ❝$❡❛,❡ ❛ ,❡♠♣♦$❛$②✱ ✐♥✲♠❡♠♦$② ❣$❛♣❤ ✭●✮✱ ,♦ *,♦$❡ ♦♥❧②

,❤❡ $❡*♦✉$❝❡* ♠❛,❝❤✐♥❣ ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,❡$✬* ❛❝❝❡** ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡*✳ ❚❤✐* ❣$❛♣❤ ✇✐❧❧ ♦♥❧②

❜❡ ✉*❡❞ ❞✉$✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ♣$♦❝❡**✐♥❣ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❛❧❣♦$✐,❤♠✱ ,♦ ❤♦❧❞ ,❤❡ ❝♦♥,❡♥,* ♦❢ ,❤❡ $❡♣❧②✳

❖♥❝❡ ,❤❡ ❣$❛♣❤ ❤❛* ❜❡❡♥ ❝$❡❛,❡❞✱ ✐, ✐* ,✐♠❡ ,♦ ❝♦♣② ❛❧❧ $❡*♦✉$❝❡* ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣

,♦ ,❤❡ ❧✐*, ♦❢ ❝♦♥,❡①,* ✭❚▲✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦$$❡*♣♦♥❞ ,♦ ,❤❡ ,②♣❡ ♦❢ ,❤❡ $❡;✉❡*,

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60 3. ACCESS CONTROL

✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ♣&♦✜❧❡✱ ❛ ✇❛❧❧✱ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡&/❛0✐♦♥✱ ❡0❝✳✮✳

❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ 0❤❡ ❣&❛♣❤ ✭●✮ ✐/ /❡&✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥ 0❤❡ &❡9✉❡/0❡❞ ❢♦&♠❛0 ✭❙✮ ❜❡❢♦&❡ ❜❡✐♥❣

&❡0✉&♥❡❞ 0♦ 0❤❡ &❡9✉❡/0✐♥❣ ✉/❡& ✭❯✮✳ ❆/ /♦♦♥ ❛/ 0❤❡ ❝♦♥0❡♥0/ ♦❢ ✭●✮ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥

/❡♥0 0❤&♦✉❣❤ ❍❚❚C✭❙✮✱ 0❤❡ ❣&❛♣❤ ✐/ ❞❡/0&♦②❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠❡♠♦&② ✐/ ❢&❡❡❞✳

✸✳✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❘❡❧❛(✐♦♥,❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐(♦/ ❡♥❣✐♥❡

❚❤❡ ❘❡❧❛$✐♦♥(❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐$♦, ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✭❘▼✮ ✐/ 0❛/❦❡❞ 0♦ ❛♥❛❧②/❡ 0❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝✐0② ♦❢

&❡❧❛0✐♦♥/❤✐♣/ ❜❡0✇❡❡♥ 0✇♦ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✉/❡&/✱ ✐♥ ♦&❞❡& 0♦ ❡✐0❤❡& ♣&♦✈✐❞❡ ♥♦0✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥/

❢♦& ♣♦0❡♥0✐❛❧ ♣&✐✈❛❝② ✐//✉❡/ 0❤❛0 ♠❛② ❛&✐/❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐/❝❧♦/✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛0✐♦♥✱ ♦& ✐0

♠❛② ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦❞✐❢② ❡①✐/0✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡// ❝♦♥0&♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡/ ❢♦& ✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ &❡9✉❡/0/ ✭✐❢ /♦

❝♦♥✜❣✉&❡❞✮✳

❚❤❡ ❘▼ ❛♣♣❧✐❡/ 0♦ 0✇♦ ❞✐/0✐♥❝0 0②♣❡/ ♦❢ ❛❝0✐♦♥/✳ ❋✐&/0✱ ❢♦& ❛//✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♥0❡①0

❧❛❜❡❧/ ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐/❝❧♦/✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛0✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ /❡❝♦♥❞ ❢♦& ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❛ &❡9✉❡/0 ❢♦& ❛

&❡/♦✉&❝❡✳

❆!!✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♥'❡①' ❧❛❜❡❧!

❲❤❡♥ ❛ ✉/❡& ✐♥0❡♥❞/ 0♦ ❧✐♠✐0 0❤❡ ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❢♦& /♦♠❡ ♦❢ ❤✐/✴❤❡& ♣&✐✈❛0❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛✲

0✐♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳ &❡❧✐❣✐♦✉/ ✈✐❡✇/✱ /❡①✉❛❧ ♦&✐❡♥0❛0✐♦♥✱ ❡0❝✳✮✱ ❤❡✴/❤❡ ❝❛♥ ❛//✐❣♥ ♦♥❡ ♦&

♠♦&❡ ❝♦♥0❡①0 ❧❛❜❡❧/ 0♦ 0❤❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛0✐♦♥ 0❤❛0 ✐/ 0♦ ❜❡ ♣&♦0❡❝0❡❞✱ ❛/ ✇❡❧❧ ❛/ 0♦ 0❤❡

❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♦&❞❡& 0♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛0❡ ✇❤♦ ❝❛♥ ❛❝❝❡// 0❤❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛0✐♦♥✳

❉✉&✐♥❣ 0❤✐/ ❧❛❜❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♣&♦❝❡//✱ 0❤❡ ❘▼ ❛♥❛❧②/❡/ ✉/❡& ✐♥0❡&❛❝0✐♦♥ ❞❛0❛ ❢&♦♠

0❤❡ ❘❡❧❛0✐♦♥/❤✐♣ ❍✐/0♦&② ❞❛0❛❜❛/❡ ✭❋✐❣✉&❡ ✸✳✺✮✱ ❝♦&&❡/♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ 0♦ 0❤❡ /❡❧❡❝0❡❞

❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡/ ♦❢ ✉/❡& ✐♥0❡&❛❝0✐♦♥/ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ /❤❛&✐♥❣ ❛ ♣✐❝0✉&❡ ✇✐0❤✐♥

❛ /♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥0❡①0 ✭✐✳❡✳ ★❝❧♦$❡❢'✐❡♥❞$✮✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐0❧② ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❛ ✉/❡&✬/ ♣&♦①✐♠✐0②

❧❡✈❡❧✱ ❡①❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛ ✉/❡& ❢&♦♠ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❝♦♥0❡①0 ✭✇✐0❤♦✉0 ♣❡&♠❛♥❡♥0❧② &❡♠♦✈✐♥❣

❤✐♠✴❤❡&✮ ✇❤❡♥ /❤❛&✐♥❣ ❛ &❡/♦✉&❝❡✱ 0❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡& ♦❢ 0✐♠❡/ ✉/❡&/ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♠❡//❛❣❡/

✭❛/ ❛ ❢✉♥❝0✐♦♥ ♦❢ 0✐♠❡✮✱ ❡0❝✳

❲❡ ❝❛♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡ 0❤❛0 ❞✉&✐♥❣ ❛ ✉/❡&✬/ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❛❝0✐✈✐0②✱ /❡✈❡&❛❧ ✐♥0❡&❛❝0✐♦♥/ ❛&❡

❝♦♥/✐❞❡&❡❞ ♣❡&0✐♥❡♥0 ❜② 0❤❡ ❘▼✳ ❚❤❡ ✉/❡& /❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧✇❛②/ ❜❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ 0♦ /❡❧❡❝0

✇❤✐❝❤ 0②♣❡/ ♦❢ ✐♥0❡&❛❝0✐♦♥/ ❤❡✴/❤❡ ❝♦♥/✐❞❡&/ ♣❡&0✐♥❡♥0✱ ♦& ♣♦0❡♥0✐❛❧❧② ❜❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞

0♦ ❝&❡❛0❡ ♥❡✇ ✐♥0❡&❛❝0✐♦♥ 0②♣❡/✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡&✱ /✐♥❝❡ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦0 ②❡0 ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥0❡❞

0❤❡ ❘▼ ✐♥ ❛ &❡❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛0✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ &❡/0&✐❝0 ♦✉&/❡❧✈❡/ 0♦ ♣&♦♣♦/✐♥❣ /❡✈❡&❛❧ 0②♣❡/

❛/ ❢♦❧❧♦✇/✿

✶✳ ❊①♣❧✐❝✐0❧② /❤❛&✐♥❣ ❛ &❡/♦✉&❝❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♣❤♦0♦✱ ✈✐❞❡♦✱ ✜❧❡✮ ✇✐0❤ ❛ ✉/❡&✳

✷✳ ❊①♣❧✐❝✐0❧② /❤❛&✐♥❣ ♣&♦✜❧❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛0✐♦♥ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡&✱ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞&❡//✱

❡0❝✳✮ ✇✐0❤ ❛ ✉/❡&✳

✸✳ ❆//✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥0❡①0 ❧❛❜❡❧ 0♦ ❛ ✉/❡&✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐0❧② ❛ ♣&♦①✐♠✐0② ❧❡✈❡❧✱ /✐♥❝❡

❝♦♥0❡①0/ ❛&❡ ❜♦✉♥❞ 0♦ ♦♥❡ ♦& ♠♦&❡ ♣&♦①✐♠✐0② ❧❡✈❡❧/✳

✹✳ ❘❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥0❡①0 ❧❛❜❡❧ ❢&♦♠ ❛ ✉/❡&✳

✺✳ ❆//✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❛ ♣&♦①✐♠✐0② ❧❡✈❡❧ 0♦ ❛ ✉/❡&✳

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3.3. PROPOSED SOCIAL ACCESS CONTROL SERVICE 61

✻✳ ▼♦❞✐❢②✐♥❣ *❤❡ ♣.♦①✐♠✐*② ❧❡✈❡❧ ❢♦. ❛ ✉5❡.✱ ❡✐*❤❡. ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② ♦. ❜② ❛55✐❣♥✲

✐♥❣✴.❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♥*❡①* ❧❛❜❡❧5✳

❇❛5❡❞ ♦♥ *❤❡ ✐♥*❡.❛❝*✐♦♥5 ✐♥ ❘❡❧❛*✐♦♥5❤✐♣ ❍✐5*♦.② ❞❛*❛❜❛5❡✱ *❤❡ ❘▼ ♠❛②

❛❧❡.* *❤❡ ✉5❡. ✭✐✳❡✳ ♣.♦✈✐❞❡ ✈✐5✉❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛*✐♦♥5✮ *♦ ❛ ♣♦55✐❜❧❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ *❤❡✐.

.❡❧❛*✐♦♥5❤✐♣✳ ❋♦. ✐♥5*❛♥❝❡✱ ❛ ✇❛.♥✐♥❣ ♠❡55❛❣❡ ♠❛② ❛♣♣❡❛. ✐❢ *❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ♦✇♥❡.

✐5 ✐♥ *❤❡ ♣.♦❝❡55 ♦❢ ❛55✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥*❡①* ❧❛❜❡❧ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦..❡5♣♦♥❞5 *♦ ❛ 5♣❡❝✐✜❝

♣.♦①✐♠✐*② ❧❡✈❡❧✮ *♦ ❛ ✉5❡. ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐5 ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦.❡ ❞✐5*❛♥* ♣.♦①✐♠✐*② ❧❡✈❡❧✳

❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ '❡)✉❡+,+

❲❤❡♥ .❡D✉❡5*5 ❛.❡ .❡❝❡✐✈❡❞✱ *❤❡② ❛.❡ ✜.5* ♣.♦❝❡55❡❞ ❜② *❤❡ ❘▼ ✐♥ ♦.❞❡. *♦

❜❡ ❝❧❛55✐✜❡❞ ✐♥*♦ *✇♦ ♠❛❥♦. ❝❛*❡❣♦.✐❡5✱ ❜❛5❡❞ ♦♥ *❤❡ .❡❧❛*✐♦♥5❤✐♣ ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ *❤❡

.❡D✉❡5*✐♥❣ ✉5❡. ❛♥❞ *❤❡ ♦✇♥❡. ♦❢ *❤❡ .❡D✉❡5*❡❞ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ✭❋✐❣✉.❡ ✸✳✾✮✳

■♥ *❤❡ ✜.5* ❝❛*❡❣♦.②✱ ♥♦ ♣.❡❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♣.✐✈❛❝② ♣♦❧✐❝② ❡①✐5*5 ❢♦. *❤❡ .❡D✉❡5*✐♥❣

✉5❡.✱ ❛♥❞ *❤❡ .❡D✉❡5*✐♥❣ ✉5❡. ✐5 ♥♦* .❡❧❛*❡❞ *♦ *❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ♦✇♥❡. ♦. ❛♥② ♦❢

*❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ♦✇♥❡.✬5 ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❚❤✐5 ✐5 *②♣✐❝❛❧❧② *❤❡ ❝❛5❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥

✉5❡. ♦. ❛ ✉5❡. *❤❛* ✐5 ♥♦* ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*❡❞✳ ❆* *❤✐5 ♣♦✐♥*✱ *❤❡ ❘▼ ❢♦.✇❛.❞5 *❤❡

.❡D✉❡5* ❞✐.❡❝*❧② *♦ *❤❡ ❙❆❈✱ ✇❤❡.❡ ♣.❡❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♣.✐✈❛❝② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡5 ❛.❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❢♦.

*❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ✐♥ D✉❡5*✐♦♥✳

■♥ *❤❡ 5❡❝♦♥❞ ❝❛*❡❣♦.②✱ *❤❡ .❡D✉❡5*✐♥❣ ✉5❡. ❛❧.❡❛❞② ❤❛5 ❛ .❡❧❛*✐♦♥5❤✐♣

✇✐*❤ *❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ♦✇♥❡. ♦. ✇✐*❤ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐5✴❤❡. ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ❜❛5❡❞ ♦♥ *❤❡

❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ❝.❡❞❡♥*✐❛❧5 ✐* ♣.♦✈✐❞❡5 ❛❧♦♥❣5✐❞❡ *❤❡ .❡D✉❡5*✳ ■♥ *❤✐5 ❝❛5❡✱ *✇♦

❛❞❞✐*✐♦♥❛❧ 5✉❜✲❝❛*❡❣♦.✐❡5 ❡①✐5*✱ ❛♥❞ *❤❡ .❡D✉❡5* ✐5 ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ ❜② *❤❡ ❘▼ ❛❝❝♦.❞✐♥❣

*♦ *❤❡ *②♣❡ ♦❢ *❤❡ ♣.♦①✐♠✐*② ❞✐5*❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥*❡①*5 ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ *❤❡ .❡D✉❡5*✐♥❣ ✉5❡.

❛♥❞ *❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ♦✇♥❡.✳

❚❤❡ ✜.5* 5✉❜✲❝❛*❡❣♦.② ❛♣♣❧✐❡5 *♦ *❤❡ ❝❛5❡5 ✇❤❡.❡ ❛ ❧❡55 ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ .❡❧❛*✐♦♥5❤✐♣

❡①✐5*5 ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ *❤❡ .❡D✉❡5*✐♥❣ ✉5❡. ❛♥❞ *❤❡ ♦✇♥❡. ♦❢ *❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡✳ O❧❡❛5❡ ♥♦*❡

*❤❛* *❤.♦✉❣❤ ❝♦♥✜❣✉.❛*✐♦♥ ♦♣*✐♦♥5 ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛.❡ ♦✉* ♦❢ 5❝♦♣❡ ❢♦. *❤❡ ❛❧❣♦.✐*❤♠

♣.❡5❡♥*❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉.❡ ✸✳✾✱ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ♦✇♥❡.5 ❤❛✈❡ *❤❡ ♣♦55✐❜✐❧✐*② *♦ ❞❡❧✐❜❡.❛*❡❧②

❞✐5❛❜❧❡ *❤❡ ❘▼ ❢♦. .❡❧❛*✐♦♥5❤✐♣5 *❤❡② ❝♦♥5✐❞❡. ❧❡55 ❧✐❦❡❧② *♦ ❜❡ 5✉5❝❡♣*✐❜❧❡ *♦

❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❝❤❛♥❣❡5✳ ❋♦. ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❧❛❜❡❧❧❡❞ ❛5 ★❢❛♠✐❧② ♦. ★❣✐(❧❢(✐❡♥❞✳

❇② ❞❡❢❛✉❧*✱ *❤❡ ❘▼ ✐5 ❞✐5❛❜❧❡❞ ❢♦. ✉5❡.5 ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ ✐♥"✐♠❛"❡ ♣.♦①✐♠✐*②

❧❡✈❡❧✳

❚❤❡ 5❡❝♦♥❞ 5✉❜✲❝❛*❡❣♦.② ❛♣♣❧✐❡5 *♦ ❛❧❧ .❡D✉❡5*✐♥❣ ✉5❡.5 *❤❛* ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝

.❡❧❛*✐♦♥5❤✐♣ ✇✐*❤ *❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ♦✇♥❡.✳ ❆ ❤✐5*♦.② ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ✐♥*❡.❛❝*✐♦♥5 ❜❡*✇❡❡♥

*❤❡ .❡D✉❡5*✐♥❣ ✉5❡. ❛♥❞ *❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ♦✇♥❡. ✐5 ❦❡♣* ✐♥ *❤❡ ❘❡❧❛"✐♦♥)❤✐♣ ❍✐)"♦-②

❞❛*❛❜❛5❡ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✸✳✺✮✳

❚❤❡ ❘▼ ❞❡❝✐❞❡5 ✇❤❡*❤❡. ♦. ♥♦* *♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❛❝❝❡55 *♦ .❡5♦✉.❝❡5✱ ❜❛5❡❞ ♦♥

❡①✐5*✐♥❣ ♣.✐✈❛❝② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡5 ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② *❤❡ ❙❆❈ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✱ ❛5 ✇❡❧❧ ❛5 ❜❛5❡❞ ♦♥ ❞❛*❛

❢.♦♠ *❤❡ ❘❡❧❛*✐♦♥5❤✐♣ ❍✐5*♦.② ❞❛*❛❜❛5❡ ❝♦..❡5♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ .❡❧❛*✐♦♥5❤✐♣

❜❡*✇❡❡♥ *❤❡ .❡D✉❡5*✐♥❣ ✉5❡. ❛♥❞ *❤❡ .❡5♦✉.❝❡ ♦✇♥❡.✳ ■❢ 5♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉.❡❞✱ *❤❡

❘▼ ❝❛♥ ♣♦*❡♥*✐❛❧❧② ❛❞❞✱ ✉♣❞❛*❡ ♦. .❡♠♦✈❡ ❡①✐5*✐♥❣ .✉❧❡5 ✇✐*❤✐♥ *❤❡ ❙❆❈

♦. *❤❡♦.❡*✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛♥❞✴♦. .❡♠♦*❡ ❛❝❝❡55 ❝♦♥*.♦❧ 5②5*❡♠5 ❧✐❦❡ *❤❡ ♦♥❡5

♣.❡5❡♥*❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝*✐♦♥ ✸✳✶✳✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❘▼ ♠❛② ❛❧5♦ 5✉♣♣♦.* ❛♥ ✉♥)✉♣❡-✈✐)❡❞

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62 3. ACCESS CONTROL

♦♣❡#❛%✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡✱ !❤♦✉❣❤ !❤✐' ✐' ❝♦♥'✐❞❡,❡❞ ❛' ❢✉!✉,❡ ✇♦,❦✳ ❚❤❡ ✉♥'✉♣❡,✈✐'❡❞

♦♣❡,❛!✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦,♠❛❧❧② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡ !❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡'' ❝♦♥!,♦❧ ❞❡❝✐'✐♦♥' ❜❛'❡❞

♦♥ ❞❡❝✐'✐♦♥ ❢❛❝!♦,' ,❡'✉❧!❡❞ ❢,♦♠ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❧❡❛,♥✐♥❣ ♦, !❤❡ ✉'❡,✬' ❞❡❝✐'✐♦♥

❤✐'!♦,②✱ ✇✐!❤♦✉! ❛✇❛✐!✐♥❣ ✉'❡, ✐♥♣✉!✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡,✱ ✉♥❧❡'' ♣,♦♣❡,❧② ❝♦♥✜❣✉,❡❞✱

!❤❡ ✉♥'✉♣❡,✈✐'❡❞ ♦♣❡,❛!✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ♠❛② ♣,♦✈✐❞❡ ✉♥✇❛♥!❡❞ ,❡'✉❧!' ❛♥❞ '❤♦✉❧❞

❜❡ ❛❝!✐✈❛!❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐! ,❡=✉❡'! ❢,♦♠ !❤❡ ✉'❡,✳ ❆❞❞✐!✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ !❤❡ ❘▼ ♠❛②

❜❡ ❞✐'❛❜❧❡❞ ❛! ❛♥② !✐♠❡✱ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ !❤❡ ❙❆❈ ✐♥ ❝❤❛,❣❡ ♦❢ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❛❝❝❡'' ❝♦♥!,♦❧✳

❈✉,,❡♥!❧②✱ !✇♦ ♠❡!,✐❝' ❛,❡ ✉!✐❧✐③❡❞ ❞✉,✐♥❣ ❘▼✬' ❞❡❝✐'✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣,♦❝❡''✳

❚❤❡② ❛,❡ !❤❡ ♣#♦①✐♠✐%② ❞✐,%❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ !❤❡ ❝♦♥%❡①%,✳ ◆❡①!✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❣♦ !❤,♦✉❣❤ ❛

!②♣✐❝❛❧ ❞❡❝✐'✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣,♦❝❡'' ❢♦, ♦✉, ♣,♦!❛❣♦♥✐'!'✱ ❆♥♥ ❛♥❞ ❇❛,,②✳

❘▼✬# ❞❡❝✐#✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣/♦❝❡##

❇❡❢♦,❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣✱ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ !♦ ♠❡♥!✐♦♥ !❤❛! !❤❡ ✉'❡,✬' '♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥!❡,❛❝!✐♦♥'

❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ♠♦♥✐!♦,❡❞ ✐❢ !❤❡ ❘▼ ✐' ♣❛,! ♦❢ !❤❡ '♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛!✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ❛❧❣♦,✐!❤♠ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ !❤❡ ❘▼✬' ❞❡❝✐'✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣,♦❝❡'' ❝❛♥ ❜❡ '❡❡♥ ✐♥

❋✐❣✉,❡ ✸✳✾✳

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❋✐❣✉,❡ ✸✳✾✿ ❘▼✬' ❞❡❝✐'✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣,♦❝❡''✳

❚❤❡ ✐♥❢♦,♠❛!✐♦♥ ❝♦♥!❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ !❤❡ ❘❡/✉❡,% ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡' !❤❡ ,❡=✉❡'!❡❞ ,❡'♦✉,❝❡

Page 84: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

3.4. CONCLUSION 63

✭❘✮ ❛♥❞ &❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♦❢ &❤❡ /❡0✉❡2&❡/ ✭❯✮✳ ❆& &❤✐2 ♣♦✐♥&✱ ✇❡ ❛❧2♦ ❛22✉♠❡ &❤❛& &❤❡

/❡0✉❡2&✐♥❣ ✉2❡/ ❤❛2 ❛❧/❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&❡❞ ❛& &❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥& ♦❢ &❤❡ /❡0✉❡2&✳

■❢ &❤❡ ✉2❡/ ❤❛2 ♥♦& ❜❡❡♥ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&❡❞✱ &❤❡ ♣/♦❝❡22 ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♥2✐❞❡/ &❤❡ ✉2❡/ &♦ ❜❡

✉♥❞❡$❡%♠✐♥❡❞ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ✇✐&❤ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛❝❝❡22✮✳

❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ 2&❡♣ ✐2 &♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ✐❢ &❤❡ ✉2❡/ ✐♥ 0✉❡2&✐♦♥ ❤❛2 ❛♥② /❡❧❛&✐♦♥2❤✐♣2

✇✐&❤ &❤❡ /❡2♦✉/❝❡ ♦✇♥❡/ ♦/ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜② &❤❡ /❡2♦✉/❝❡ ♦✇♥❡/✳ ❚❤✐2 2&❡♣ ✐2

❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② 0✉❡/②✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❘❡❧❛&✐♦♥2❤✐♣ ❍✐2&♦/② ❞❛&❛❜❛2❡ &♦ ✜♥❞ ♦❝❝✉//❡♥❝❡2 ♦❢

✐♥&❡/❛❝&✐♦♥2 ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ &❤❡ /❡0✉❡2&❡/ ❛♥❞ &❤❡ /❡2♦✉/❝❡ ♦✇♥❡/✱ ♦/ ❜② 2❡❛/❝❤✐♥❣ ✐❢

&❤❡ /❡0✉❡2&✐♥❣ ✉2❡/ ✐2 ❛ ❢/✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ &❤❡ /❡2♦✉/❝❡ ♦✇♥❡/ ♦/ ✐❢ ❤❡✴2❤❡ ✐2 ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜②

♦♥❡ ♦❢ &❤❡ ♦✇♥❡/✬2 ❢/✐❡♥❞2 ✭✐✳❡✳ ❢/✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛ ❢/✐❡♥❞✮✳

■❢ &❤❡ &✇♦ ✉2❡/2 ❤❛✈❡ ♣/❡✈✐♦✉2❧② ✐♥&❡/❛❝&❡❞ ✇✐&❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦&❤❡/✱ ❛ ❣/❛♣❤ ✭❘❍✮

❝♦♥&❛✐♥✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❧✐2& ♦❢ ✐♥&❡/❛❝&✐♦♥2 ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝/❡❛&❡❞✳ ❆❞❞✐&✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛❧❧ 2&❛&✐❝ ❛❝❝❡22

❝♦♥&/♦❧ /✉❧❡2 ❝♦//❡2♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ &♦ &❤❡ ✉2❡/ ✭❯✮ ❛♥❞ /❡2♦✉/❝❡ ✭❘✮ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✐♠♣♦/&❡❞

❢/♦♠ &❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡2 ❞❛&❛❜❛2❡ ❛♥❞ 2&♦/❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❣/❛♣❤ ✭❙❘✮✳

❇❛2❡❞ ♦♥ &❤❡ &❤❡ ❝♦♥&❡♥&2 ♦❢ ✭❘❍✮ ❛♥❞ ✭❙❘✮✱ &❤❡ 2②2&❡♠ ✇✐❧❧ ❛♥❛❧②2❡

❛♥❞ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ❤♦✇ &♦ ♣/♦❝❡❡❞ ♥❡①&✳ ■❢ &❤❡ ❞❛&❛ ❢/♦♠ ✭❘❍✮ ✐2 ❢♦✉♥❞ &♦ ❜❡

❤❡❛✈✐❧② ❝♦♥✢✐❝&✐♥❣ ✇✐&❤ &❤❡ /✉❧❡2 ✐♥ ✭❙❘✮ ❛♥❞ ✐❢ &❤❡ ❘▼ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✐2 ♦♣❡/❛&✐♥❣

✐♥ ✉♥(✉♣❡%✈✐(❡❞ ♠♦❞❡✱ &❤❡ 2②2&❡♠ ♠❛② ♦♣&✐♦♥❛❧❧② ♠♦❞✐❢② ❡①✐2&✐♥❣ ❙❆❈ /✉❧❡2✳

❋♦/ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❢ &❤❡ /❡0✉❡2&❡/ ✇❛2 ❞❡❡♠❡❞ &♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ♣/♦①✐♠✐&② ❞✐2&❛♥❝❡

❡✐&❤❡/ &❤/♦✉❣❤ ❛♥ ❡✈♦❧✉&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐2✴❤❡/ /❡❧❛&✐♦♥2❤✐♣ &♦✇❛/❞2 &❤❡ /❡2♦✉/❝❡ ♦✇♥❡/✱

♦/ ❜❡❝❛✉2❡ &❤❡ /❡2♦✉/❝❡ ♦✇♥❡/ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐&❧② ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ &❤❡ ✉2❡/✬2 ♣/♦①✐♠✐&② ❞✐2&❛♥❝❡✱

&❤❡ 2②2&❡♠ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ /❡✢❡❝& &❤✐2 ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❙❆❈ /✉❧❡2✳

❖♥❝❡ &❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡❝✐2✐♦♥ ✐2 ♠❛❞❡✱ &❤❡ ❘▼ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❡✐&❤❡/ ❣/❛♥& ❛❝❝❡22 ♦/

❞❡♥② ❛❝❝❡22 &♦ &❤❡ /❡0✉❡2&❡❞ /❡2♦✉/❝❡✳

✸✳✸✳✹ ❘❡❧❛'✐♦♥+❤✐♣ ❍✐+'♦/② ❞❛'❛❜❛+❡

❚❤❡ ❘❡❧❛&✐♦♥2❤✐♣ ❍✐2&♦/② ❞❛&❛❜❛2❡ 2&♦/❡2 ✐♥❢♦/♠❛&✐♦♥ ❜❛2❡❞ ♦♥ &❤❡ ✉2❡/✬2

✐♥&❡/❛❝&✐♦♥2✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥&❡/❛❝&✐♦♥2 ❛/❡ ❡①♣/❡22❡❞ ❛2 &/✐♣❧❡2 ✉2✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❆❝&✐✈✐&② ❇❛2❡

❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❬✹✵❪✱ ❛ ❜❛2❡ 2❡& ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝& &②♣❡2 ❛♥❞ ✈❡/❜2 ❢♦/ ✉2❡ ✇✐&❤ ❆❝&✐✈✐&② ❙&/❡❛♠2✳

❋✐❣✉/❡ ✸✳✶✵ ✐❧❧✉2&/❛&❡2 ❛ &②♣✐❝❛❧ ❝❛2❡ ♦❢ 2❛✈❡❞ ✐♥&❡/❛❝&✐♦♥✱ &/✐❣❣❡/❡❞ ❜② &❤❡

❛❝&✐♦♥ &❤❛& ❇❛//② ❤❛2 ✧♠❛❞❡ ❢/✐❡♥❞2✧ ✇✐&❤ ❆♥♥✳ ■♥ &❤✐2 ❝❛2❡✱ &❤❡ ❛❝&♦/ ✐2 ❇❛//②✱

2✐♥❝❡ ✐& ✇❛2 ❤✐♠ ✇❤♦ ✐♥✐&✐❛&❡❞ &❤❡ ❛❝&✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡ ❛ 2✐♠✐❧❛/ 2✐&✉❛&✐♦♥

❜✉& ✇✐&❤ &❤❡ /♦❧❡2 /❡✈❡/2❡❞✱ ✐❢ ❆♥♥ ♣❡/❢♦/♠❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❝&✐♦♥ ✇✐&❤ /❡2♣❡❝& &♦ ❇❛//②✳

■& 2❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♥♦&❡❞ &❤❛& ✐❢ ❛ ✉2❡/ 2❤♦✉❧❞ ❢❡❡❧ ❛& ❛♥② &✐♠❡ &❤❛& ❝♦❧❧❡❝&✐♥❣ &❤✐2

✐♥❢♦/♠❛&✐♦♥ ♠❛② ♣♦&❡♥&✐❛❧❧② /❡2✉❧& ✐♥ &♦♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❡①♣♦2✉/❡ ♦❢ ❤✐2✴❤❡/ ♣/✐✈❛&❡ ❞❛&❛✱

❤❡✴2❤❡ 2❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ &❤❡ ♦♣&✐♦♥ &♦ ❞✐2❛❜❧❡ &❤❡ ❘❡❧❛&✐♦♥2❤✐♣ ❍✐2&♦/②✳

✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥

❲❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ &❤❛& ❜❛2❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡/❡♥& ❝♦♥&❡①&2 ❛♥❞ 2✐&✉❛&✐♦♥2✱ ❛❝❝❡22 &♦ /❡2♦✉/❝❡2

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ ❞✐✛❡/❡♥&❧②✱ ❡2♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✇✐&❤ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ✉2❡/ /❡❧❛&✐♦♥✲

2❤✐♣2✳ ■♥ &❤✐2 ❝❤❛♣&❡/ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥&/♦❞✉❝❡❞ ♦✉/ &❤✐/❞ ❝♦♥&/✐❜✉&✐♦♥✱ ❛ 2♦❝✐❛❧ ❛❝❝❡22

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64 3. ACCESS CONTROL

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❋✐❣✉$❡ ✸✳✶✵✿ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥4❡$❛❝4✐♦♥ ❜❡4✇❡❡♥ ❇❛$$② ❛♥❞ ❆♥♥✳

❝♦♥4$♦❧ <❡$✈✐❝❡ ❢♦$ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛4✐♦♥<✱ ❝♦♠♣$✐<❡❞ ♦❢ 4✇♦ ❞✐<4✐♥❝4 <✉❜✲<❡$✈✐❝❡<✿ ❛

❙!❛!✐❝ ❆❝❝❡'' ❈♦♥!+♦❧ ✭❙❆❈✮ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❘❡❧❛!✐♦♥'❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐!♦+ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✭❘▼✮✳

❉✉❡ 4♦ ❡①✐<4✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡<< ❝♦♥4$♦❧ ❛❧4❡$♥❛4✐✈❡< ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ ❛❝❝❡<< ❝♦♥4$♦❧ ❢♦$ <4❛4✐❝

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥4< ✭❙❡❝4✐♦♥ ✸✳✶✳✷✮✱ ♦✉$ <♦❧✉4✐♦♥ ✐< ❢♦❝✉<❡❞ ♦♥ ♣$♦4❡❝4✐♥❣ 4❤❡ ♣$✐✈❛❝②

♦❢ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛4❛ $❡<♦✉$❝❡< ❣❡♥❡$❛4❡❞ ❜② ✉<❡$< ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞❛4❛✱ ✇❛❧❧ ♣♦<4<✱

❝♦♥✈❡$<❛4✐♦♥<✱ ❡4❝✳✮✳

❚❤❡ ❙!❛!✐❝ ❆❝❝❡'' ❈♦♥!+♦❧ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡< ❛❝❝❡<< 4♦ ✉<❡$✲❣❡♥❡$❛4❡❞ $❡<♦✉$❝❡<✱

❜❛<❡❞ ♦♥ ♣$❡❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♣$✐✈❛❝② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡<✳ ❚❤❡ ♣$♦❝❡<< ♦❢ ♣❡$♠✐44✐♥❣✴❞❡♥②✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡<<

4♦ ❛ $❡<♦✉$❝❡ ✐< O✉✐4❡ <4$❛✐❣❤4❢♦$✇❛$❞✱ ❛♥❞ ✐4 ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡< ♠❛4❝❤✐♥❣ 4❤❡ ✉<❡$

♣❡$❢♦$♠✐♥❣ 4❤❡ $❡O✉❡<4 4♦ ❛ ❧✐<4 ♦❢ $❡<♦✉$❝❡< ♠❛4❝❤✐♥❣ 4❤❡ <❛♠❡ ❝♦♥!❡①! ❧❛❜❡❧✳

❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ 4❤✐< ♣$♦❝❡<< ✐< 4♦ ✜♥❛❧❧② $❡4✉$♥ ❛ ✉♥✐3✉❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ $❡O✉❡<4❡❞ $❡<♦✉$❝❡<

✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ✉<❡$✬< ♣$♦✜❧❡✮✱ ♠❛4❝❤✐♥❣ 4♦ 4❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡<< ❝♦$$❡<♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ 4♦ 4❤❡

$❡O✉❡<4✐♥❣ ✉<❡$✳

❚❤❡ ❘❡❧❛!✐♦♥'❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐!♦+ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✭❘▼✮ $❡❧✐❡< ♦♥ ♠❡4$✐❝< <✉❝❤ ❛< ❝♦♥!❡①! ❛♥❞

♣+♦①✐♠✐!② ❞✐'!❛♥❝❡ 4♦❣❡4❤❡$ ✇✐4❤ ❛ $❡❧❛4✐♦♥<❤✐♣ ❤✐<4♦$② ❜❡4✇❡❡♥ 4❤❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞

❛❝4♦$<✱ ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ 4♦ ❡✐4❤❡$ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡ ♥♦4✐✜❝❛4✐♦♥< ❢♦$ ♣♦4❡♥4✐❛❧ ♣$✐✈❛❝② ✐<<✉❡<

4❤❛4 ♠❛② ❛$✐<❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐<❝❧♦<✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛4✐♦♥✱ ♦$ ❡✈❡♥ 4♦ ♠♦❞✐❢② ❡①✐<4✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡<<

❝♦♥4$♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡< ❢♦$ ✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ $❡O✉❡<4< ✭✐❢ <♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉$❡❞✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❘▼ ❛♣♣❧✐❡< 4♦ 4✇♦

❞✐<4✐♥❝4 4②♣❡< ♦❢ ❛❝4✐♦♥<✳ ❋✐$<4✱ ✐4 ✐< ✉<❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❛<<✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♥4❡①4 ❧❛❜❡❧< ✇❤❡♥

❞✐<❝❧♦<✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛4✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ <❡❝♦♥❞ ❢♦$ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❛ $❡O✉❡<4 ❢♦$ ❛ $❡<♦✉$❝❡✳

❚❤❡ <4❛4✐❝ ❛❝❝❡<< ❝♦♥4$♦❧ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✇❛< ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥4❡❞ ❛< ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❢♦$ ▼②Q$♦✜❧❡

✭❈❤❛♣4❡$ ✹✮✳ ❯♥❢♦$4✉♥❛4❡❧②✱ ✇❡ ✇❡$❡ ♥♦4 ❛❜❧❡ 4♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥4 4❤❡ ❘▼ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❢♦$

❛ $❡❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛4✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ 4❤❡$❡❢♦$❡ ✇❡ ❝♦♥<✐❞❡$ 4❤✐< ❛< ❢✉4✉$❡ ✇♦$❦✳

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❈❤❛♣$❡& ✹

❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥*+❛❧✐③❡❞

-♦❝✐❛❧ -❡♠❛♥*✐❝ ❲❡❜

❚❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✐, ❡♥✈✐,✐♦♥❡❞ ❛, ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥'0❛❧✐,❡❞ ✇♦0❧❞✲✇✐❞❡ ✐♥❢♦0♠❛'✐♦♥

,♣❛❝❡ ❢♦0 ,❤❛0✐♥❣ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✲0❡❛❞❛❜❧❡ ❞❛'❛ ✇✐'❤ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ✐♥'❡❣0❛'✐♦♥ ❝♦,',✳

■', '✇♦ ❝♦0❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡, ❛0❡ '❤❡ ❞✐,'0✐❜✉'❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ '❤❡ ✇♦0❧❞ ✇✐'❤ ❛

,❤❛0❡❞ ❞❛'❛ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ✐♥❢0❛,'0✉❝'✉0❡ ✇❤❡0❡ ❞❛'❛ ❛♥❞ ,❝❤❡♠❛, ❝❛♥ ❜❡

♣✉❜❧✐,❤❡❞✱ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ✉,❡❞✳ ❯,❡0, ❜❡♥❡✜' ❢0♦♠ ❣❡''✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦0♠❛'✐♦♥ ✧0❛✇ ❛♥❞

♥♦✇✧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♣♦0'❛❜❧❡ ❞❛'❛ ❢♦0♠❛',✱ ✉,✉❛❧❧② ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ❘❉❋✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ '❤❡♥

❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐,❤❡❞ ♦♥ '❤❡ ❲❡❜✳ ❖'❤❡0, ❝❛♥ 0❡❛❞ '❤❡ ❞❛'❛ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐,❤ '❤❡✐0 ♦✇♥

✐♥❢♦0♠❛'✐♦♥✱ ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ '♦ ❡①✐,'✐♥❣ 0❡,♦✉0❝❡,✳ ❚❤✐, ❢♦0♠, ❛ ❞✐,'0✐❜✉'❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢

'❤❡ ✇♦0❧❞✳ ■' ❛❧❧♦✇, '❤❡ ✉,❡0 '♦ ♣✐❝❦ ❛♥② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥ '♦ ✈✐❡✇ ❛♥❞ ✇♦0❦ ✇✐'❤

'❤❡ ,❛♠❡ ❞❛'❛✱ ❢♦0 ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ '♦ ,❡❡ ❆♥♥✬, ♣✉❜❧✐,❤❡❞ ❛❞❞0❡,, ✐♥ ②♦✉0 ❛❞❞0❡,, ❜♦♦❦✳

❆' '❤❡ ,❛♠❡ '✐♠❡✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥', ♦♥ '❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧✇❛②, ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞❞0❡,,❡❞ ✇✐'❤

❯❘■, ✭♦❢'❡♥ 0❡❢❡00❡❞ '♦ ❛, ❯♥✐❢♦0♠ ❘❡,♦✉0❝❡ ▲♦❝❛'♦0,✱ ❯❘▲,✮✳ ❚❤✐, ✐, ✉,❡❢✉❧

❜❡❝❛✉,❡ ✐' ♠❡❛♥, '❤❛' ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❡❛,✐❧② ♠❛❦❡ ❘❉❋ ,'❛'❡♠❡♥', ❛❜♦✉' ❲❡❜ ♣❛❣❡,✱

❜✉' ✐' ✐, ❛❧,♦ ❞❛♥❣❡0♦✉, ❜❡❝❛✉,❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❡❛,✐❧② ♠✐① ✉♣ ❲❡❜ ♣❛❣❡, ❛♥❞ '❤❡

❤✐♥❣%✱ ♦0 &❡%♦✉&❝❡%✱ '❤❛' ❛0❡ ❞❡,❝0✐❜❡❞ ♦♥ '❤❡ ♣❛❣❡ ✭❝❢✳ ❙❡❝'✐♦♥ ✷✳✷✳✶✮✳

❆ '0✉❧② ❞❡❝❡♥'0❛❧✐③❡❞ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥✱ ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜

'❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡,✱ 0❡M✉✐0❡, ,❡✈❡0❛❧ ❦❡② ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥',✳ ■' ♠✉,' ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ '♦ ♦✛❡0 ❞❡❝❡♥✲

'0❛❧✐③❡❞ ✉,❡0 ✐❞❡♥'✐'②✱ ,❡❝✉0❡ ❛✉'❤❡♥'✐❝❛'✐♦♥✱ ,❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❞❛'❛ ,'♦0❛❣❡✱ '♦ ❛♣♣❧②

❈0❡❛'❡✲❘❡❛❞✲❯♣❞❛'❡✲❉❡❧❡'❡ ✭❈❘❯❉✮ ♦♣❡0❛'✐♦♥, '♦ 0❡,♦✉0❝❡,✱ '♦ ♦✛❡0 ✐♥❝0❡❛,❡❞

♣0✐✈❛❝② '❤0♦✉❣❤ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥'0♦❧✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦,' ✐♠♣♦0'❛♥'❧②✱ '♦ ❜❡ ✐♥'❡0♦♣❡0❛❜❧❡ ✇✐'❤

♦'❤❡0 ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥, ✐♥ '❡0♠, ♦❢ ❞❛'❛ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❝♦♥'❡♥' ,❤❛0✐♥❣✱ ♠❡,,❛❣✐♥❣✱

❛❝'✐✈✐'② ♥♦'✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥,✱ ❡'❝✳✮✳

❚❤✐, ❝❤❛♣'❡0 ✐♥'❡♥❞, '♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡ ♦♥ ❤♦✇ '♦ ♣0♦❝❡❡❞ ✇✐'❤ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❛

❞❡❝❡♥'0❛❧✐③❡❞ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥✳ ■' ❛❧,♦ 0❡✢❡❝', ♦✉0 ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥'❛'✐♦♥ ❡✛♦0',

✐♥ '❤❡ ❢♦0♠ ♦❢ ▼②R0♦✜❧❡✱ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥'0❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥'✐'② ♣❧❛'❢♦0♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ,❡0✈❡, ❛, ❛

❞❡♠♦ ❢♦0 '❤❡ '❤❡♦0❡'✐❝❛❧ ,♦❧✉'✐♦♥, ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣0♦♣♦,❡❞ ✐♥ '❤❡ ♣0❡✈✐♦✉, ❝❤❛♣'❡0,✳

❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ♦✉0 ❝♦♥❝❡♣'✉❛❧ ❞❡❝✐,✐♦♥, ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ❛♥② '❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❧✐♠✐'❛'✐♦♥, ✇❡

0❛♥ ✐♥'♦ ❞✉0✐♥❣ '❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥' ♦❢ ▼②R0♦✜❧❡✳

✻✺

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66 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

✹✳✶ ▼②%&♦✜❧❡

❚❤❡ ♣$♦❥❡❝( ▼②"#♦✜❧❡ ❬✺✾❪ ✐. ❛ $❡✢❡❝(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❡✛♦$(. ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ ♦✈❡$ (❤❡

❝♦✉$.❡ ♦❢ (❤✐. (❤❡.✐.✳ ■( ✐♥(❡♥❞. (♦ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡ (♦ ✉.❡$. (❤❡ ♣$✐✈❛❝② (❤❡② ❞❡.❡$✈❡

❢♦$ (❤❡ ❞❛(❛ (❤❡② ♣$♦❞✉❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♦✇♥✳ ■( ♦✛❡$. ❛ ✉♥✐✜❡❞ ✉.❡$ ❛❝❝♦✉♥(✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

❝❡♥($❛❧✐③❡. (❤❡ ✉.❡$✬. ❞❛(❛ ❛♥❞ ♣✉(. ✐( ✉♥❞❡$ (❤❡ ✉.❡$✬. ❝♦♥($♦❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧.♦ ♦♥

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(♦❞❛②✬. ❲❡❜✱ ✇❤❡$❡ ❞❛(❛ ❛$❡ ($❛♣♣❡❞ ✐♥ -✐❧♦-✳

❚❤❡ ♣$♦❥❡❝( ✇❛. ❧❛✉♥❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❆♣$✐❧ ✷✵✶✶✱ ❛♥❞ ✐( ✇❛. ❢✉♥❞❡❞ ❡♥(✐$❡❧② ❜② ❚❊▲❊✲

❈❖▼ ❙✉❞O❛$✐.✱ ♠❡♠❜❡$ ♦❢ ❣$♦✉♣ ■♥.(✐(✉( ▼✐♥❡.✲❚❊▲❊❈❖▼✳ ■( ♦✛❡$. ❛ ✉♥✐P✉❡

✐❞❡♥(✐(② ♣❧❛(❢♦$♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ (❛❦❡. ❛❞✈❛♥(❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❙❡♠❛♥(✐❝ ❲❡❜ (❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡.✱ .♦ (❤❛(

✉.❡$. ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡$ ♥❡❡❞ (♦ ✐♥✈❡.( (✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✛♦$( ✐♥(♦ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ♣$♦✜❧❡. ♦♥

(❤❡ ♥✉♠❡$♦✉. ✇❡❜.✐(❡.✴.❡$✈✐❝❡. (❤❡② ❝✉$$❡♥(❧② ✉.❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ✐. .(♦$❡❞ ♦♥ ❛

❲❡❜ ❛❝❝❡..✐❜❧❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✇❤❡$❡ ♦♥❧② (❤❡ ✉.❡$ ❤❛. ❛❝❝❡.. ✕ (❤❡ ✉.❡$✬. ❝♦♠♣✉(❡$✱ ❛

❞❡❞✐❝❛(❡❞ .❡$✈❡$✱ ♦$ ✐❞❡❛❧❧② ❛ ♣❧✉❣ ❝♦♠♣✉(❡$ ❧✐❦❡ (❤❡ ❋$❡❡❞♦♠❇♦①

✳ ❚❤✐. ✇❛②✱

(❤❡ ✉.❡$ ❝♦♥($♦❧. ❜♦(❤ (❤❡ ♣❤②.✐❝❛❧ ❞❛(❛ ❛♥❞ ✇❤♦ ❝❛♥ ❛❝❝❡.. ✐(✳

▼②O$♦✜❧❡ ❛❧.♦ ♦✛❡$. .❡$✈✐❝❡. (❤❛( ❞♦ ♥♦( $❡P✉✐$❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣$♦✜❧❡✳ ❆♥② ✉.❡$

✐. ❛❜❧❡ (♦ ✈✐❡✇ ❤✐.✴❤❡$ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞❛(❛ ✐♥ ❛ ❢$✐❡♥❞❧✐❡$ ❛♥❞ ❛(($❛❝(✐✈❡ ✇❛②✳ ❲❤✐❧❡

✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ (❤❡ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞❛(❛✱ (❤❡ ♣❧❛(❢♦$♠ ❞✐.♣❧❛②. (❤❡ ✉.❡$✬. ❧✐.( ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡

✭✐✳❡✳ ❢$✐❡♥❞.✮✱ .♦♠❡ ❜❛.✐❝ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛(✐♦♥ ❢♦$ ❡❛❝❤ ❢$✐❡♥❞ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❢✉❧❧ ♥❛♠❡✱ ♥✐❝❦♥❛♠❡✱

❡♠❛✐❧✱ ❜❧♦❣✮✱ ❛. ✇❡❧❧ ❛. ❛ (❡①( ♠❡♥(✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝❛.❡ (❤❡ $❡❧❛(✐♦♥.❤✐♣ ✐. ❜✐❞✐$❡❝(✐♦♥❛❧

✭✐✳❡✳ ✧❍❛. ②♦✉ ❛. ❢$✐❡♥❞✳✧✮✳

❖♥❝❡ ❛✉(❤❡♥(✐❝❛(❡❞✱ ❛❞❞✐(✐♦♥❛❧ ❢✉♥❝(✐♦♥❛❧✐(✐❡. ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❋♦$

❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✉.❡$. ❝❛♥ ♣♦.( ♠❡..❛❣❡. (♦ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✇❛❧❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐. ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♣❧❛❝❡

❢♦$ ❛❧❧ ✉.❡$. (♦ ✇$✐(❡ ❛❜♦✉( ♥❡✇.✱ ❡✈❡♥(.✱ .♦❝✐❛❧ ✉♣❞❛(❡.✱ ❡(❝✳ ❯.❡$. ❝❛♥ ❛❧.♦

-✉❜-❝#✐❜❡ (♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ .❡$✈✐❝❡. ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ (♦ ❤❛✈❡ (❤❡✐$ ♦✇♥ ♣$✐✈❛(❡ ✇❛❧❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐. ♦♥❧②

❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ (♦ (❤❡✐$ ❧✐.( ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❙✉❜.❝$✐❜✐♥❣ ❛❧.♦ ❛❧❧♦✇. ✉.❡$. (♦ .❡♥❞

❛♥❞ $❡❝❡✐✈❡ ♣$✐✈❛(❡ ♠❡..❛❣❡.✱ ❛. ✇❡❧❧ ❛. ♥♦(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥. ✇❤❡♥ ♦(❤❡$ ✉.❡$. ❤❛✈❡

♣♦.(❡❞ .♦♠❡(❤✐♥❣ ♦♥ (❤❡✐$ ♣$✐✈❛(❡ ✇❛❧❧✳

❚❤❡ .♦✉$❝❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❢♦$ ▼②O$♦✜❧❡ ❤❛. ❜❡❡♥ $❡❧❡❛.❡❞ ✉♥❞❡$ ❛♥ ▼■❚ ❧✐❝❡♥.❡

✭❧❡.. $❡.($✐❝(✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣❛$❡❞ (♦ ♦(❤❡$ ♦♣❡♥ .♦✉$❝❡ ❧✐❝❡♥.❡.✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✐( ✐. ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧②

❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ ●✐(❍✉❜ ✉♥❞❡$ ▼②O$♦✜❧❡

✳ ❋♦$ ♣♦$(❛❜✐❧✐(② ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥(

$❡❛.♦♥.✱ (❤❡ ♣❧❛(❢♦$♠ ✇❛. ♠❛✐♥❧② ✇$✐((❡♥ ✐♥ O❍O ❛♥❞ ❏❛✈❛❙❝$✐♣(✳ ■( $❡❧✐❡.

♦♥ ❱✐$(✉♦.♦

(♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐(❛(❡ ❘❉❋✲($✐♣❧❡ .(♦$❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❙O❆❘◗▲ P✉❡$✐❡. ❢♦$ ❝❛❝❤❡❞

♣$♦✜❧❡.✳ ❆ $✉♥♥✐♥❣ ❞❡♠♦ ♦❢ ▼②O$♦✜❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❝❡..❡❞ ❛( ❤((♣.✿✴✴♠②✲♣$♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴✳

▲❡( ✉. ♥♦✇ (❛❦❡ ❛ ❞❡(❛✐❧❡❞ ❧♦♦❦ ❛( ❡❛❝❤ ♣❧❛(❢♦$♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥(✱ .(❛$(✐♥❣ ✇✐(❤

(❤❡ ✉.❡$ ♣$♦✜❧❡.✳

✹✳✶✳✶ ❈$❡❛'✐♥❣ ❛ ✉,❡$ ♣$♦✜❧❡

▼②O$♦✜❧❡ ✉.❡. ❲❡❜■❉ ❛. (❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐.♠ ❢♦$ ✉.❡$ ♣$♦✜❧❡.✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦$ ❛♥

✐♥❝$❡❛.❡❞ ✐♥(❡$♦♣❡$❛❜✐❧✐(②✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ (❤❡ ✉.❡$✬. .♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥(❡$❛❝(✐♦♥. ♦♥ (❤❡

❲❡❜✱ (❤❡ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛❧.♦ ❡①(❡♥❞❡❞ (♦ ❝♦♥(❛✐♥ $❡.♦✉$❝❡. ❧✐❦❡ ❜❧♦❣ ❛♥❞ ❢♦$✉♠

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢(❡❡❞♦♠❜♦①❢♦✉♥❞❛!✐♦♥✳♦(❣✴

❤!!♣4✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴▼②8(♦✜❧❡✴♠②♣(♦✜❧❡

❤!!♣✿✴✴✈✐(!✉♦4♦✳♦♣❡♥❧✐♥❦4✇✳❝♦♠✴

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4.1. MYPROFILE 67

♣♦"#"✱ ♦% ❡✈❡♥ ♠❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❧✐"# ♠❡""❛❣❡"✱ ❛❧❧ ❞❡"❝%✐❜❡❞ ✉"✐♥❣ ❞❡❞✐❝❛#❡❞ ♦♥#♦❧♦❣✐❡"✳

❲❡ ❝❛♥ "❛❢❡❧② "❛② #❤❛# #❤❡ ✉"❡%✬" ♣%♦✜❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥#❛✐♥ ❛♥ ✉♥❧✐♠✐#❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡%

♦❢ %❡"♦✉%❝❡"✱ ❛" ❧♦♥❣ ❛" #❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣%❡""❡❞ ✉"✐♥❣ "#❛♥❞❛%❞ ❙❡♠❛♥#✐❝ ❲❡❜

✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛%✐❡"✳

❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■" ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❘❡♣%❡"❡♥#❛#✐♦♥❛❧ ❙#❛#❡ ❚%❛♥"❢❡% ✭❘❊❙❚✮

"#%✉❝#✉%❡"✳ ❊❛❝❤ ✉"❡% ✐" ❛""✐❣♥❡❞ ❛ ✉♥✐D✉❡ ❯❘■✱ ❝♦♠♣♦"❡❞ ♦❢ #❤%❡❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣❛%#"✿

✶✳ ❚❤❡ "❡%✈❡%✬" ■G ❛❞❞%❡"" ♦% ❢✉❧❧② D✉❛❧✐✜❡❞ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♥❛♠❡ ✭❋◗❉◆✮✱ ✐✳❡✳

❤!!♣#✿✴✴♠②✲♣)♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✴

✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐%❡❝#♦%② "#%✉❝#✉%❡ ✉♥❞❡% ✇❤✐❝❤ #❤❡ ♣%♦✜❧❡ ✐" ❧♦❝❛#❡❞✱ ✐✳❡

♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❜❛))②✴

✸✳ ❚❤❡ ♣%♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥# ✇✐#❤ ❛ ❢%❛❣♠❡♥# ✐❞❡♥#✐✜❡% ❞❡♥♦#✐♥❣ #❤❡ ✉"❡%✱ ✐✳❡✳

❝❛)❞★♠❡

❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ #❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡#❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■ ❜❡❝♦♠❡" #❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿

❤!!♣#✿✴✴♠②✲♣)♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❜❛))②✴❝❛)❞★♠❡

❚❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✐♥❢♦%♠❛#✐♦♥ %❡D✉✐%❡❞ ❢♦% ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣%♦✜❧❡ ✐" ❝♦♠♣%✐"❡❞ ♦❢ #❤❡

❧♦❝❛❧ ✉%❡'♥❛♠❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❜❛%%②✮ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ✉"❡%✬" ❢✉❧❧ ♥❛♠❡✱ ♠❛② ✐# ❜❡ %❡❛❧ ♦% ♥♦#✳

❖♣#✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ #❤❡ ✉"❡% ❝❛♥ ♣%♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♥ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞%❡"" #❤❛# ✇✐❧❧ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ✉"❡❞ ❢♦%

❛❝❝♦✉♥# %❡❝♦✈❡%② ♣✉%♣♦"❡"✱ ❛♥❞ ✐" ♥❡✈❡% ❞✐"❝❧♦"❡❞ #♦ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ❡❧"❡✳

■!!✉✐♥❣ ❝❧✐❡♥) ❝❡*)✐✜❝❛)❡!

❉✉%✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥# ❝%❡❛#✐♦♥ ♣%♦❝❡""✱ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥# ❝❡%#✐✜❝❛#❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✐""✉❡❞ ❛♥❞

❛✉#♦♠❛#✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥"#❛❧❧❡❞ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❜%♦✇"❡%✱ ❛" ✇❡❧❧ ❛" ❤❛✈❡ ✐#" ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❛❞❞❡❞

#♦ #❤❡ ✉"❡% ♣%♦✜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ "②"#❡♠ %❡❧✐❡" ♦♥ ❍❚▼▲✺ ❁❦❡②❣❡♥❃ ❡❧❡♠❡♥#✱ #♦

❣✉❛%❛♥#❡❡ #❤❛# #❤❡ ♣%✐✈❛#❡ ❦❡② ✐" ♥❡✈❡% ❞✐"❝❧♦"❡❞✱ ♥♦# ❡✈❡♥ #♦ #❤❡ "❡%✈❡%✳ ❚❤❡

❦❡②❣❡♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥# ❡①✐"#" #♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐#❛#❡ ❣❡♥❡%❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❦❡② ♠❛#❡%✐❛❧✱ ❛♥❞ "✉❜♠✐""✐♦♥

♦❢ #❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ✐♥ #❤❡ ❙✐❣♥❡❞ G✉❜❧✐❝ ❑❡② ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ✭❙G❑❆❈✮ ❬✷✽❪

❢♦%♠❛#✳ ❚❤❡ ♣%♦❝❡"" ✐" "✐♠✐❧❛% #♦ ❣❡♥❡%❛#✐♥❣ ❈❡%#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥ ❙✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❘❡D✉❡"#"

✭❈❙❘"✮✱ ✇❤❡%❡ ❛♥ ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❝❛♥ #❤❡♥ ❜❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛#❡❞ ✉"✐♥❣ ❖♣❡♥❙❙▲

❚❤❡ ♣%♦❝❡"" ♦❢ ✐""✉✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❳✳✺✵✾ ❬✻✺❪ ❝❧✐❡♥# ❝❡%#✐✜❝❛#❡ ❤❛" ♣%♦✈❡♥ #♦ ❜❡

D✉✐#❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ %❡❛"♦♥ ✐" ❞✉❡ #♦ ❤♦✇ G❑■ ✇♦%❦" ✇❤❡♥ ✐# ❝♦♠❡"

#♦ "✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❈❙❘"✱ ♠♦%❡ "♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② #❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❛ ❈❡%#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥ ❆✉#❤♦%✐#②

✭❈❆✮✳ ❇❛"✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ♦♥❝❡ #❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ✉"❡%✬" ❢✉❧❧ ♥❛♠❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ "❡♥# ❜②

#❤❡ ❜%♦✇"❡%✱ #❤❡ "❡%✈❡% ♠✉"# #%❛♥"❢♦%♠ #❤❡♠ ✐♥#♦ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❈❙❘ ❛♥❞ "✐❣♥ #❤❡♠

✇✐#❤ #❤❡ ❈❆✬" ❦❡②✳ ❚❤❡ ♣%♦❜❧❡♠ ✇❡ %❛♥ ✐♥#♦✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✉"✐♥❣ G❍G✱ ✇❛" #❤❛# #❤❡%❡

✐" ♥♦ "✉♣♣♦%# ❢♦% #❤✐" ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❝%②♣#♦❣%❛♣❤✐❝ ♦♣❡%❛#✐♦♥"✳ ❚❤❡%❡❢♦%❡✱ ✇❡ ❡♥❞❡❞

✉♣ ✉"✐♥❣ ❖♣❡♥❙❙▲ #❤%♦✉❣❤ ❛ "②"#❡♠ ❝❛❧❧✳

❆♥♦#❤❡% ✐""✉❡ %❡❧❛#❡❞ #♦ ❳✳✺✵✾ ❝❡%#✐✜❝❛#❡" ❝♦♥❝❡%♥" #❤❡ ✇❛② #❤❡② ❛%❡ "❡♥#

❜❛❝❦ #♦ #❤❡ ❝❧✐❡♥#✳ ❖♥❝❡ #❤❡ ✉"❡% "✉❜♠✐#" #❤❡ ❢♦%♠ ❝♦♥#❛✐♥✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❍❚▼▲✺

❦❡②❣❡♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥#✱ #❤❡ "❡%✈❡% ♠✉"# %❡#✉%♥ #❤❡ ❝❡%#✐✜❝❛#❡ ❜② %❡"♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ✇✐#❤ #❤❡

♣%♦♣❡% ❝♦♥#❡♥# #②♣❡✱ "❡# #♦ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛1✐♦♥✴①✲①✺✵✾✲✉%❡'✲❝❡'1✳ ❚❤❡ ♣%♦❜❧❡♠ ❧✐❡" ✐♥ #❤❡

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦♣❡♥**❧✳♦,❣✴

Page 89: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

68 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

❢❛❝# #❤❛# ❜② '❡##✐♥❣ ❛ '♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥#❡♥# #②♣❡ ❢♦/ '❡♥❞✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❝❡/#✐✜❝❛#❡✱ ♥♦ ♦#❤❡/

❞❛#❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ '❡♥# ❛❧♦♥❣ #❤❡ ❝❡/#✐✜❝❛#❡✱ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ #❤❛# #❤❡ '❡/✈❡/ ❝❛♥♥♦# '❡♥❞ ❛

♣❛❣❡ #♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛#❡ #❤❡ '✉❝❝❡'' ♦❢ #❤❡ ♦♣❡/❛#✐♦♥✳ ❯♥❛✇❛/❡ ✉'❡/' ♠❛② ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ #❤❛#

♥♦ ❛❝#✐♦♥ ✇❛' ♣❡/❢♦/♠❡❞ ❛♥❞ #❤❡② ♠✐❣❤# ❝❧✐❝❦ #❤❡ '✉❜♠✐# ❜✉##♦♥ ❛❣❛✐♥✳

✉❜❧✐%❤✐♥❣ )❤❡ ♣,♦✜❧❡

▼②;/♦✜❧❡ ✉'❡/ ♣/♦✜❧❡' ❛/❡ ❡①♣/❡''❡❞ ❛' ❚✉/#❧❡ ❬✻❪ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥#' ❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧#✱ ✐♥

♦/❞❡/ #♦ ❛❧✐❣♥ ✇✐#❤ #❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ '♣❡❝✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡/✱ ✉'❡/' ❤❛✈❡ #❤❡ ♦♣#✐♦♥ #♦

❡①♣♦/# #❤❡✐/ ♣/♦✜❧❡' ✉'✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡/❡♥# '❡/✐❛❧✐③❛#✐♦♥ ❢♦/♠❛#'✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❘❉❋✴❳▼▲ ❬✺❪✱

◆✸ ❬✽❪ ♦/ ❏❙❖◆ ❬✷✶❪✳

❲❤❡♥ ❛ /❡U✉❡'# ❢♦/ #❤❡ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥# ❛//✐✈❡'✱ #❤❡ ❲❡❜ '❡/✈❡/ ♠✉'#

❞❡❝✐❞❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥#❡♥# #②♣❡ #♦ '❡/✈❡✳ ❈✉//❡♥#❧②✱ ▼②;/♦✜❧❡ ✉'❡' ✳❤"❛❝❝❡&& ✜❧❡' #♦

✐♥#❡/❝❡♣# /❡U✉❡'#' ❛♥❞ ♣❡/❢♦/♠ ❝♦♥#❡♥# ♥❡❣♦#✐❛#✐♦♥ ❜❛'❡❞ ♦♥ #✇♦ ❝♦♥#❡♥# #②♣❡'✱

"❡①"✴"✉*"❧❡ ❛♥❞ "❡①"✴❤"♠❧✳

❖♣"✐♦♥& ✲▼✉❧"✐❱✐❡✇& ✲■♥❞❡①❡&

❆❞❞❚②♣❡ ✧"❡①"✴"✉6"❧❡✧ ✳""❧

❘❡✇6✐"❡❊♥❣✐♥❡ ❖♥

❘❡✇6✐"❡❇❛&❡ ✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❜❛66②✴

❘❡✇6✐"❡❈♦♥❞ ✪④❍❚❚B❴❆❈❈❊B❚⑥ ✦"❡①"✴"✉6"❧❡

❘❡✇6✐"❡❘✉❧❡ ❫❝❛6❞✩ ❤""♣&✿✴✴♠②✲♣6♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✴✈✐❡✇❄✇❡❜✐❞❂❁❲❡❜■❉❃ ❬❘❂✸✵✸❪

❘❡✇6✐"❡❈♦♥❞ ✪④❍❚❚B❴❆❈❈❊B❚⑥ "❡①"✴"✉6"❧❡

❘❡✇6✐"❡❘✉❧❡ ❫❝❛6❞✩ ❝❛6❞✳""❧ ❬▲❪

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✾✿ ❈♦♥#❡♥#' ♦❢ ❛ ✳❤#❛❝❝❡'' ✜❧❡ ❢♦/ ✉'❡/ ♣/♦✜❧❡'✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✾ ❞✐'♣❧❛②' #❤❡ ❝♦♥#❡♥#' ♦❢ ❛ ✳❤#❛❝❝❡'' ✜❧❡✱ ❢♦/ ✉'❡/ ❜❛**②✳ ❍❡/❡ ✇❡

❤❛✈❡ #✇♦ ❝♦♥❞✐#✐♦♥'✱ ❡①♣/❡''❡❞ ✉'✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❘❡✇*✐"❡❈♦♥❞ ❞✐/❡❝#✐✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✜/'# ❝♦♥✲

❞✐#✐♦♥ '#❛#❡' #❤❛# ✐❢ #❤❡ ❆❝❝❡♣# ❤❡❛❞❡/ ♦❢ #❤❡ /❡U✉❡'# ✐' ❞✐✛❡/❡♥# ❢/♦♠ "❡①"✴"✉*"❧❡✱

#❤❡♥ ✐# ✇✐❧❧ '❡/✈❡ ❍❚▼▲ ❜② #/✐❣❣❡/✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❘❡✇*✐"❡❘✉❧❡ #❤❛# /❡❞✐/❡❝#' #❤❡ ✉'❡/

#♦ #❤❡ '♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✈✐❡✇ ♣❛❣❡✳ ❖♥ #❤❡ ♦#❤❡/ ❤❛♥❞✱ ✐❢ #❤❡ ❆❝❝❡♣# ❤❡❛❞❡/ ✐' ❡①♣❧✐❝✐#❧②

'❡# #♦ "❡①"✴"✉*"❧❡✱ ✐# ✇✐❧❧ '❡/✈❡ #❤❡ ❘❉❋ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥# ✐♥'#❡❛❞ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❝❛/❞✳##❧✮✳

✹✳✶✳✷ ❱✐❡✇✐♥❣ ♣+♦✜❧❡/

▼②;/♦✜❧❡ ♣/♦✈✐❞❡' ❛ ✈✐'✉❛❧❧② ❛♣♣❡❛❧✐♥❣ /❡♥❞❡/✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡'✱ /❡❣❛/❞❧❡''

✐❢ #❤❡ ✉'❡/ ✐' ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦/ ♥♦# ✭❋✐❣✉/❡ ✹✳✶✮✳ ❚♦ /❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ♣/♦❝❡'' ❘❉❋ ❞❛#❛✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡

❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ #♦ ✉'❡ ❊❛'②❘❞❢✱ ❛ ;❍; ❧✐❜/❛/② ❞❡'✐❣♥❡❞ #♦ ♠❛❦❡ ✐# ❡❛'② #♦ ❝♦♥'✉♠❡

❛♥❞ ♣/♦❞✉❝❡ ❘❉❋ ❛' ❣/❛♣❤ ♦❢ ;❍; ♦❜❥❡❝#' #❤❛# ❝❛♥ #❤❡♥ ❜❡ ✇❛❧❦❡❞ ❛/♦✉♥❞ #♦

❣❡# #❤❡ ❞❛#❛ #♦ ❜❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ♦♥ #❤❡ ♣❛❣❡✳

❚❤❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♣❛❣❡ ♣/♦✈✐❞❡' ❛❞❞✐#✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛#✐♦♥ ❢♦/ #❤❡ ✉'❡/✬' ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱

✐♥ #❤❡ ❢♦/♠ ♦❢ ❢✉❧❧ ♥❛♠❡✱ ♥✐❝❦♥❛♠❡✱ ❡♠❛✐❧✱ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡/ ❛♥❞ ❜❧♦❣✳ ■❢ #❤❡

✉'❡/ ✐' ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ❤✐'✴❤❡/ ♦✇♥ ♣/♦✜❧❡✱ ❛ #❡①# ♠❡♥#✐♦♥ ✧❍❛'

②♦✉ ❛' ❢/✐❡♥❞✳✧ ✇✐❧❧ ❛♣♣❡❛/ ♥❡①# #♦ #❤❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡/'♦♥ ✐❢ #❤❛# ♣❡/'♦♥ ❛❧'♦ ❤❛'

❛ ❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇& /❡❧❛#✐♦♥ ♣♦✐♥#✐♥❣ ❜❛❝❦ ✭❋✐❣✉/❡ ✹✳✶✮✳ ❆❞❞✐#✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ #❤❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♣❛❣❡

♦✛❡/' ❛ '❡/✐❡' ♦❢ ❜✉##♦♥' #❤❛# ❛❧❧♦✇ #♦ U✉✐❝❦❧② /❡♠♦✈❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❢/♦♠ #❤❡

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4.1. MYPROFILE 69

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✹✳✶✿ ❘❡♥❞❡$✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ♣$♦✜❧❡✳

✉3❡$✬3 ♣$♦✜❧❡✱ 6♦ ✈✐❡✇ 6❤❡✐$ ✇❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ 6♦ ❡①♣❧♦$❡ 6❤❡✐$ 3♦❝✐❛❧ ❣$❛♣❤✱ ❛3 3❡❡♥

✐♥ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✹✳✶✳

❚❤❡ 3❛♠❡ ♣❛❣❡ ❛❧❧♦✇3 ✉3❡$3 6♦ ❧♦♦❦✉♣ ♦6❤❡$ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❜② 3❡❛$❝❤✐♥❣ ❢♦$ ♥❛♠❡3✱

♥✐❝❦♥❛♠❡3 ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■3 ✇✐6❤✐♥ 6❤❡ ❝❛❝❤❡❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣$♦✜❧❡3 ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ 6❤❛6

❤❛✈❡ ✉3❡❞ 6❤❡ ♣❧❛6❢♦$♠ ❛6 ♦♥❡ ♣♦✐♥6 ♦$ 6❤❡ ♦6❤❡$✳ ■❢ 6❤❡ ✉3❡$ ♣❡$❢♦$♠✐♥❣ 6❤❡

❧♦♦❦✉♣ ✐3 ❛✉6❤❡♥6✐❝❛6❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❛3 ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣$♦✜❧❡✱ ❤❡✴3❤❡ ❝❛♥ 6❤❡♥ 3✐♠♣❧② ♣$❡33 ❛

❜✉66♦♥ 6♦ ❛❞❞ ♦♥❡ ♦$ ♠♦$❡ 3❡❛$❝❤ $❡3✉❧63 6♦ ❤✐3✴❤❡$ ❧✐36 ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳

✹✳✶✳✸ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧+ ❛♥❞ ❛❝.✐✈✐.② +.1❡❛♠+

❚❤❡ ♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧ ✐3 ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛$ ❝♦♥❝❡♣6 ✐♥ 3♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡6✇♦$❦3✳ ■6 ❛❧❧♦✇3 ✉3❡$3 6♦

♣♦36 ✉♣❞❛6❡3 ❛❜♦✉6 6❤❡✐$ ❧✐❢❡✱ 6♦ 6❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉6 6❤❡✐$ ✐♥6❡$❡363✱ 6♦ 3❤❛$❡ ❧✐♥❦3 ❛♥❞

❝♦♥6❡♥6✱ ♦$ 6♦ ♦♣❡♥❧② ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛6❡ ✇✐6❤ ♦6❤❡$ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✭❋✐❣✉$❡ ✹✳✷✮✳

▼②J$♦✜❧❡ ♦✛❡$3 6✇♦ 6②♣❡3 ♦❢ 3♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧3✳ ❚❤❡ ✜$36 6②♣❡ ✐3 ❛ ♣❧❛6❢♦$♠✲✇✐❞❡✱

3❤❛$❡❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✇❛❧❧✳ ■63 ♣✉$♣♦3❡ ✐3 6♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✉3❡$3 6♦ M✉✐❝❦❧② ♣♦36 ♣✉❜❧✐❝

✐♥❢♦$♠❛6✐♦♥✱ 6❤❛6 ♠❛② ❛❧3♦ ❜❡ ♦❢ ✉3❡ 6♦ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♦✉63✐❞❡ 6❤❡✐$ ❢$✐❡♥❞3 ❧✐36✳ ❚♦

❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ 6♦ ♣♦36 ♦♥ 6❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✇❛❧❧✱ ✉3❡$3 ♥❡❡❞ 6♦ ❜❡ ❛✉6❤❡♥6✐❝❛6❡❞ 6❤$♦✉❣❤

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✭3❡❡ ❙❡❝6✐♦♥ ✷✳✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ 3❡❝♦♥❞ 6②♣❡ ✐3 ❛ ♣$✐✈❛6❡✱ $❡36$✐❝6❡❞ ❛❝❝❡33

✇❛❧❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐3 ♦♥❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ 6♦ 6❤❡ ✉3❡$✬3 ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❞❡3❝$✐❜❡❞ 6❤$♦✉❣❤

❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇ $❡❧❛6✐♦♥3✮✳ ❖6❤❡$ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣$❡33 6❤❡✐$ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛♣♣$❡❝✐❛6✐♦♥

6♦✇❛$❞3 ✇❛❧❧ ♣♦363 ❜② ❡✐6❤❡$ ❧✐❦✐♥❣ ♦$ ❞✐3❧✐❦✐♥❣ 6❤❡♠✳

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70 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✹✳✷✿ ▼②,$♦✜❧❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✇❛❧❧✳

❚❤❡ ❛❝7✐✈✐7② 97$❡❛♠ ✐9 ❛ ❞❡$✐✈❛7✐✈❡ ♦❢ 7❤❡ 9♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧✳ ■7 ✐9 ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝7✐♦♥ ♦❢

❛❧❧ ♣♦979 ✇$✐77❡♥ ❜② ♣❡♦♣❧❡ 7❤❡ ✉9❡$ ❦♥♦✇9✱ ❛♥❞ ♣$❡9❡♥7❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❤$♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧

♦$❞❡$✳ ■79 ♣✉$♣♦9❡ ✐9 7♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✉9❡$9 7♦ ❦❡❡♣ 7$❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✉♣❞❛7❡9 ❢$♦♠ 7❤❡✐$ ❢$✐❡♥❞9✱

✇✐7❤♦✉7 ❤❛✈✐♥❣ 7♦ ✈✐9✐7 7❤❡ ♣$✐✈❛7❡ ✇❛❧❧9 ♦❢ 7❤❡✐$ ❢$✐❡♥❞9✳

❇❛9❡❞ ♦♥ 7❤❡ ❝♦♥7❡♥7 7②♣❡ ♦❢ 7❤❡ ❆❝❝❡♣$✱ ❝❧✐❡♥79 ❝❛♥ $❡B✉❡97 ❡✐7❤❡$ ❛♥ ❍❚▼▲

✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ 7❤❡ 9♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧✱ ♦$ ♠♦$❡ ✐♠♣♦$7❛♥7❧②✱ ❛♥ ❘❉❋ ✈✐❡✇✳ ❈✉$$❡♥7❧②✱ ♦♥❧② ❚✉$✲

7❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❘❉❋✴❳▼▲ 9❡$✐❛❧✐9❛7✐♦♥ ❛$❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦$ 7❤❡ ❘❉❋ ✈✐❡✇✳ ❲❛❧❧ ♣♦979 ❛$❡

$❡♣$❡9❡♥7❡❞ ✉9✐♥❣ 7❤❡ ❙■❖❈ ❬✶✸❪ ♦♥7♦❧♦❣②✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✵ ❞✐9♣❧❛②9 ❤♦✇ ♣❛❣✐♥❛7✐♦♥

✐9 9✉♣♣♦$7❡❞ 7❤$♦✉❣❤ ❯❘■ $❡B✉❡979✱ 7❤♦✉❣❤ ✐7 ❞♦❡9 ♥♦7 $❡✢❡❝7 ✐♥ 7❤❡ ❘❉❋ ❞❛7❛✳

●❊❚ ✴✇❛❧❧✳♣❤♣❄♦❢❢-❡/❂✷✵ ❍❚❚4✴✶✳✶

❍♦-/✿ ♠②✲♣:♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉

❆❝❝❡♣/✿ /❡①/✴/✉:/❧❡

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✵✿ ❘❉❋ 9♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧ ♣❛❣✐♥❛7✐♦♥✳

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4.1. MYPROFILE 71

✹✳✶✳✹ ❆❝❝♦✉♥( )❡❝♦✈❡)② ❛♥❞ ♣❛✐)✐♥❣

❆❝❝♦✉♥% &❡❝♦✈❡&②

❙✐♥❝❡ ▼②'(♦✜❧❡ ✉-❡- ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❢♦( ❛✉7❤❡♥7✐❝❛7✐♦♥✱ ✐❢ ❛ ✉-❡( ❝❛♥♥♦7 ✉-❡

❤✐-✴❤❡( ❝❡(7✐✜❝❛7❡ ❛♥② ❧♦♥❣❡( ❛♥❞ (❡❣❛(❞❧❡-- ♦❢ 7❤❡ (❡❛-♦♥✱ 7❤❡(❡ ♠✉-7 ❡①✐-7 7❤❡

♣♦--✐❜✐❧✐7② 7♦ (❡❝♦✈❡( ❛❝❝❡-- 7♦ ❤✐-✴❤❡( ❛❝❝♦✉♥7✳ ❆❝❝♦✉♥7 (❡❝♦✈❡(② ✇✐❧❧ ✇♦(❦

♦♥❧② ✐❢ 7❤❡ ✉-❡( ❤❛- ❛❧(❡❛❞② ♣(♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛♥ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞(❡-- ❢♦( 7❤✐- ♣✉(♣♦-❡✱ ❡✐7❤❡(

❛7 7❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥7 ♦❢ ❝(❡❛7✐♥❣ 7❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✱ ♦( 7❤(♦✉❣❤ 7❤❡ ♣(❡❢❡(❡♥❝❡- ♣❛❣❡✳

❚❤❡ ✜(-7 -7❡♣ ♦❢ 7❤❡ ♣(♦❝❡❞✉(❡ 7♦ (❡❝♦✈❡( ❛❝❝❡-- 7♦ ❛ ▼②'(♦✜❧❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥7

✐♥✈♦❧✈❡- ♣(♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ 7❤❡ ✉-❡(✬- ❲❡❜■❉✳ ❖♥❝❡ 7❤✐- ✐♥❢♦(♠❛7✐♦♥ ✐- -✉❜♠✐77❡❞✱ 7❤❡

-②-7❡♠ ✇✐❧❧ ❣❡♥❡(❛7❡ ❛ ♦♥❡✲7✐♠❡ ♣❛--✇♦(❞ ✭❖❚'✮ ❬✸✸❪ ✐♥ 7❤❡ ❢♦(♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❤❛-❤ ✭✐✳❡✳

❛ -7(✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛❧♣❤❛♥✉♠❡(✐❝ ❝❤❛(❛❝7❡(-✮ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♥❞ ✐7 7♦ 7❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ -✉❜♠✐77❡❞ ❜② 7❤❡

✉-❡(✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛♥ ❡♠❛✐❧ ✐- -❡♥7 7♦ 7❤❡ ❛❞❞(❡-- ✐♥✐7✐❛❧❧② -♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❜② 7❤❡ ✉-❡( ✇❤❡♥

❤❡✴-❤❡ ❝(❡❛7❡❞ 7❤❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥7✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❝♦♥7❛✐♥- ❛ ♣(❡✲❢♦(♠❛77❡❞ ❧✐♥❦ ❝♦♥7❛✐♥✐♥❣

7❤❡ ❖❚'✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❛❜❧❡- 7❤❡ ✉-❡( 7♦ ❛✉7❤❡♥7✐❝❛7❡ ❛- ✐❢ ❤❡✴-❤❡ ✇❛- ❛✉7❤❡♥7✐❝❛7✐♥❣

7❤(♦✉❣❤ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ❖♥❝❡ ❛✉7❤❡♥7✐❝❛7❡❞✱ 7❤❡ ✉-❡( ❤❛- 7❤❡ ♣♦--✐❜✐❧✐7② 7♦ ✐--✉❡

♥❡✇ ❝❡(7✐✜❝❛7❡-✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛✉7♦♠❛7✐❝❛❧❧② ❛❞❞❡❞ 7♦ ❤✐-✴❤❡( ❲❡❜■❉ ♣(♦✜❧❡✳ ■❢

7❤❡ ❛✉7❤❡♥7✐❝❛7✐♦♥ ✇❛- -✉❝❝❡--❢✉❧✱ 7❤❡ ❖❚' ✐- (❡♠♦✈❡❞ -♦ ✐7 ❝❛♥ ♥❡✈❡( ❜❡ ✉-❡❞

❛❣❛✐♥ 7♦ ❣❛✐♥ ❛❝❝❡-- 7♦ 7❤✐- ♣❛(7✐❝✉❧❛( ❛❝❝♦✉♥7✳

*❛✐&✐♥❣

❚❤❡ ♣❛✐(✐♥❣ ♣(♦❝❡-- ✇❛- ❝(❡❛7❡❞ 7♦ ❛❞❞(❡-- 7❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧7② ♦❢ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ 7♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡

❝❧✐❡♥7 ❝❡(7✐✜❝❛7❡- ❛❝(♦-- ❞✐✛❡(❡♥7 ❜(♦✇-❡(- ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈✐❝❡-✳ ❯♥7✐❧ ♥♦✇✱ ✉-❡(- ❤❛❞

7♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② ❡①♣♦(7 ❝❡(7✐✜❝❛7❡- ❢(♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❜(♦✇-❡( ❛♥❞ 7❤❡♥ ✐♠♣♦(7 7❤❡♠ ✐♥7♦

❛ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥7 ❜(♦✇-❡( ♦( ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛✐(✐♥❣ ♣(♦❝❡-- ✐- ❞✐✛❡(❡♥7 ❢(♦♠ ❛❝❝♦✉♥7

(❡❝♦✈❡(②✱ 7❤♦✉❣❤ ✐7 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉-❡❞ 7♦ ♣(♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ -✐♠✐❧❛( ❡♥❞ (❡-✉❧7✳

■♥ 7❤✐- ❝❛-❡✱ ✉-❡(- ♠✉-7 ✜(-7 ❛✉7❤❡♥7✐❝❛7❡ ✭❡✐7❤❡( 7❤(♦✉❣❤ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♦( ❜②

✉-✐♥❣ 7❤❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥7 (❡❝♦✈❡(② ❢❡❛7✉(❡✮ ✐♥ ♦(❞❡( 7♦ ❛❝❝❡-- 7❤❡✐( ♣(❡❢❡(❡♥❝❡- ♣❛❣❡✳

❚❤✐- ♣❛❣❡ ❛❧❧♦✇- 7❤❡♠ 7♦ ❣❡♥❡(❛7❡ ❛ ✻ ❞✐❣✐7 ♦♥❡✲7✐♠❡ ♥✉♠❡(✐❝ ♣❛--✇♦(❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

✇❡ ❝❛❧❧ ■◆ ✭❋✐❣✉(❡ ✹✳✸✮✳ ❚♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❜(✉7❡✲❢♦(❝❡ ❛77❛❝❦- ♦♥ 7❤❡ '■◆✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡

❞❡❝✐❞❡ 7♦ ❧✐♠✐7 ✐7- ✈❛❧✐❞✐7② ♣❡(✐♦❞ 7♦ ♦♥❡ ♠✐♥✉7❡✱ -7❛(7✐♥❣ ❢(♦♠ 7❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥7 ✐7

✇❛- ✐--✉❡❞✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ '■◆ ♠✉-7 ❜❡ ❣❡♥❡(❛7❡❞ ✐❢ 7❤❡ ✉-❡( ✐- ♥♦7 ❛❜❧❡ 7♦ 7②♣❡ ✐7

✇✐7❤✐♥ 7❤❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ 7✐♠❡ ❢(❛♠❡ ♦♥ 7❤❡ ♦7❤❡( ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳

✹✳✶✳✺ ❙(❛(✐4(✐❝4

▼②'(♦✜❧❡ ✐- ❝✉((❡♥7❧② 7❤❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❝7♦ -❡(✈✐❝❡ ♣(♦✈✐❞❡( ✇❤❡♥ ✐7 ❝♦♠❡- 7♦ ✐--✉✐♥❣

❲❡❜■❉-✱ ❤♦-7✐♥❣ ❝❧♦-❡ 7♦ ✺✵✵ ❲❡❜■❉-✱ ❛♥❞ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✈✐-✐7❡❞ ❞❛✐❧② ❜② ♠♦(❡ 7❤❛♥ ✸✵

❞✐✛❡(❡♥7 ✉-❡(-✳ ■7 ✐- ❛❧-♦ 7❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ (❡❢❡(❡♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ ✐7 ❝♦♠❡- 7♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥7✐♥❣ ❛

❞❡❝❡♥7(❛❧✐③❡❞ -♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛7✐♦♥✳

▼②'(♦✜❧❡ ❤❛- ❜❡❡♥ 7❤❡ -✉❜❥❡❝7 ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥7 ✇♦(❦-❤♦♣- ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥❝❡-

❛(♦✉♥❞ 7❤❡ ✇♦(❧❞✱ ❛- ✇❡❧❧ ❛- ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥7 7❛❧❦- ❛♥❞ ♣(❡-❡♥7❛7✐♦♥- ✐♥ 7❤❡ ♣❛-7

7✇♦ ②❡❛(-✿

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72 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✹✳✸✿ ●❡♥❡$❛-✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛✐$✐♥❣ /■◆✳

• ✷✵✶✸✿ ▼❡♥-✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ✧▲❡-✬; -❡❛$ ❞♦✇♥ -❤❡;❡ ✇❛❧❧;✧ -❛❧❦ ❛- ❙■●■◆❚✶✸

✐♥

❈♦❧♦❣♥❡ ✭●❡$♠❛♥②✮✱ ❛♥ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ❤❛❝❦❡$ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥❝❡ ❝♦✈❡$✐♥❣ ❜♦-❤ -❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧

❛♥❞ ;♦❝✐❛❧ ❛;♣❡❝-; ♦❢ ♦✉$ ❞✐❣✐-❛❧ ;♦❝✐❡-②✳

• ✷✵✶✸✿ ▼❡♥-✐♦♥❡❞ ❛- ❖✉✐❙❤❛$❡ ❋❡;-

✐♥ /❛$✐;✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥❝❡ ❛❜♦✉- -❤❡ ❝♦❧✲

❧❛❜♦$❛-✐✈❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠② ✐♥ ❊✉$♦♣❡✳

• ✷✵✶✷✿ ■♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ❜② -❤❡ ❋$❡❡ ❙♦❢-✇❛$❡ ❋♦✉♥❞❛-✐♦♥ ❊✉$♦♣❡

✐♥ -❤❡✐$ ❧✐;- ♦❢

❞✐✛❡$❡♥- ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤❡; ❢♦$ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❈♦♠♣✉-✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥- ♦❢ ▼②/$♦✜❧❡

✐; ❛❧;♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② -❤❡ ❋$❡❡❞♦♠❇♦① ❋♦✉♥❞❛-✐♦♥

• ✷✵✶✶✿ /$❡;❡♥-❡❞ ❜② ♠❡ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛♥❡❧ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✧❆❧-❡$♥❛-✐✈❡; -♦ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✧ ❞✉$✐♥❣

-❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❲❡❡❦ ❇❡$❧✐♥

❡✈❡♥-✳

• ✷✵✶✶✿ ▼❡♥-✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❍❡✐;❡

✶✵

✱ ❛ $❡;♣❡❝-❛❜❧❡ ●❡$♠❛♥ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ♥❡✇; ♠❛❣❛③✐♥❡✳

✹✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ♣❧❛②; ❛ ❝$✉❝✐❛❧ $♦❧❡ ✐♥ ▼②/$♦✜❧❡✳ ❖♥ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞

✐- ❛❧❧♦✇; ❛♥② ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-❡❞ ✉;❡$ -♦ ♣♦;- ♠❡;;❛❣❡; ♦♥ ✇❛❧❧; ♦$ ❝♦♥-❛❝- ♦-❤❡$

♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ $❡❣❛$❞❧❡;; ✐❢ -❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥- ♦$ ♥♦-✳ ❖♥ -❤❡ ♦-❤❡$ ❤❛♥❞✱ ❧♦❝❛❧

✉;❡$; -❤❛- ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-❡❞ ❝❛♥ ❛❧;♦ ❡❛;✐❧② ✉♣❞❛-❡ -❤❡✐$ ♣$♦✜❧❡;✱ ✐;;✉❡

♥❡✇ ❝❡$-✐✜❝❛-❡; ♦$ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ -❤❡✐$ ❢$✐❡♥❞;✳

❚❤❡$❡ ❡①✐;-; -✇♦ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥- ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤❡;✱ ❡✐-❤❡$ ♣❡$✲

❢♦$♠ -❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✈❡$✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❧②✱ ♦$ ✉;❡ ❛ -❤✐$❞ ♣❛$-② ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉✲

-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ;❡$✈✐❝❡✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ -✇♦ ❧✐❜$❛$✐❡;✱ ✇$✐--❡♥ ✐♥ /❍/✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

❝♦✈❡$ ❜♦-❤ ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤❡;✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐❜$❛$✐❡; ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ $❡❧❡❛;❡❞ ✉♥❞❡$ -❤❡ ▼■❚ ❧✐❝❡♥;❡✱

❤!!♣#✿✴✴#✐❣✐♥!✳❝❝❝✳❞❡✴

❤!!♣✿✴✴♦✉✐#❤❛0❡❢❡#!✳❝♦♠✴

❤!!♣✿✴✴❢#❢❡✳♦0❣✴

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢0❡❡❞♦♠❜♦①❢♦✉♥❞❛!✐♦♥✳♦0❣✴

❤!!♣✿✴✴#♦❝✐❛❧♠❡❞✐❛✇❡❡❦✳♦0❣✴❜❡0❧✐♥✴

✶✵

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❤❡✐#❡✳❞❡✴

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4.2. WEBID AUTHENTICATION 73

❛♥❞ ❛#❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ ●✐/❍✉❜ ✉♥❞❡# ❲❡❜■❉❛✉/❤

✶✶

✳ ■♥ /❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ 9✉❜✲

9❡❝/✐♦♥9 ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡9❝#✐❜❡ ❜♦/❤ ❧✐❜#❛#✐❡9✱ ❛9 ✇❡❧❧ ❛9 ❤♦✇ /❤❡ ❲❡❜ 9❡#✈❡# ♠✉9/ ❜❡

❝♦♥✜❣✉#❡❞ /♦ ♦✛❡# ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥✳

✹✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉*✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜ 1❡*✈❡*

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥ #❡B✉✐#❡9 /❤❡ ❲❡❜ 9❡#✈❡# /♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉#❡❞ ✐♥ ❛

9♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✇❛②✳ ❋♦# ♣♦#/❛❜✐❧✐/② ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥/ #❡❛9♦♥9✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ /♦ ✉9❡

/❤❡ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ✷ ❲❡❜ 9❡#✈❡#

✶✷

❚♦ #❡B✉❡9/ ❝❧✐❡♥/ ❝❡#/✐✜❝❛/❡9 ❢#♦♠ ✉9❡#9✱ /❤❡ ❲❡❜ 9❡#✈❡# ❝♦♥✜❣✉#❛/✐♦♥ ✜❧❡

♠✉9/ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ /❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❞✐#❡❝/✐✈❡9✿

• ❙❙▲❱❡$✐❢②❈❧✐❡♥+ ♦♣+✐♦♥❛❧❴♥♦❴❝❛ ✕ 9❦✐♣ ✈❡#✐❢②✐♥❣ /❤❡ ❈❆✱ 9✐♥❝❡ ❲❡❜■❉

❞♦❡9 ♥♦/ ♦♣❡#❛/❡ ❜❛9❡❞ ♦♥ 9/❛♥❞❛#❞ J❑■ /#✉9/

• ❙❙▲❱❡$✐❢②❉❡♣+❤ ✶ ✕ 9/♦♣ ❛❢/❡# /❤❡ ✐♥✐/✐❛❧ ❝❡#/✐✜❝❛/❡✱ /♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ #❡❝✉#9✐✈❡❧②

/#❛✈❡#9✐♥❣ /❤❡ /#✉9/ ❝❤❛✐♥

• ❙❙▲❖♣+✐♦♥5 ✰❊①♣♦$+❈❡$+❉❛+❛ ✕ ❡①♣♦#/ ❝❡#/✐✜❝❛/❡ ❝♦♥/❡♥/9 /♦ /❤❡ ❡♥✈✐✲

#♦♥♠❡♥/✱ 9♦ /❤❛/ ✐/ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉9❡❞ ❜② ♦/❤❡# ♣#♦❣#❛♠9 ✭❡✳❣✳ J❍J✱ J②/❤♦♥✱

❏❛✈❛✱ ❡/❝✳✮

❚❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❞✐#❡❝/✐✈❡9 ♠✉9/ ❜❡ ♣❛#/ ♦❢ /❤❡ ❱✐"#✉❛❧❍♦)# ❝♦♥✜❣✉#❛/✐♦♥✱ ❛9 ✐/ ✐9

♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡# ♣♦99✐❜❧❡ /♦ ♣❧❛❝❡ /❤❡♠ ✐♥ ✳❤#❛❝❝❡)) ✜❧❡9 ❞✉❡ /♦ 9❡❝✉#✐/② ✐99✉❡9✳ ❆ ❢✉❧❧

❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ /❤❡ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉#❛/✐♦♥ ✜❧❡ ✐9 ♣#♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ /❤❡ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐①✱ ✉♥❞❡#

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✻✳

J❧❡❛9❡ ♥♦/❡ /❤❛/ ✐♥ ♦#❞❡# /♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ♦❧❞ ❜#♦✇9❡# ✈❡#9✐♦♥9 /❤❛/ ❞♦ ♥♦/ 9✉♣♣♦#/

❙❙▲ #❡♥❡❣♦/✐❛/✐♦♥✱ /❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✜❣✉#❛/✐♦♥ ❞✐#❡❝/✐✈❡ ♠✉9/ ❜❡ ♣#❡9❡♥/✿

❙❙▲■♥5❡❝✉$❡❘❡♥❡❣♦+✐❛+✐♦♥ ♦♥

❍♦✇❡✈❡#✱ ✐❢ /❤✐9 ❞✐#❡❝/✐✈❡ ✐9 ❡♥❛❜❧❡❞✱ ❙❙▲ ❝♦♥♥❡❝/✐♦♥9 ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✈✉❧♥❡#❛❜❧❡ /♦

/❤❡ ▼❛♥✲✐♥✲/❤❡✲▼✐❞❞❧❡ ♣#❡✜① ❛//❛❝❦

✶✸

✹✳✷✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉,❤

▲♦❝❛❧ ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② #❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉#❤✱ ❛ J❍J

❧✐❜#❛#② ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥/✐♥❣ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ■/9 ♣❛#/✐❝✉❧❛#✐/② #❡9✐❞❡9 ✐♥ /❤❡ ❢❛❝/ /❤❛/ ✐/

❛❧❧♦✇9 ✉9❡#9 /♦ #❡B✉❡9/ ❛ ✈❡"❜♦)❡ ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ♣#♦❝❡99✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐9 ✉9❡❢✉❧ ✇❤❡♥

❞❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣ ❛ ❢❛✉❧/② ❝❡#/✐✜❝❛/❡ ♦# ❛ ✉9❡# ♣#♦✜❧❡✳

❲❡❜■❉❛✉/❤ ❝❛♥ ♦♣❡#❛/❡ ✐♥ /✇♦ ♠♦❞❡9✳ ■♥ /❤❡ ✜#9/ ♠♦❞❡✱ ✐/9 /❛9❦ ✐9 /♦

♣❡#❢♦#♠ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ 9✐♠♣❧② #❡/✉#♥ ❡✐/❤❡# #"✉❡ ♦# ❢❛❧)❡✱

❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ✇❤❡/❤❡# /❤❡ ✉9❡# ✇❛9 9✉❝❝❡99❢✉❧❧② ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/❡❞ ♦# ♥♦/✳ ❚❤✐9 ♠♦❞❡

✐9 ✐♥/❡♥❞❡❞ /♦ ❜❡ ✉9❡❞ ❛9 ❛♥ ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ♠❡/❤♦❞ ❢♦# ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛/✐♦♥✱

✉9✉❛❧❧② ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✇✐/❤ ❛ ✉9❡# 9❡99✐♦♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡#✱ ♦♣❡#❛/✐♥❣ ✐♥ /❤✐9 ♠♦❞❡ ❛❧9♦

✐♠♣❧✐❡9 ❝♦♥✜❣✉#✐♥❣ /❤❡ ❲❡❜ 9❡#✈❡# /♦ #✉♥ ♦✈❡# ❍❚❚J❙✱ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ /♦ /❤❡ ❡①♣❡♥9❡9

✶✶

❤!!♣#✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴♦.❣❛♥✐③❛!✐♦♥#✴❲❡❜■❉❛✉!❤

✶✷

❤!!♣#✿✴✴❤!!♣❞✳❛♣❛❝❤❡✳♦.❣✴

✶✸

❤!!♣✿✴✴❝✈❡✳♠✐!.❡✳♦.❣✴❝❣✐✲❜✐♥✴❝✈❡♥❛♠❡✳❝❣✐❄♥❛♠❡❂❈❆◆✲✷✵✵✾✲✸✺✺✺

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74 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

♦❢ ❤♦#$✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ❜② ❤❛✈✐♥❣ $♦ ❜✉② ❛ #❡1✈❡1 ❝❡1$✐✜❝❛$❡✳

■♥ $❤❡ #❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♣❡1❛$✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡✱ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉$❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉#❡❞ ❛# ❛ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ ;❛1$②✱

❛ $❤✐1❞✲♣❛1$② #❡1✈✐❝❡ $❤❛$ ♣1♦✈✐❞❡# ❛ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ❡♥❞♣♦✐♥$

❢♦1 ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥# $❤❛$ ❝❛♥♥♦$ ♣❡1❢♦1♠ $❤❡ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ♣1♦❝❡## $❤❡♠✲

#❡❧✈❡#✳ ❚❤❡1❡ ❛1❡ #❡✈❡1❛❧ ❛❞✈❛♥$❛❣❡# $♦ ✉#✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ ;❛1$② #❡1✈✐❝❡✳ ❋♦1

✐♥#$❛♥❝❡✱ ✐$ ❞1❛#$✐❝❛❧❧② 1❡❞✉❝❡# $❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐$② ♦❢ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ $♦ #❡$ ✉♣ $❤❡ ❲❡❜

#❡1✈❡1 $♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥✳ ❆❞❞✐$✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ $❤❡ #❡1✈✐❝❡ ♣1♦✈✐❞❡1

✭❧♦❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥✮ ♠❛② ♥♦$ 1❡F✉✐1❡ ❍❚❚;❙✱ $❤❡1❡❢♦1❡ $❤❡ ♦✇♥❡1# ❞♦ ♥♦$

♥❡❡❞ $♦ ♣❛② ❢♦1 ❛ #❡1✈❡1 ❝❡1$✐✜❝❛$❡✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣1❡#❡♥$ ✐♥ ❞❡$❛✐❧ ❤♦✇ $❤✐# ♣1♦❝❡##

✐# ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐#❤❡❞ ✐♥ $❤❡ ♥❡①$ #✉❜#❡❝$✐♦♥ $❤❛$ ❞❡❛❧# ✇✐$❤ ❞❡❧❡❣❛$❡❞ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥✳

❈✉11❡♥$❧②✱ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉$❤ #✉♣♣♦1$# $❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥❛❧✐$✐❡#✿

• ■$ ✐♥✐$✐❛$❡# $❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♣1♦$♦❝♦❧✱ ❜② 1❡F✉❡#$✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥$ ❝❡1$✐✜❝❛$❡ ❢1♦♠

❝♦♥♥❡❝$✐♥❣ ✉#❡1#

• ■$ ❝❤❡❝❦# ✐❢ $❤❡ ❙✉❜❥❡❝$❆❧$◆❛♠❡ ✜❡❧❞ ❝♦♥$❛✐♥# #♦♠❡$❤✐♥❣ ❡❧#❡ ♦$❤❡1 $❤❛♥

$❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■✱ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ♣1♦❝❡##❡# ❍❚❚; ❯❘■#

• ■$ ❝❤❡❝❦# ✐❢ $❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣1♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥$ ❝♦♥$❛✐♥# ❛♥② ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②# ♦❢ $②♣❡

❘❙❆♣✉❜❧✐❝❦❡② ❛♥❞ ❝②❝❧❡# $❤1♦✉❣❤ $❤❡♠ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦1 ❛ ♣♦##✐❜❧❡ ♠❛$❝❤

• ■$ ❝❤❡❝❦# $❤❡ ❍❚❚; 1❡F✉❡#$ ❢♦1 ❛ ✈❛1✐❛❜❧❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✈❡-❜♦/❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❢ ✐$ ✐# #❡$✱ ✐$

❞✐#♣❧❛②# $❤❡ ❝♦♥$❡♥$# ♦❢ $❤❡ ❝❡1$✐✜❝❛$❡ ✉#❡❞ $♦ ❝♦♥♥❡❝$ $♦ $❤❡ ■❞;✱ ❛# ✇❡❧❧

❛# ❡❛❝❤ #$❡♣ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♣1♦$♦❝♦❧

❲❡❜■❉❛✉$❤ ✐# ❛❝$✐✈❡❧② ❜❡✐♥❣ ✉#❡❞ ❢♦1 ♦✈❡1 $✇♦ ②❡❛1# $♦ ♦✛❡1 ❛ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ #❡1✈✐❝❡✱ ❧♦❝❛$❡❞ ❛$ ❤$$♣#✿✴✴❛✉$❤✳♠②✲♣1♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴✳ ❙❡✈❡1❛❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡

❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥$1✐❜✉$❡❞ $♦ $❤❡ #♦✉1❝❡ ❝♦❞❡ ♦❢ $❤✐# ❧✐❜1❛1②✱ ✐♠♣1♦✈✐♥❣ ✐$ ✐♥ ♠✉❧$✐♣❧❡ ✇❛②#✳

▲❛$❡❧②✱ $❤❡ #❡1✈✐❝❡ ♦✛❡1❡❞ ❜② ❤$$♣#✿✴✴❛✉$❤✳♠②✲♣1♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴ ❤❛♥❞❧❡# ❛♥ ❛✈❡1❛❣❡ ♦❢

✷✵✵✵ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ 1❡F✉❡#$# ♣❡1 ♠♦♥$❤✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥ $❤❡ ♣❛#$ ②❡❛1 ❛❧♦♥❡ ✐$ ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥

❛❝❝❡##❡❞ ❜② ♠♦1❡ $❤❛♥ ✹✺✵✵ ✉#❡1# ❛1♦✉♥❞ $❤❡ ✇♦1❧❞✳

✹✳✷✳✸ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛,❡❞❆✉,❤

❉❡❧❡❣❛$❡❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ✐# $❤❡ ♣1♦❝❡## ♦❢ 1❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛ $❤✐1❞✲♣❛1$②

#❡1✈✐❝❡ $♦ ♣❡1❢♦1♠ $❤❡ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ $❤❡♥ 1❡❞✐1❡❝$ $❤❡ ✉#❡1 ❜❛❝❦ $♦ $❤❡

❙❡1✈✐❝❡ ;1♦✈✐❞❡1✱ ❛# #❡❡♥ ❙❡❝$✐♦♥ ✷✳✹✳ ❚❤✐# ✐# ❝✉11❡♥$❧② $❤❡ ❞❡❢❛✉❧$ ♦♣❡1❛$✐♦♥

♠♦❞❡ ❢♦1 ▼②;1♦✜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛$❡❞❆✉$❤ ❧✐❜1❛1② ✇❛# ❝1❡❛$❡❞ #♦ $❤❛$

❙❡1✈✐❝❡ ;1♦✈✐❞❡1# ❝❛♥ ♦✛❡1 ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝❛#❡ $❤❡② ❛1❡ ♥♦$

❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ♦✛❡1✐♥❣ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥✱ ♦1 $❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦$ ♦♣❡1❛$❡ ♦✈❡1 ❍❚❚;❙✳

▲❡$ ✉# ♥♦✇ ❡①♣❧♦1❡ ❡❛❝❤ #$❡♣ ♦❢ $❤❡ ♣1♦❝❡##✳

❋✐1#$✱ $❤❡ ✉#❡1 ❝❧✐❝❦# ❛ ❧♦❣✐♥ ❜✉$$♦♥ ♦♥ $❤❡ ❙❡1✈✐❝❡ ;1♦✈✐❞❡1 ✭✐✳❡✳ ❤$$♣#✿✴✴♠②✲

♣1♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✮ ❛♥❞ ✐# 1❡❞✐1❡❝$❡❞ $♦ $❤❡ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ ;❛1$② ✭✐✳❡✳ ❤$$♣#✿✴✴❛✉$❤✳♠②✲

♣1♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✮✱ $❤✉# $1✐❣❣❡1✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ♣1♦❝❡##✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❡1✈✐❝❡ ;1♦✈✐❞❡1

❛❧#♦ ❛♣♣❡♥❞# ❛ ✈❛1✐❛❜❧❡ $♦ $❤❡ 1❡❞✐1❡❝$✐♦♥ ❯❘■✱ ❝♦♥$❛✐♥✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❙❡1✈✐❝❡ ;1♦✈✐❞❡1✬#

❯❘■✿

❤11♣/✿✴✴❛✉1❤✳♠②✲♣-♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴❄❛✉1❤-❡:✐//✉❡-❂❤11♣/✿✴✴♠②✲♣-♦✜❧❡✳❡✉ ✳

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4.3. STATIC ACCESS CONTROL 75

◆❡①#✱ #❤❡ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ ,❛.#② ✉0❡0 ❲❡❜■❉❛✉#❤ #♦ ♣❡.❢♦.♠ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉✲

#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#✐♦♥✳ ■❢ #❤❡ ✉0❡. ❤❛0 ❜❡❡♥ 0✉❝❝❡00❢✉❧❧② ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#❡❞✱ #❤❡ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣

,❛.#② ♣.❡♣❛.❡0 #❤❡ .❡❞✐.❡❝#✐♦♥ .❡@✉❡0#✱ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❛❞❞✐#✐♦♥❛❧ ❛.❣✉♠❡♥#0 #♦ #❤❡

.❡❞✐.❡❝#✐♦♥ ❯❘■✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② #❤❡ ✇❡❜✐❞✱ %&✱ '❡❢❡''❡' ❛♥❞ &✐❣✳

❚❤❡ ❛❢♦.❡♠❡♥#✐♦♥❡❞ ❛.❣✉♠❡♥#0 ❤❛✈❡ #❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣0✱ ❛0 ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ 0❡❡♥

✐♥ ❙❡❝#✐♦♥ ✷✳✹✿

• ✇❡❜✐❞ ✲ ❤##♣0✿✴✴♠②✲♣.♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❜❛..②✴❝❛.❞★♠❡✳

• %& ✲ ✷✵✶✸✲✵✺✲✷✷❈❊❙❚✶✻✪✸❆✺✹✪✸❆✵✹✪✷❇✵✷✪✸❆✵✵

• '❡❢❡''❡' ✲ ❤##♣0✿✴✴❛✉#❤✳♠②✲♣.♦✜❧❡✳❡✉

• &✐❣ ✲ ❤❘✺❝✈✾❣,♥✳✳✳✳✳▼①❇❜❙❞@✼❢✳

❇❛❝❦ ♦♥ #❤❡ ❙❡.✈✐❝❡ ,.♦✈✐❞❡.✱ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛#❡❞❆✉#❤ ✐0 ✉0❡❞ #♦ ✈❡.✐❢② #❤❡

✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ .❡@✉❡0#✱ ❜② ❛##❡♠♣#✐♥❣ #♦ ✜♥❞ #❤❡ .❡❢❡..❡.✬0 ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❛♠♦♥❣ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧

❧✐0# ♦❢ #.✉0#❡❞ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ ,❛.#② ❯❘■0✳ ❖♥❝❡ #❤❡ 0✐❣♥❛#✉.❡ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ #✐♠❡0#❛♠♣ ❤❛✈❡

❜❡❡♥ ✈❛❧✐❞❛#❡❞✱ #❤❡ ❙❡.✈✐❝❡ ,.♦✈✐❞❡. ♣.♦❝❡❡❞0 #♦ ❧♦❣✐♥ #❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❤%%♣&✿✴✴♠②✲

♣'♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❜❛''②✴❝❛'❞★♠❡ ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ #♦ #❤❡ ✉0❡.✳ ❚♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ .❡♣❡❛#✐♥❣ #❤❡

♣.♦❝❡00✱ ❛ 0❡00✐♦♥ ✐0 ❝.❡❛#❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♦❦✐❡ ✇✐#❤ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐#② ♣❡.✐♦❞ ♦❢ ✷✹ ❤♦✉.0 ✐0

✐00✉❡❞ #♦ #❤❡ ✉0❡.✳

■❢ ②♦✉ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ #♦ ✜♥❞ ♦✉# ❤♦✇ #♦ @✉✐❝❦❧② ❞❡♣❧♦② ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛#❡❞❆✉#❤

#♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ❛ ❙❡.✈✐❝❡ ,.♦✈✐❞❡. #♦ ♦✛❡. ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#✐♦♥ ❢♦. ✐#0 ✉0❡.0✱

♣❧❡❛0❡ 0❡❡ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✼ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐①✳

✹✳✸ ❙$❛$✐❝ ❆❝❝❡** ❈♦♥$.♦❧

❚❤❡ ❙❆❈ ❧✐❜.❛.② ✐0 ✉0❡❞ #♦ ♦✛❡. ❛ ✉♥✐:✉❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❛ ✉0❡.✬0 ♣.♦✜❧❡✱ ❜❛0❡❞ ♦♥

#❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡00 0♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢♦. #❤❡ ❛❣❡♥# .❡@✉❡0#✐♥❣ #❤❡ ✐♥❢♦.♠❛#✐♦♥✳ ■# ✉0❡0

❝♦♥#❡①# ❧❛❜❡❧0 #♦ ♠❛#❝❤ ✉0❡.0 #♦ #❤❡ .❡0♦✉.❝❡0 #♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ #❤❡② ❛.❡ ❣.❛♥#❡❞

❛❝❝❡00✳ ❚❤❡ 0❛♠❡ ❧❛❜❡❧ ♠✉0# ❜❡ ❛00✐❣♥❡❞ #♦ #❤❡ .❡0♦✉.❝❡ #❤❛# ✐0 ♣❛.# ♦❢

#❤❡ ✉0❡.✬0 ♣.♦✜❧❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞.❡00✱ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡.✱ ❡#❝✳✮✳ ❆0 ②♦✉ ❝❛♥

♥♦#✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉.❡ ✹✳✹✱ ✉0❡.0 #❤❛# ❛.❡ ❞✐0♣❧❛②❡❞ ❛0 ❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇& .❡❧❛#✐♦♥0 ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❝♦♥0✐❞❡.❡❞ ❜♦#❤ ❛0 ♥♦.♠❛❧ .❡0♦✉.❝❡0 #♦ ❜❡ ♣.♦#❡❝#❡❞ ✭#❤❡ ✐❝♦♥ ✇✐#❤ #❤❡ ❡②❡✮✱

❛0 ✇❡❧❧ ❛0 ✉0❡.0 ✇❡ ✇❛♥# #♦ ♠❛#❝❤ ❛❣❛✐♥0# #❤❡ .❡0♦✉.❝❡0 ✭#❤❡ ♣❡.0♦♥ 0❤❛♣❡❞ ✐❝♦♥✮✳

❋✐❣✉.❡ ✹✳✹✿ ❙#❛#✐❝ ❆❝❝❡00 ❈♦♥#.♦❧ ✐❝♦♥0 ❞✐0♣❧❛②❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ❛ ♣.♦✜❧❡✳

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76 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

❚❤❡ ❧✐❜&❛&② ❞❡♣❡♥❞, ♦♥ ❱✐&/✉♦,♦ /♦ ,/♦&❡ ❣&❛♣❤, ❝♦♥/❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥/&♦❧

♣♦❧✐❝✐❡,✳ ❚❤❡ ❙5❆❘◗▲ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✐, ✉,❡❞ /♦ ✐♥,❡&/ ❞❛/❛ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, /♦ ;✉❡&② /❤❡

❣&❛♣❤,✳ ❚❤❡ ,♦✉&❝❡ ❝♦❞❡ ✐, ♣❛&/ ♦❢ ▼②5&♦✜❧❡ 5&♦❥❡❝/✱ ❛, /❤❡ ❧✐❜&❛&② ✐, ✐♥/❡♥❞❡❞

/♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❝♦&❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥/ ♦❢ /❤❡ ♣❧❛/❢♦&♠✳

✹✳✹ "❡$%♦♥❛❧ ❞❛+❛ %+♦$❡% ✉%✐♥❣ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖

❖✛❡&✐♥❣ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❛/❛ ,/♦&❡, ✐, ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦&/❛♥/ ❛,♣❡❝/ ♦❢ ❛♥② ❞❡❝❡♥/&❛❧✐③❡❞

,♦❝✐❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛/✐♦♥✱ ❛, ✉,❡&, ♠✉,/ ❜❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ /♦ ❝❤♦♦,❡ ✇❤❡&❡ /❤❡② ✇❛♥/ /♦ ❤♦,/

/❤❡✐& ❞❛/❛✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, /♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡/❡ ❝♦♥/&♦❧ ♦✈❡& /❤❡ ♣&✐✈❛❝② ,❡//✐♥❣, /❤❛/

❛♣♣❧② /♦ /❤❡,❡ ❞❛/❛✳ ■❢ ♣♦,,✐❜❧❡✱ ❞❛/❛ ,/♦&❡, ,❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❤♦,/❡❞ ❜② ❞❡✈✐❝❡, /♦

✇❤✐❝❤ /❤❡ ✉,❡& ❤❛, ♣❤②,✐❝❛❧ ❛❝❝❡,,✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡&✱ ❢♦& ♣❡&❢♦&♠❛♥❝❡ &❡❛,♦♥,✱ ❞❛/❛

,/♦&❡, ♠❛② ❜❡ ❧♦❝❛/❡❞ ♦♥ /❤✐&❞ ♣❛&/② ,❡&✈❡&,✱ ✐❢ ✉,❡&, ❛&❡ ♥♦/ ❝♦♥❝❡&♥❡❞ ❜②

♣&✐✈❛❝② ✐,,✉❡,✳

❇❡✐♥❣ ✐♥✈✐/❡❞ /♦ ✇♦&❦ ✇✐/❤ ❙✐& ❚✐♠ ❇❡&♥❡&,✲▲❡❡ ♦♥ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥/&♦❧ ❢♦& /❤❡

❙❡♠❛♥/✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛/ /❤❡ ▼❛,,❛❝❤✉,❡//, ■♥,/✐/✉/❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❤❛, ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ♠❡

/♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛/❛ ♣❡&,♦♥❛❧ ❞❛/❛ ,/♦&❡ ♣❧❛/❢♦&♠ /❤❛/ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥/, /❤❡

❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡,, ❈♦♥/&♦❧ ❬✸✼❪ ✭❲❆❈✮ ♦♥/♦❧♦❣②✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ✐, ✇&✐//❡♥ ✐♥ 5❍5✱ 5②/❤♦♥

❛♥❞ ❏❛✈❛❙❝&✐♣/✱ ❛♥❞ ✐, ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✉♥❞❡& ❛♥ ▼■❚ ❧✐❝❡♥,❡ ♦♥ ●✐/❤✉❜ ❛/

❘❲❲✳✐♦

✶✹

❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ,/❛♥❞, ❢♦& ❘❡❛❞✲❲&✐(❡✲❲❡❜ ■♥♣✉(✴❖✉(♣✉( ❛♥❞ ✐/ ♦♣❡&❛/❡, ✉♥❞❡&

/❤❡ ❛,,✉♠♣/✐♦♥ /❤❛/ ✉,❡&, &❡;✉✐&❡ ❛ ♣❡&,♦♥❛❧ ❞❛/❛ ,/♦&❡✱ ✇❤❡&❡ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥/

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛/✐♦♥, ❝❛♥ ,/♦&❡ ❞❛/❛ ❛❜♦✉/ ❛♥❞ ❢♦& /❤❡ ✉,❡&✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡&❡ ❞❛/❛ ❛&❡ ❡;✉❛❧❧②

❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❜❡/✇❡❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛/✐♦♥, ✭❋✐❣✉&❡ ✹✳✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥/❛❣❡ ✐, /❤❛/ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥/

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛/✐♦♥, ❝❛♥ &❡✉,❡ /❤❡ ,❛♠❡ ❞❛/❛✱ /♦ ♦✛❡& ❞✐✛❡&❡♥/ ❢✉♥❝/✐♦♥❛❧✐/✐❡,✳ ❋♦&

❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♥/❛❝/ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥/ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ♣✉❧❧ ❞❛/❛ ❢&♦♠ /❤❡ ✉,❡&✬,

♣&♦✜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞✐❢② ✐/ ❛/ /❤❡ ✉,❡&✬, &❡;✉❡,/✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥, ❛&❡ ✐♥,/❛♥/❧②

&❡✢❡❝/❡❞ ✐♥ /❤❡ ✉,❡&✬, ♣&♦✜❧❡ /❤❡ ♥❡①/ /✐♠❡ ,♦♠❡♦♥❡ ❛❝❝❡,,❡, /❤❡ ♣&♦✜❧❡✳

✹✳✹✳✶ ❈$❡❛'✐♥❣ ❞❛'❛ ,'♦$❡,

❚♦ ❝&❡❛/❡ /❤❡✐& ♣❡&,♦♥❛❧ ❞❛/❛ ,/♦&❡✱ ✉,❡&, ♠✉,/ ✜&,/ ❝❤♦♦,❡ ❛ ❞❡,✐&❡❞ ❧♦❝❛/✐♦♥

❢♦& /❤❡✐& ❞❛/❛✳ ▲♦❝❛/✐♦♥ ✐, ❞❡/❡&♠✐♥❡❞ ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ✉♥✐;✉❡ ,/&✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝❤❛&❛❝/❡&,

❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② /❤❡ ✉,❡&✱ ,✐♠✐❧❛& /♦ ❛♥ ❛❝❝♦✉♥/ ♥❛♠❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐, /❤❡♥ /&❛♥,❢♦&♠❡❞

✐♥/♦ ❛ ,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ■♥ ♦/❤❡& ✇♦&❞,✱ /❤❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥/ ♥❛♠❡ ❞❡✐✉ ✐, ✉,❡❞ /♦ ❝&❡❛/❡ /❤❡

,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❤!!♣#✿✴✴❞❡✐✉✳+✇✇✳✐♦✴✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ /✉&♥ ❜❡❝♦♠❡, /❤❡ ✉,❡&✬, ♣❡&,♦♥❛❧

❞❛/❛ ,/♦&❡✳ ❯,❡&, ❝❛♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ✉♥❧✐♠✐/❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡& ♦❢ ❞❛/❛ ,/♦&❡,✱ &❡❣❛&❞❧❡,, ♦❢

✇❤❡&❡ /❤❡② ❛&❡ ❧♦❝❛/❡❞✳

❈&❡❛/✐♥❣ /❤❡ ❞❛/❛ ,/♦&❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡, ♦♥❧② ,❡//✐♥❣ ✉♣ /❤❡ ,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ❚♦ ♦✇♥ /❤❡

❞❛/❛ ,/♦&❡✱ ✉,❡&, ♠✉,/ ✜&,/ ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐❝❛/❡ ✉,✐♥❣ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛♥❞ /❤❡♥ ❝❧❛✐♠ /❤❡

,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❜② ❝&❡❛/✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥/&♦❧ &✉❧❡ ❢♦& /❤❡ &♦♦/ ❞✐&❡❝/♦&② ✭✐✳❡✳ /❤❡

,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✐/,❡❧❢✮✳ ❚❤✐, ,/❡♣ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❡✐/❤❡& /❤&♦✉❣❤ /❤❡ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥/&♦❧ ❯■✱

♦& ❞✐&❡❝/❧② ❜② ♣❡&❢♦&♠✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❍❚❚5 5❖❙❚ ♦❢ ❛ ❚✉&/❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥/ ❝♦♥/❛✐♥✐♥❣

/❤❡ ❆❈▲ /&✐♣❧❡,✳ ■❢ ✉,❡&, ❞♦ ♥♦/ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉✱ /❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❝&❡❛/❡ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧

✶✹

❤!!♣#✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴❞❡✐✉✴0✇✇✳✐♦

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4.4. PERSONAL DATA STORES USING RWW.I/O 77

❋✐❣✉$❡ ✹✳✺✿ ❚❤❡ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ 1❡$✈✐❝❡✳

♦♥❡ ❧♦❝❛❧❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ;❤❡♥ ✉1❡ ✐; ;♦ ❛✉;❤❡♥;✐❝❛;❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❛✐♠ ♦✇♥❡$1❤✐♣ ♦❢ ;❤❡ ❞❛;❛ 1;♦$❡✳

❚❤❡ ♣❧❛;❢♦$♠ 1✉♣♣♦$;1 ❢✉❧❧ ❈$❡❛;❡✲❘❡❛❞✲❯♣❞❛;❡✲❉❡❧❡;❡ ✭❈❘❯❉✮ ♦♣❡$❛;✐♦♥1✱

❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ;❤❡ ❘❊❙❚ 1;❛♥❞❛$❞1✳ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥;1 ❛♥❞ ❞✐$❡❝;♦$✐❡1 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝$❡❛;❡❞

❜② ♣❡$❢♦$♠✐♥❣ ❍❚❚J $❡K✉❡1;1 1✉❝❤ ❛1 J❖❙❚✱ J❯❚ ❛♥❞ ▼❑❈❖▲ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♥❡✇

❞✐$❡❝;♦$✐❡1✮✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ;❤❡ $❡K✉✐$❡♠❡♥;1 ✇❡ ♣$❡1❡♥;❡❞ ❛; ;❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ;❤❡

❝❤❛♣;❡$✳ ❚❤❡ ❈♦♥#❡♥#✲❚②♣❡ ❍❚❚J ❤❡❛❞❡$ ♣❧❛②1 ❛ ❝❡♥;$❛❧ $♦❧❡ ;♦ ✐♥;❡$♣$❡;✐♥❣

;❤❡ $❡K✉❡1;1 ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝✐❞✐♥❣ ✇❤❡;❤❡$ ;♦ 1;♦$❡ ❞❛;❛ ❛1 ;$✐♣❧❡1 ♦$ ❛1 ❜✐♥❛$② ✜❧❡1✳ ❆1

❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ✐1 ♥♦; ✐♥;❡♥❞❡❞ ;♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❢✉❧❧②✲✢❡❞❣❡❞ ❝❧♦✉❞ 1❡$✈✐❝❡✱ ♦♥❧② ❛ ❤❛♥❞❢✉❧ ♦❢

❝♦♥;❡♥; ;②♣❡1 ❛$❡ 1✉♣♣♦$;❡❞✳

■♥ ♦$❞❡$ ;♦ ❞❡;❡❝; ❛ ❝♦♥✢✐❝; ✇❤❡♥ ♦✈❡$✇$✐;✐♥❣ ❛ $❡1♦✉$❝❡ ;❤$♦✉❣❤ ❍❚❚J

J❯❚✱ ✇❡ ❛$❡ ✉1✐♥❣ ❍❚❚J✴✶✳✶ ❢❡❛;✉$❡1 ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❡♥;✐;② ;❛❣1 ✭❊❚❛❣1✮ ❬✺✶❪✱ ;❤❡

✈❛$✐♦✉1 ■❢✲✯ ♣$❡❝♦♥❞✐;✐♦♥1 ❤❡❛❞❡$ ✜❡❧❞ ✭❡✳❣✳ ■❢✲▼❛%❝❤✱ ■❢✲◆♦♥❡✲▼❛%❝❤✱ ❡;❝✳✮

❛♥❞ ❍❊❆❉ $❡K✉❡1;1✳

✹✳✹✳✷ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡** ❝♦♥,-♦❧ ❢♦- -❡*♦✉-❝❡*

❆❝❝❡11 ❝♦♥;$♦❧ $✉❧❡1 ❢♦$ ;❤❡ ❞❛;❛ 1;♦$❡ $❡1♦✉$❝❡1 ❛$❡ 1♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ✉1✐♥❣ ;❤❡ ❲❡❜

❆❝❝❡11 ❈♦♥;$♦❧ ♦♥;♦❧♦❣②✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛;❛ 1;♦$❡ ✇❛1 ❞❡1✐❣♥❡❞ ;♦ ✉1❡ ♦♥❡ ❆❈▲

✜❧❡ ❢♦$ ❡❛❝❤ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥;✱ ;❤✉1 1❡♣❛$❛;✐♥❣ ;❤❡ ♠❡;❛❞❛;❛ ❝♦♥;❛✐♥✐♥❣ ;❤❡ ❛❝❝❡11

❝♦♥;$♦❧ $✉❧❡1 ❢$♦♠ ;❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥; ;❤❡② ♣$♦;❡❝;✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❛♠✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✈❡♥;✐♦♥ ❢♦$ ;❤❡

♠❡;❛❞❛;❛ ✜❧❡1 ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡1 ✉1✐♥❣ ❛ ✳♠❡%❛ ♣$❡✜① ❜❡❢♦$❡ ;❤❡ ✜❧❡♥❛♠❡✳ ❋♦$ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱

✐❢ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✜❧❡ ✐1 ♥❛♠❡❞ ♣❤♦#♦✳❥♣❣✱ ;❤❡ ❝♦$$❡1♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ♠❡;❛❞❛;❛ ✜❧❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♥❛♠❡❞

✳♠❡#❛✳♣❤♦#♦✳❥♣❣✱ ❛♥❞ ✐; ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ 1✐;✉❛;❡❞ ❛; ;❤❡ 1❛♠❡ ❞✐$❡❝;♦$② ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❆11✐❣♥✐♥❣

❛♥ ❆❈▲ ♠❡;❛❞❛;❛ ✜❧❡ ❢♦$ ❡❛❝❤ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥; ♦✛❡$1 ;❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥;❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛❝❝❡11

❝♦♥;$♦❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥;✱ ❡1♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦$ $❡1♦✉$❝❡1 ❢♦$ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥;$♦❧ ✐1 ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ ❜②

;❤✐$❞ ♣❛$;② ✉1❡$1 ♦$ ❡✈❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛;✐♦♥1 ✭✐✳❡✳ ❛ ❞❛;❛ 1;♦$❡ ✇✐;❤✐♥ ❛ ❞❛;❛ 1;♦$❡✮✳

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78 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡'' ❝♦♥)*♦❧ *✉❧❡' ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❡✐)❤❡* )❤*♦✉❣❤ ❛♥ ❆❈▲ ✉'❡*

✐♥)❡*❢❛❝❡ ✭❯■✮✱ ♦* ❜② ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛)✐♥❣ )❤❡ ♠❡)❛❞❛)❛ ✜❧❡' )❤*♦✉❣❤ ❍❚❚@ ✈❡*❜'

✭✐✳❡✳ @❖❙❚✱ @❯❚✱ ❉❊▲❊❚❊✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❯■ ♦✛❡*' ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❢✉♥❝)✐♦♥❛❧✐)✐❡'✱ ❛' '❡❡♥ ✐♥

❋✐❣✉*❡ ✹✳✻✳ ■❢ )❤❡ ❉❡❢❛✉❧& ❝❤❡❝❦❜♦① ✐' ❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ❛♥❞ )❤❡ *❡'♦✉*❝❡ ✐' ❛ ❞✐*❡❝)♦*②✱

)❤❡ *✉❧❡' ✇✐❧❧ ❛♣♣❧② ❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧) ❢♦* ❛❧❧ *❡'♦✉*❝❡' ✐♥ )❤❛) '♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❞✐*❡❝)♦*②✳ ❚❤❡

❞❡❢❛✉❧) *✉❧❡' ❝❛♥ ❜❡ '✉♣❡*'❡❞❡❞ ❧❛)❡* ♦♥ ❜② ❝*❡❛)✐♥❣ ♠❡)❛❞❛)❛ ✜❧❡' ❢♦* )❤♦'❡

*❡'♦✉*❝❡'✳

❋✐❣✉*❡ ✹✳✻✿ ❆❈▲ ✉'❡* ✐♥)❡*❢❛❝❡✳

❚♦ ❝♦♥❢♦*♠ )♦ )❤❡ ❜❡') ♣*❛❝)✐❝❡' ♦❢ ✉'✐♥❣ )❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ )❤❡ ❯■ ❛❧'♦ ✉'❡' ❍❚❚@

✈❡*❜' )♦ ❝*❡❛)❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞✐❢② ♠❡)❛❞❛)❛ ✜❧❡'✳ ❚❤✐' ✇❛②✱ ✉'❡*' ❛*❡ ❛❜❧❡ )♦ ❝*❡❛)❡

✇♦*❦'♣❛❝❡' ✭✐✳❡✳ ❞❡❞✐❝❛)❡❞ ❞❛)❛ ')♦*❡'✮ ❢♦* )❤✐*❞✲♣❛*)② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥'✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

❡♥❛❜❧❡ )❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥' )♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ )❤❡✐* ♦✇♥ ❆❈▲ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥)✱ *❡❣❛*❞❧❡'' ♦❢

✇❤♦ ♦✇♥' )❤❡ ❞❛)❛ ')♦*❡✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✶ ❞❡'❝*✐❜❡' )❤❡ ♣*♦❝❡'' ♦❢ ❝*❡❛)✐♥❣ ❛

♠❡)❛✜❧❡ ❢♦* ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣*♦)❡❝)❡❞ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥)✳

❈*❡❛)✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❡)❛✜❧❡ ❢♦* ✴♣"✐✈❛&❡✴♣"♦&❡❝&❡❞✳&&❧ ✐♠♣❧✐❡' ❝*❡❛)✐♥❣ )✇♦ ❛❝✲

❝❡'' ❝♦♥)*♦❧ *✉❧❡'✳ ❚❤❡ ✜*') *✉❧❡✱ ❁❃✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❡' )♦ )❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥) ✐)'❡❧❢ ✭✐✳❡✳

❤))♣'✿✴✴❞❡✐✉✳*✇✇✳✐♦✴♣*✐✈❛)❡✴✳♠❡)❛✳♣*♦)❡❝)❡❞✳))❧✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✐) ')❛)❡' )❤❛) ♦♥❧② )❤❡

❛❣❡♥) ✐❞❡♥)✐✜❡❞ ❜② )❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❤&&♣)✿✴✴♠②✲♣/♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❞❡✐✉✴❝❛/❞★♠❡ ✐'

❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ )♦ ♣❡*❢♦*♠ ❘❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❲/✐&❡ ♦♣❡*❛)✐♦♥' ♦♥ )❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥) ✐♥ U✉❡'✲

)✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ '❡❝♦♥❞ *✉❧❡ ✐' ❢♦* )❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥) )❤❡ ♠❡)❛✜❧❡ ♣*♦)❡❝)' ✭✐✳❡✳

✴♣"✐✈❛&❡✴♣"♦&❡❝&❡❞✳&&❧✮✳ ❚❤❡ *✉❧❡ ')❛)❡' )❤❛) )❤❡ ❘❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❲*✐)❡ ♦♣❡*❛✲

)✐♦♥' ❛*❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❢♦* )❤❡ ❛❣❡♥) ✐❞❡♥)✐✜❡❞ ❜② )❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■✳

✹✳✹✳✸ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥ ✇♦-❦/♣❛❝❡/ ✲ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡)❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡

❚❤✐' '❡❝)✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ♣*♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡)❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ ✉'❡*' ❝❛♥ ❝*❡❛)❡

❞❡❞✐❝❛)❡❞ ✇♦*❦'♣❛❝❡' ❢♦* )❤✐*❞✲♣❛*)② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥'✱ ✐♥ )❤✐' ❝❛'❡ ❛ ♣❤♦)♦ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ❛''✉♠❡ )❤❛) ❇❛**② ✉'❡' ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ❛' ❛ ♣❡*'♦♥❛❧ ❞❛)❛ ')♦*❡✱

❧♦❝❛)❡❞ ❛) ❤&&♣)✿✴✴❜❛//②✳/✇✇✳✐♦✴✳

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4.4. PERSONAL DATA STORES USING RWW.I/O 79

❯❚ ✴♣%✐✈❛)❡✴♣%♦)❡❝)❡❞✳))❧ ❍❚❚ ✴✶✳✶

❍♦2)✿ ❞❡✐✉✳%✇✇✳✐♦

❈♦♥)❡♥)✲❚②♣❡✿ )❡①)✴)✉%)❧❡

❈♦♥)❡♥)✲▲❡♥❣)❤✿✹✵✼

❛②❧♦❛❞✿

❅♣%❡❢✐① %❞❢✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴✶✾✾✾✴✵✷✴✷✷✲%❞❢✲2②♥)❛①✲♥2★❃ ✳

❅♣%❡❢✐① ❲❆❈✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴♥2✴❛✉)❤✴❛❝❧★❃ ✳

❅♣%❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤))♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥2✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴★❃ ✳

❁❃

❲❆❈✿❛❝❝❡22❚♦ ❁❃ ❀

❲❆❈✿❛❣❡♥) ❁❤))♣2✿✴✴♠②✲♣%♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❞❡✐✉✴❝❛%❞★♠❡❃ ❀

❲❆❈✿♠♦❞❡ ❁❲❆❈✿❘❡❛❞❃✱ ❁❲❆❈✿❲%✐)❡❃ ✳

❁★♣%♦)❡❝)❡❞✳))❧❃

❲❆❈✿❛❝❝❡22❚♦ ❁♣%♦)❡❝)❡❞✳))❧❃ ❀

❲❆❈✿❛❣❡♥) ❁❤))♣2✿✴✴♠②✲♣%♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❞❡✐✉✴❝❛%❞★♠❡❃ ❀

❲❆❈✿♠♦❞❡ ❁❲❆❈✿❘❡❛❞❃✱ ❁❲❆❈✿❲%✐)❡❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✶✿ ❈+❡❛,✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❡,❛✜❧❡ ❢♦+ ,❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥, ✴♣"✐✈❛&❡✴♣"♦&❡❝&❡❞✳&&❧✳

❙!❡♣ ✶

❆, 9♦♠❡ ♣♦✐♥,✱ ❇❛++② ❞❡❝✐❞❡9 ,❤❛, ❤❡ ✇❛♥,9 ,♦ ✉9❡ ❛ ♣❤♦,♦ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ 9❡+✈✐❝❡✱

♥❛♠❡❧② ✧♠②@❤♦,♦9✧✳ ❚♦ ❜❡❣✐♥ ✉9✐♥❣ ,❤✐9 9❡+✈✐❝❡✱ ❇❛++② ♠✉9, ✜+9, ❧♦❣✐♥

✐♥,♦ ❤,,♣9✿✴✴♠②♣❤♦,♦9✳❝♦♠ ✇✐,❤ ❤✐9 ❲❡❜■❉✳ ❖♥❝❡ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,❡❞✱ ♠②@❤♦,♦9

❝+❡❛,❡9 ❛ ✉♥✐H✉❡ +❡9♦✉+❝❡✱ ❝♦♥,❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐9, ♦❢ +❡H✉✐+❡❞ ❞❛,❛ 9,♦+❡ ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9

❝♦++❡9♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ,♦ 9❡✈❡+❛❧ ❢✉♥❝,✐♦♥❛❧✐,✐❡9 ✐, ❝❛♥ ♦✛❡+✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ,❤❡♥ ❜✐♥❞9 ,♦

❇❛++②✬9 ❲❡❜■❉✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9 +❡9♦✉+❝❡ ✐9 ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦+ ❇❛++② ,♦ ✐♥9♣❡❝, ❛,

❤,,♣✿✴✴♠②♣❤♦,♦9✳❝♦♠✴♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9✴❁9❤❛✶❃ ✭❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✷✮✳

❙!❡♣ ✷

❆❢,❡+ ,❤❡ +❡❣✐9,+❛,✐♦♥ ♣+♦❝❡99 ✭❛♥❞ ♣❡+❤❛♣9 ♣❛②♠❡♥,✮✱ ♠②@❤♦✲

,♦9 +❡❞✐+❡❝,9 ,❤❡ ✉9❡+ ,♦ ❤✐9✴❤❡+ ♣❡+9♦♥❛❧ ❞❛,❛ 9,♦+❡ 9❡+✈✐❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡

❛❧9♦ ♣❛99✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥ +❡9♦✉+❝❡ ❛9 ❛♥ ❍❚❚@ +❡H✉❡9, ♣❛+❛♠❡✲

,❡+✿ ❤,,♣9✿✴✴❜❛++②✳+✇✇✳✐♦✴♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9❄♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9❂❁✉+❧ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦❢

❤,,♣✿✴✴♠②♣❤♦,♦9✳❝♦♠✴♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9✴❁9❤❛✶❃ ❃✳

❇❛++②✬9 ❞❛,❛ 9,♦+❡ 9❡+✈✐❝❡ ❢❡,❝❤❡9 ,❤❡ ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥ +❡9♦✉+❝❡ ❢+♦♠ ♠②@❤♦,♦9✱

❛♥❞ ,❤❡♥ ❣❡♥❡+❛,❡9 ❛ ❢♦+♠ 9♦ ,❤❛, ❡❛❝❤ ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❝❡♣,❡❞ ♦+ +❡❥❡❝,❡❞

❜② ,❤❡ ✉9❡+✳ ■❢ ❛❧❧ ♠❛♥❞❛&♦"② ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9 ❛+❡ ❛❝❝❡♣,❡❞✱ ,❤❡ ❞❛,❛ 9,♦+❡ 9❡+✈✐❝❡

❝❛♥ ♣+♦❝❡99 ❛♥❞ ✉♣❞❛,❡ ,❤❡ ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9 +❡9♦✉+❝❡ ✇✐,❤ ,❤❡ ✉9❡+ ❛♣♣+♦✈❛❧9 ❛♥❞

+❡❥❡❝,✐♦♥9✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ✐♥ ,❤✐9 ❝❛9❡ ❇❛++② ❤❛9 ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ,❤❛, ❤❡ ❞♦❡9 ♥♦, ✇❛♥, ,♦

❛❞❞ ,❤❡ ,❤✐+❞ ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❁★❝❃ ✕ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❞❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❞✈❡+,✐9❡♠❡♥,

❝♦♠♠❡♥, ,♦ ❤✐9 ♣+♦✜❧❡✮✱ 9♦ ✐, ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ +❡♠♦✈❡❞ ❢+♦♠ ,❤❡ ❧✐9, ♦❢ ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9✳

❆❞❞✐,✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❜❛9❡❞ ♦♥ ,❤❡ ✇❛♣♣✿✉3❛❣❡ 9♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ♣❡+♠✐99✐♦♥9 ❧✐9,✱ ,❤❡

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80 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

❅♣"❡❢✐① ✇❛♣♣✿ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴♥/✳"✇✇✳✐♦✴✇❛♣♣★❃ ✳

❁❃

✇❛♣♣✿"❡❞✐"❡❝,/ ❁❤,,♣/✿✴✴♠②♣❤♦,♦/✳❝♦♠❃ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿♣❡"♠✐//✐♦♥ ❁★❛❃ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿♣❡"♠✐//✐♦♥ ❁★❜❃ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿♣❡"♠✐//✐♦♥ ❁★❝❃ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿♣❡"♠✐//✐♦♥ ❁★❞❃ ✳

❁★❛❃

✇❛♣♣✿❦✐♥❞ ✇❛♣♣✿♠❛♥❞❛,♦"② ❀

✇❛♣♣✿"❡;✉✐"❡/ ✇❛♣♣✿✇♦"❦/♣❛❝❡ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿"❡;✉✐"❡/ ✇❛♣♣✿"❡❛❞ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿"❡;✉✐"❡/ ✇❛♣♣✿✇"✐,❡ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿✉/❛❣❡ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴❞❜♣❡❞✐❛✳♦"❣✴>❤♦,♦❃ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿/✉❣❣❡/,❡❞◆❛♠❡ ✧♣❤♦,♦/✧ ✳

❁★❜❃

✇❛♣♣✿❦✐♥❞ ✇❛♣♣✿♠❛♥❞❛,♦"② ❀

✇❛♣♣✿"❡;✉✐"❡/ ✇❛♣♣✿✇♦"❦/♣❛❝❡ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿"❡;✉✐"❡/ ✇❛♣♣✿❡①❝❧✉/✐✈❡ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿/✉❣❣❡/,❡❞◆❛♠❡ ✧♠②♣❤♦,♦/✧ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿❞❡/❝"✐♣,✐♦♥ ✧>❤♦,♦ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛,✐♦♥✳✧ ✳

❁★❝❃

✇❛♣♣✿❦✐♥❞ ✇/✿♦♣,✐♦♥❛❧ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿❛❞✈❡",✐/❡■♥>"♦❢✐❧❡ ❬

✇❛♣♣✿❝♦♠♠❡♥, ✧♠②>❤♦,♦ ✐/ ❝♦♦❧✦✧

❪ ✳

❁★❞❃

✇❛♣♣✿❦✐♥❞ ✇/✿❢✉♥❝,✐♦♥❛❧ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿"❡;✉✐"❡/ ✇❛♣♣✿✇♦"❦/♣❛❝❡ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿"❡;✉✐"❡/ ✇❛♣♣✿"❡❛❞ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿"❡;✉✐"❡/ ✇❛♣♣✿✇"✐,❡ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿✉/❛❣❡ ❁❤,,♣✿✴✴❞❜♣❡❞✐❛✳♦"❣✴❚❛❣❃ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿/✉❣❣❡/,❡❞◆❛♠❡ ✧,❛❣/✧ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✷✿ ▲✐+, ♦❢ ♣❡/♠✐++✐♦♥+ /❡1✉✐/❡❞ ❜② ,❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛,✐♦♥ ♠②"❤♦%♦✳

❞❛#❛ $#♦&❡ $❡&✈✐❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❛$$✐❣♥ $♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✇♦&❦$♣❛❝❡ ❯❘■$ ❢♦& ❡❛❝❤ ❛❝❝❡♣#❡❞ ♣❡&✲

♠✐$$✐♦♥ ✭❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✸✮✳ ❖♥❝❡ #❤❡ ♣❡&♠✐$$✐♦♥$ ❧✐$# ❤❛$ ❜❡❡♥ ✉♣❞❛#❡❞✱ #❤❡ ❞❛#❛

$#♦&❡ $❡&✈✐❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ C❖❙❚ #❤❡ ✉♣❞❛#❡❞ ♣❡&♠✐$$✐♦♥$ ❧✐$# ❝♦♥#❛✐♥✐♥❣ #❤❡ #&✐♣❧❡$ ✐♥

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✸✱ #♦ ♠②C❤♦#♦✿

❙!❡♣ ✸

❆❢#❡& ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡♣#❡❞ #❤❡ ♣❡&♠✐$$✐♦♥$✱ ❛ #&✉$# &❡❧❛#✐♦♥ ♠✉$# ❜❡ ❝&❡❛#❡❞ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥

♠②C❤♦#♦✬$ ❲❡❜ ❛❣❡♥# ✭✐✳❡✳ ❤##♣✿✴✴♠②♣❤♦#♦$✳❝♦♠✴♣&♦✜❧❡★❛❣❡♥#✮ ❛♥❞ ❇❛&&②✳

❚❤❡ #&✉$# &❡❧❛#✐♦♥$❤✐♣ ✐$ ✈❡&② ✐♠♣♦&#❛♥#✱ ❛$ ✐# ❛❧❧♦✇$ #❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥ #♦ ❛❝# ♦♥

❤✐$ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ✭❙❡❝#✐♦♥ ✷✳✺✮ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛#✐♥❣ &❡$♦✉&❝❡$ ♦♥ ❇❛&&②✬$ ❞❛#❛ $#♦&❡✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✹ ❝♦♥#❛✐♥$ #❤❡ #&✐♣❧❡$ #❤❛# ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❜② #❤❡ ❞❛#❛ $#♦&❡

$❡&✈✐❝❡ #♦ ❇❛&&②✬$ ♣&♦✜❧❡✱ #♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛#❡ #❤❛# ❇❛&&② ✉$❡$ #❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥

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4.5. CONCLUSIONS 81

❈♦♠♠❛♥❞✿

❝✉)❧ ✲❳ -❖❙❚ ❭2❡①2❜❛❝❦7❧❛7❤

✲❍ ✧❈♦♥2❡♥2✲❚②♣❡✿ 2❡①2✴2✉)2❧❡✧ ❭2❡①2❜❛❝❦7❧❛7❤

✲❊ )✇✇✳✐♦✲❝❡)2✳♣❡♠ ❭2❡①2❜❛❝❦7❧❛7❤

✲❞ ❅✉♣❞❛2❡❞✲♣❡)♠✐77✐♦♥7✳22❧ ❭2❡①2❜❛❝❦7❧❛7❤

❤22♣7✿✴✴♠②♣❤♦2♦7✳❝♦♠✴♣❡)♠✐77✐♦♥7✴❁7❤❛✶❃

❈♦♥2❡♥27 ♦❢ ✉♣❞❛2❡❞✲♣❡)♠✐77✐♦♥7✳22❧✿

❅♣)❡❢✐① ✇❛♣♣✿ ❁❤22♣✿✴✴♥7✳)✇✇✳✐♦✴✇❛♣♣★❃ ✳

❁★❛❃ ✇❛♣♣✿72❛2✉7 ✇7✿❆❝❝❡♣2❡❞ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿✇♦)❦7♣❛❝❡ ❁❤22♣7✿✴✴❜❛))②✳)✇✇✳✐♦✴♣❤♦2♦7✴❃ ✳

❁★❜❃ ✇7✿72❛2✉7 ✇7✿❆❝❝❡♣2❡❞ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿✇♦)❦7♣❛❝❡ ❁❤22♣7✿✴✴❜❛))②✳)✇✇✳✐♦✴❛♣♣7✴♠②♣❤♦2♦7✴❃ ✳

❁★❝❃ ✇7✿72❛2✉7 ✇7✿❘❡❥❡❝2❡❞ ✳

❁★❞❃ ✇7✿72❛2✉7 ✇7✿❆❝❝❡♣2❡❞ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿✇♦)❦7♣❛❝❡ ❁❤22♣7✿✴✴❜❛))②✳)✇✇✳✐♦✴2❛❣7✴❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✸✿ ❘❡+✉-♥✐♥❣ +❤❡ ❧✐2+ ♦❢ ✉♣❞❛+❡❞ ♣❡-♠✐22✐♦♥2✳

♠②"❤♦%♦&✳ ❋♦- ❡❛❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥ ❇❛--② ✐♥2+❛❧❧2 ♦♥ ❤✐2 ♣❡-2♦♥❛❧ ❞❛+❛ 2+♦-❡✱

2❡✈❡-❛❧ ♠❡+❛❞❛+❛ ❡♥+-✐❡2 ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ +♦ ❤✐2 ♣-♦✜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐2 ♠❡+❤♦❞ ❡♥❛❜❧❡2

♦+❤❡- ✉2❡-2 +♦ ❞✐2❝♦✈❡- ✐♥+❡-❡2+✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥2✱ ❜② ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛+ ✇❤❛+ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥2

♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛-❡ ✉2✐♥❣✳

❲❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ +❤✐2 ✐2 ❛ 2✉✐+❛❜❧❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ +❤❛+ ❤❡❧♣2 +♦ 2❤♦✇❝❛2❡ +❤❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐+② ♦❢ ❛

❞❡❝❡♥+-❛❧✐③❡❞ 2②2+❡♠ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐❞❡♥+✐+②✱ ❛✉+❤❡♥+✐❝❛+✐♦♥✱ ❞❛+❛ 2+♦-❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ 2❡-✈✐❝❡

♣-♦✈✐❞❡-2 ❛-❡ ♥❡✈❡- ❧♦❝❛+❡❞ ♦♥ +❤❡ 2❛♠❡ 2②2+❡♠✳ ❲❡❜ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥2 ✭✇❛♣♣✮ ✐2

❛ ✇♦-❦ ✐♥ ♣-♦❣-❡22 ♦♥+♦❧♦❣② +❤❛+ ❛✐♠2 +♦ ♣-♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ 2+❛-+✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥+ ❢♦- ❞❡2❝-✐❜✲

✐♥❣ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥2 ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ +❤❡② ♦♣❡-❛+❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❛♣♣ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+ ✐2 ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧②

❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡

✶✺

❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♠♣-♦✈❡❞ ❜② ❛♥②♦♥❡ 2✐♠♣❧② ❜② ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ♠♦-❡ -❡❧❛+✐♦♥2✳

✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥)

❖♥❡ ♦❢ +❤❡ -❡I✉✐-❡♠❡♥+2 ✐♠♣♦2❡❞ ❜② ❲✸❈ ✇✐+❤ -❡❣❛-❞ +♦ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲

❚▲❙✱ ✇❛2 +♦ ❝-❡❛+❡ ✇♦-❦✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥+❛+✐♦♥2 +❤❛+ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧❧♦✇ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ +♦ +❡2+

+❤❡ ♣-♦+♦❝♦❧2 ✐♥ ❛ -❡❛❧ ✇♦-❧❞ 2❝❡♥❛-✐♦✳ ❋♦- +❤✐2 ♠❛++❡-✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥+✐♥❣ ▼②P-♦✜❧❡

❤❛2 ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ❜♦+❤ ❛+ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣+✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛+ ❛ +❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ❛2 ✐+ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞

✇♦-❦✐♥❣ ✇✐+❤ 2❡✈❡-❛❧ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥❝❡♣+2✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❞❡❝❡♥+-❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥+✐+② ❛♥❞ ❛✉+❤❡♥+✐❝❛✲

+✐♦♥✱ ❣❡♥❡-❛+✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥2✉♠✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞❛+❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ✉2❡- ✐♥+❡-❢❛❝❡ ❡-❣♦♥♦♠✐❝2✳

❘❡❣❛-❞✐♥❣ ♦✉- ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ +❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡2✱ ✇❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ +♦ ✉2❡ P❍P ❛♥❞ P②+❤♦♥

❛2 +❤❡ ♣-❡❢❡--❡❞ ♣-♦❣-❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡2✱ ❛2 +❤❡② ❛-❡ ✇✐❞❡❧② 2✉♣♣♦-+❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♥♦+

✶✺

❤!!♣✿✴✴♥&✳(✇✇✳✐♦✴✇❛♣♣★

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82 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

❅♣"❡❢✐① "❞❢✿ ❁❤++♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦"❣✴✶✾✾✾✴✵✷✴✷✷✲"❞❢✲7②♥+❛①✲♥7★❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤++♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥7✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳

❅♣"❡❢✐① ✇❛♣♣✿ ❁❤++♣✿✴✴♥7✳"✇✇✳✐♦✴✇❛♣♣★❃ ✳

❁❃

❛ ❢♦❛❢✿@❡"7♦♥❛❧@"♦❢✐❧❡❉♦❝✉♠❡♥+ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♣"✐♠❛"②❚♦♣✐❝ ❁★♠❡❃ ✳

❁★♠❡❃

❛ ❢♦❛❢✿@❡"7♦♥ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✧❇❛""②✧ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿✉7❡7 ❁★♠②♣❤♦+♦7❃ ✳

❁★♠②♣❤♦+♦7❃

❛ ✇❛♣♣✿❛♣♣ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿7❡"✈✐❝❡ ❁❤++♣7✿✴✴♠②♣❤♦+♦7✳❝♦♠✴❃ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿❡♥❞♣♦✐♥+ ❁❤++♣7✿✴✴❜❛""②✳"✇✇✳✐♦✴❛♣♣7✴♠②♣❤♦+♦7✴❃ ❀

✇❛♣♣✿❞❡7❝"✐♣+✐♦♥ ✧@❤♦+♦ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥✳✧ ❀

❢♦❛❢✿❛❣❡♥+ ❁❤++♣7✿✴✴♠②♣❤♦+♦7✳❝♦♠✴♣"♦❢✐❧❡★❛❣❡♥+❃ ✳

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✹✿ ❯♣❞❛,❡❞ ♣-♦✜❧❡ ❢♦- ❇❛--②✳

❞❡♠❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ,❡-♠7 ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉,❛,✐♦♥❛❧ -❡7♦✉-❝❡7✳ ▼②❙◗▲ ✇❛7 ♦♥❧② ✉7❡❞ ❢♦-

▼②?-♦✜❧❡✱ ,♦ 7,♦-❡ ✐♥❢♦-♠❛,✐♦♥ 7♣❡❝✐✜❝ ,♦ ,❤❡ ♣❧❛,❢♦-♠✬7 ✐♥♥❡- ❢✉♥❝,✐♦♥❛❧✐,✐❡7

✭❡✳❣✳ ❛❝❝♦✉♥, -❡❝♦✈❡-② ❛♥❞ ♣❛✐-✐♥❣✱ ♣-✐✈❛,❡ ✇❛❧❧ ✐❞❡♥,✐✜❡-7 ❝♦--❡7♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ,♦

7♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✉7❡-7✱ ❡,❝✳✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦- ,❤❡ 7❛♠❡ -❡❛7♦♥7 ❛7 ,❤❡ ♦♥❡7 ♠❡♥,✐♦♥❡❞ ❡❛-❧✐❡- ❢♦-

?❍?✳ ●❡♥❡-❛,✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥7✉♠✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞❛,❛ ✇❛7 ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛,❡❞ ,❤✐-❞

♣❛-,② ❧✐❜-❛-② ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❊❛"②❘❞❢

✶✻

✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐7 ❛❧7♦ ✇-✐,,❡♥ ✐♥ ?❍?✳ ❙,♦-✐♥❣ 7❡♠❛♥,✐❝

❞❛,❛ ✇❛7 ❞♦♥❡ ,❤-♦✉❣❤ ❖♣❡♥❱✐-,✉♦7♦

✶✼

✱ ❛ ❞❛,❛❜❛7❡ ,❤❛, ✐7 ♦♣,✐♠✐③❡❞ ❢♦- ,❤❡

7,♦-❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ -❡,-✐❡✈❛❧ ♦❢ ❘❉❋ ,-✐♣❧❡7 ✉7✐♥❣ ,❤❡ ❙?❆❘◗▲ ♣-♦,♦❝♦❧✳ ❆7 ♦♣♣♦7❡❞

,♦ ▼②?-♦✜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,✐♦♥ ❧✐❜-❛-✐❡7✱ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ✉7❡7 ❧✐❜*❞❢

✶✽

❢♦-

❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞❛,❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛,✐♦♥✱ ❛7 ✐, ✐7 -❡♣✉,❡❞ ,♦ ❜❡ ✈❡-② ❢❛7,✱ 7❝❛❧❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✇✐,❤

❛ ❧♦✇ ✐♠♣❛❝, ♦♥ ❝♦♠♣✉,❛,✐♦♥❛❧ -❡7♦✉-❝❡7❀ ❝❤❛-❛❝,❡-✐7,✐❝7 ,❤❛, ❛-❡ ✈✐,❛❧ ❢♦- ❛

✧❝❧♦✉❞✧✲❧✐❦❡ 7❡-✈✐❝❡✳

▼♦7, ♣-♦❜❧❡♠7 ✇❡ ❡♥❝♦✉♥,❡-❡❞ ✇❡-❡ -❡❧❛,❡❞ ,♦ ✉7✐♥❣ ♦❧❞❡- ❜-♦✇7❡- ✈❡-7✐♦♥7

✭❡7♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ■♥,❡-♥❡, ❊①♣❧♦-❡-✮ ✇❤❡♥ ✐77✉✐♥❣ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❧✐❡♥, ❝❡-,✐✜❝❛,❡7 ♦- ✇❤❡♥

♣❡-❢♦-♠✐♥❣ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,✐♦♥✱ ❞✉❡ ,♦ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜ 7❡-✈❡- ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ,♦ ❜❡

7♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❝♦♥✜❣✉-❡❞✳ ■♥ ,❤❡ ❡♥❞✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♦♣,❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥7, 7✉♣♣♦-,✐♥❣ ■♥,❡-♥❡,

❊①♣❧♦-❡- ✈❡-7✐♦♥7 ♦❧❞❡- ,❤❛♥ ■❊✽✳

❖✈❡-❛❧❧✱ ♦✉- ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥,❛,✐♦♥7 ✇❡-❡ ✇❡❧❧ -❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② ,❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐,②✱ ❛♥❞ ❛-❡

❝✉--❡♥,❧② ✉7❡❞ ❛7 ,❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ -❡❢❡-❡♥❝❡7 ❢♦- ❲❡❜■❉ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ ❛7 ✇❡❧❧ ❛7

❢♦- ♣❡-7♦♥❛❧ ✉7❡- 7,♦-❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❛-❡ ❛❧7♦ ♠❡♥,✐♦♥❡❞ ❜② ♦,❤❡- ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ,❤❡✐-

✶✻

❤!!♣#✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴♥❥❤✴❡❛#②3❞❢

✶✼

❤!!♣✿✴✴✈✐3!✉♦#♦✳♦♣❡♥❧✐♥❦#✇✳❝♦♠✴

✶✽

❤!!♣✿✴✴❧✐❜3❞❢✳♦3❣✴

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4.5. CONCLUSIONS 83

✈✐❞❡♦% ❛♥❞ (❛❧❦%✿ ❙■●■◆❚✶✸

✶✾

✱ ❲❡❜■❉ ❤♦♠❡ ♣❛❣❡

✷✵

✱ ❈<②♣(♦ ❙(✐❝❦

✷✶

✱ ❲❡❜■❉ ✐♥

❉<✉♣❛❧

✷✷

❆❧(❡<♥❛(✐✈❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥(❛(✐♦♥% ❛<❡ ♦✛❡<❡❞ ❜② ❖♣❡♥▲✐♥❦ ❙♦❢(✇❛<❡

✷✸

✱ (❤♦✉❣❤

(❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦( <❡%♣❡❝( (❤❡ %❛♠❡ ♣<✐♥❝✐♣❧❡% ✇❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛( (❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ (❤✐%

(❤❡%✐%✱ ✇✐(❤ <❡%♣❡❝( (♦ ❝<❡❛(✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✉%✐♥❣ ❛ %✐♥❣❧❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥(✳

✶✾

❤!!♣✿✴✴②♦✉!✉✳❜❡✴❦❆◗.❈♦❛❖❳❆❆

✷✵

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇❡❜✐❞✳✐♥❢♦✴

✷✶

❤!!♣✿✴✴❜❜❧✜.❤✳♥❡!✴❜❧♦❣✴✷✵✶✶✴✵✺✴✷✺✴❝@②♣!♦.!✐❝❦✳♠♣✹

✷✷

❤!!♣✿✴✴✈✐♠❡♦✳❝♦♠✴✺✻✾✻✵✶✽✸

✷✸

❤!!♣✿✴✴✇❡❜✳♦❞.✳♦♣❡♥❧✐♥❦.✇✳❝♦♠✴

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84 4. BUILDING A DECENTRALIZED SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB

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❈❤❛♣$❡& ✺

❈♦♥❝❧✉&✐♦♥& ❛♥❞ ♣❡,&♣❡❝-✐✈❡&

■♥ "❤✐% ❝❤❛♣"❡*✱ ✇❡ %✉♠♠❛*✐③❡ ❤♦✇ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ "❤❡ *❡%❡❛*❝❤ "♦♣✐❝% ♣*❡%❡♥"❡❞ ✐♥ "❤❡

✜*%" ❝❤❛♣"❡* ❤❛% ❜❡❡♥ ♣✉*%✉❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ "❤❡ ❝♦♥"*✐❜✉"✐♦♥% ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ *❡%✉❧"❡❞✳ ◆❡①"✱

✇❡ *❡✢❡❝" ♦♥ ❤♦✇ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✐♠♣*♦✈❡ ♦✉* ❝♦♥"*✐❜✉"✐♦♥% ❛♥❞ ♣*♦✈✐❞❡ ♥❡✇ *❡%❡❛*❝❤

❞✐*❡❝"✐♦♥%✳

✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥)

❆" "❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ "❤✐% "❤❡%✐% ✇❡ %❡" ♦✉" "♦ ✐❞❡♥"✐❢② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛*❡ "❤❡ ❦❡② ❝♦♠✲

♣♦♥❡♥"% "❤❛" ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❡❧♣ ✉% ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ "*✉❡ ❞❛"❛ ♦✇♥❡*%❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥"❡*♦♣❡*❛❜✐❧✐"②

❢♦* "❤❡ ♥❡①"✲❣❡♥ %♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ❞❡❝❡♥"*❛❧✐%❛"✐♦♥ ✐% "❤❡ ♠♦%" ✐♠♣♦*"❛♥"

❢❛❝"♦* ♦❢ "❤❡ ❡A✉❛"✐♦♥✱ ♦✉* ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦" ✇♦*❦ ✉♥❧❡%% "*✉❡ ✐♥"❡*♦♣❡*❛❜✐❧✐"②

✐% ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞✳ ❋♦* "❤✐% *❡❛%♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ "♦ ✉%❡ ❙❡♠❛♥"✐❝ ❲❡❜ "❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡%✱

❛% "❤❡② ❤❡❧♣ *❡♣*❡%❡♥" ❞❛"❛ ✐♥ ❛ ✇❛② "❤❛" ❝❛♥♥♦" ❜❡ ❝♦♥❢✉%✐♥❣ ♦* ♠✐%❧❡❛❞✐♥❣✳

❆❞❞✐"✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ♣❛*"✐❝✐♣❛"❡❞ ✐♥ "❤❡ ❲♦*❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥%♦*"✐✉♠✱ ✇❤❡*❡ ✇❡

"*❛♥%❧❛"❡❞ ♦✉* *❡%❡❛*❝❤ *❡%✉❧"% ✐♥"♦ %"❛♥❞❛*❞%✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✉% "♦ ♦❜"❛✐♥ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛"❡

❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❢*♦♠ ❡①♣❡*"% ❛❧❧ ❛*♦✉♥❞ "❤❡ ✇♦*❧❞✳ ❇♦"❤ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

%"❛♥❞❛*❞% ❛*❡ ❝✉**❡♥"❧② ✉♥❞❡* ✜♥❛❧ *❡✈✐❡✇ ✇✐"❤✐♥ "❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❣*♦✉♣ ❜❡❢♦*❡

❜❡✐♥❣ %✉❜♠✐""❡❞ ❢♦* *❡✈✐❡✇ "♦ "❤❡ ❲✸❈ ❝♦♠♠✐""❡❡✳

❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐❞❡♥"✐✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣✉*%✉❡❞ "❤*❡❡ ✐♠♣♦*"❛♥" *❡%❡❛*❝❤ "♦♣✐❝%✱ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡❛❧✲

✐♥❣ ✇✐"❤ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦*"❛♥" ❛%♣❡❝" ♦❢ ❛ "*✉❡ ❞❡❝❡♥"*❛❧✐③❡❞ %♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✳ ■♥ "❤❡ ♦*❞❡*

✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ "❤❡② ✇❡*❡ ❛♣♣*♦❛❝❤❡❞ ❛♥❞ *❡%❡❛*❝❤❡❞✱ "❤❡%❡ "♦♣✐❝% ❛*❡✿ ✐❞❡♥"✐"②✱ ❛✉✲

"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡%% ❝♦♥"*♦❧✳

✺✳✶✳✶ ■❞❡♥'✐'② ❛♥❞ ❛✉'❤❡♥'✐❝❛'✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ✜*%" ❛%♣❡❝" *❡❧❛"❡% "♦ ❞❡❝❡♥"*❛❧✐③❡❞ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐❞❡♥"✐"②✱ ❜♦"❤ ✐♥ "❡*♠% ♦❢

✐❞❡♥"✐✜❝❛"✐♦♥ ❛% ✇❡❧❧ ❛% ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥✳ ❚♦ "❤✐% *❡❣❛*❞✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥"*✐❜✉"❡❞

"♦ ❲❡❜■❉ ✭❈❤❛♣"❡* ✷✮✱ ❛ %✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐✈❡*%❛❧ ✐❞❡♥"✐✜❝❛"✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐%♠ "❤❛"

✐% ❞✐%"*✐❜✉"❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥❧② ❡①"❡♥%✐❜❧❡✳ ■" ✐♠♣*♦✈❡% ♣*✐✈❛❝②✱ %❡❝✉*✐"② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥"*♦❧

♦✈❡* ❤♦✇ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❡*%♦♥ ❝❛♥ ✐❞❡♥"✐❢② "❤❡♠%❡❧✈❡% ♦♥ "❤❡ ❲❡❜✳ ❆❞❞✐"✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❤❡♥

❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✇✐"❤ ❝❧✐❡♥" ❝❡*"✐✜❝❛"❡%✱ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉%❡❞ ❢♦* ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♣✉*♣♦%❡%✱

❛% ✐" ✐% "❤❡ ❝❛%❡ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳

✽✺

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86 5. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥✈❡'(✐❣❛(❡❞ ❡①✐'(✐♥❣ ♣-♦(♦❝♦❧' (❤❛( ❝❧❛✐♠ (♦ ♦✛❡- ❞❡❝❡♥(-❛❧✐③❡❞

✐❞❡♥(✐(②✱ '✉❝❤ ❛' ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝( ❬✺✻❪✱ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ @❡-'♦♥❛ ❬✻✽❪ ✭❢♦-♠❛❧❧② ❦♥♦✇♥

❛' ❇-♦✇'❡-■❉✮✱ ❲❡❜ ❆✉(❤❡♥(✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❬✷✸❪ ❛♥❞ (❤❡ ❙❆▼▲ ❬✸✷❪ '(❛♥❞❛-❞✳ ❯♥✲

❢♦-(✉♥❛(❡❧②✱ ♥♦♥❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❛❢♦-❡♠❡♥(✐♦♥❡❞ ♣-♦(♦❝♦❧' ♦✛❡- (-✉❡ ❞❡❝❡♥(-❛❧✐③❛(✐♦♥✱

'✐♥❝❡ '❡-✈✐❝❡ ♣-♦✈✐❞❡-' ♦✛❡- ❛ ❧✐♠✐(❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡- ♦❢ ❝❤♦✐❝❡' ❢♦- ✐❞❡♥(✐(② ♣-♦✈✐❞❡-'✱

❜❛'❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♣-✐♦-✐ (-✉'( -❡❧❛(✐♦♥'❤✐♣' ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ (❤❡♠✳ ❆❞❞✐(✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❡✈❡♥ (❤♦✉❣❤

'♦♠❡ ✉'❡- ❛((-✐❜✉(❡' ❛-❡ (-❛♥'♠✐((❡❞ ♦♥❝❡ ❛✉(❤❡♥(✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❤❛' ❜❡❡♥ ♣❡-❢♦-♠❡❞✱

(❤❡ ✉'❡- ✐' ✉'✉❛❧❧② ❢♦-❝❡❞ (♦ ❝-❡❛(❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥( ♦♥ (❤❡ ♥❡✇ '❡-✈✐❝❡ ♣-♦✈✐❞❡-✱

(❤✉' ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❢-♦♠ ♦♥❡ '✐❧♦ (♦ ❛♥♦(❤❡-✳ ▼♦-❡♦✈❡-✱ ✉'❡-♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛''✇♦-❞' ✇❡-❡

'(✐❧❧ (❤❡ ♣-❡❢❡--❡❞ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ ✐( ❝♦♠❡' (♦ ❛✉(❤❡♥(✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❝-❡❞❡♥(✐❛❧'✱ ❡✛❡❝(✐✈❡❧②

❞❡❝-❡❛'✐♥❣ (❤❡ '❡❝✉-✐(② ♦❢ (❤❡ '②'(❡♠✳

❲❡❜■❉

❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡-❛❧ ✐❞❡❛ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉ ✐' (❤❛( ❆❣❡♥(' ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ♣❡-'♦♥✱ ❛♥ ♦-❣❛♥✐③❛(✐♦♥✱

❛ ❣-♦✉♣✱ ❡(❝✳✮ ❝-❡❛(❡ (❤❡✐- ♦✇♥ ✐❞❡♥(✐(✐❡' ❜② ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛ ✉♥✐#✉❡ ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡( ✭✐✳❡✳

❛♥ ❍❚❚@ ❯❘■✮ (♦ ❛ ♣(♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&✱ ✉'✐♥❣ ❛ '(❛♥❞❛-❞✐③❡❞ ❘❉❋ '❡-✐❛❧✐③❛(✐♦♥

❢♦-♠❛( ✐♥ ♦-❞❡- (♦ ♣-♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥(❡-♦♣❡-❛❜✐❧✐(②✳ ❋-♦♠ (❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♦✇♥❡-✬' ♣♦✐♥(

♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ ❤♦'(✐♥❣ (❤❡ ♣-♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥( ♦♥ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞✐-❡❝(❧② ❝♦♥(-♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② (❤❡

✉'❡- ✐♥❝-❡❛'❡' ♣-✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❞❛(❛ ♦✇♥❡-'❤✐♣✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡-✱ '❡✈❡-❛❧ ✐''✉❡' ♥♦✇ ❛-✐'❡✱

❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ♣-✐♠❛-✐❧② ✇✐(❤ ♣-✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ (-✉'(✳

❇② ❛❣❣-❡❣❛(✐♥❣ ✉'❡- ❞❛(❛ ❢-♦♠ ♠✉❧(✐♣❧❡ '❡-✈✐❝❡'✱ ❛((❛❝❦❡-' ❝♦✉❧❞ ✐♥ (❤❡♦-②

❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ (♦ ✜♥❣❡-♣-✐♥( ❛♥❞ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡(❡ ♣-♦✜❧❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ✉'❡-✳ ❆❞❞✐(✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱

-❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❍❚❚@❙ (♦ (-✉'( (❤❡ ❞❛(❛ ♦-✐❣✐♥ ❛❧'♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡' ❤❛✈✐♥❣ (♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛(❡ (❤❡

'❡-✈❡-✬' ❝❡-(✐✜❝❛(❡' (❤-♦✉❣❤ ❛ '(❛♥❞❛-❞ @❑■ (-✉'( ❝❤❛✐♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐' ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥(❛❧❧②

✈✉❧♥❡-❛❜❧❡ ❜❡❝❛✉'❡ ❈❆' ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣-♦♠✐'❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉'❡❞ (♦ -❡♣❧❛❝❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❝❡-✲

(✐✜❝❛(❡' ❢♦- ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥' ♦❢ ❞♦♠❛✐♥'✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣-❡'❡♥(❡❞ '❡✈❡-❛❧ '♦❧✉(✐♦♥' (♦ (❤❡'❡

♣-♦❜❧❡♠' ✐♥ ❙❡❝(✐♦♥ ✷✳✷✳✺ ♦❢ ❈❤❛♣(❡- ✷✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ -❡❧② ♠❛✐♥❧② ♦♥ ✉'✐♥❣ ❍❚❚@❙✳

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉(❤❡♥(✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ♣-♦(♦❝♦❧ ❡♥❛❜❧❡' '❡❝✉-❡✱ ❡✣❝✐❡♥( ❛♥❞ ✉'❡-

❢-✐❡♥❞❧② ❛✉(❤❡♥(✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ♦♥ (❤❡ ❲❡❜✳ ■♥'(❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✉'✐♥❣ ♣❛''✇♦-❞'✱ ✐( ❛❧❧♦✇'

♣❡♦♣❧❡ (♦ ❝❤♦♦'❡ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥( ❝❡-(✐✜❝❛(❡ ♣-♦♣♦'❡❞ (♦ (❤❡♠ ❜② (❤❡✐- ❜-♦✇'❡- ❞✉-✐♥❣

(❤❡ ❛✉(❤❡♥(✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ♣-♦❝❡''✳ ❊✈❡♥ (❤♦✉❣❤( ✐( ✐' ❜❛'❡❞ ♦♥ ❚▲❙✱ ✐( ❞♦❡' ♥♦( -❡❧②

♦♥ ❈❡-(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❆✉(❤♦-✐(✐❡'✳ ❚♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ (-✉'(✱ ✐( ✉'❡' (❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥(✐❝ ❲❡❜ (♦ -❡❛'♦♥

♦✈❡- (❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡♥(' ♦❢ (❤❡ ♣-♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✱ ✇❤❡-❡ ❛ ✇❡❜ ♦❢ (-✉'( ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝-❡❛(❡❞

❢-♦♠ (❤❡ -❡❧❛(✐♦♥' ❛ ✉'❡- ❤❛' ✇✐(❤ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥( ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❇❛'✐❝❛❧❧②✱ (♦ (-✉'( '♦♠❡♦♥❡✱

✐( ♠❛② ❜❡ '✉✣❝✐❡♥( (❤❛( ♦♥❡ ♦- ♠♦-❡ ♦❢ ♠② ❢-✐❡♥❞' (-✉'( (❤❡ '❛♠❡ ♣❡-'♦♥✱ ❜②

❡①♣-❡''✐♥❣ (❤✐' -❡❧❛(✐♦♥ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❢♦-♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❋❖❆❋✿❦♥♦✇4 -❡❧❛(✐♦♥✳ ■( ✐' ✉♣ (♦ ❡❛❝❤

'❡-✈✐❝❡ ♣-♦✈✐❞❡- (♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ♦♥ (❤❡ ❣-❛♥✉❧❛-✐(② ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐( ❣-❛♥(' ❛❝❝❡'' (♦ ✉'❡-'✳

❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ -❡❧✐❡' ♦♥ ❝❧✐❡♥( ❝❡-(✐✜❝❛(❡' (♦ ♣-♦✈❡ (❤❛( ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥( ♣♦''❡''❡' (❤❡

♣-✐✈❛(❡ ❦❡② (❤❛( ♠❛(❝❤❡' ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② '(♦-❡❞ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣-♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✳

❚❤✐' ❛❧'♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡' (❤❛( ♦♥❧② (❤❡ ♦✇♥❡- ♦❢ (❤❡ ♣-✐✈❛(❡ ❦❡② ❤❛' ✇-✐(❡ ❛❝❝❡'' (♦

(❤❡ ♣-♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥( ❛♥❞ (❤✉' ✐( ✐' ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❘❉❋ ❞❡'❝-✐♣(✐♦♥ ♦❢

❤✐'✴❤❡- ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳

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5.1. CONCLUSIONS 87

❆! ✇❛! $❤❡ ❝❛!❡ ❢♦* ❲❡❜■❉✱ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✈❡*✐✜❡* ♠✉!$ $*✉!$ $❤❡ !♦✉*❝❡

♦❢ $❤❡ ♣*♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥$ ❛♥❞ ❛❧!♦ $❤❛$ ♥♦ ♠❛♥✲✐♥✲$❤❡✲♠✐❞❞❧❡ ❛$$❛❝❦ ✐! ❝✉**❡♥$❧②

$❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❧❛❝❡✳ ❋✉*$❤❡*♠♦*❡✱ $❤❡ ✈❡*✐✜❡* ♠✉!$ ❛❧!♦ $*✉!$ $❤❡ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝✐$② ♦❢ ❛

♣*♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥$✬! ❝♦♥$❡♥$!✳ ❊✈❡♥ $❤♦✉❣❤ ❍❚❚E❙ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉!❡❞ $♦ ❡♥!✉*❡ ❡♥❞✲

$♦✲❡♥❞ ❞❛$❛ !❡❝✉*✐$②✱ ❛♥ ❛$$❛❝❦❡* ♠✐❣❤$ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠♣*♦♠✐!❡❞ $❤❡ ♦*✐❣✐♥ !❡*✈❡*

$❤*♦✉❣❤ ♦$❤❡* ♠❡❛♥!✱ ❛♥❞ $❤❡*❡❢♦*❡ ✇❛! ❛❜❧❡ $♦ ❛❧$❡* $❤❡ ❝♦♥$❡♥$! ♦❢ $❤❡ ♣*♦✜❧❡

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥$ ✐♥ ♦*❞❡* $♦ ✐♥!❡*$ ❤✐!✴❤❡* ♦✇♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳ ❆ !♦❧✉$✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ $♦ !✐❣♥

$❤❡ ❝♦♥$❡♥$! ♦❢ $❤❡ ♣*♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥$ $❤*♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❝*②♣$♦❣*❛♣❤✐❝ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐!♠ ❛! $❤❡

♦♥❡ ♣*♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② $❤❡ ●◆❯ E*✐✈❛❝② ●✉❛*❞ ✭●E●✮ ❬✹✹❪✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡*✱ $❤✐! ❛♣♣*♦❛❝❤

♥♦$ ♦♥❧② ✐♠♣❧✐❡! ❛♥ ❡①✐!$✐♥❣ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ ❚*✉!$ ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ $❤❡ ♣❛*$✐❡!✱ ❜✉$ ❛❧!♦ $❤❡

❛❜✐❧✐$② $♦ ♣❡*❢♦*♠ ❝*②♣$♦❣*❛♣❤✐❝ ♦♣❡*❛$✐♦♥! ♦♥ $❤❡ $*✐♣❧❡!✳ ❯♥❢♦*$✉♥❛$❡❧②✱ ✉♣

$♦ ♥♦✇ ✇❡ ❛*❡ ✉♥❛❜❧❡ $♦ ♣*♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♥ ❛❜!$*❛❝$✴❝❛♥♦♥✐❝❛❧ *❡♣*❡!❡♥$❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $*✐♣❧❡!✱

✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥$ ♦❢ ❡①✐!$✐♥❣ !❡*✐❛❧✐③❛$✐♦♥ !❝❤❡♠❡!✳ ❚❤❡*❡❢♦*❡✱ !✐❣♥✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❝♦♥$❡♥$!

♦❢ ❛ ♣*♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥$ ♠❛② ♣*♦✈✐❞❡ ✉♥♣*❡❞✐❝$❛❜❧❡ *❡!✉❧$! ❛♥❞ ✐! ♥♦$ ❛❞✈✐!❛❜❧❡✳

✺✳✶✳✷ ❆❝❝❡'' ❝♦♥*+♦❧

❚❤❡ ❜❛!✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣$! ✉♣♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐! ❜❛!❡❞ ❞❡$❡*♠✐♥❡!

$❤❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐$② ♦❢ $❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ $♦ ❛❞❛♣$ $♦ ❞✐✛❡*❡♥$ ❡♥✈✐*♦♥♠❡♥$! ❛♥❞ !②!$❡♠!✳

❲❡ ❛*❡ ✐♥$❡*❡!$❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ $♦ ❞❡❝❡♥$*❛❧✐③❡❞ !②!$❡♠!✱ ✇❤❡*❡

✐♥$❡*♦♣❡*❛❜✐❧✐$② ❛♥❞ ❞❛$❛ ♣♦*$❛❜✐❧✐$② ❛*❡ $❤❡ ❞❡❝✐!✐✈❡ ❢❛❝$♦*!✳ ❚♦ $❤✐! *❡❣❛*❞✱

✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣*♦♣♦!❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦* $❤❡ !♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥$✐❝ ❲❡❜✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

$❛❦❡! ✐♥$♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥$ $❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❡✈♦❧✉$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉!❡* *❡❧❛$✐♦♥!✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❡!

$♦ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛$❛ ❣❡♥❡*❛$❡❞ ❜② ✉!❡*! ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣*♦✜❧❡ ❞❛$❛✱ ✇❛❧❧ ♣♦!$!✱ ❝♦♥✈❡*!❛$✐♦♥!✱

❡$❝✳✮✳

❲❤✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐!$ ♦❢ *❡❧❛$❡❞ ✇♦*❦✱ ✇❡ *❡❛❧✐!❡❞ $❤❛$ ♠♦!$ ♦❢ $❤❡ !$❛♥❞❛*❞

❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧! ✇❡*❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦* ❝❧♦!❡❞ ♦* ❝❡♥$*❛❧✐③❡❞ ✭✐✳❡✳ ✐❧♦✮

❡♥✈✐*♦♥♠❡♥$!✱ ✇❤❡*❡ $❤❡ !❛♠❡ ❡♥$✐$② ✐! *❡!♣♦♥!✐❜❧❡ ❢♦* $❤❡ ❛!!✐❣♥♠❡♥$ ♦❢

❛$$*✐❜✉$❡! ♦* ♣*✐✈✐❧❡❣❡! $♦ ❝❧✐❡♥$! ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❛❝❝❡!! *❡S✉❡!$! $♦

❞❡$❡*♠✐♥❡ ✇❤❡$❤❡* $❤❡② ♠✉!$ ❜❡ ❣*❛♥$❡❞ ♦* ♥♦$✳ ❋✉*$❤❡*♠♦*❡✱ $❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦$

♦✛❡* ❛♥ ❡❛!② ✇❛② ❢♦* ❡①♣♦*$✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡! ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ ✉!❡*✬!

❞❛$❛✳ ❲❡ ✇❡*❡ ♦♥❧② ❛❜❧❡ $♦ ✜♥❞ ❢♦✉* ❡①✐!$✐♥❣ !♦❧✉$✐♦♥! $❤❛$ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♠❛$❝❤ ♦✉*

❝*✐$❡*✐❛✳ ❚❤❡ ✜*!$ ♦♥❡ ✐! ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡!! ❈♦♥$*♦❧ ✭❲❆❈✮ ❬✸✼❪✱ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥$*❛❧✐③❡❞

!②!$❡♠ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞✐✛❡*❡♥$ ✉!❡*! ❛♥❞ ❣*♦✉♣! ❛*❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✈❛*✐♦✉! ❢♦*♠! ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡!! $♦

*❡!♦✉*❝❡!✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡*❡ ✉!❡*! ❛♥❞ ❣*♦✉♣! ❛*❡ ✐❞❡♥$✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❍❚❚E ❯❘■!✳ ◆❡①$✱

❆❝❝♦✉♥$❛❜✐❧✐$② ✐♥ ❘❉❋ ✭❆■❘✮ ❬✹✷❪ ✐! ❛ ❙❡♠❛♥$✐❝ ❲❡❜✲❜❛!❡❞ *✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

$❤❛$ ♣*♦✈✐❞❡! ❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❢♦❝✉!✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❣❡♥❡*❛$✐♥❣ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛$✐♦♥! ❢♦* ✐$!

✐♥❢❡*❡♥❝❡! ❛♥❞ ❛❝$✐♦♥! ❛! ✇❡❧❧ ❛! ❝♦♥❢♦*♠✐♥❣ $♦ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛$❛ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❧❡!✳ ❙♦❝✐❛❧

❙❡♠❛♥$✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡!! ❈♦♥$*♦❧ ❬✼✶❪ ✐! ❜❛!❡❞ ♦♥ $❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥*✐❝ ❙+❆❘◗▲

❙❡❝✉1✐*② ❢♦1 ❆❝❝❡ ❈♦♥*1♦❧ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛*②✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✉!❡*! $♦ !♣❡❝✐❢② ✜♥❡✲❣*❛✐♥❡❞

❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡! ❢♦* $❤❡✐* ❘❉❋ ❞❛$❛✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❙❤✐✸❧❞ ♦✛❡*! ❛ ❝♦♥$❡①$✲❛✇❛*❡

❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ ❢*❛♠❡✇♦*❦ ❢♦* ❝♦♥!✉♠✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ ❉❛$❛ ❢*♦♠ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡!✳

❲❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ $❤❛$ ❝✉**❡♥$ ❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐!♠! !✉✛❡* ❢*♦♠ ❛ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢

❝♦♥*❡①*✱ !♣❡❝✐✜❝ $♦ *❡❧❛$✐♦♥!❤✐♣! ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ !✐♥❝❡ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❛ !❡$ ♦❢ !$❛$✐❝

♣♦❧✐❝✐❡! ♠❛② ♥♦$ ❡S✉❛❧❧② ❛♣♣❧② ✐♥ ❡✈❡*② !✐$✉❛$✐♦♥✳ ❆❞❞✐$✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ !$❛$✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡!

❞♦ ♥♦$ $❛❦❡ ✐♥$♦ ❝♦♥!✐❞❡*❛$✐♦♥ $❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝! ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ *❡❧❛$✐♦♥!❤✐♣! ❛♥❞ $❤❡

!♣❡❡❞ ❛$ ✇❤✐❝❤ $❤❡② ❡✈♦❧✈❡✳ ❋✉*$❤❡*♠♦*❡✱ ♠♦!$ !❡♠❛♥$✐❝ ❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥$*♦❧ !②!$❡♠!

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88 5. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

♦♥❧② ❛♣♣❧② &♦ '❡)♦✉'❝❡) ✐♥ &❤❡ ❢♦'♠ ♦❢ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&)✳

❲❡ ❝♦♥)✐❞❡' &❤❛& ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥& ❝♦♥&❡①&) ❛♥❞ )✐&✉❛&✐♦♥)✱ ❛❝❝❡))

&♦ '❡)♦✉'❝❡) ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥&❧②✳ ❋♦' &❤✐) '❡❛)♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣'♦♣♦)❡❞

❛ )♦❝✐❛❧ ❞✐)&❛♥❝❡ ♠❡&'✐❝ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♣!♦①✐♠✐&②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧)♦ ♣❧❛②) ❛ ✈❡'② ✐♠♣♦'&❛♥&

'♦❧❡ ✐♥ ♦✉' ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✉)❡❞ ❜♦&❤ ❝♦♥&❡①& ❛♥❞ ♣'♦①✐♠✐&② ❛) ♠❡&'✐❝) &♦

♣'♦♣♦)❡ ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥&'♦❧ )②)&❡♠ &❛✐❧♦'❡❞ ❢♦' )♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥)✳

■♥ ♦'❞❡' &♦ ❞❡)❝'✐❜❡ '❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣) ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ✉)❡')✱ ✇❡ ✇❡'❡ ✐♥)♣✐'❡❞ ❜② ❚✳ ❍❛❧❧✬)

❜♦♦❦✱ ❚❤❡ ❍✐❞❞❡♥ ❉✐♠❡♥)✐♦♥❬✸✶❪✱ &♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❢♦✉' )♦❝✐❛❧ ♣'♦①✐♠✐&② ❧❡✈❡❧)✱ ♥❛♠❡❧②

✉❜❧✐❝✱ ❙♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❈❧♦*❡ ✭❝♦''❡)♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ &♦ &❤❡ G❡')♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧✮✱ ❛♥❞ ■♥.✐♠❛.❡✳

❙✐♥❝❡ &❤❡)❡ ♣'♦①✐♠✐&② ❧❡✈❡❧) ❞♦ ♥♦& ♣'♦✈✐❞❡ ❝♦♥&❡①& ❜② &❤❡♠)❡❧✈❡)✱ ✇❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞

&♦ ✉&✐❧✐③❡ &❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣& ♦❢ ❧❛❜❡❧) ✭❡✳❣✳ ★❢❛♠✐❧②✱ ★*♣♦4.*.❡❛♠✮ &❤❛& ❝❛♥ ❜❡ &❤❡♥

❛))✐❣♥❡❞ &♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♣'♦①✐♠✐&② ❧❡✈❡❧✳

❖✉' ♣'♦♣♦)❡❞ )♦❧✉&✐♦♥✱ &❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡.. ❈♦♥&!♦❧ ❙❡!✈✐❝❡ ✭❙❆❈❙✮ ✐) ♦'&❤♦❣✲

♦♥❛❧ &♦ ❡①✐)&✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥&'♦❧ )②)&❡♠)✱ ❛) ✐& ✉)❡) ♣'♦①✐♠✐&② ❧❡✈❡❧) ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥&❡①&)

&♦❣❡&❤❡' ✇✐&❤ ♦✉' ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐♥&❡'❛❝&✐♦♥) ✭❡✳❣✳ )❤❛'✐♥❣ ❛ '❡)♦✉'❝❡ ✇✐&❤ )♦♠❡♦♥❡✱

&❛❣❣✐♥❣ ❛ ✉)❡' ✇✐&❤✐♥ ❛ )♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥&❡①&✱ ❡&❝✳✮✱ ✐♥ ♦'❞❡' &♦ ❛♣♣❧② ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥✲

&'♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡) &♦ ❛ ✉)❡'✬) ♦♥❧✐♥❡ )♦❝✐❛❧ '❡)♦✉'❝❡) ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛ ✉)❡'✬) ♣'♦✜❧❡✱ ✇❛❧❧ ♣♦)&)✱

❝♦♥✈❡')❛&✐♦♥)✮✳

❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡(( ❈♦♥+,♦❧ ❙❡,✈✐❝❡

❚❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡)) ❈♦♥&'♦❧ ❙❡'✈✐❝❡ ✐) ❝♦♠♣'✐)❡❞ ♦❢ &✇♦ ❞✐)&✐♥❝& )✉❜✲)❡'✈✐❝❡)✱ ❛

❘❡❧❛&✐♦♥.❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐&♦! ✭❘▼✮ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❙&❛&✐❝ ❆❝❝❡.. ❈♦♥&!♦❧ ✭❙❆❈✮ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✱

❡❛❝❤ ✇✐&❤ ❛ ♣❛'&✐❝✉❧❛' )❡& ♦❢ &❛)❦) ✭❙❡❝&✐♦♥ ✸✳✸ ♦❢ ❈❤❛♣&❡' ✸✮✳

❚❤❡ ❘▼ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ '❡❧✐❡) ♦♥ ♠❡&'✐❝) )✉❝❤ ❛) ❝♦♥&❡①& ❛♥❞ ♣!♦①✐♠✐&② ❞✐.&❛♥❝❡

&♦❣❡&❤❡' ✇✐&❤ ❛ '❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣ ❤✐)&♦'② ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ &❤❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❛❝&♦')✱ ✐♥ ♦'❞❡' &♦

❡✐&❤❡' ♣'♦✈✐❞❡ ♥♦&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥) ❢♦' ♣♦&❡♥&✐❛❧ ♣'✐✈❛❝② ✐))✉❡) &❤❛& ♠❛② ❛'✐)❡ ✇❤❡♥

❞✐)❝❧♦)✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦'♠❛&✐♦♥✱ ♦' ❡✈❡♥ &♦ ♠♦❞✐❢② ❡①✐)&✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥&'♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡) ❢♦'

✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ '❡Q✉❡)&) ✭✐❢ )♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉'❡❞✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❘▼ ❛♣♣❧✐❡) &♦ &✇♦ ❞✐)&✐♥❝& &②♣❡)

♦❢ ❛❝&✐♦♥)✳ ❋✐')&✱ ✐& ✐) ✉)❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❛))✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♥&❡①& ❧❛❜❡❧) ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐)❝❧♦)✐♥❣

✐♥❢♦'♠❛&✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ )❡❝♦♥❞ ❢♦' ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❛ '❡Q✉❡)& ❢♦' ❛ '❡)♦✉'❝❡✳

❚❤❡ ❙❆❈ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡) ❛❝❝❡)) &♦ ✉)❡'✲❣❡♥❡'❛&❡❞ '❡)♦✉'❝❡)✱ ❜❛)❡❞ ♦♥

♣'❡❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♣'✐✈❛❝② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡)✳ ❚❤❡ ♣'♦❝❡)) ♦❢ ♣❡'♠✐&&✐♥❣✴❞❡♥②✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡)) &♦ ❛

'❡)♦✉'❝❡ ✐) Q✉✐&❡ )&'❛✐❣❤&❢♦'✇❛'❞✱ ❛♥❞ ✐& ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡) ♠❛&❝❤✐♥❣ &❤❡ ✉)❡' ♣❡'❢♦'♠✐♥❣

&❤❡ '❡Q✉❡)& &♦ ❛ ❧✐)& ♦❢ '❡)♦✉'❝❡) ♠❛&❝❤✐♥❣ &❤❡ )❛♠❡ ❝♦♥&❡①& ❧❛❜❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧

♦❢ &❤✐) ♣'♦❝❡)) ✐) &♦ ✜♥❛❧❧② '❡&✉'♥ ❛ ✉♥✐7✉❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ '❡Q✉❡)&❡❞ '❡)♦✉'❝❡) ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛

✉)❡'✬) ♣'♦✜❧❡✮✱ ♠❛&❝❤✐♥❣ &♦ &❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦''❡)♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ &♦ &❤❡ '❡Q✉❡)&✐♥❣

✉)❡'✳

❲❡ '❡❣'❡& ♥♦& ❤❛✈✐♥❣ )✉✣❝✐❡♥& &✐♠❡ &♦ ♣'♦♣♦)❡ ❛❞❞✐&✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡&'✐❝)✱ ❛) &❤❡②

✇♦✉❧❞ ✐♠♣'♦✈❡ &❤❡ ❣'❛♥✉❧❛'✐&② ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥&'♦❧ '✉❧❡)✳ ❋✉'&❤❡'♠♦'❡✱ ❛) ✇❡ ✇❡'❡

✉♥❛❜❧❡ &♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥& &❤❡ ❘▼ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✐♥ ❛ '❡❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❡♥✈✐'♦♥♠❡♥&✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡

♥♦ ❡)&✐♠❛&❡ ♦❢ ❤♦✇ ✇❡❧❧ ✐& )❝❛❧❡)✱ ♥♦' ❤♦✇ ✉)❡' ❢'✐❡♥❞❧② ✐& ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✐♥ &❡'♠) ♦❢

♣♦❧✐❝② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥&✳

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5.1. CONCLUSIONS 89

✺✳✶✳✸ ❱❛❧✐❞❛)✐♥❣ )❤❡ ♣/♦♣♦1❡❞ 1♦❧✉)✐♦♥1

❆! ♣❛$% ♦❢ ♦✉$ ❡✛♦$%! %♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛%❡ !♦❧✉%✐♦♥! ❛♥❞ !%❛♥❞❛$❞! %♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡

❝♦♥%$✐❜✉%❡❞✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛%%❡♠♣%❡❞ %♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥% !❡✈❡$❛❧ ❲❡❜ !❡$✈✐❝❡! %❤❛% ✇♦✉❧❞

✐♥❝♦$♣♦$❛%❡ ❞❡❝❡♥%$❛❧✐③❡❞ ✉!❡$ ✐❞❡♥%✐%②✱ !❡❝✉$❡ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥✱ !❡♠❛♥%✐❝ ❞❛%❛

!%♦$❛❣❡✳ ❚♦ $❡!♣❡❝% %❤❡ ✐♥✐%✐❛❧ $❡<✉✐$❡♠❡♥%!✱ %❤❡② ♠✉!% ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ %♦ ❛♣♣❧②

❈$❡❛%❡✲❘❡❛❞✲❯♣❞❛%❡✲❉❡❧❡%❡ ✭❈❘❯❉✮ ♦♣❡$❛%✐♦♥! %♦ $❡!♦✉$❝❡!✱ %♦ ♦✛❡$ ✐♥❝$❡❛!❡❞

♣$✐✈❛❝② %❤$♦✉❣❤ ❛❝❝❡!! ❝♦♥%$♦❧✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦!% ✐♠♣♦$%❛♥%❧②✱ %♦ ❜❡ ✐♥%❡$♦♣❡$❛❜❧❡ ✇✐%❤

♦%❤❡$ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥! ✐♥ %❡$♠! ♦❢ ❞❛%❛ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❝♦♥%❡♥% !❤❛$✐♥❣✱ ♠❡!!❛❣✐♥❣✱

❛❝%✐✈✐%② ♥♦%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥!✱ ❡%❝✳✮✳

❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ %❤❡ ♦$❞❡$ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ %❤❡ $❡!❡❛$❝❤ ✇❛! ❝♦♥❞✉❝%❡❞✱ ✇❡ ❜❡❣❛♥ ✇✐%❤

▼②H$♦✜❧❡

✱ ❛ !❡$✈✐❝❡ %❤❛% ♦✛❡$! ❛ ✉♥✐✜❡❞ ✉!❡$ ❛❝❝♦✉♥%✱ ❝❡♥%$❛❧✐③❡! %❤❡ ✉!❡$✬!

❞❛%❛ ❛♥❞ ♣✉%! ✐% ✉♥❞❡$ %❤❡ ✉!❡$✬! ❝♦♥%$♦❧✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦$❡ ✐♠♣♦$%❛♥%❧② ♦♥ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ %❤❡

✉!❡$ ❝♦♥%$♦❧!✳ ▼②H$♦✜❧❡ ♦✛❡$! ♥♦% ♦♥❧② %❤❡ ♣♦!!✐❜✐❧✐%② %♦ ❝$❡❛%❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡

❲❡❜■❉!✱ ❜✉% ❛❧!♦ %♦ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%❡ ✉!❡$! %❤$♦✉❣❤ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ %♦ ❣❛✐♥

❛❝❝❡!! %♦ ♣❡$!♦♥❛❧✐③❡❞ !❡$✈✐❝❡! ❧✐❦❡ ♣❡"#♦♥❛❧ ✇❛❧❧#✱ ❛! ✇❡❧❧ ❛! ♠❡##❛❣❡# ❛♥❞

♥♦+✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥# ❜❡%✇❡❡♥ ✉!❡$!✳

❆❝❝♦$❞✐♥❣ %♦ %❤❡ %✇♦ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥% ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤❡!✱ ❡✐%❤❡$

♣❡$❢♦$♠✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✈❡$✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❧②✱ ♦$ ✉!✐♥❣ ❛ %❤✐$❞ ♣❛$%② ❲❡❜■❉✲

❚▲❙ ❛✉%❤❡♥%✐❝❛%✐♦♥ !❡$✈✐❝❡✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ %✇♦ ❧✐❜$❛$✐❡!✱ ✇$✐%%❡♥ ✐♥ H❍H✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✈❡$ ❜♦%❤ ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤❡! ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉!❡❞ %♦❣❡%❤❡$✳

◆❡①%✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❡❞ ❛ ❙%❛%✐❝ ❆❝❝❡!! ❈♦♥%$♦❧ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛!

$❡❧❡❛!❡❞ ❛! ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❧✐❜$❛$② %♦❣❡%❤❡$ ✇✐%❤ ❛ ❝❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❆❈ ❡♥❣✐♥❡

✐! ✉!❡❞ %♦ ♦✛❡$ ❛ ✉♥✐0✉❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❛ ✉!❡$✬! ♣$♦✜❧❡✱ ❜❛!❡❞ ♦♥ %❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡!!

!♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢♦$ %❤❡ ❛❣❡♥% $❡<✉❡!%✐♥❣ %❤❡ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛%✐♦♥✳ ■% ✉!❡! ❝♦♥%❡①% ❧❛❜❡❧! %♦

♠❛%❝❤ ✉!❡$! %♦ %❤❡ $❡!♦✉$❝❡! %♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ %❤❡② ❛$❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❛❝❝❡!!✳

❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❡❞ ❛ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛%❛ ♣❡$!♦♥❛❧ ❞❛%❛ !%♦$❡ ♣❧❛%❢♦$♠

❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖

✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♣❡$❛%❡! ✉♥❞❡$ %❤❡ ❛!!✉♠♣%✐♦♥ %❤❛% ✉!❡$! $❡<✉✐$❡

❛ ♣❡$!♦♥❛❧ ❞❛%❛ !%♦$❡✱ ✇❤❡$❡ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥% ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥! ❝❛♥ !%♦$❡ ❞❛%❛ ❛❜♦✉% ❛♥❞

❢♦$ %❤❡ ✉!❡$✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡$❡ ❞❛%❛ ❛$❡ ❡<✉❛❧❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❜❡%✇❡❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥!✳

❚❤❡ ♣❧❛%❢♦$♠ !✉♣♣♦$%! ❢✉❧❧ ❈$❡❛%❡✲❘❡❛❞✲❯♣❞❛%❡✲❉❡❧❡%❡ ✭❈❘❯❉✮ ♦♣❡$❛%✐♦♥!✱

❝♦♠♣❧②✐♥❣ %♦ ❘❊❙❚ !%❛♥❞❛$❞!✳ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥%! ❛♥❞ ❞✐$❡❝%♦$✐❡! ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝$❡❛%❡❞

❜② ♣❡$❢♦$♠✐♥❣ ❍❚❚H $❡<✉❡!%! !✉❝❤ ❛! H❖❙❚✱ H❯❚ ❛♥❞ ▼❑❈❖▲ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♥❡✇

❞✐$❡❝%♦$✐❡!✮✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ %❤❡ $❡<✉✐$❡♠❡♥%! ✇❡ ♣$❡!❡♥%❡❞ ❛% %❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ %❤✐!

%❤❡!✐!✳ ❚❤✐! ✇♦$❦ ✇❛! ❝♦♥❞✉❝%❡❞ ❛% %❤❡ ▼❛!!❛❝❤✉!❡%%! ■♥!%✐%✉%❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②

❛♥❞ ✐% ✇❛! !✉♣❡$✈✐!❡❞ ❜② ❙✐$ ❚✐♠ ❇❡$♥❡$!✲▲❡❡✳

❚❤❡ !♦✉$❝❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❢♦$ ❛❧❧ %❤❡ !❡$✈✐❝❡! ❛♥❞ ❧✐❜$❛$✐❡! ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❡❞ ✐!

♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ ●✐%❍✉❜

✱ ✉♥❞❡$ ❛♥ ▼■❚ ❧✐❝❡♥!❡✳

❤!!♣✿✴✴♠②♣'♦✜❧❡✲♣'♦❥❡❝!✳♦'❣✴

❤!!♣1✿✴✴'✇✇✳✐♦✴

❤!!♣✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴

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90 5. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

✺✳✷ #❡%&♣❡❝)✐✈❡ ✇♦%❦

❉✉"✐♥❣ &❤❡ "❡)❡❛"❝❤ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥&❛&✐♦♥ )&❛❣❡) ♦❢ &❤✐) &❤❡)✐)✱ ✇❡ ✇❡"❡ ❛❜❧❡

&♦ ✐❞❡♥&✐❢② )❡✈❡"❛❧ "❡)❡❛"❝❤ ❞✐"❡❝&✐♦♥) &❤❛& ✇❡ ✇❡"❡ ✉♥❛❜❧❡ &♦ ♣✉")✉❡ ❛& &❤❛&

♠♦♠❡♥&✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ &❤❡♠✱ &❤❡ ♠♦)& ✐♠♣♦"&❛♥& ♦♥❡) ❝♦♥❝❡"♥ ❤♦✇ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥) ❝❛♥

♥♦&✐❢② ✉)❡") ✇❤❡♥ ❡✈❡♥&) ♦❝❝✉" ❛) ✇❡❧❧ ❛) ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✉)❡") &♦ )❛❢❡❧② ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛&❡

✇✐&❤ ♦♥❡ ❛♥♦&❤❡" ✇❤✐❧❡ ♠❛✐♥&❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛❞❡9✉❛&❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ♣"✐✈❛❝②✳ ❋✉"&❤❡"♠♦"❡✱

❜② ✉)✐♥❣ ♣❡")✐)&❡♥& ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡")✱ ✇❡ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ✇♦""✐❡❞ &❤❛& ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥) ❛♥❞ )❡"✈✐❝❡)

✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ &"❛❝❦ ✉)❡")✱ ❛♥❞ &❤❡"❡❢♦"❡ ✇❡ ❜❡❣❛♥ &♦ ❡♥✈✐)✐♦♥ &❤❡ ♣♦))✐❜✐❧✐&②

♦❢ ❝"❡❛&✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐❞❡♥&✐&② ♣"♦①② )❡"✈✐❝❡✳ ◆❡①&✱ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ &♦ )❤♦"&❧② ♣"❡)❡♥& ❛

♣"❡❧✐♠✐♥❛"② ❞❡)❝"✐♣&✐♦♥ ♦❢ &❤❡)❡ ♣❡")♣❡❝&✐✈❡ "❡)❡❛"❝❤ ❞✐"❡❝&✐♦♥)✳

✺✳✷✳✶ ❙❡♠❛♥)✐❝ ▼❡--❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦)✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥- 34♦)♦❝♦❧

❆) &❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ )✉❣❣❡)&)✱ &❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥&✐❝ ▼❡))❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥) A"♦&♦❝♦❧

✭❙▼◆A✮ ✐♥&❡♥❞) &♦ ♦✛❡" &✇♦ ❞✐)&✐♥❝& &②♣❡) ♦❢ ♠❡))❛❣❡)✳ ❚❤❡ ✜")& &②♣❡ ✐) )✐♠✐❧❛"

&♦ ❡♠❛✐❧✱ ✐♥ &❤❛& ✐& ♣"♦✈✐❞❡) ❡♥❞✲&♦✲❡♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ &❤❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞

♣❛"&✐❡)✳ ❚❤❡ )❡❝♦♥❞ &②♣❡ ❝♦♥)✐)&) ♦❢ ❛❝&✐✈✐&② )&"❡❛♠) ✭❡✳❣✳ ✉♣❞❛&❡) ❛❜♦✉& ♦&❤❡"

✉)❡")✮✳

■♥ ❜♦&❤ ❝❛)❡)✱ ❛ )♣❡❝✐❛❧ "❡)♦✉"❝❡ ✐) ❝"❡❛&❡❞✱ ♦✛❡"✐♥❣ ❛ )❡♠❛♥&✐❝ "❡♣"❡)❡♥&❛&✐♦♥

♦❢ &❤❡ ♠❡))❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ "❡)♦✉"❝❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦"♠❛❧❧② ❝♦♥&❛✐♥ ❛ )❡♥❞❡"✱ ♦♥❡ ♦" ♠♦"❡

"❡❝✐♣✐❡♥&)✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♠❡))❛❣❡ ❜♦❞②✳

❙❡♠❛♥%✐❝ ♠❡((❛❣✐♥❣

❙❡♠❛♥&✐❝ ♠❡))❛❣✐♥❣ ♣"♦✈✐❞❡) &❤❡ ♠❡❛♥) &♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ✇"✐&&❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛&✐♦♥

❜❡&✇❡❡♥ &✇♦ ♣❛"&✐❡)✳ ■& ✐♥&❡♥❞) &♦ ♦✛❡" ❛♥ ❛❧&❡"♥❛&✐✈❡ &♦ ❡♠❛✐❧✱ ♦♣❡"❛&✐♥❣ ✐♥

&✇♦ ♠♦❞❡)✱ ♣✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ♣✉)❤✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ &❤❡ ✉)❡"✬) ♣"❡❢❡"❡♥❝❡)✳

❯)❡") ♠❛② ❛❧)♦ ❝❤♦♦)❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡ &❤❡② ❛❧❧♦✇ ✇❤❡♥ "❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣

♠❡))❛❣❡)✳ ❋♦" ✐♥)&❛♥❝❡✱ ✉)❡") ♠❛② ❛❧❧♦✇ &❤❡✐" ❢"✐❡♥❞) &♦ )❡♥❞ ♠❡))❛❣❡) ✉)✐♥❣

&❤❡ ♣✉)❤ ♠❡&❤♦❞✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❞✐)❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ ♠❡))❛❣❡) ❢"♦♠ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ &❤❡② ❦♥♦✇✳

❖♥ &❤❡ ♦&❤❡" ❤❛♥❞✱ ♠❡))❛❣❡) )❡♥& ✉)✐♥❣ &❤❡ ♣✉❧❧ ♠♦❞❡ ♠❛② ❛❧✇❛②) ❜❡ ❛❝❝❡♣&❡❞✳

❚❤❡ ♣✉❧❧ ♠♦❞❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡) ❝"❡❛&✐♥❣ ♠❡))❛❣❡)✱ )&♦"✐♥❣ &❤❡♠ ❧♦❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ &❤❡♥

♥♦&✐❢②✐♥❣ &❤❡ ♦&❤❡" ❡♥❞♣♦✐♥&) ✇✐&❤ &❤❡ ❯❘■ ♦❢ &❤❡ "❡)♦✉"❝❡ &❤❛& ❝♦♥&❛✐♥) &❤❡

♠❡))❛❣❡✳ ❚❤✐) ♠♦❞❡ "❡9✉✐"❡) ❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛&❡❞ )❡"✈✐❝❡✱ ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❝❡♥&"❛❧✐③✐♥❣ &❤❡

♠❡))❛❣❡) ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♣♦✐♥&✱ ♦♥ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❝♦♥&"♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② &❤❡ )❡♥❞❡"✳

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥&❛❣❡ ♦✛❡"❡❞ ❜② &❤✐) ♠♦❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡"♥) &❤❡ ♣"✐✈❛❝② ♦❢ ♠❡))❛❣❡

❞❛&❛✱ )✐♥❝❡ ♠❡))❛❣❡) ❛"❡ ❝❡♥&"❛❧✐③❡❞ ♦♥ &❤❡ )❡♥❞❡"✬) )❡"✈❡"✱ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ❛ ❧✐♥❦ &♦

&❤❡ ♠❡))❛❣❡ ✐) )❡♥& &♦ &❤❡ "❡❝✐♣✐❡♥&)✱ &❤❡"❡❢♦"❡ &❤❡ )❡♥❞❡" "❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❝♦♥&"♦❧

♦❢ ❤✐)✴❤❡" ❞❛&❛✳ ❈♦♠♣❛"❡❞ &♦ ❝❧❛))✐❝ ❡♠❛✐❧✱ ✉)❡") ✇✐❧❧ )&✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ ✧)❛✈❡✧

✭❝"❡❛&❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♣② ♦❢ &❤❡ "❡)♦✉"❝❡✮ ✇❤❡♥ &❤❡② ❛❝❝❡)) &❤❡ ♠❡))❛❣❡✱ &❤♦✉❣❤

&❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ &♦ )✉❝❝❡))❢✉❧❧② ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&❡ ❜❡❢♦"❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ &♦ ❛❝❝❡)) &❤❡

♠❡))❛❣❡ ❝♦♥&❡♥&)✳ ❚❤❡ ❞"❛✇❜❛❝❦ ❤❡"❡ ✐) &❤❛& ✐❢ &❤❡ )❡"✈❡" ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ &❤❡ ♠❡)✲

)❛❣❡) ❛"❡ )&♦"❡❞ ✐) ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡" ❛❝❝❡))✐❜❧❡✱ ♥♦ ♦♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ "❡❛❞ &❤❡ ♠❡))❛❣❡)✳

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5.2. PERSPECTIVE WORK 91

❆♥♦#❤❡& ❛❞✈❛♥#❛❣❡ ♦❢ ,❡❧❢✲❤♦,#❡❞ ♠❡,,❛❣❡, ✐, #❤❛# ✐# ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛#❡, #❤❡ ❡①#&❛

♥❡#✇♦&❦ #&❛✣❝ ❣❡♥❡&❛#❡❞ ❜② ,♣❛♠✱ ,✐♥❝❡ ,❡♥❞❡&, ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ #♦ #❛❦❡ ❝❛&❡ ♦❢ #❤❡

,❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐#② ✐,,✉❡, ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❤♦,#✐♥❣ #❤❡ ♠❡,,❛❣❡ ❝♦♥#❡♥#,✳ ◆♦# ,❡♥❞✐♥❣ #❤❡

♠❡,,❛❣❡ ❝♦♥#❡♥#, ❛❧,♦ &❡❞✉❝❡, #❤❡ &✐,❦, ♦❢ ❣❡##✐♥❣ ✐♥❢❡❝#❡❞ ✇✐#❤ ✈✐&✉,❡, ✇❤❡♥

♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ #❤❡ ♠❡,,❛❣❡✱ ❛, ✉,❡&, ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦✇ ❤❛✈❡ #♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐#❧② ❝❧✐❝❦ ♦♥ #❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ✐♥

♦&❞❡& #♦ ❢❡#❝❤ ❛♥❞ &❡❛❞ #❤❡ ♠❡,,❛❣❡✳

❚❤❡ ♣✉"❤ ♠♦❞❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡, ,❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♠❡,,❛❣❡, #♦ &❡♠♦#❡ ❡♥❞♣♦✐♥#,✳ ❚❤✐,

❞❡❝❡♥#&❛❧✐③❡❞ ♦♣❡&❛#✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ✐, ✈❡&② ,✐♠✐❧❛& #♦ ❡♠❛✐❧✱ ❛, ✐# #&❛♥,♠✐#, ♠❡,,❛❣❡,

#♦ ♦♥❡ ♦& ♠♦&❡ &❡♠♦#❡ &❡❝✐♣✐❡♥#,✱ ❛♥❞ ✐, ,✉✐#❛❜❧❡ ❢♦& ✉,❡&, ✇❤♦ ❞♦ ♥♦# ♣♦,,❡,,

❛ ,❡&✈❡& #❤❛# ✐, ❛❧✇❛②, ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥❧✐♥❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡&✱ &❡❝✐♣✐❡♥#, ♠✉,# ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡

#♦ &❡❝❡✐✈❡ ♠❡,,❛❣❡,✱ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ #❤❛# #❤❡② ♠✉,# ♣❡&♠✐# ❛❝❝❡,, #♦ ❛ ♠❡,,❛❣✐♥❣

❡♥❞♣♦✐♥#✱ #②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❛ &❡,♦✉&❝❡ ✇✐#❤ ✧❲&✐#❡✧ ♦& ✧❆♣♣❡♥❞✧✳

❚❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥#❛❣❡ ♦❢ #❤✐, ♠♦❞❡ ✐, #❤❛# ♦♥❝❡ #❤❡ ♠❡,,❛❣❡, ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡❧✐✈❡&❡❞✱

#❤❡ ,❡♥❞❡& ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡& ♥❡❡❞, #♦ ✇♦&&② ✇❤❡#❤❡& ❤✐,✴❤❡& ,❡&✈❡& ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦&

♥♦#✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ #❤✐, ♠♦❞❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡, ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛#✐♥❣ ❞❛#❛ ✇❤❡♥ #&❛♥,♠✐##✐♥❣ #❤❡ ♠❡,,❛❣❡

#♦ ❡❛❝❤ &❡❝✐♣✐❡♥# ✭❝♦♣②✐♥❣ #❤❡ ,❛♠❡ ♠❡,,❛❣❡ ❢♦& ❡❛❝❤ &❡❝✐♣✐❡♥#✮✱ #❤❡ ✉,❡& ♠✉,#

✇❛✐# ❢♦& #❤❡ ,❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣&♦❝❡,, #♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡#❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② #❛❦❡ ❛ ❧♦♥❣ ♣❡&✐♦❞ ♦❢ #✐♠❡

❞✉❡ ❛, ✐# &❡F✉✐&❡, ♠♦&❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞#❤ ✭❡,♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ ,❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❧❛&❣❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥#,✮✳

❚♦ ♦✛❡& #❤❡ ,❛♠❡ ❢✉♥❝#✐♦♥❛❧✐#② ❛, #❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❡♠❛✐❧ ✇❤❡♥ ,❡♥❞✐♥❣

❛##❛❝❤♠❡♥#,✱ ❙▼◆I ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♣❡&❢♦&♠✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♦&❡ ♠♦&❡ I❖❙❚ &❡F✉❡,#,

❝♦♥#❛✐♥✐♥❣ #❤❡ &❡,♦✉&❝❡ #♦ #❤❡ &❡❝✐♣✐❡♥#,✬ ,❡&✈❡&,✱ ✇❤❡&❡ ❛ ,❡&✈✐❝❡ ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢

✐♥#❡&♣&❡#✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ #❤❡,❡ &❡F✉❡,#, ♠✉,# ❜❡ ♣&❡,❡♥#✳

◆♦)✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥"

◆♦#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥, ❛&❡ ,❤♦&# ♠❡,,❛❣❡,✱ ,♦♠❡#✐♠❡, ❛, ,❤♦&# ❛, ❛ ,❡✈❡&❛❧ #&✐♣❧❡,✱ ,#❛#✐♥❣

#❤❛# ❛ &❡,♦✉&❝❡ ✐, ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛# ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❧♦❝❛#✐♦♥ ✭❯❘■✮✱ ♦& #❤❛# #❤❡&❡ ✐, ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥#

❝♦♥❝❡&♥✐♥❣ ❛ ,♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✉,❡& ✭❡✳❣✳ ✧❇❛&&② ✐, ♥♦✇ ❢&✐❡♥❞, ✇✐#❤ ❆♥♥✧✮✳ ◆♦#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥,

❝❛♥ ❛❧,♦ ❜❡ ,♣❧✐# ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ #✇♦ ♦♣❡&❛#✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡,✱ ♣✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ♣✉,❤✳

■♥ ♣✉❧❧ ♠♦❞❡✱ #❤❡ ♥♦#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥ ,❡♥❞❡& ✐, ♦♥❧② &❡F✉✐&❡❞ #♦ I❖❙❚ ❛ ,✐♥❣❧❡

#&✐♣❧❡ ♦❢ #②♣❡ ❡✈❡♥# ✇✐#❤ ❛ ❯❘■ ♣♦✐♥#✐♥❣ #♦ #❤❡ &❡♠♦#❡ ❡✈❡♥# &❡,♦✉&❝❡✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛#✐♥❣

#❤❛# ♠♦&❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛#✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉# #❤❡ ❡✈❡♥# ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛# ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❧♦❝❛#✐♦♥✳ ■❢ #❤❡

&❡❝✐♣✐❡♥# ♦❢ #❤❡ ♥♦#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥ ♠❡,,❛❣❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ #♦ ❦♥♦✇ ♠♦&❡ ❛❜♦✉# #❤✐, ❡✈❡♥#✱

❤❡✴,❤❡ ❝❛♥ ❢❡#❝❤ ♠♦&❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛#✐♦♥ ❢&♦♠ #❤❛# ❧♦❝❛#✐♦♥✳

■♥ ♣✉"❤ ♠♦❞❡✱ #❤❡ ♥♦#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥ ,❡♥❞❡& ♠❛② ❛❧,♦ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡ ♠♦&❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛#✐♦♥

❛❜♦✉# #❤❡ ❡✈❡♥# ❛# #❤❡ #✐♠❡ ♦❢ #&❛♥,♠✐,,✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ #❤❡ ❢♦&♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❞❡,❝&✐♣#✐♦♥✱ ❛ ❞❛#❡✱

#❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉, ♦❢ #❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡&♥❡❞ ♣❛&#✐❡,✱ ❡#❝✳✳

✺✳✷✳✷ ❚$❛♥'♣❛$❡♥* ❲❡❜■❉ ♣$♦①②

❆✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ #&❛❝❡❛❜✐❧✐#② ❛♥❞ ✜♥❣❡&♣&✐♥#✐♥❣ ❛&❡ ✐♠♣♦&#❛♥# ❢❛❝#♦&,✱ ❞✐&❡❝#❧② ✐♠♣❛❝#✲

✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ♣&✐✈❛❝② ♦✛❡&❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡& ✭I&✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ,❡❝✉&✐#②

❛♥❛❧②,✐, ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣#❡& ✷✮✳ ❊✈❡♥ #❤♦✉❣❤ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥#&♦❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ,✉❝❝❡,,❢✉❧❧② ✉#✐❧✐③❡❞

#♦ &❡,#&✐❝# ❛❝❝❡,, #♦ ♣❛&#, ♦❢ ❛ ♣&♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥# ✭❈❤❛♣#❡& ✸✮✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ &❡❛,♦♥❛❜❧❡

❛♠♦✉♥# ♦❢ #✐♠❡✱ ❛ ,❡&✈✐❝❡ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡& ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ #♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡#❡ ♣&♦✜❧❡ ♦❢

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92 5. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

❛ ✉"❡$✳ ❚♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❜❡✐♥❣ .$❛❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❣❡$♣$✐♥.❡❞ ❛❝$♦"" ❞✐✛❡$❡♥. ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛.✐♦♥"

❛♥❞ "❡$✈✐❝❡"✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ "♦❧✉.✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ .♦ ✉"❡ ♠✉❧.✐♣❧❡ ✐❞❡♥.✐.✐❡"✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡$✱

.❤✐" "♦❧✉.✐♦♥ ✐♥❝$❡❛"❡" .❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧.② ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥.✐.② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥. ❢♦$ ♠♦". ✉"❡$"✱

✇❤✐❧❡ ♦.❤❡$" ♠❛② ❡✈❡♥ ❢❡❡❧ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❡❞ .♦ .$❛❞❡ .❤❡✐$ ♣$✐✈❛❝② ❢♦$ "♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❧❡"" .✐♠❡

❤❛✈✐♥❣ .♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ .❤❡✐$ ❛❧✐❛" ✐❞❡♥.✐.✐❡"✳

❲❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♦✛❡$ ❛♥ ❛❧.❡$♥❛.✐✈❡✱ ✐♥ .❤❡ ❢♦$♠ ♦❢ ❛ .$❛♥"♣❛$❡♥. ❲❡❜■❉

♣$♦①②✱ ❛ ♣$♦①② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥.❡$❝❡♣." ♥♦$♠❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛.✐♦♥ ✇✐.❤♦✉. $❡@✉✐$✐♥❣ ❛♥②

"♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝❧✐❡♥. ❝♦♥✜❣✉$❛.✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡$❡ ❝❧✐❡♥." ♥❡❡❞ ♥♦. ❜❡ ❛✇❛$❡ ♦❢ ✐." ❡①✐".❡♥❝❡✳

A❧❡❛"❡ ❝♦♥"✐❞❡$ .❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳

❇❛$$② ❤❛" ❤✐" ♦✇♥ ❲❡❜■❉ ❤!!♣#✿✴✴❜❛((②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣(♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐"

❤♦".❡❞ ❛. ❤..♣"✿✴✴❜❛$$②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ■♥".❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✉"✐♥❣ ❤✐" ♦✇♥ ❲❡❜■❉✱ ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞

✉"❡ ❛ .$❛♥"♣❛$❡♥. ❲❡❜■❉ ♣$♦①② "❡$✈✐❝❡ ❧♦❝❛.❡❞ ❛. ❤..♣"✿✴✴✇❡❜✐❞✳♣$♦①②✳ ❚❤❡

♣$♦①② "❡$✈✐❝❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ .❤❡♥ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❇❛$$② .♦ ❝$❡❛.❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✐❞❡♥.✐.②✱ ❛ "♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞

♣"❡✉❞♦✲❲❡❜■❉ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❤!!♣#✿✴✴✇❡❜✐❞✳♣(♦①②✴♠②✲❛❧✐❛#✴❝❛(❞★♠❡✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞

♦♥❧② ❝♦♥.❛✐♥ .❤❡ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥." ❇❛$$② ❤❛" "❡❧❡❝.❡❞ ❢$♦♠ ❤✐" $❡❛❧ ❲❡❜■❉✳ ❲❤❡♥

❛ ❝❧✐❡♥. ❞❡$❡❢❡$❡♥❝❡" .❤❡ ♣"❡✉❞♦✲❲❡❜■❉✱ .❤❡ ♣$♦①② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❢❡.❝❤ .❤❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥."

❢$♦♠ ❇❛$$②✬" $❡❛❧ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❛♥❞ "❡$✈❡ .❤❡ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥. ♦♥ .❤❡ ✢②✳ ■❢ ❛. ❛♥②

♣♦✐♥. ❇❛$$② ❞❡❝✐❞❡" .♦ ".♦♣ ✉"✐♥❣ .❤❡ "❡$✈✐❝❡✱ ❤❡ ❝❛♥ .❤❡♥ ❝$❡❛.❡ ❛♥ ❆❈▲ $✉❧❡

.♦ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❤..♣"✿✴✴✇❡❜✐❞✳♣$♦①② ❢$♦♠ ❛❝❝❡""✐♥❣ ❤✐" ❲❡❜■❉✳

A❧❡❛"❡ ♥♦.❡ .❤❛. ✉"✐♥❣ "✉❝❤ ❛ "❡$✈✐❝❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡" .$✉".✐♥❣ .❤❡ "❡$✈✐❝❡ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡$

.♦ ♥♦. ❞✐"❝❧♦"❡ .❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡.✇❡❡♥ .❤❡ ♣"❡✉❞♦✲❲❡❜■❉ ❛♥❞ .❤❡ $❡❛❧ ❲❡❜■❉✳ ❆" ❛

"❡❝✉$✐.② ♠❡❛"✉$❡✱ ✉"❡$" ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❛❝❝❡"" .♦ .❤❡✐$ $❡❛❧ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣$♦✜❧❡" ♦♥❧② .♦

❛ "❡❧❡❝.❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡$ ♦❢ ❛❣❡♥." ❜② ❞❡❢❛✉❧.✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ .❤❡ ♣$♦①②

"❡$✈✐❝❡✳ ❚❤✐" ✇❛②✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ ❛♥ ❛..❛❝❦❡$ ❞✐"❝♦✈❡$" .❤❡ ✉"❡$✬" $❡❛❧ ❲❡❜■❉✱ ❤❡ ✇✐❧❧

♥♦. ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ .♦ ❣❛✐♥ ❛❝❝❡"" .♦ .❤❡ ✉"❡$✬" $❡❛❧ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥.✱ ❛" ❧♦♥❣ ❛" .❤❡ ✉"❡$

❤❛" $❡♠♦✈❡❞ .❤❡ ♣$♦①② "❡$✈✐❝❡ ❢$♦♠ .❤❡ ❧✐". ♦❢ ❛✉.❤♦$✐③❡❞ ❛❣❡♥."✳

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▲✐"# ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥"

✶✳ ❆♥❞%❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜%❛✱ ❍❡♥%② ❙1♦%②✱ ❚✐♠ ❇❡%♥❡%5✲▲❡❡✳ ❲❡❜■❉ ❙♣❡❝✲

✐✜❝❛1✐♦♥✳ ❲♦"❦✐♥❣ ❞"❛❢*✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❤11♣5✿✴✴❞✈❝5✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴❤❣✴❲❡❜■❉✴%❛✇✲

✜❧❡✴1✐♣✴5♣❡❝✴✐❞❡♥1✐1②✲%❡5♣❡❝✳❤1♠❧

✷✳ ❚♦❜② ■♥❦51❡%✱ ❍❡♥%② ❙1♦%②✱ ❇✳ ❍❛%❜✉❧♦1✱ ❆♥❞%❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠✲

❜%❛✳ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛1✐♦♥✳ ❲♦"❦✐♥❣ ❞"❛❢*✱ ✷✵✶✸✳

❤11♣5✿✴✴❞✈❝5✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴❤❣✴❲❡❜■❉✴%❛✇✲✜❧❡✴1✐♣✴5♣❡❝✴1❧5✲%❡5♣❡❝✳❤1♠❧

✸✳ ❙❡❜❛51✐❛♥ ❚%❛♠♣✱ ❍❡♥%② ❙1♦%②✱ ❆♥❞%❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜%❛✱ I❤✐❧✐♣♣ ❋%✐5❝❤♠✉1❤✱

❡1 ❛❧✳ ❊①1❡♥❞✐♥❣ 1❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ I%♦1♦❝♦❧ ✇✐1❤ ❆❝❝❡55 ❉❡❧❡❣❛1✐♦♥✳ +"♦❝❡❡❞✲

✐♥❣/ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❚❤✐"❞ ■♥*❡"♥❛*✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦"❦/❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❈♦♥/✉♠✐♥❣ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛*❛

✭❈❖▲❉✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

✹✳ ❆♥❞%❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜%❛✱ ▼❛%②❧✐♥❡ ▲❛✉%❡♥1✳ ❈♦♥1❡①1✲❆✇❛%❡ ❉❡❝❡♥1%❛❧✐③❡❞

❆♣♣%♦❛❝❤ ❢♦% ❲❡❜ ❙❡%✈✐❝❡5✳ ■♥ ❙❡"✈✐❝❡/ ✭❙❊❘❱■❈❊❙✮✱ ✷✵✶✷ ■❊❊❊ ❊✐❣❤*❤

❲♦"❧❞ ❈♦♥❣"❡//✱ ♣❛❣❡5 ✼✸✕✼✾✳ ■❊❊❊ ✷✵✶✷✳

✺✳ ❆♥❞%❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜%❛✱ ❍❡♥%② ❙1♦%②✱ ❍❡♥%② ❡1 ❛❧✳ ❋%✐❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❖♥ ❚❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧

❲❡❜✳ ❲✸❈✬/ ❋❡❞❡"❛*❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

✻✳ ❆♥❞%❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜%❛✱ ▼❛%②❧✐♥❡ ▲❛✉%❡♥1✳ ▼②I%♦✜❧❡✲❉❡❝❡♥1%❛❧✐③❡❞ ❯5❡%

I%♦✜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ■❞❡♥1✐1② ♦♥ 1❤❡ ❲❡❜✳ ❲✸❈✬/ ❋❡❞❡"❛*❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ✭❋❙❲✷✵✶✶✮✱

✷✵✶✶✳

✼✳ ❆♥❞%❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜%❛✱ ▼❛%②❧✐♥❡ ▲❛✉%❡♥1✳ ▼②I%♦✜❧❡✲I%✐✈❛❝② ❆✇❛%❡ ❉❡✲

❝❡♥1%❛❧✐③❡❞ ■❞❡♥1✐1② ♦♥ 1❤❡ ❲❡❜✳ ✶/* ■♥*❡"♥❛*✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡"❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❙❡❝✉"❡

♥❡*✇♦"❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛*✐♦♥/ ✭■❈❙◆❆✮✳ ✷✵✶✶

✽✳ ❚♦♥② ❈❤❡♥❡❛✉✱ ❆♥❞%❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜%❛✱ ▼❛%②❧✐♥❡ ▲❛✉%❡♥1✳ ❆ ❚%✉51❢✉❧ ❆✉✲

1❤❡♥1✐❝❛1✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑❡② ❊①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❙❝❤❡♠❡ ✭❚❆❑❊❙✮ ❢♦% ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♥❡1✇♦%❦5✳ ■♥

◆❡*✇♦"❦ ❛♥❞ ❙②/*❡♠ ❙❡❝✉"✐*② ✭◆❙❙✮✱ ✷✵✶✶ ✺*❤ ■♥*❡"♥❛*✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡"❡♥❝❡ ✱

♣❛❣❡5 ✷✹✾✕✷✺✸✳ ■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

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94 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Page 116: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✲ ❘)*✉♠) ❡♥

❢.❛♥0❛✐*

■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

❆✉ ❝♦✉$% ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡$♥✐,$❡ ❞-❝❡♥♥✐❡✱ ♥♦✉% ❛✈♦♥% ❛%%✐%0- 1 ✉♥❡ ❛✉❣♠❡♥0❛0✐♦♥

%♣❡❝0❛❝✉❧❛✐$❡ ❞✉ ♥♦♠❜$❡ ❞✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛0✐♦♥% ❲❡❜ %♦❝✐❛❧❡%✳ ❈❡% ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛0✐♦♥% %♦♥0

❞✐%♣♦♥✐❜❧❡% ❡♥ ❞✐✛-$❡♥0❡% ❢♦$♠❡% ❡0 ♦✛$❡♥0 ❞✐✛-$❡♥0% %❡$✈✐❝❡% ❝♦♠♠❡ ❧❡% $-%❡❛✉①

%♦❝✐❛✉①✱ ❧❡% %②%0,♠❡% ❞❡ ❣❡%0✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥0❡♥✉ ✭❈▼❙✮✱ ❧❡% ❢♦$❣❡% ❧♦❣✐❝✐❡❧❧❡%✱ ❧❡%

❜❧♦❣% ♦✉ ❧❡% %❡$✈✐❝❡% ❞❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦$❛0✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❣-♥-$❛❧✳

❉❡♣✉✐% ❧❡ ❧❛♥❝❡♠❡♥0 ❞✉ ♣$❡♠✐❡$ ❣$❛♥❞ %✐0❡ ❞❡ $-%❡❛✉ %♦❝✐❛❧ ❡♥ ✶✾✾✼ ❬✷✾❪✱ ❧❡

❲❡❜ %♦❝✐❛❧ ❛ ✈✉ ✉♥❡ ❛✉❣♠❡♥0❛0✐♦♥ %✐❣♥✐✜❝❛0✐✈❡ ❞❡ %❛ 0❛✐❧❧❡ ❡0 ❞❡ %♦♥ ✉0✐❧✐%❛0✐♦♥✳

J❧✉0K0 L✉❡ ❞❡ %✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥0 ❝♦♥%♦♠♠❡$ ❞❡% %✐0❡% ❲❡❜✱ ❧❡% ✉0✐❧✐%❛0❡✉$% ♦♥0

❝♦♠♠❡♥❝- 1 ♣$♦❞✉✐$❡ ❧❡✉$% ♣$♦♣$❡% ❝♦♥0❡♥✉% ❣$M❝❡ 1 ❞❡% ♦✉0✐❧% ❞❡ ❜❧♦❣❣✐♥❣ ❡0

❞❡% $-%❡❛✉① %♦❝✐❛✉①✱ ♠❛$L✉❛♥0 ❧❡ ❞-❜✉0 ❞✉ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵ ❡0 ❞✉ ❲❡❜ %-♠❛♥0✐L✉❡ ❬✶✷❪✳

▲❡% %✐0❡% %♦❝✐❛✉① ♦♥0 $-❛❣✐ 1 ❝❡00❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡ 0❡♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❡♥ ♦✛$❛♥0 ❛✉① ✉0✐❧✐%❛0❡✉$%

❧❛ ♣♦%%✐❜✐❧✐0- ❞❡ ❝$-❡$ ❧❡✉$ ♣$♦♣$❡ ♣$♦✜❧ ♣❡$%♦♥♥❡❧✱ ♦P ✐❧% ♣❡✉✈❡♥0 ♣✉❜❧✐❡$ ❞❡%

♣❤♦0♦%✱ ♠❡00$❡ 1 ❥♦✉$ ❧❡✉$ %0❛0✉0 ♦✉ ❜✐❡♥ ♣❧✉%✳ J❧✉% 0❛$❞✱ ❝❡$0❛✐♥% ❞❡ ❝❡% %✐0❡%

♦♥0 -❣❛❧❡♠❡♥0 ❢♦✉$♥✐ ❞❡% ♣❧✉❣✲✐♥% L✉✐ ♦♥0 -0- ✉0✐❧✐%-% ♣♦✉$ ✐♥0-❣$❡$ ❝❡$0❛✐♥❡%

❞❡ ❧❡✉$% ❢♦♥❝0✐♦♥♥❛❧✐0-% %♦❝✐❛❧❡% %✉$ ❞❡% %✐0❡% 0✐❡$%✳ ▼❛✐% L✉✬❡%0✲❝❡ ❡①❛❝0❡♠❡♥0

✉♥ %✐0❡ ❞❡ $-%❡❛✉ %♦❝✐❛❧ ❡0 L✉❡❧❧❡% ❢♦♥❝0✐♦♥♥❛❧✐0-% ♦♥0 ❝❡% %✐0❡% 1 ♦✛$✐$ ❛✉①

✉0✐❧✐%❛0❡✉$%❄ ❊%0✲❝❡ L✉❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐0- 1 ❢♦$♠❡$ ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥♥❡①✐♦♥ ❡♥0$❡ ❧❡% ✉0✐❧✐%❛0❡✉$%

❡%0 %✉✣%❛♥0❡ ♣♦✉$ ❞✐$❡ L✉✬✉♥ %✐0❡ ❢❛✐0 ♣❛$0✐❡ ❞✉ ❲❡❜ %♦❝✐❛❧❄ ◗✉❡ ♣♦✉✈♦♥%✲♥♦✉%

❛00❡♥❞$❡ ❞✉ ❲❡❜ %♦❝✐❛❧ ❞❛♥% ❧✬❛✈❡♥✐$❄

❉❛♥% ❝❡00❡ 0❤,%❡✱ ♥♦✉% ❛❧❧♦♥% ❛♥❛❧②%❡$ ❡0 ♣$♦♣♦%❡$ ❞❡% ♠♦②❡♥% ❞✬❛%%✉$❡$ ❧❛

♣$♦♣$✐-0- ❞❡% ❞♦♥♥-❡% ❡0 ❧✬✐♥0❡$♦♣-$❛❜✐❧✐0- ❞❡% ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛0✐♦♥% ❲❡❜ %♦❝✐❛❧❡% ❞❡ ❧❛

♣$♦❝❤❛✐♥❡ ❣-♥-$❛0✐♦♥✱ ❡♥ ❝❡ L✉✐ ❝♦♥❝❡$♥❡ ❧❛ ✈✐❡ ♣$✐✈-❡ ❡0 ❧❡ ❝♦♥0$K❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝,%✳ ◆♦%

❝♦♥0$✐❜✉0✐♦♥% ♣♦$0❡♥0 %✉$ ❞✐✛-$❡♥0% %✉❥❡0%✱ ❞❡ ❧✬✐❞❡♥0✐0- ❡0 ❞❡ ❧✬❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥

❞-❝❡♥0$❛❧✐%-❡ ❛✉ ❝♦♥0$K❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝,% ❡0 ❧❡ %0♦❝❦❛❣❡ ❞❡% ❞♦♥♥-❡% ♣❡$%♦♥♥❡❧❧❡%✳

▼♦"✐✈❛"✐♦♥

❯♥❡ ♣$❛0✐L✉❡ ❝♦✉$❛♥0❡ %♣-❝✐✜L✉❡ 1 ❧❛ ♣❧✉♣❛$0 ❞❡% %❡$✈✐❝❡% ❲❡❜ ❡%0 ❞❡ ❝❡♥0$❛❧✐%❡$

❧❡% $❡%%♦✉$❝❡% ✉0✐❧✐%❛0❡✉$%✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❛♥0 ❞❡% ✓%✐❧♦% ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥-❡%✔✳ ❙♦✉✈❡♥0✱ ❧♦$% ❞❡

%♦♥ ❛❞❤-%✐♦♥ 1 ❞❡% %❡$✈✐❝❡% ♣❛$0✐❝✉❧✐❡$%✱ ♥♦✉% ✜♥✐%%♦♥% ❣-♥-$❛❧❡♠❡♥0 ♣❛$

❝$-❡$ ❞❡% ❝♦♠♣0❡% ❧♦❝❛✉① ❞-❞✐-% L✉✐ ♥♦✉% ❧✐♠✐0❡ 1 ✉♥ %❡$✈✐❝❡ ♣❛$0✐❝✉❧✐❡$✳ ❉❡

♣❧✉%✱ ❧❡% ✉0✐❧✐%❛0❡✉$% ♥✬♦♥0 ❛✉❝✉♥ ❝♦♥0$K❧❡ %✉$ ❧❛ ❢❛]♦♥ ❞♦♥0 ❧❡✉$% ❞♦♥♥-❡%

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96 APPENDIX - RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS

♣❡"#♦♥♥❡❧❧❡# #♦♥' ✉'✐❧✐#*❡# ♣❛" ❧❡# ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥#✱ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❝✬❡#' ❧❡ ❝❛# ♣♦✉" ❧❡#

❞♦♥♥*❡# ♣"✐✈*❡# 2✉✐ #♦♥' #♦✉✈❡♥' ❡♥✈♦②*# 4 ❞❡# #♦❝✐*'*# '✐❡"# ❛✜♥ ❞❡ "*❛❧✐#❡" ❞❡#

❣❛✐♥# ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐'❛✐"❡#✳

▲✬✐❞❡♥'✐'* ❡#' ❧✬✉♥ ❞❡# ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡# ❞❡ "❡❝❤❡"❝❤❡ ❧❡# ♣❧✉# ❞✐✣❝✐❧❡# #✉" ❧❡ ❲❡❜✱ ❝❛"

✐❧ ♥*❝❡##✐'❡ 4 ❧❛ ❢♦✐# ❞❡# #♦❧✉'✐♦♥# ♣"❛'✐2✉❡# ❡' ❞❡ ❧❛ "❡❝❤❡"❝❤❡ ♠✉❧'✐❞✐#❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✐"❡✳

◆♦✉# ❝"♦②♦♥# 2✉❡ ❧✬✐❞❡♥'✐'* ✐♠♣❧✐2✉❡ ❞❡ ♣♦✉✈♦✐" #❡ "*❢*"❡" 4 2✉♦✐ 2✉❡ ❝❡ #♦✐' ❞❡

♠❛♥✐?"❡ ✜❛❜❧❡✱ ❛❜#'"❛✐'❡ ♦✉ ♣❧✉# ❝♦♥❝"?'❡✱ #❛♥# ❝♦♥'"❛✐♥'❡# ❞❡ '❡♠♣# ❡' ❞✬❡#♣❛❝❡✱

❡' ❞❛♥# ❞❡# ❝♦♥'❡①'❡# ❞✐✛*"❡♥'#✳ ❯♥❡ ❢❛C♦♥ ❞❡ '"❛✐'❡" ❧❡ #✉❥❡' ❞❡ ❧✬✐❞❡♥'✐'* ❡#'

❞✬*'❛❜❧✐" ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥'✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥❡ 2✉✐ ✐❞❡♥'✐✜❡ ❞❡# ❝❤♦#❡# ♣❛"'✐❝✉❧✐?"❡# ❞✬✉♥❡

♠❛♥✐?"❡ ✉♥✐❢♦"♠❡✱ ❡' 2✉✐ ❡#' ❢❛❝✐❧❡♠❡♥' "*✉'✐❧✐#*❡ ❞❛♥# ❞✐✛*"❡♥'# ❝♦♥'❡①'❡#✳

▲♦"#2✉✬♦♥ ❧✬❛♣♣❧✐2✉❡ #✉" ❧❡ ❲❡❜✱ ✐❧ ❞❡✈✐❡♥' *✈✐❞❡♥' 2✉❡ ❧✬✉'✐❧✐#❛'✐♦♥ ❞❡# ❯❘■

✭❯♥✐❢♦"♠ ❘❡#♦✉"❝❡ ■❞❡♥'✐✜❡"#✮ ❍❚❚K ❝♦♠♠❡ ✐❞❡♥'✐✜❝❛'❡✉"# ❣❧♦❜❛✉① ❡#' ❧❡

❝❤♦✐① ♣"*❢*"*✳ ▲❡ ♣"✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛✈❛♥'❛❣❡ ❞❡# ❯❘■ ❍❚❚K #✉" ♥✬✐♠♣♦"'❡ 2✉❡❧ ❛✉'"❡

#②#'?♠❡ ❞✬✐❞❡♥'✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❧❡# ❛❞"❡##❡# *❧❡❝'"♦♥✐2✉❡#✱ ♦✉ ❜✐❡♥ ❧❡# ♥♦♠#

❞✬✉'✐❧✐#❛'❡✉" ✉♥✐2✉❡#✮ ❡#' 2✉❡ ❧❡# ♣"✐♥❝✐♣❡# ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥*❡# ❧✐*❡# ❞✐#❡♥' 2✉❡ ❝❡# ❯❘■

❞♦✐' "❡'♦✉"♥❡" ✉♥❡ ❞❡#❝"✐♣'✐♦♥ ✉'✐❧❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ 2✉❡ ❧✬❯❘■ ✐❞❡♥'✐✜❡ ❧♦"# ❞❡ ❧✬❛❝❝?#

❛✉① ❞♦♥♥*❡# ❞❛♥# ✉♥ ♥❛✈✐❣❛'❡✉" ❲❡❜ ♦✉ ❞❛♥# ✉♥❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥ ✐♥❢♦"♠❛'✐2✉❡ ❡♥

✉'✐❧✐#❛♥' ❧❡ ♣"♦'♦❝♦❧❡ ❍❚❚K✳

❯♥❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥ ❲❡❜ ❞*❝❡♥'"❛❧✐#* ❞♦✐' L'"❡ ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❝'✐♦♥♥❡" 4 '"❛✈❡"#

❞✐✛*"❡♥'# ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡# ❞✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥✱ ❝❡ 2✉✐ ♣❡"♠❡' ❛✉① ❞✐✛*"❡♥'❡# ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥#

❞✬✐♥'❡"❛❣✐" ❧❡# ✉♥❡# ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡# ❛✉'"❡# ❣"M❝❡ 4 ❧✬✉'✐❧✐#❛'✐♦♥ ❞❡# ❞♦♥♥*❡# #*♠❛♥'✐2✉❡✳

■❧ ❡#' ✐♠♣♦"'❛♥' 2✉❡ ❧❡# ✉'✐❧✐#❛'❡✉"# ♦♥' ❧❛ ♣♦##✐❜✐❧✐'* ❞❡ ❝❤♦✐#✐" ♦N #'♦❝❦❡"

❧❡✉"# ❞♦♥♥*❡#✱ 2✉❡ ❝❡ #♦✐' #✉" ❞❡# #❡"✈❡✉"# ♣❡"#♦♥♥❡❧# 2✉✬✐❧# ❞*'✐❡♥♥❡♥' ❞❛♥#

❧❡✉"# ♠❛✐#♦♥#✱ ♦✉ ❡♥ ❝♦♥✜❛♥' ❧❡✉"# ❞♦♥♥*❡# 4 ❧❡✉"# ❛♠✐# ♦✉ ❞❡# ♣❡"#♦♥♥❡# ❞❡

❝♦♥✜❛♥❝❡✳ ▲❡# ✉'✐❧✐#❛'❡✉"# ♣❡✉✈❡♥' ♠L♠❡ ♣"♦✜'❡" ❞✬✉♥❡ ♠②"✐❛❞❡ ❞❡ #❡"✈✐❝❡# ❞❡

#'♦❝❦❛❣❡ ❞❡ '②♣❡ ✓❝❧♦✉❞✔ ❞✐#♣♦♥✐❜❧❡# #✉" ❧❡ ❲❡❜✱ ♠L♠❡ #✐ ❞❡# ♠❡#✉"❡# ❞♦✐✈❡♥'

L'"❡ ♣"✐#❡# ♣♦✉" ❛##✉"❡" ❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥'✐❛❧✐'* ❞❡ ❧❡✉"# ❞♦♥♥*❡# ❡♥ ❝❡ 2✉✐ ❝♦♥❝❡"♥❡

❧❡# ♣"❡#'❛'❛✐"❡# ❞❡ #❡"✈✐❝❡#✳ K♦✉" ❛''❡✐♥❞"❡ ✉♥❡ ✈*"✐'❛❜❧❡ ✐♥'❡"♦♣*"❛❜✐❧✐'*✱ ♥♦✉#

❛✈♦♥# ❞*❝✐❞* ❞✬✉'✐❧✐#❡" ❧❡ ❲❡❜ #*♠❛♥'✐2✉❡ ❡♥ '❛♥' 2✉❡ ♠♦②❡♥ ♣♦✉" ❢♦✉"♥✐" ❞❡#

❞♦♥♥*❡# #'"✉❝'✉"*❡# 2✉✐ ♣❡✉' ❛✉##✐ L'"❡ ❝♦♠♣"✐#❡ ♣❛" ❧❡# ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡#✳

▲❡ ❲❡❜ #*♠❛♥'✐2✉❡ ❞♦✐' L'"❡ ❝♦♥#✐❞*"*❡ ❡♥ 2✉❡❧2✉❡ #♦"'❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥❡ ❜❛#❡

❞❡ ❞♦♥♥*❡# ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡✱ ♦✉ ♠✐❡✉① ❡♥❝♦"❡ ✉♥ ❡#♣❛❝❡ ❞✬✐♥❢♦"♠❛'✐♦♥ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ K✉✐#2✉❡

❧❛ ♣❧✉♣❛"' ❞❡# ✐♥❢♦"♠❛'✐♦♥# #✉" ❧❡ ❲❡❜ #♦♥' ❝♦♥C✉❡# ♣♦✉" ❧❡# ❤✉♠❛✐♥#✱ ❞❛♥# ❞❡#

✐♥'❡"❛❝'✐♦♥# ❤♦♠♠❡✲4✲❤♦♠♠❡✱ ❧❡ ❲❡❜ #*♠❛♥'✐2✉❡ ❛ ❧✬✐♥'❡♥'✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣❡"♠❡''"❡

❛✉① ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡# ❞❡ ♣❛"'✐❝✐♣❡" 4 ❝❡''❡ ✐♥'❡"❛❝'✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❢♦✉"♥✐##❛♥' ❞❡# ❧❛♥❣❛❣❡#

♣♦✉" ❡①♣"✐♠❡" ❧❡# ✐♥❢♦"♠❛'✐♦♥# #♦✉# ❞❡# ❢♦"♠❡# '"❛✐'❛❜❧❡ ♣❛" ❧❡# ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡#✳

❆✉'"❡♠❡♥' ❞✐'✱ ❧❡ ❲❡❜ #*♠❛♥'✐2✉❡ ♦✛"❡ ❧❡# ♦✉'✐❧# ♥*❝❡##❛✐"❡# ♣♦✉" ❡①♣"✐♠❡"

❛✉##✐ ❝❡ 2✉❡ #✐❣♥✐✜❡ ❧❡# ❞♦♥♥*❡# ❛✜♥ 2✉✬❡❧❧❡# #♦✐❡♥' ❝♦♠♣"✐#❡# ❡' ✐♥'❡"♣"*'*❡#

♣❛" ❞❡# ♦"❞✐♥❛'❡✉"#✳

▲❡# ♠♦②❡♥# ❧❡# ♣❧✉# ❝♦✉"❛♠♠❡♥' ✉'✐❧✐#*❡# ♣❛" ❧❡ ❲❡❜ #*♠❛♥'✐2✉❡ ♣♦✉" ❞*❝"✐"❡

❧✬✐♥❢♦"♠❛'✐♦♥ #♦♥' ❧❡ ❘❉❋ ❬✹✸❪ ✭❘❡#♦✉"❝❡ ❉❡#❝"✐♣'✐♦♥ ❋"❛♠❡✇♦"❦✮ ❡' ❧❛ #②♥'❛①❡

❚✉"'❧❡ ❬✻❪✳ ■❧# #♦♥' ❜❛#*# #✉" ❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣' ❞❡ ❢❛✐"❡ ❞❡# ❞*❝❧❛"❛'✐♦♥# ❛✉ #✉❥❡' ❞❡#

"❡##♦✉"❝❡# ✭❡♥ ♣❛"'✐❝✉❧✐❡" ❧❡# "❡##♦✉"❝❡# ❲❡❜✮ #♦✉# ❧❛ ❢♦"♠❡ ❞✬❡①♣"❡##✐♦♥# #✉❥❡'✲

♣"*❞✐❝❛'✲♦❜❥❡'✱ 2✉✐ #♦♥' ❛♣♣❡❧*# !✐♣❧❡&✳ ▲❡ ❲❡❜ #*♠❛♥'✐2✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐'❡ ❧❡# ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛✲

'✐♦♥# ❡' ❧❡# #❡"✈✐❝❡# ✐♥'❡"✲❞♦♠❛✐♥❡#✱ ❣"M❝❡ ❛✉① ❞♦♥♥*❡# 2✉✐ #♦♥' #'"✉❝'✉"*❡# ❡♥

♦♥'♦❧♦❣✐❡# ❡' ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛✐"❡#✳ ❯♥❡ ♦♥'♦❧♦❣✐❡ "❡♣"*#❡♥'❡ ♦✣❝✐❡❧❧❡♠❡♥' ❧❛ ❝♦♥♥❛✐#✲

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❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ ❡♥ ❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣, ❞❛♥ ✉♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡✱ ❡, ❧❡ /❡❧❛,✐♦♥ ❡♥,/❡

❝❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣, ✳ ▲❡ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛✐/❡ ♦♥, ✉♥❡ ♠❛♥✐3/❡ ♠♦✐♥ ❢♦/♠❡❧❧❡ ❞✬❡①♣/✐♠❡/ ❞❡

❝♦♥❝❡♣, ♦✉ ❞❡ ❡♥,✐,7 ❡, ❧❡ /❡❧❛,✐♦♥ ❡♥,/❡ ❡✉①✳

■❞❡♥$✐$& ❡$ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ -✉. ❧❡ ❲❡❜

▲✬✐❞❡♥,✐,7 ❡ , ✉♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♣, ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡✱ /7✢7❝❤✐ ❛♥, ❛✉① :✉❡ ,✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥,❡①,❡✱

❞❡ ✈✐❡ ♣/✐✈7❡ ❡, ❞❡ ♣/♦♣/✐7,7✱ ; ,/❛✈❡/ ❧❡ ♠7❞✐❛ /7❡❧ ❡, ✈✐/,✉❡❧ ✳ ▲❡ ❜✉, ❞❡

❧✬❛ ✉/❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✐❞❡♥,✐,7✱ ❛✐♥ ✐ :✉❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥ 7:✉❡♥❝❡ :✉✐ ❡♥ ❞7❝♦✉❧❡♥, ❧♦/ :✉❡

❧✬✐❞❡♥,✐,7 ♥❡ ♣❡✉, <,/❡ ❛ ✉/7❡✱ ❡ , ❞❡✈❡♥✉ ✉♥ ❝❡♥,/❡ ✐♠♣♦/,❛♥, ❞❡ ❡✛♦/, ❞❡

/❡❝❤❡/❝❤❡✳

▲❛ ❣❡ ,✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬✐❞❡♥,✐,7 ❞7❝❡♥,/❛❧✐ 7❡ ♠❛✐ ❝❡♥,/7❡ ✉/ ❧✬✉,✐❧✐ ❛,❡✉/ ♦✛/❡ ✉♥❡

♠❡✐❧❧❡✉/❡ ♣/♦,❡❝,✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥❡❡ ♣❡/ ♦♥♥❡❧ ❡, ❞❡ ❝♦♥,/?❧❡ ✉/ ❧✬✉,✐❧✐ ❛,✐♦♥ ❞❡

✐♥❢♦/♠❛,✐♦♥ ❞✬✐❞❡♥,✐,7✱ ❝❛/ ❡❧❧❡ ♣❡/♠❡, ❛✉① ✉,✐❧✐ ❛,❡✉/ ❞❡ ❝❤♦✐ ✐/ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐3/❡

✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❧❡ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛,✐♦♥ ❞✬✐❞❡♥,✐,7 :✉✐ ♦♥, ,/❛♥ ♠✐ ❡ ; ❞✬❛✉,/❡ ♣❛/,✐❝✐♣❛♥,

❞❛♥ ❝❤❛:✉❡ ,/❛♥ ❛❝,✐♦♥✳

■❞❡♥$✐$& ❞&❝❡♥$(❛❧✐+&❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❲❡❜■❉

❯♥ ❲❡❜ ♦❝✐❛❧ ❞✐ ,/✐❜✉7 ♠♦♥❞✐❛❧❡ ❡①✐❣❡ :✉❡ ❝❤❛:✉❡ ♣❡/ ♦♥♥❡ ♦✐, ❡♥ ♠❡ ✉/❡

❞❡ ❝♦♥,/?❧❡/ ❧❡✉/ ✐❞❡♥,✐,7 ❡, :✉❡ ❝❡,,❡ ✐❞❡♥,✐,7 ❡ , ❧✐♥❦❛❜❧❡ ; ,/❛✈❡/ ❧❡ ✐,❡ ✱

♣❧❛C❛♥, ❞♦♥❝ ❝❤❛:✉❡ ♣❡/ ♦♥♥❡ ❞❛♥ ✉♥ /7 ❡❛✉ ❞❡ /❡❧❛,✐♦♥ ✳

❲❡❜■❉✱ ♥♦,/❡ ♣/❡♠✐3/❡ ❝♦♥,/✐❜✉,✐♦♥✱ ❡ , ✉♥ ♠7❝❛♥✐ ♠❡ ❞✬✐❞❡♥,✐✜❝❛,✐♦♥

✐♠♣❧❡ ❡, ✉♥✐✈❡/ ❡❧ :✉✐ ❡ , ❞✐ ,/✐❜✉7✱ ♦✉✈❡/,❡♠❡♥, ❡①,❡♥ ✐❜❧❡✱ ❛♠7❧✐♦/❡ ❧❛

❝♦♥✜❞❡♥,✐❛❧✐,7✱ ❧❛ 7❝✉/✐,7 ❡, ❧❡ ❝♦♥,/?❧❡ ✉/ ❧❛ ❢❛C♦♥ ❞♦♥, ❝❤❛:✉❡ ♣❡/ ♦♥♥❡ ♣❡✉,

✬✐❞❡♥,✐✜❡/✱ ❛✜♥ ❞❡ ♣❡/♠❡,,/❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥,/?❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝3 ; ❧❡✉/ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛,✐♦♥ ✉/ ❧❡ ❲❡❜✳

❈❡❧❛ ❡ ❢❛✐, ❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐:✉❛♥, ❧❡ ♠❡✐❧❧❡✉/❡ ♣/❛,✐:✉❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❛/❝❤✐,❡❝,✉/❡ ❞✉ ❲❡❜✱

,♦✉, ❡♥ ✬❛♣♣✉②❛♥, ✉/ ❞❡ ♣/♦,♦❝♦❧❡ ❡, ❞❡ ♥♦/♠❡ ❧❛/❣❡♠❡♥, ❞7♣❧♦②7❡ ❡,

❜✐❡♥ 7,❛❜❧✐ ✱ ② ❝♦♠♣/✐ ❍❚▼▲ ❬✼❪✱ ❧❡ ❯❘■ ❬✶✶❪✱ ❍❚❚Q ❬✶✵❪✱ ❡, ❘❉❋✳ ❲❡❜■❉

❡ , ✉♥ ,❛♥❞❛/❞ ♦✉✈❡/, ❛✉ ❡✐♥ ❞✉ ❲♦/❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥ ♦/,✐✉♠✱ ❛✉:✉❡❧ ♥♦✉

❝♦♥,/✐❜✉♦♥ ❛❝,✐✈❡♠❡♥,✳

▲✬✐❞7❡ ❣7♥7/❛❧❡ ❞❡//✐3/❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❡ , :✉❡ ❧❡ ❛❣❡♥, ✭♣❛/ ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ✉♥❡

♣❡/ ♦♥♥❡✱ ✉♥❡ ♦/❣❛♥✐ ❛,✐♦♥✱ ✉♥ ❣/♦✉♣❡✱ ❡,❝✮ ❝/7❡♥, ❧❡✉/ ♣/♦♣/❡ ✐❞❡♥,✐,7 ❡♥

❛ ♦❝✐❛♥, ✉♥ ✐❞❡♥$✐✜❛♥$ ✉♥✐(✉❡ ✭✉♥ ❯❘■ ❍❚❚Q✮ ; ✉♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥$ ❞❡ ♣-♦✜❧✱ ✉♥

,②♣❡ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❡ ❲❡❜ :✉❡ ,♦✉, ❲❡❜ ✉,✐❧✐ ❛,❡✉/ ❡ , ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛/✐ 7 ❛✈❡❝✱ ❡, :✉✐ ✉,✐❧✐ ❡ ✉♥

❢♦/♠❛, ❞❡ 7/✐❛❧✐ ❛,✐♦♥ ❘❉❋ ,❛♥❞❛/❞✐ 7✳ ▲❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥, ❞❡ ♣/♦✜❧ ❝♦♥,✐❡♥, ,♦✉,❡

❧❡ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛,✐♦♥ ♥7❝❡ ❛✐/❡ ♣♦✉/ ❝/7❡/ ✉♥ ❲❡❜ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥❝❡ :✉✐ ♣❡/♠❡, ❛✉①

❣❡♥ ❞❡ ❢❛✐/❡ ❧❡ ❧✐❡♥ ❡♥,/❡ ❧❡✉/ ♣/♦✜❧ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐3/❡ ♣✉❜❧✐:✉❡ ♦✉ ♣/♦,7❣7❡✳ ❯♥ ,❡❧

/7 ❡❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥❝❡ ♣❡✉, ❛❧♦/ <,/❡ ✉,✐❧✐ 7 ♣❛/ ❧❡ ❡/✈✐❝❡ ❲❡❜ ♣♦✉/ ♣/❡♥❞/❡ ❞❡

❞7❝✐ ✐♦♥ ❞✬❛✉,♦/✐ ❛,✐♦♥✱ ❡♥ ♣❡/♠❡,,❛♥, ❧✬❛❝❝3 ❛✉① /❡ ♦✉/❝❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝,✐♦♥ ❞❡

♣/♦♣/✐7,7 ❞✬✉♥ ❛❣❡♥,✱ ,❡❧ :✉✬✐❧ ❡ , ❝♦♥♥✉❡ ♣❛/ ❝❡/,❛✐♥❡ ♣❡/ ♦♥♥❡ ❝♦♥❝❡/♥7❡ ✱

,/❛✈❛✐❧❧❡ ❞❛♥ ✉♥❡ ❡♥,/❡♣/✐ ❡ ❞♦♥♥7❡✱ ❡ , ✉♥❡ ♠❡♠❜/❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❧❧❡✱ ❢❛✐, ♣❛/,✐❡

❞✬✉♥ ❣/♦✉♣❡✱ ❡,❝✳

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98 APPENDIX - RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS

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99

❡♥❝♦✉%❛❣() ❧♦%) ❞✉ ❝❤♦✐① ❞✬✉♥ ❲❡❜■❉✱ ❝❛% ❧❡) %❡❞✐%❡❝5✐♦♥) ❍❚❚8 ✸✵✸ ❣(♥(%❡%

❞❡) ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡) )✉♣♣❧(♠❡♥5❛✐%❡) ❡5 ♦♥5 ✉♥ ✐♠♣❛❝5 )✉% ❧❡) ♣❡%❢♦%♠❛♥❝❡) ♣♦✉% ❧❡)

❝❧✐❡♥5)✳

▲❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥( ❞❡ ♣*♦✜❧ ❲❡❜■❉

▲❡) ❞♦♥♥(❡) ♣❡%)♦♥♥❡❧❧❡) )♦♥5 ❧✬❡①✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❧❛ ♣❧✉) ❝♦✉%❛♥5❡ ❧♦%) ❞❡ ❧✬❡♥%❡❣✐)5%❡♠❡♥5

❞✬✉♥ ❝♦♠♣5❡ )✉% ✉♥ )✐5❡ ❲❡❜✳ ❈❡%5❛✐♥) ❞❡ ❝❡) (❧(♠❡♥5) ❞✬✐♥❢♦%♠❛5✐♦♥ ❝♦♥✲

5❡♥❛♥5 ✉♥❡ ❛❞%❡))❡ ❡✲♠❛✐❧✱ ✉♥ ♥♦♠ ❡5 ♣❡✉5✲B5%❡ ✉♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ %❡♣%()❡♥5❛♥5

❧✬✉5✐❧✐)❛5❡✉%✳ 8♦✉% ❝❡ C✉✐ ❝♦♥❝❡%♥❡ ❧❡) ♣%♦✜❧) ❲❡❜■❉✱ ✐❧) )♦♥5 ❝♦♥)5%✉✐5)

❡♥ ✉5✐❧✐)❛♥5 ❞❡) ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛✐%❡) ✐❞❡♥5✐✜() ♣❛% ❞❡) ❯❘■ ✭5❡❧) C✉❡ ❋❖❆❋ ❬✶✹❪✱

❙■❖❈ ❬✶✸❪✱ ❉❖❆8 ❬✷✻❪✱ ❡5❝✮✱ C✉✐ ♣❡✉5 B5%❡ ♣❧❛❝( ❞❛♥) ❧❛ ♣♦)✐5✐♦♥ ❞✉ )✉❥❡5✱

♣%(❞✐❝❛5 ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡5 ❞❡) %❡❧❛5✐♦♥) ❝♦♥)5✐5✉❛♥5 ✉♥ ❣%❛♣❤❡ ❘❉❋✳ ▲❛ ❞(✜♥✐5✐♦♥ ❞❡

❝❤❛C✉❡ ❯❘■ ❡)5 ♦❜5❡♥✉❡ ♣❛% ❞(%(❢(%❡♥❝❡♠❡♥5 ❞❡ ❧✬❡)♣❛❝❡ ❞❡ ♥♦♠) ❞❡ ❧✬❯❘■✳

8❛% ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ✉♥ %❡❧❛5✐♦♥ ❞❡ 5②♣❡ ❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✐♠♣❧✐C✉❡ C✉❡ ❧❡ ♣%(✜①❡ ❢♦❛❢✿ ❛ (5(

♣%(❝(❞❡♠♠❡♥5 ❞(✜♥✐❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ ❡)♣❛❝❡ ❞❡ ♥♦♠) ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢❛V♦♥ )✉✐✈❛♥5❡✿ ❅ ♣)❡✜①

❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤..♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥1✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃✳

❯♥ ❛✈❛♥5❛❣❡ ♥♦5❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❲❡❜■❉ )✉% ❧❡) ❛✉5%❡) )②)5X♠❡) ❞✬✐❞❡♥5✐5( ❡)5 C✉❡

❲❡❜■❉ ♣❡✉5 B5%❡ ❢❛❝✐❧❡♠❡♥5 (5❡♥❞✉✳ ❉❛♥) ❧❡) ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥5) ❞❡ ♣%♦✜❧ ❲❡❜■❉✱ ❞❡)

✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛✐%❡) )✉♣♣❧(♠❡♥5❛✐%❡) ♣❡✉✈❡♥5 B5%❡ ✉5✐❧✐)() ♣♦✉% (5❡♥❞%❡ ❧❡ ♣%♦✜❧ ♣❡%)♦♥✲

♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❧✬✉5✐❧✐)❛5❡✉%✱ ♣❛% ❞❡) ♠♦②❡♥) ❞❡ ❢♦✉%♥✐% ❧❡) ❝♦♦%❞♦♥♥(❡) ●8❙✱ ✉♥❡ ❧✐)5❡ ❞❡)

✐♥5(%B5) ♣❡%)♦♥♥❡❧)✱ ❛✐♥)✐ C✉❡ ❞(❝%✐%❡ ❞❡) ❞✐✛(%❡♥5❡) ❛❝5✐✈✐5() ❧✐(❡) [ ❧✬✉5✐❧✐)❛5❡✉%

✲ ♣❛% ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ )♦♥ ❜❧♦❣✱ ❧❡) ♣%♦❥❡5) ❛✉①C✉❡❧) ❧✬✉5✐❧✐)❛5❡✉% ❝♦♥5%✐❜✉❡✱ ❡5❝✳

❆✉"❤❡♥"✐✜❝❛"✐♦♥ ❞,❝❡♥"-❛❧✐/,❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

◆♦5%❡ ❞❡✉①✐X♠❡ ❝♦♥5%✐❜✉5✐♦♥✱ ❧❡ ♣%♦5♦❝♦❧❡ ❞✬❛✉5❤❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❬✸✽❪✱

♣❡%♠❡5 ✉♥❡ ❛✉5❤❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ❡✣❝❛❝❡ ❡5 ❢❛❝✐❧❡ [ ✉5✐❧✐)❡% )✉% ❧❡ ❲❡❜ ❡♥ ♣❡%♠❡55❛♥5

❛✉① ✉5✐❧✐)❛5❡✉%) ❞❡ ❝❤♦✐)✐% ✉♥ ❝❡%5✐✜❝❛5 ❝❧✐❡♥5 ♣%♦♣♦)( ♣❛% ❧❡✉% ♥❛✈✐❣❛5❡✉% ❛✉

❝♦✉%) ❞✉ ♣%♦❝❡))✉) ❞✬❛✉5❤❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥✳ ❯♥ ❛)♣❡❝5 5%X) ✐♠♣♦%5❛♥5 ❞❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱

❝✬❡)5 C✉✬✐❧ %❡♠♣❧❛❝❡ ❧❡) ♠(5❤♦❞❡) ❞✬❛✉5❤❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ )5❛♥❞❛%❞ ❜❛)() )✉% ❧❡) ♥♦♠)

❞✬✉5✐❧✐)❛5❡✉% ❡5 ♠♦5) ❞❡ ♣❛))❡✳ ❊♥ ♠B♠❡ 5❡♠♣)✱ ✐❧ ❡)5 ❢❛❝✐❧❡ [ ♠❡55%❡ ❡♥ `✉✈%❡

❝❛% ✐❧ 5✐%❡ ♣❛%5✐ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝%②♣5♦❣%❛♣❤✐❡ ❞❡%%✐X%❡ ❧❡ ♣%♦5♦❝♦❧❡ ❞❡ )(❝✉%✐5( ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦✉❝❤❡

5%❛♥)♣♦%5 ✭❚▲❙✮ ❬✷✺❪✳ ❊♥ ♦✉5%❡✱ ✐❧ ♥✬❡)5 ♣❛) ❛✛❡❝5( ♣❛% ❧❡) ♠B♠❡) ♣%♦❜❧X♠❡)

C✉✐ )♦♥5 ❝♦♠♠✉♥) [ ■8❑✱ ❝❛% ✐❧ ♥❡ %❡♣♦)❡ ♣❛) )✉% ❧❡) ❛✉5♦%✐5() ❞❡ ❝❡%5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥✳

❯5✐❧✐)❡% ❞❡) ❝❡%5✐✜❝❛5) ❛✉5♦✲)✐❣♥() ❝✬❡)5 ❛✉))✐ %(❞✉✐%❡ ❧❡) ❝♦c5) ❝%(() [ ♣❛%5✐% ❞❡

❧❛ ❞(❧✐✈%❛♥❝❡ ❞❡) ❝❡%5✐✜❝❛5) )✐❣♥() ♣❛% ❞❡) ❛✉5♦%✐5() ❞❡ ❝❡%5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥✳

▲❡ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛✈❛♥5❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❡)5 ❧❡ ❢❛✐5 C✉✬✐❧ )✬❛❣✐5 ❞✬✉♥ ♣%♦5♦❝♦❧❡

❞✬❛✉5❤❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ✈(%✐5❛❜❧❡♠❡♥5 ❞(❝❡♥5%❛❧✐)(✱ )❛♥) %❡❧❛5✐♦♥) ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥❝❡

♣%(❡①✐)5❛♥5❡) ♥(❝❡))❛✐%❡) ❡♥5%❡ ❧❡ ❢♦✉%♥✐))❡✉% ❞❡ )❡%✈✐❝❡) ✭❙8✮ ❡5 ❧❡ ❢♦✉%♥✐))❡✉%

❞✬✐❞❡♥5✐5( ✭■❞8✮✳ ❉❛♥) ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥❝❡ )❡ ❝♦♥)5%✉✐5 ❡♥ ✉5✐❧✐)❛♥5 ❧❡

❲❡❜ )(♠❛♥5✐C✉❡ ♣♦✉% %❛✐)♦♥♥❡% )✉% ❧❡ ❝♦♥5❡♥✉ ❞✉ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥5 ❞❡ ♣%♦✜❧✳

❆✜♥ ❞❡ ❢♦✉%♥✐% ❧❡ ❝♦♥5❡①5❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❛✉5❤❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬✉5✐❧✐)❛5❡✉% ♦✉

❞✬✉♥ ❛❣❡♥5 [ ✉♥ ♣%❡)5❛5❛✐%❡ ❞❡ )❡%✈✐❝❡)✱ ♥♦✉) ❛❧❧♦♥) ✐❧❧✉)5%❡% ❧❡ ♣%♦5♦❝♦❧❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡

❞✐❛❣%❛♠♠❡ ❞❡ )(C✉❡♥❝❡ )✉✐✈❛♥5❡ ✭❝❢✳ ❋✐❣✉%❡ ✺✳✷✮✳ ■❧ ❢❛✉5 ♥♦5❡% C✉❡ ❞✉ ♣♦✐♥5 ❞❡

✈✉❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✉5✐❧✐)❛5❡✉%✱ ❧❡ ♣%♦❝❡))✉) ❝♦♠♣❧❡5 ❞✬❛✉5❤❡♥5✐✜❝❛5✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❡)5 5♦✉5

)✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥5 ✉♥ ❝❧✐❝ C✉✐ ♣❡%♠❡5 ❞❡ ❝❤♦✐)✐% ❧❡ ❝❡%5✐✜❝❛5 ❲❡❜■❉✳ ▲✬✉5✐❧✐)❛5❡✉% ♥✬❡)5

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100 APPENDIX - RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS

♣❛" ♦❜❧✐❣( ❞❡ "❡ +❛♣♣❡❧❡+ ❧❡" ✐♥❢♦+♠❛/✐♦♥" ❞✬✐❞❡♥/✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥ ♣♦✉+ "✬❛✉/❤❡♥/✐✜❡+✳

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❋✐❣✉+❡ ✺✳✷✿ ▲❡ ✢✉① ❞✬❛✉/❤❡♥/✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳

▲❡" (/❛♣❡" ✐♠♣❧✐C✉(❡" ❞❛♥" ❧❡ ✢✉① ❞✬❛✉/❤❡♥/✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ "♦♥/ ❧❡"

"✉✐✈❛♥/❡"✿

✶✳ ❚♦✉/ ❡♥ ❡""❛②❛♥/ ❞✬❛❝❝(❞❡+ G ✉♥❡ +❡""♦✉+❝❡ ♣+♦/(❣(❡ "✉+ ❧❡ ❙H✱ ❧✬✉/✐❧✐"❛/❡✉+

❡"/ ✐♥✈✐/( G ❢♦✉+♥✐+ ✉♥ ❝❡+/✐✜❝❛/ ❝❧✐❡♥/✱ ❞❛♥" ❧❡ ❝❛❞+❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♥(❣♦❝✐❛/✐♦♥

❚▲❙✳ ➚ ❝❡ "/❛❞❡✱ ❧❡ ❙H ✈(+✐✜❡ C✉❡ ❧✬✉/✐❧✐"❛/❡✉+ ♣♦""K❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧( ♣+✐✈(❡ ❝♦++❡✲

"♣♦♥❞❛♥/ G ❧❛ ❝❧( ♣✉❜❧✐C✉❡ ❞✉ ❝❡+/✐✜❝❛/ ❡♥✈♦②( ❛✉ ❙H✳

✷✳ ▲❡ ✈(+✐✜❝❛/❡✉+ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞❡ ❙H ❡①/+❛✐/ ❧❡ ❯❘■ ❞✉ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞❡ ❧✬❡①/❡♥"✐♦♥

❙✉❜❥❡❝&❆❧&❡)♥❛&✐✈❡◆❛♠❡ "✐/✉( ❞❛♥" ❧❡ ❝❡+/✐✜❝❛/ ❞✬✉/✐❧✐"❛/❡✉+✱ ❛✐♥"✐ C✉❡ ❧❡

♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❡/ ❧✬❡①♣♦"❛♥/ ❝♦++❡"♣♦♥❞❛♥/ G ❧❛ ❝❧( ♣✉❜❧✐C✉❡ ❞✉ ❝❡+/✐✜❝❛/✳

✸✳ ▲❡ ✈(+✐✜❝❛/❡✉+ ❲❡❜■❉ +(❝✉♣K+❡ ❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥/ ❞❡ ♣+♦✜❧ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞❡ ❧✬■❞H

♣♦✉+ ♦❜/❡♥✐+ ❧❡" ❝❧(" ♣✉❜❧✐C✉❡" ❞❡ ❧✬✉/✐❧✐"❛/❡✉+ ❝♦♥/❡♥❛♥/ ❧❡" ♠♦❞✉❧❡" ❡/ ❧❡"

❡①♣♦"❛♥/"✳

✹✳ ▲❡ ✈(+✐✜❝❛/❡✉+ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈(+✐✜❡ "✐ ❧❡" (❧(♠❡♥/" ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧( ♣✉❜❧✐C✉❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♠♦❞✲

✉❧❡ ❡/ ❡①♣♦"❛♥/✮ ❞✉ ❝❡+/✐✜❝❛/ ❞❡ ❧✬✉/✐❧✐"❛/❡✉+ ❝♦++❡"♣♦♥❞❡♥/ ❛✉① (❧(♠❡♥/"

❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧( ♣✉❜❧✐C✉❡ ✜❣✉+❡♥/ ❞❛♥" ❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥/ ❞❡ ♣+♦✜❧ ❲❡❜■❉✳ ❙✐ ❡❧❧❡"

❝♦++❡"♣♦♥❞❡♥/✱ ❧✬✉/✐❧✐"❛/❡✉+ ❡"/ ❛❧♦+" ❛✉/❤❡♥/✐✜( ❛✈❡❝ "✉❝❝K" "✉+ ❧❡ ❙H✳

▲✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❞-❧-❣✉-❡ ♣♦✉1 ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

▲✬❛✉/❤❡♥/✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥ ❞(❧(❣✉(❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❡"/ ❧❡ ♣+♦❝❡""✉" ❞✬✉/✐❧✐"❛/✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ "❡+✲

✈✐❝❡ ❞✬❛✉/❤❡♥/✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥ /✐❡+" ❞❛♥" ❧❡" ❝❛" ♦R ❞❡" ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛/✐♦♥" ❲❡❜ ♦✉ ❧❡" "❡+✈✐❝❡"

♥❡ ♣❡✉✈❡♥/ ♣❛" ❢♦♥❝/✐♦♥♥❡+ "✉+ ❚▲❙✱ ♦✉ ❝❤♦✐"✐""❡♥/ ❞❡ ♥❡ ♣❛" ❤(❜❡+❣❡+ ❧❡ "❡+✈✐❝❡

✈(+✐✜❝❛/❡✉+ ❲❡❜■❉ ❡✉①✲♠S♠❡"✳ ▲✬❛✉/❤❡♥/✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥ ❞(❧(❣✉(❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛❥♦✉/❡

✉♥❡ ❛✉/+❡ ❡♥/✐/( ❛✉ ✢✉① ❞✬❛✉/❤❡♥/✐✜❝❛/✐♦♥✱ C✉✐ ❡"/ ❧❛ ♣❛+/✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥❝❡ ✭❘H✮✱

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101

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❋✐❣✉$❡ ✺✳✸✿ ▲❡ ✢✉① ❞✬❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥ ❞6❧6❣✉6❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳

❝♦♠♠❡ ♦♥ ❧❡ ✈♦✐0 ❞❛♥A ❧❛ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✺✳✸✳

▲❡A 60❛♣❡A ✐♠♣❧✐C✉6❡A ❞❛♥A ❧❡ ✢✉① ❞✬❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥ ❞6❧6❣✉6❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

A♦♥0 ❧❡A A✉✐✈❛♥0❡A✿

✶✳ ❈♦♥0$❛✐$❡♠❡♥0 F ❧✬❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ A0❛♥❞❛$❞✱ ❞❛♥A ❝❡ ❝❛A✱

❧✬✉0✐❧✐A❛0❡✉$ ❡A0 ❞✬❛❜♦$❞ $❡❞✐$✐❣6 ✈❡$A ✉♥ A❡$✈✐❝❡ ✈6$✐✜❝❛0❡✉$ ❞❡ ❲❡❜■❉

0✐❡$A✱ ❧❡ ❘I✳

✷✳ ▲❡ ✈6$✐✜❝❛0❡✉$ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞❡ ❙I ❡①0$❛✐0 ❧❡ ❯❘■ ❞✉ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞❡ ❧✬❡①0❡♥A✐♦♥

❙✉❜❥❡❝&❆❧&❡)♥❛&✐✈❡◆❛♠❡ A✐0✉6 ❞❛♥A ❧❡ ❝❡$0✐✜❝❛0 ❞✬✉0✐❧✐A❛0❡✉$✱ ❛✐♥A✐ C✉❡ ❧❡

♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❡0 ❧✬❡①♣♦A❛♥0 ❝♦$$❡A♣♦♥❞❛♥0 F ❧❛ ❝❧6 ♣✉❜❧✐C✉❡ ❞✉ ❝❡$0✐✜❝❛0✳

✸✳ ▲❡ ✈6$✐✜❝❛0❡✉$ ❲❡❜■❉ $6❝✉♣L$❡ ❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥0 ❞❡ ♣$♦✜❧ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞❡ ❧✬■❞I

♣♦✉$ ♦❜0❡♥✐$ ❧❡A ❝❧6A ♣✉❜❧✐C✉❡A ❞❡ ❧✬✉0✐❧✐A❛0❡✉$ ❝♦♥0❡♥❛♥0 ❧❡A ♠♦❞✉❧❡A ❡0 ❧❡A

❡①♣♦A❛♥0A✳

✹✳ ▲❡ ✈6$✐✜❝❛0❡✉$ ❲❡❜■❉ ✈6$✐✜❡ A✐ ❧❡A 6❧6♠❡♥0A ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧6 ♣✉❜❧✐C✉❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♠♦❞✲

✉❧❡ ❡0 ❡①♣♦A❛♥0✮ ❞✉ ❝❡$0✐✜❝❛0 ❞❡ ❧✬✉0✐❧✐A❛0❡✉$ ❝♦$$❡A♣♦♥❞❡♥0 ❛✉① 6❧6♠❡♥0A

❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❧6 ♣✉❜❧✐C✉❡ ✜❣✉$❡♥0 ❞❛♥A ❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥0 ❞❡ ♣$♦✜❧ ❲❡❜■❉✳ ❙✐ ❡❧❧❡A

❝♦$$❡A♣♦♥❞❡♥0✱ ❧✬✉0✐❧✐A❛0❡✉$ ❡A0 ❛❧♦$A ❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜6 ❛✈❡❝ A✉❝❝LA A✉$ ❧❡ ❘I✳

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102 APPENDIX - RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS

✺✳ ▲❡ ❘% &❡❞✐&✐❣❡ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉& ✈❡&. ❧❡ ❙%✱ ❛❥♦✉-❛♥- ❞❡. ✐♥❢♦&♠❛-✐♦♥. .✉♣♣❧9✲

♠❡♥-❛✐&❡. ❛✜♥ ❞✬❛--❡.-❡& ❧✬✐❞❡♥-✐-9 ❞❡ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉&✱ ❛✐♥.✐ <✉❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ .✐❣✲

♥❛-✉&❡ ♣♦✉& ♣&♦✉✈❡& ❧✬❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝✐-9 ❞✉ ♠❡..❛❣❡ ✲ ❝✬❡.- ? ❞✐&❡ ❧❡ ♠❡..❛❣❡

♣&♦✈✐❡♥- ❞✬✉♥ ✈&❛✐ ❘% ❡- ♥♦♥ ❞✬✉♥ ❛--❛<✉❛♥-✳

✻✳ ▲❡ ❙% ✈9&✐✜❡ ❧❛ .✐❣♥❛-✉&❡ ❝✐✲❞❡..✉. ❡- ❝♦♥♥❡❝-❡ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉& ❞❛♥.

❧✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥✱ -❛♥❞✐. <✉❡ ❞❛♥. ❧❡ ♠A♠❡ -❡♠♣. ✐❧ &9❝✉♣B&❡ ❧❡. ❞♦♥♥9❡. .✉&

❧✬✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉& ? ♣❛&-✐& ❞❡ .♦♥ ■❞%✳

❉!❧!❣❛%✐♦♥ ❞✬❛❝❝,- ♣♦✉0 ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

■❧ ❢❛✉- ♥♦-❡& <✉❡ ❧❡ .❡&✈❡✉& ❤9❜❡&❣❡❛♥- ❧❡. ♣&♦✜❧. ❲❡❜■❉ ❝♦♥-&G❧❡ ❧✬✐❞❡♥-✐-9

❞❡ ❝❤❛<✉❡ ❛❣❡♥- ❞♦♥- ❧✬❯❘■ ❡.- ❞❛♥. ❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ .❡&✈❡✉&✳ ❈❡- ❤G-❡ ❡.-

❝♦♥♥✉ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❧❡ .❡&✈❡✉& ❞✬♦&✐❣✐♥❡✱ ❡- ✐❧ ❡.- ? ❧✬♦&✐❣✐♥❡ ❞❡ -♦✉-❡. ❧❡. &❡..♦✉&❝❡.

<✉✬✐❧ ❞❡..❡&-✳ ◆♦✉. ♣♦✉✈♦♥. ❢❛❝✐❧❡♠❡♥- ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡& ❧❡ .❡&✈❡✉& ❞✬♦&✐❣✐♥❡✱ ♥♦♥

.❡✉❧❡♠❡♥- ❡♥ ♠❡.✉&❡ ❞❡ &9♣♦♥❞&❡ ❛✉① ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡.✱ ♠❛✐. ❛✉..✐ ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ ❛❣❡♥-

❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❢❛✐&❡ ❞❡. ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡.✳ ❯♥ ✈9&✐✜❝❛-❡✉& ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♥9❝❡..✐-❡ <✉❡

.♦♥ ♣&♦♣&❡ .❡&✈❡✉& ❢❛✐- ❞❡. ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡. ♣♦✉& ❧❡. ♣&♦✜❧. ❲❡❜■❉ ✈❡&. ❞✬❛✉-&❡.

.❡&✈❡✉&. ♣♦✉& ❝❤❡&❝❤❡& ❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥- ❞❡ ♣&♦✜❧ ❞❡ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉& ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡✉&✳

▲❛ .♣9❝✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞9❝&✐- ❝❡--❡ -M❝❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ 9-❛♥- ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐ ♣❛& ✉♥

❛❣❡♥- ✐♥❞9♣❡♥❞❛♥- ✕ ❧❡ ✈9&✐✜❝❛-❡✉& ❲❡❜■❉ ✕ <✉✐ ♣♦✉&&❛✐- ❜✐❡♥ A-&❡ ❢❛✐- ♣❛&

✉♥ ❛✉-&❡ .❡&✈✐❝❡ .✉& ❧❡ ✇❡❜ ✭✐✳❡✳ ✉♥ ❘% ♦✉ ❞❡. .❡&✈❡✉&. ❞✬❛✉-❤❡♥-✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥ ♣&♦①②✮✳

▲❡ .❡&✈❡✉& ❞✬♦&✐❣✐♥❡ ❛❣✐..❛♥- ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ ❝❧✐❡♥- ♣♦✉& ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣-❡ ❞✬✉♥ ✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉&

♣❡✉- A-&❡ ❝♦♥.✐❞9&9 ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ ❣❛&❞✐❡♥ ❞❡ .❡❝&❡-. ♣♦✉& ❝❡- ✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉&✳ ■❧ ❞♦✐-

A-&❡ ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❞✐.-✐♥❣✉❡& ❝❡ <✉✬❡.- ✉♥ ■❞% ❞✐- <✉❡ ❧♦&.<✉❡ ❧❡ ✈9&✐✜❝❛-❡✉& ❛❣✐-

♣♦✉& ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣-❡ ❞✬✉♥ ✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉&✱ ❛♣♣❛&- ❞❡ ❝❡ <✉❡ ❧✬■❞% ❞✐- <✉❛♥❞ ✐❧ ❛❣✐- ♣♦✉& ❧❡

❝♦♠♣-❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❛✉-&❡ ✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉&✳ ■❝✐✱ ❧❡ ♣&♦❜❧B♠❡ ❝♦♥.✐.-❡ ? ❝♦♥✈❛✐♥❝&❡ ❧❡ .❡&✈❡✉&

■❞% ❞❡ ❝&♦✐&❡ <✉❡ ❧❡ .❡❝&9-❛✐&❡ ❛❣✐- ♣♦✉& ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣-❡ ❞✬✉♥ ✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉& ♣❛&-✐❝✉❧✐❡&✳

◆♦-&❡ .♦❧✉-✐♦♥ ❡.- ❞✬✉-✐❧✐.❡& ❘❉❋ ♣♦✉& &❡♥❞&❡ ❝❡--❡ &❡❧❛-✐♦♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐-❡ ♣❛&

❧✬✉-✐❧✐.❛-✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ &❡❧❛-✐♦♥ .♣9❝✐❛❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧9 ♣&♦✈✐.♦✐&❡♠❡♥- ❡❝#❡$❛#②✱ ❞❛♥. ❧❡

❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❢♦❛❢✿❆❣❡♥$✳

❊♥.✉✐-❡✱ ♠A♠❡ .✐ ❧❡ .❡❝&9-❛✐&❡ ✈❛ ♠❛✐♥-❡♥❛♥- ✉-✐❧✐.❡& .♦♥ ♣&♦♣&❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣♦✉&

❡✛❡❝-✉❡& ❞❡. ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡. ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐✜9❡.✱ ✐❧ ❛✉&❛✐- ❡♥❝♦&❡ ❞✬✐♥❞✐<✉❡& ❧✬✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉&

♣♦✉& ❧❡<✉❡❧ ✐❧ ❡✛❡❝-✉❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡✳ %♦✉& ❝❡ ❢❛✐&❡✱ ✐❧ ❞❡✈&❛ ❝&9❡& ✉♥ ❡♥✲-A-❡ ❍❚❚%

❛♣♣❡❧9 ❖♥✲❇❡❤❛❧❢✲❖❢✱ <✉✐ ❝♦♥-✐❡♥❞&❛ ❧❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞❡ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉&✳ ▲❡ .❡&✈❡✉& ■❞%

♣❡✉- ❛❧♦&. ✈9&✐✜❡& <✉❡ ❧✬❛❣❡♥- ✐❞❡♥-✐✜9 ❡.- ❧❡ .❡❝&9-❛✐&❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐.❛-❡✉& ♣♦✉& ❧❡<✉❡❧

✐❧ .♦✉❤❛✐-❡ ❛❣✐& ✭❝♦♠♠❡ .♣9❝✐✜9 ❞❛♥. ❧✬❡♥✲-A-❡ ❖♥✲❇❡❤❛❧❢✲❖❢ ✮✱ ♣❛& ❞9&9❢9&❡♥❝❡✲

♠❡♥- ❞✉ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥- ❞❡ ♣&♦✜❧ ❡- ❧❛ ✈9&✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣&9.❡♥❝❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ &❡❧❛-✐♦♥

❝❡#$✿ ❡❝#❡$❛#② <✉✐ ♣♦✐♥-❡ ✈❡&. ❧❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞✉ .❡❝&9-❛✐&❡✳

❙❡"✈✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥)"*❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝./ ❙♦❝✐❛❧

❉❛♥. ❝❡--❡ .❡❝-✐♦♥✱ ♥♦✉. ♣&9.❡♥-♦♥. ♥♦-&❡ -&♦✐.✐B♠❡ ❝♦♥-&✐❜✉-✐♦♥✱ ✉♥ .❡&✈✐❝❡

.♦❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥-&G❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝B. ♣♦✉& ❧❡. ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥. ❲❡❜✱ ❝♦♠♣♦.9 ❞❡ ❞❡✉① .♦✉.✲

.❡&✈✐❝❡. ❞✐.-✐♥❝-.✿ ✉♥ ♠♦-❡✉& ♣♦✉& ❝♦♥-&G❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝B. .-❛-✐<✉❡ ✭❙-❛-✐❝ ❆❝❝❡..

❈♦♥-&♦❧ ✲ ❙❆❈✮ ❡- ✉♥ ♠♦-❡✉& ♣♦✉& ❧❛ .✉&✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ❞❡. &❡❧❛-✐♦♥. ✭❘❡❧❛-✐♦♥.❤✐♣

▼♦♥✐-♦& ✲ ❘▼✮✳ %❛& &❛♣♣♦&- ❛✉① .♦❧✉-✐♦♥. ❞❡ ❝♦♥-&G❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝B. ❡①✐.-❛♥-. <✉✐

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!❛✐ ❡♥ ❞✉ ❝♦♥ !*❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝-. ♣♦✉! ❧❡. ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ . . ❛ ✐1✉❡. ✭❝♦♠♠❡ ❲❆❈ ❬✸✼❪✱

❆■❘ ❬✹✷❪ ❡ ❙✹❆❈ ❬✼✶❪✮✱ ♥♦ !❡ .♦❧✉ ✐♦♥ ❡. ❛①C❡ .✉! ❧❛ ♣!♦ ❡❝ ✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐❡

♣!✐✈C❡ ❞❡. !❡..♦✉!❝❡. ❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥C❡. ❣C♥C!C. ♣❛! ❧❡. ✉ ✐❧✐.❛ ❡✉!. ✭♣❛! ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ❧❡.

❞♦♥♥C❡. ❞❡ ♣!♦✜❧✱ ♠❡..❛❣❡.✱ ❝♦♥✈❡!.❛ ✐♦♥.✱ ❡ ❝ ✮✱ ❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐1✉❛♥ ❞❡✉① ♠❡.✉!❡.

.♦❝✐❛❧❡.✿ ❧❛ ❞✐. ❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♣!♦①✐♠✐ C .♦❝✐❛❧❡ ❡ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡. .♦❝✐❛✉①✳

I♦✉! ❞C❝!✐!❡ ❧❡. !❡❧❛ ✐♦♥. ❡♥ !❡ ❧❡. ✉ ✐❧✐.❛ ❡✉!.✱ ♥♦✉. ❝♦♠♠❡♥J♦♥. ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛

❝❧❛..❡ ❞❡ ❜❛.❡ ❛♣♣❡❧C❡ ❘❡❧❛$✐♦♥(❤✐♣✱ ❝❡ 1✉✐ ❝♦!!❡.♣♦♥❞ L ❧✬❡.♣❛❝❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❡ ♣❛!

❧✉✐✲♠N♠❡ ❝❡ 1✉✐ ✐♠♣❧✐1✉❡ ✉♥❡ !❡❧❛ ✐♦♥ ✐♥❞C ❡!♠✐♥C❡✳ ❊♥.✉✐ ❡✱ ♥♦✉. ❛✈♦♥. 1✉❛ !❡

.♦✉.✲❝❧❛..❡.✱ +✉❜❧✐❝✱ ❙♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❈❧♦(❡ ✭❝♦!!❡.♣♦♥❞❛♥ ❛✉ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ♣❡!.♦♥♥❡❧✮✱ ❡

■♥$✐♠❛$❡✱ ❧❡ ♦✉ ❝♦!!❡.♣♦♥❞❛♥ L ✉♥ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ❞❡ ♣!♦①✐♠✐ C ❞C❝!✐ ❡ ♣❛! ❍❛❧❧

❞❛♥. ❬✸✶❪✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥ ✱ ❝❡. ②♣❡. ❞❡ !❡❧❛ ✐♦♥. ♥❡ ❢♦✉!♥✐..❡♥ ♣❛. ❞❡ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡✳

I♦✉! !❛♥.♠❡ !❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡✱ ♥♦✉. C ✐1✉❡ ♦♥. ❤❛❜✐ ✉❡❧❧❡♠❡♥ ❧❡. ♣❡!.♦♥♥❡. ❡

❧❡. ♦❜❥❡ .✱ ❡ .✐ ♥♦ !❡ !❡❧❛ ✐♦♥ ❡♥✈❡!. ❡✉① C✈♦❧✉❡ ❛✉ ✜❧ ❞✉ ❡♠♣.✱ .♦✐ ♥♦✉.

❝♦♥.❡!✈♦♥. ♦✉ ♥♦✉. ♠♦❞✐✜♦♥. ❧❡. C ✐1✉❡ ❡.✳ I❧✉ * 1✉❡ ❝!C❡! ❞❡. ❣!♦✉♣❡. ❞❡

♣❡!.♦♥♥❡.✱ ✉♥❡ ♦✉ ♣❧✉.✐❡✉!. C ✐1✉❡ ❡. ♣❡✉✈❡♥ N !❡ ❛ !✐❜✉C❡. ❞②♥❛♠✐1✉❡♠❡♥

❛✉① ♣❡!.♦♥♥❡. ❡ ❛✉① ❞♦♥♥C❡.✱ ❡ ♣❡✉✈❡♥ C❣❛❧❡♠❡♥ N !❡ ✐♥. ❛♥ ❛♥C♠❡♥ ❝!CC❡.

❧♦!.1✉❡ ❧❡ ❜❡.♦✐♥ .✬❡♥ ❢❛✐ .❡♥ ✐!✱ ✉♥ ♣❡✉ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❞❡. C ✐1✉❡ ❡. ♦✉ ♠♦ .✲❝❧C. .♦♥

❝!CC. .✉! ❧❡. ♣❧❛ ❡❢♦!♠❡. ❞❡ ❜❧♦❣. ✭❡✳❣✳ ★❜❡❛❝❤♣❛4$②✷✵✶✸✱ ★:;✉✐♣❡❢♦♦$❜❛❧❧✱

★❢❛♠✐❧❧❡✱ ❡ ❝✳✮✳ ◆♦✉. ❛✈♦♥. ❞♦♥❝ ❞C❝✐❞C ❞✬❛♣♣❧✐1✉❡! ❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ ❞❡ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡.

❡①♣!✐♠C. L !❛✈❡!. ❞❡. C ✐1✉❡ ❡. ❞❛♥. ♥♦ !❡ ♠♦❞-❧❡ ♣!♦♣♦.C✳

▲❡ ♠♦$❡✉& ❞❡ ❝♦♥$&*❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝./ /$❛$✐1✉❡

❈♦♠♠❡ .♦♥ ♥♦♠ ❧✬✐♥❞✐1✉❡✱ ❧❡ ♠♦ ❡✉! ❞❡ ❝♦♥ !*❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝-. . ❛ ✐1✉❡ ✭❙ ❛ ✐❝

❆❝❝❡.. ❈♦♥ !♦❧ ✲ ❙❆❈✮ ❣-!❡ ❧❡ !-❣❧❡. ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥ ✐❛❧✐ C ♣!C❞C✜♥✐.✳ ▼N♠❡ .✐

❝✬❡. ✉♥ C❧C♠❡♥ ✐♠♣♦! ❛♥ ❞❡ .②. ❡♠❡✱ ✐❧ ♥❡ ♥C❝❡..✐ ❡ ♣❛. 1✉❡ ❧❡ ♠♦ ❡✉!

❘▼ .♦✐ ♣!C.❡♥ ❡ ❢♦♥❝ ✐♦♥♥❡❧✳ ❚♦✉ ❡❢♦✐.✱ ❞❛♥. ❝❡ ❝❛.✱ ❧❡. ✉ ✐❧✐.❛ ❡✉!. ❞❡✲

✈!♦♥ ❞C✜♥✐! ♠❛♥✉❡❧❧❡♠❡♥ ❞❡. ♣♦❧✐ ✐1✉❡. ❞❡ ❝♦♥ !*❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝-. ♣♦✉! ❧❡✉!. ❞♦♥♥C❡.✳

■❧ ❢❛✉ ♥♦ ❡! ❞❛♥. ❧❛ ❋✐❣✉!❡ ✺✳✹ 1✉❡ ❧❡ ♠♦ ❡✉! ❙❆❈ ❝♦♥ ✐❡♥ ❞❡✉① ♠♦❞✉❧❡.✱

❧❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❈♦♥#❡①#& 1✉✐ ❡. ♥♦ !❡ ❝♦♥ !✐❜✉ ✐♦♥ ❡ .❡!❛ ♣!C.❡♥ C ❜✐❡♥ * ✱ ❡ ❧❡

♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❣C♥C!✐1✉❡ 1✉✐ ♣❡✉ N !❡ ❜❛.C❡ .✉! ✉♥ ♠C❝❛♥✐.♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥ !*❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝-.

.C♠❛♥ ✐1✉❡ ❡ . ❛ ✐1✉❡ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❲❆❈ ♦✉ ❆■❘✳ ▲❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❣C♥C!✐1✉❡ ♥❡ .❡!❛ ♣❛.

♣!C.❡♥ C ❝❛! ✐❧ ❡. ❤♦!. .✉❥❡ ♣♦✉! ❝❡ ❡ ❤-.❡✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥ ✱ ❧❡ ❜✉ ❞✉ ♠♦❞✉❧❡

❣C♥C!✐1✉❡ ❝♦♥.✐. ❡ L ❢♦✉!♥✐! ✉♥❡ ❝♦✉❝❤❡ .✉♣♣❧C♠❡♥ ❛✐!❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥ !*❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝-.

♣♦✉! ❧❡. ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ .✱ ❡ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝ ✐♦♥ ❞❡. ♣!C❢C!❡♥❝❡. ❞❡ ❧✬✉ ✐❧✐.❛ ❡✉!✱ ✐❧ ♣❡✉ ♦✉

♥♦♥ N !❡ ❛❝ ✐✈C ❞❛♥. ❧❡ .②. -♠❡✳

❉C✜♥✐! ✉♥❡ ♣♦❧✐ ✐1✉❡ ❞❛♥. ♥♦ !❡ .♦❧✉ ✐♦♥ ♣!♦♣♦.C❡ ❝♦♥.✐. ❡ L ❝!C❡! ❞✬❛❜♦!❞

✉♥ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡ ✭✉♥❡ C ✐1✉❡ ❡✮✳ ❈❤❛1✉❡ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡ ❡. ❞C✜♥✐ ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ ❣!❛♣❤❡ ❞❡

!❡..♦✉!❝❡. ❛✈❡❝ .♦♥ ♣!♦♣!❡ ❯❘■ ✉♥✐1✉❡✳ I♦✉! ❞♦♥♥❡! ✉♥ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡✱ ✉♥ .❡♥. ❝❧❛✐!✱

❝❤❛1✉❡ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡ ❞C✜♥✐ ❛ ✉♥ ♥♦♠ ❡ ✉♥ ❝❤❛♠♣ ❞❡ ❞❡.❝!✐♣ ✐♦♥ ❢❛❝✉❧ ❛ ✐✈❡✳

▲❡. !❡..♦✉!❝❡. ❛✐♥.✐ 1✉❡ ❧❡. ✉ ✐❧✐.❛ ❡✉!. ❝♦!!❡.♣♦♥❞❡♥ L ❞❡. ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡.

.♣C❝✐✜1✉❡.✳ ❙✐ ✉♥❡ ❝♦!!❡.♣♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❡. !♦✉✈C❡ ❡♥ !❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡ 1✉✐ ❡. ❧✐C L ❧❛

!❡..♦✉!❝❡ ❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡ ❛..✐❣♥C❡ L ❧✬✉ ✐❧✐.❛ ❡✉!✱ ❛❧♦!. ❧✬✉ ✐❧✐.❛ ❡✉! ❡. ❛✉ ♦!✐.C

L ❛❝❝C❞❡! L ❧❛ !❡..♦✉!❝❡✳ I❧✉.✐❡✉!. ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡. ♣❡✉✈❡♥ N !❡ ❛ !✐❜✉C❡. L ✉♥❡

!❡..♦✉!❝❡ ♦✉ L ✉♥ ✉ ✐❧✐.❛ ❡✉!✳ ▲❡. ✉ ✐❧✐.❛ ❡✉!. ❞✉ ♠N♠❡ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ❞❡ ♣!♦①✐♠✐ C

♣❡✉✈❡♥ ❛✈♦✐! ❞❡. ❝♦♥ ❡① ❡. ❞✐✛C!❡♥ .✱ ❝♦!!❡.♣♦♥❞❛♥ L ❞✐✛C!❡♥ ❡. !❡..♦✉!❝❡.✱ ❡

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104 APPENDIX - RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS

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❋✐❣✉$❡ ✺✳✺✿ ❆❧❣♦$✐,❤♠❡ ❞✬❛♣♣❛$✐❡♠❡♥, ❝♦♥,❡①,✉❡❧✳

❛♣♣❛$,❡♥❛♥, 6 ❧❛ ❧✐7,❡ ❞❡7 ❝♦♥,❡①,❡7 ✭❚▲✮✱ ❡, =✉✐ ❝♦$$❡7♣♦♥❞❡♥, ❛✉ ,②♣❡ ❞❡ ❧❛

❞❡♠❛♥❞❡ ✭♣❛$ ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ✉♥ ♣$♦✜❧✱ ✉♥ ♠✉$✱ ✉♥❡ ❝♦♥✈❡$7❛,✐♦♥✱ ❡,❝✮✳

❊♥✜♥✱ ❧❡ ❣$❛♣❤❡ ✭●✮ ❡7, ♠✐7 ❡♥ ❢♦$♠❡ 7✉$ ❧❛ ❜❛7❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ 7E$✐❛❧✐7❛,✐♦♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞E❡

✭❙✮ ❛✈❛♥, ❞✬G,$❡ $❡♥✈♦②E 6 ❧✬✉,✐❧✐7❛,❡✉$ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡✉$ ✭❯✮✳ ❉J7 =✉❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥,❡♥✉ ❞❡

✭●✮ ❛ E,E ❡♥✈♦②E ✈✐❛ ❍❚❚L✭❙✮✱ ❧❡ ❣$❛♣❤❡ ❡7, ❞E,$✉✐, ❡, ❧❛ ♠E♠♦✐$❡ ❡7, ❧✐❜E$E❡✳

▲❡ ♠♦$❡✉& ❞❡ ❧❛ *✉&✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ❞❡* &❡❧❛$✐♦♥*

▲❡ ♠♦,❡✉$ ❞❡ 7✉$✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ❞❡7 $❡❧❛,✐♦♥7 ✭❘❡❧❛,✐♦♥7❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐,♦$ ✲ ❘▼✮ ❡7, ❝❤❛$❣E

❞✬❛♥❛❧②7❡$ ❧❡ ❝❛$❛❝,J$❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐=✉❡ ❞❡7 $❡❧❛,✐♦♥7 ❡♥,$❡ ❧❡7 ❞❡✉① ✉,✐❧✐7❛,❡✉$7

❞♦♥♥E7✱ ❛✜♥ ❞❡ ❢♦✉$♥✐$ 7♦✐, ❞❡7 ♥♦,✐✜❝❛,✐♦♥7 ♣♦✉$ ❧❡7 E✈❡♥,✉❡❧7 ♣$♦❜❧J♠❡7 ❞❡

❧❛ ✈✐❡ ♣$✐✈E❡ =✉✐ ♣❡✉✈❡♥, 7✉$❣✐$ ❧♦$7 ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛,✐♦♥ ❞✬✐♥❢♦$♠❛,✐♦♥✱ ♦✉ ✐❧ ♣❡✉,

♠G♠❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡$ ❧❡7 ♣♦❧✐,✐=✉❡7 ❞❡ ❝♦♥,$P❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝J7 ❡①✐7,❛♥,7 ♣♦✉$ ❧❡7 $❡=✉G,❡7

❡♥,$❛♥,❡7 ✭7✬✐❧ ❡7, ❝♦♥✜❣✉$E ♣♦✉$✮✳ ▲❡ ❘▼ 7✬❛♣♣❧✐=✉❡ 6 ❞❡✉① ,②♣❡7 ❞✐7,✐♥❝,7

❞✬❛❝,✐♦♥7✳ ❚♦✉, ❞✬❛❜♦$❞✱ ♣♦✉$ ❛,,$✐❜✉❡$ ❞❡7 E,✐=✉❡,,❡7 ❞❡ ❝♦♥,❡①,❡ ❧♦$7 ❞❡ ❧❛

❞✐✈✉❧❣❛,✐♦♥ ❞✬✐♥❢♦$♠❛,✐♦♥7✱ ❡, ❧❛ 7❡❝♦♥❞❡ ♣♦✉$ ❧❡ ,$❛✐,❡♠❡♥, ❞✬✉♥❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡ ❞❡

$❡77♦✉$❝❡✳

◗✉❛♥❞ ✉♥ ✉,✐❧✐7❛,❡✉$ ❛ ❧✬✐♥,❡♥,✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐,❡$ ❧✬❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❡$,❛✐♥❡7 ❞❡

7❡7 ✐♥❢♦$♠❛,✐♦♥7 ♣❡$7♦♥♥❡❧❧❡7 ✭♣❛$ ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥7 $❡❧✐❣✐❡✉7❡7✱ ❧✬♦$✐❡♥,❛,✐♦♥

7❡①✉❡❧❧❡✱ ❡,❝✮✱ ✐❧ ♣❡✉, ❛77✐❣♥❡$ ✉♥❡ ♦✉ ♣❧✉7✐❡✉$7 E,✐=✉❡,,❡7 ❞❡ ❝♦♥,❡①,❡ 6

❧✬✐♥❢♦$♠❛,✐♦♥ =✉✐ ❞♦✐, G,$❡ ♣$♦,E❣E❡✱ ❛✐♥7✐ =✉❡ ♣♦✉$ ❧❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛✜♥ ❞✬✐♥❞✐=✉❡$

=✉✐ ♣❡✉, ❛❝❝E❞❡$ 6 ❧✬✐♥❢♦$♠❛,✐♦♥✳ ❆✉ ❝♦✉$7 ❞❡ ❝❡ ♣$♦❝❡77✉7 ❞✬E,✐=✉❡,❛❣❡✱ ❧❛

❘▼ ❛♥❛❧②7❡ ❧❡7 ❞♦♥♥E❡7 ❞✬✐♥,❡$❛❝,✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬✉,✐❧✐7❛,❡✉$ 6 ♣❛$,✐$ ❞✬✉♥ ❤✐7,♦$✐=✉❡

❞❡7 $❡❧❛,✐♦♥7 ✭❘❡❧❛,✐♦♥7❤✐♣ ❍✐7,♦$② ❞❛,❛❜❛7❡ ✲ ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✺✳✹✮✱ ❝♦$$❡7♣♦♥❞❛♥, 6

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106 APPENDIX - RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS

❧✬❛✉❞✐&♦✐(❡ *+❧❡❝&✐♦♥♥+✳ ❉❡* ❡①❡♠♣❧❡* &②♣✐4✉❡* ❞✬✐♥&❡(❛❝&✐♦♥* ❡♥&(❡ ❧❡* ✉&✐❧✐*❛✲

&❡✉(* ❝♦♠♣(❡♥♥❡♥& ❧❡ ♣❛(&❛❣❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❞❛♥* ✉♥ ❝♦♥&❡①&❡ *♣+❝✐✜4✉❡ ✭♣❛(

❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ★❝❧♦$❡❢'✐❡♥❞$✮✱ ❝❤❛♥❣❡( ❡①♣❧✐❝✐&❡♠❡♥& ❧❡ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ❞❡ ♣(♦①✐♠✐&+ ❞✬✉♥

✉&✐❧✐*❛&❡✉(✱ ❡①❝❧✉(❡ ✉♥ ✉&✐❧✐*❛&❡✉( = ♣❛(&✐( ❞✬✉♥ ❝♦♥&❡①&❡ ❞♦♥♥+ ✭*❛♥* ❧✬❡♥❧❡✈❡(

❞+✜♥✐&✐✈❡♠❡♥&✮ ❧♦(* ❞✉ ♣❛(&❛❣❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ (❡**♦✉(❝❡✱ ❝♦♠❜✐❡♥ ❞❡ ❢♦✐* ❧❡* ✉&✐❧✐*❛&❡✉(*

+❝❤❛♥❣❡♥& ❞❡* ♠❡**❛❣❡* ✭❡♥ ❢♦♥❝&✐♦♥ ❞✉ &❡♠♣*✮✱ ❡&❝✳

❇❛*+ *✉( ❧❡* ✐♥&❡(❛❝&✐♦♥* ❞❛♥* ❧❡ ❤✐*&♦(✐4✉❡ ❞❡* (❡❧❛&✐♦♥*✱ ❧❡ ❘▼ ♣❡✉&

❛❧❡(&❡( ❧✬✉&✐❧✐*❛&❡✉( ✭♣❛( ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ❢♦✉(♥✐( ❞❡* ✐♥❞✐❝❛&✐♦♥* ✈✐*✉❡❧❧❡*✮ = ✉♥ +✈❡♥&✉❡❧

❝❤❛♥❣❡♠❡♥& ❞❛♥* ❧❡✉( (❡❧❛&✐♦♥✳ C❛( ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ✉♥ ♠❡**❛❣❡ ❞✬❛✈❡(&✐**❡♠❡♥& ♣❡✉&

❛♣♣❛(❛D&(❡ *✐ ❧❡ ♣(♦♣(✐+&❛✐(❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ (❡**♦✉(❝❡ ❡*& ❡♥ ❝♦✉(* ❞✬❛&&(✐❜✉&✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡

+&✐4✉❡&&❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥&❡①&❡ ✭❝❡ 4✉✐ ❝♦((❡*♣♦♥❞ = ✉♥ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ❞❡ ♣(♦①✐♠✐&+ *♣+❝✐✜4✉❡✮ =

✉♥ ✉&✐❧✐*❛&❡✉( 4✉✐ *❡ &(♦✉✈❡ ❞❛♥* ✉♥ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ❞❡ ♣(♦①✐♠✐&+ ♣❧✉* ❧♦✐♥&❛✐♥✳

▲✬❛❧❣♦(✐&❤♠❡ ❞❡((✐❡(❡ ❧❡ ♣(♦❝❡**✉* ❞❡ ♣(✐*❡ ❞❡ ❞+❝✐*✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❘▼ ♣❡✉& F&(❡

✈✉ ❞❛♥* ❧❛ ❋✐❣✉(❡ ✺✳✻✳

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❋✐❣✉(❡ ✺✳✻✿ ▲❡ ♣(♦❝❡**✉* ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣(✐*❡ ❞❡ ❞+❝✐*✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❘▼✳

▲❡* ✐♥❢♦(♠❛&✐♦♥* ❝♦♥&❡♥✉❡* ❞❛♥* ❧❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♣(❡♥❞ ❧❛ (❡**♦✉(❝❡ ❞❡✲

♠❛♥❞+❡ ✭❘✮ ❡& ❧❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❞✉ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡✉( ✭❯✮✳ ➚ ❝❡ *&❛❞❡✱ ♥♦✉* *✉♣♣♦*♦♥*

+❣❛❧❡♠❡♥& 4✉❡ ❧✬✉&✐❧✐*❛&❡✉( ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡✉( ❛ ❞+❥= +&+ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐✜+ ❛✉ ♠♦♠❡♥& ❞❡ ❧❛

❞❡♠❛♥❞❡✳ ❙✐ ❧✬✉&✐❧✐*❛&❡✉( ♥✬❛ ♣❛* +&+ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐✜+✱ ❧❡ ♣(♦❝❡**✉* ❝♦♥*✐❞Q(❡♥& 4✉❡

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107

❧✬✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉( %♦✐# ✐♥❞,#❡(♠✐♥,❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ 0 #♦✉#❡ ♣❡(%♦♥♥❡ ❛②❛♥# ❛❝❝4% ♣✉❜❧✐❝✮✳

▲✬,#❛♣❡ %✉✐✈❛♥#❡ ❝♦♥%✐%#❡ 0 ❞,❝✐❞❡( %✐ ❧✬✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉( ❡♥ 9✉❡%#✐♦♥ ❛ ❞❡% (❡❧❛#✐♦♥%

❛✈❡❝ ❧❡ ♣(♦♣(✐,#❛✐(❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ (❡%%♦✉(❝❡ ♦✉ ❞❡% ♣❡(%♦♥♥❡% ❝♦♥♥✉❡% ♣❛( ❧❡ ♣(♦♣(✐,#❛✐(❡

❞❡ ❧❛ (❡%%♦✉(❝❡✳ ❈❡##❡ ,#❛♣❡ ❡%# ❡✛❡❝#✉,❡ ❡♥ ✐♥#❡((♦❣❡❛♥# ❧❛ ❜❛%❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥,❡%

❝♦♥#❡♥❛♥# ❧✬❤✐%#♦(✐9✉❡ ❞❡% (❡❧❛#✐♦♥% ♣♦✉( #(♦✉✈❡( ❧❡% ♦❝❝✉((❡♥❝❡% ❞✬✐♥#❡(❛❝#✐♦♥%

❡♥#(❡ ❧❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡✉( ❡# ❧❡ ♣(♦♣(✐,#❛✐(❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ (❡%%♦✉(❝❡✱ ♦✉ ❡♥ (❡❝❤❡(❝❤❛♥# %✐ ❧❡

❞❡♠❛♥❞❡✉( ❡%# ❛♠✐ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡ ♣(♦♣(✐,#❛✐(❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ (❡%%♦✉(❝❡ ♦✉ ❧✬✉♥ ❞❡% ❛♠✐% ❞✉

♣(♦♣(✐,#❛✐(❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ (❡%%♦✉(❝❡✳

❙✐ ❧❡% ❞❡✉① ✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉(% ♣❛(#❛❣❡♥# ✉♥ ❤✐%#♦(✐9✉❡ ❞❡% (❡❧❛#✐♦♥%✱ ✉♥ ❣(❛♣❤❡

✭❘❍✮ ❝♦♥#❡♥❛♥# ❧❛ ❧✐%#❡ ❞❡% ✐♥#❡(❛❝#✐♦♥% %❡(❛ ❝(,,✳ ❉❡ ♣❧✉%✱ #♦✉#❡% ❧❡% (4❣❧❡%

%#❛#✐9✉❡% ❞❡ ❝♦♥#(D❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝4% ❝♦((❡%♣♦♥❞❛♥# 0 ❧✬✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉( ✭❯✮ ❡# (❡%%♦✉(❝❡% ✭❘✮

%❡(♦♥# ✐♠♣♦(#,❡% 0 ♣❛(#✐( ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛%❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥,❡% ❞❡% ♣♦❧✐#✐9✉❡% ❡# %#♦❝❦,% ❞❛♥%

✉♥ ♥♦✉✈❡❛✉ ❣(❛♣❤❡ ✭❙❘✮✳

❊♥%✉✐#❡✱ ❜❛%, %✉( ❧❡ ❝♦♥#❡♥✉ ❞❡ ✭❘❍✮ ❡# ✭❙❘✮✱ ❧❡ %②%#4♠❡ ✈❛ ❛♥❛❧②%❡( ❡#

❞,❝✐❞❡( ❞✬✉♥ ♣❧❛♥ ❞✬❛❝#✐♦♥✳ ❙✐ ❧❡% ❞♦♥♥,❡% ❞❡ ✭❘❍✮ %❡ #(♦✉✈❡ H#(❡ ❢♦(#❡♠❡♥#

❝♦♥#(❛❞✐❝#♦✐(❡% ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡% (4❣❧❡% ✭❙❘✮ ❡# %✐ ❧❡ ♠♦#❡✉( ❘▼ ❢♦♥❝#✐♦♥♥❡ ❡♥ ♠♦❞❡ %❛♥%

%✉(✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡✱ ❧❡ %②%#4♠❡ ♣❡✉# ,✈❡♥#✉❡❧❧❡♠❡♥# ♠♦❞✐✜❡( ❧❡% (4❣❧❡% ❙❆❈ ❡①✐%#❛♥#%✳

M❛( ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ %✐ ❧❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡✉( ❡%# (,♣✉#, ❛✈♦✐( ❝❤❛♥❣, %❛ ❞✐%#❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♣(♦①✐♠✐#,✱

%♦✐# ♣❛( ✉♥❡ ,✈♦❧✉#✐♦♥ ❞❡ %❛ (❡❧❛#✐♦♥ ❡♥✈❡(% ❧❡ ♣(♦♣(✐,#❛✐(❡ ❞❡% (❡%%♦✉(❝❡%✱ %♦✐#

♣❛(❝❡ 9✉❡ ❧❡ ♣(♦♣(✐,#❛✐(❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ (❡%%♦✉(❝❡ ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐#❡♠❡♥# ♠♦❞✐✜, ❧❛ ❞✐%#❛♥❝❡

❞❡ ♣(♦①✐♠✐#, ❞❡ ❧✬✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉(✱ ❧❡ %②%#4♠❡ ♣❡✉# H#(❡ ❡♥ ♠❡%✉(❡ ❞❡ (❡✢,#❡( ❝❡

❝❤❛♥❣❡♠❡♥# ❞❛♥% ❧❡ (4❣❧❡% ❙❆❈✳

❯♥❡ ❢♦✐% 9✉❡ ❧❛ ❞,❝✐%✐♦♥ ✜♥❛❧❡ ❡%# ♣(✐%❡✱ ❧❡ ♠♦#❡✉( ❘▼ ✈❛ ❛❝❝♦(❞❡( ♦✉ (❡❢✉%❡(

❧✬❛❝❝4% 0 ❧❛ (❡%%♦✉(❝❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞,❡✳

❱❛❧✐❞❛%✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♥♦) %*❛✈❛✉① ❞❡ *❡❝❤❡*❝❤❡

❯♥❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥ ❲❡❜ ✈,(✐#❛❜❧❡♠❡♥# ❞,❝❡♥#(❛❧✐%,❡✱ ❜❛%,❡ %✉( ❧❡% #❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡% ❞✉

❲❡❜ %,♠❛♥#✐9✉❡✱ ♥,❝❡%%✐#❡ ♣❧✉%✐❡✉(% ,❧,♠❡♥#% ❝❧,%✳ ❊❧❧❡ ❞♦✐# H#(❡ ❡♥ ♠❡%✉(❡

❞✬♦✛(✐( ✉♥❡ ✐❞❡♥#✐#, ❞,❝❡♥#(❛❧✐%,❡ ♣♦✉( ❧✬✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉(✱ ❞✬♦✛(✐( ✉♥❡ ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥

%,❝✉(✐%,❡✱ ❞✉ %#♦❝❦❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥,❡% %,♠❛♥#✐9✉❡✱ ❛♣♣❧✐9✉❡( ❞❡% ♦♣,(❛#✐♦♥% ❈(❡❛#❡✲

❘❡❛❞✲❯♣❞❛#❡✲❉❡❧❡#❡ ✭❈❘❯❉✮ ❛✉① (❡%%♦✉(❝❡%✱ ❞✬♦✛(✐( ♣❧✉% ❞✬✐♥#✐♠✐#, ❣(Q❝❡ ❛✉

❝♦♥#(D❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝4%✱ ❡# %✉(#♦✉#✱ ❞✬H#(❡ ✐♥#❡(♦♣,(❛❜❧❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❞✬❛✉#(❡% ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛#✐♦♥% ❡♥

#❡(♠❡% ❞✬,❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥,❡% ✭♣❛( ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ❧❡ ♣❛(#❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥#❡♥✉✱ ❧❛ ♠❡%%❛❣❡(✐❡✱

❧❡% ♥♦#✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥% ❞✬❛❝#✐✈✐#,✱ ❡#❝✮✳

▼②"#♦✜❧❡

▲❡ ♣(♦❥❡# ❞❡ ▼②M(♦✜❧❡ ❡%# ❧❡ (❡✢❡# ❞❡ #♦✉% ❧❡% ❡✛♦(#% 9✉❡ ♥♦✉% ❛✈♦♥% ❢❛✐#% ❛✉

❝♦✉(% ❞❡ ❝❡##❡ #❤4%❡✳ ■❧ ✈✐%❡ 0 ❢♦✉(♥✐( ❛✉① ✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉(% ❧❛ ❧❛ ✈✐❡ ♣(✐✈,❡ 9✉✬✐❧%

♠,(✐#❡♥# ♣♦✉( ❧❡% ❞♦♥♥,❡% 9✉✬✐❧% ♣(♦❞✉✐%❡♥# ❡# ❞,#✐❡♥♥❡♥#✳ ■❧ ❞✐%♣♦%❡ ❞✬✉♥

❝♦♠♣#❡ ❞✬✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉( ✉♥✐✜,❡✱ 9✉✐ ❝❡♥#(❛❧✐%❡ ❧❡% ❞♦♥♥,❡% ❞❡ ❧✬✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉( ❡# ❧❡ ♠❡#

%♦✉% ❧❡ ❝♦♥#(D❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉(✱ ❡# ,❣❛❧❡♠❡♥# %✉( ✉♥ ❞✐%♣♦%✐#✐❢ ❛♣♣❛(#❡♥❛♥# 0

❧✬✉#✐❧✐%❛#❡✉(✳ ❈✬❡%# ✉♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡♠❡♥# (❛❞✐❝❛❧ ♣❛( (❛♣♣♦(# ❛✉① ❥❛"❞✐♥& ❝❧♦& ❞✉ ❲❡❜

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108 APPENDIX - RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS

❞✬❛✉❥♦✉&❞✬❤✉✐✱ ♦* ❧❡- ❞♦♥♥/❡- -♦♥0 ♣✐/❣/❡- ❞❛♥- ❞❡- ✐❧♦ ✳

▲❛ ♣❧❛0❡✲❢♦&♠❡ ♣&♦♣♦-❡ /❣❛❧❡♠❡♥0 ❞✬❛✉0&❡- -❡&✈✐❝❡- :✉✐ ♥❡ ♥/❝❡--✐0❡♥0 ♣❛-

✉♥ ♣&♦✜❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ◆✬✐♠♣♦&0❡ :✉❡❧ ✉0✐❧✐-❛0❡✉& ♣❡✉0 ✈✐-✉❛❧✐-❡& -❡- ❞♦♥♥/❡- ❞❡ ♣&♦✜❧

❞✬✉♥❡ ♠❛♥✐=&❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈✐❛❧❡ ❡0 ❛00&❛②❛♥0❡✳ ▲♦&- ❞❡ ❧✬❛✣❝❤❛❣❡ ❞❡- ❞♦♥♥/❡- ❞❡

♣&♦✜❧✱ ❧❛ ♣❧❛0❡✲❢♦&♠❡ ❛✣❝❤❡ ❧❛ ❧✐-0❡ ❞❡- ✉0✐❧✐-❛0❡✉&- ❞❡ ❣❡♥- ❝♦♥♥✉- ✭✐✳❡✳ ❛♠✐-✮✱

:✉❡❧:✉❡- ✐♥❢♦&♠❛0✐♦♥- ❞❡ ❜❛-❡ ♣♦✉& ❝❤❛:✉❡ ❛♠✐ ✭♣❛& ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ♥♦♠✱ ♣&/♥♦♠✱

♣-❡✉❞♦✱ ❡♠❛✐❧✱ ❜❧♦❣✮✱ ❛✐♥-✐ :✉✬✉♥❡ ♠❡♥0✐♦♥ ❞❡ 0❡①0❡ ❛✉ ❝❛- ♦* ❧❛ &❡❧❛0✐♦♥ ❡-0

❜✐❞✐&❡❝0✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ✧✈♦✉- ❛ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❛♠✐✳✔✮✳

❯♥❡ ❢♦✐- ❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜/✱ ❞❡- ❢♦♥❝0✐♦♥♥❛❧✐0/- -✉♣♣❧/♠❡♥0❛✐&❡- -♦♥0 ❞✐-♣♦♥✐❜❧❡-✳

G❛& ❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ❧❡- ✉0✐❧✐-❛0❡✉&- ♣❡✉✈❡♥0 ❡♥✈♦②❡& ❞❡- ♠❡--❛❣❡- -✉& ✉♥ ♠✉& ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱

:✉✐ ❡-0 ✉♥ ❧✐❡✉ ❝♦♠♠✉♥ ♣♦✉& 0♦✉- ❧❡- ✉0✐❧✐-❛0❡✉&- H /❝&✐&❡ H ♣&♦♣♦- ❞❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡-✱

❞❡- /✈/♥❡♠❡♥0- -♦❝✐❛✉①✱ ❞❡- ♠✐-❡- H ❥♦✉&✱ ❡0❝✳ ▲❡- ✉0✐❧✐-❛0❡✉&- ♣❡✉✈❡♥0

/❣❛❧❡♠❡♥0 -✬❛❜♦♥♥❡& H ❞❡- -❡&✈✐❝❡- ❧♦❝❛✉① ❛✜♥ ❞✬❛✈♦✐& ❧❡✉& ♣&♦♣&❡ ♠✉& ♣&✐✈/✱

❝❡ :✉✐ ❡-0 ❞✐-♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ✉♥✐:✉❡♠❡♥0 H ❧❡✉& ❧✐-0❡ ❞❡ ♣❡&-♦♥♥❡- ❝♦♥♥✉❡-✳ ❙✬❛❜♦♥♥❡&

♣❡&♠❡0 /❣❛❧❡♠❡♥0 ❛✉① ✉0✐❧✐-❛0❡✉&- ❞✬❡♥✈♦②❡& ❡0 ❞❡ &❡❝❡✈♦✐& ❞❡- ♠❡--❛❣❡- ♣&✐✈/-✱

❛✐♥-✐ :✉❡ ❞❡- ♥♦0✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥- ❧♦&-:✉❡ ❞✬❛✉0&❡- ✉0✐❧✐-❛0❡✉&- ♦♥0 ♣♦-0/ :✉❡❧:✉❡ ❝❤♦-❡

-✉& ❧❡✉& ♠✉& ♣&✐✈/✳

▲❡ ❝♦❞❡ -♦✉&❝❡ ♣♦✉& ▼②G&♦✜❧❡ ❛ /0/ ♣✉❜❧✐/ -♦✉- ✉♥❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝❡ ▼■❚ ✭♠♦✐♥-

&❡-0&✐❝0✐✈❡ ♣❛& &❛♣♣♦&0 H ❞✬❛✉0&❡- ❧✐❝❡♥❝❡- ♦♣❡♥ -♦✉&❝❡✮✱ ❡0 ✐❧ ❡-0 ❛❝❝❡--✐❜❧❡ ❛✉

♣✉❜❧✐❝ -✉& ●✐0❍✉❜ -♦✉- ▼②G&♦✜❧❡

✳ G♦✉& ❞❡- &❛✐-♦♥- ❞❡ ♣♦&0❛❜✐❧✐0/ ❡0 ❞❡ ❞/✲

♣❧♦✐❡♠❡♥0✱ ❧❛ ♣❧❛0❡✲❢♦&♠❡ ❛ /0/ ♣&✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡♠❡♥0 /❝&✐0 ❡♥ G❍G ❡0 ❏❛✈❛❙❝&✐♣0✳ ❊❧❧❡

-✬❛♣♣✉✐❡ -✉& ✉♥ -②-0=♠❡ ❞❡ -0♦❝❦❛❣❡ ❞❡ 0&✐♣❧❡0- ❘❉❋ ❜❛-/ -✉& ❱✐&0✉♦-♦

✱ :✉✐ ♦❢✲

❢&❡ ❞❡- &❡:✉V0❡- ❙G❆❘◗▲ ♣♦✉& ❧❡- ♣&♦✜❧- ♠✐- ❡♥ ❝❛❝❤❡✳ ❯♥❡ ❞/♠♦ ❢♦♥❝0✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡

❞❡ ▼②G&♦✜❧❡ ♣❡✉0 V0&❡ ❝♦♥-✉❧0/❡ H ❤00♣-✿✴✴♠②✲♣&♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴✳

❆✉"❤❡♥"✐✜❝❛"✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉

❆✉0❤❡♥0✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❥♦✉❡ ✉♥ &\❧❡ ❝&✉❝✐❛❧ ❞❛♥- ▼②G&♦✜❧❡✳ ❉✬✉♥❡ ♣❛&0✱

✐❧ ♣❡&♠❡0 H 0♦✉0 ✉0✐❧✐-❛0❡✉& ❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜/ ❞✬❡♥✈♦②❡& ❞❡- ♠❡--❛❣❡- -✉& ❧❡- ♠✉&-

♦✉ ❝♦♥0❛❝0❡& ❞✬❛✉0&❡- ♣❡&-♦♥♥❡-✱ ♣❡✉ ✐♠♣♦&0❡ -✐ ❡❧❧❡- ♦♥0 ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣0❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦✉

♥♦♥✳ ❉✬❛✉0&❡ ♣❛&0✱ ❧❡- ✉0✐❧✐-❛0❡✉&- ❧♦❝❛✉① :✉✐ ♦♥0 /0/ ❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜/- ♣❡✉✈❡♥0 ❛✉--✐

❢❛❝✐❧❡♠❡♥0 ♠❡00&❡ H ❥♦✉& ❧❡✉&- ♣&♦✜❧-✱ /♠❡00&❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❛✉① ❝❡&0✐✜❝❛0- ♦✉ ❞❡

❣/&❡& ❧❡✉&- ❛♠✐-✳

■❧ ❡①✐-0❡ ❞❡✉① ❛♣♣&♦❝❤❡- ❞✬❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞✐✛/&❡♥0❡-✳ ■❧-

♣❡✉✈❡♥0 -♦✐0 ❡✛❡❝0✉❡& ❧❛ ✈/&✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❧♦❝❛❧❡♠❡♥0 ✭❲❡❜■❉❛✉0❤✮

♦✉ ✉0✐❧✐-❡& ✉♥ ❛✉0&❡ -❡&✈✐❝❡ 0✐❡&- ❞✬❛✉0❤❡♥0✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✭❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡✲

❣❛0❡❞❆✉0❤✮✳ ◆♦✉- ❛✈♦♥- ❞/✈❡❧♦♣♣/ ❞❡✉① ❜✐❜❧✐♦0❤=:✉❡-✱ /❝&✐0❡- ❡♥ G❍G✱ :✉✐

❝♦✉✈&❡♥0 ❧❡- ❞❡✉① ❛♣♣&♦❝❤❡-✳ ▲❡- ❜✐❜❧✐♦0❤=:✉❡- ♦♥0 /0/ ♣✉❜❧✐/❡- -♦✉- ❧❛ ❧✐❝❡♥❝❡

▼■❚✱ ❡0 -♦♥0 ❛❝❝❡--✐❜❧❡- ❛✉ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ -✉& ●✐0❍✉❜ -♦✉- ❲❡❜■❉❛✉0❤

✳ ❉❛♥- ❧❡-

♣❛&❛❣&❛♣❤❡- :✉✐ -✉✐✈❡♥0✱ ♥♦✉- ❛❧❧♦♥- ❞/❝&✐&❡ ❧❡- ❞❡✉① ❜✐❜❧✐♦0❤=:✉❡-✳

❤!!♣#✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴▼②01♦✜❧❡✴♠②♣1♦✜❧❡

❤!!♣✿✴✴✈✐1!✉♦#♦✳♦♣❡♥❧✐♥❦#✇✳❝♦♠✴

❤!!♣#✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴♦1❣❛♥✐③❛!✐♦♥#✴❲❡❜■❉❛✉!❤

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109

❲❡❜■❉❛✉'❤

▲✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❡ ♣❡✉$ .$/❡ /0❛❧✐10❡ ❡♥ 1✬❛♣♣✉②❛♥$ 1✉/ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉$❤✱ ✉♥❡

❜✐❜❧✐♦$❤89✉❡ :❍: 9✉✐ ✐♠♣❧0♠❡♥$❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ❙❛ ♣❛/$✐❝✉❧❛/✐$0 /01✐❞❡ ❞❛♥1 ❧❡

❢❛✐$ 9✉✬✐❧ ♣❡/♠❡$ ❛✉① ✉$✐❧✐1❛$❡✉/1 ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡/ ✉♥ ♣/♦❝❡11✉1 ❞✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥

✈❡/❜❡✉①✱ ❝❡ 9✉✐ ❡1$ ✉$✐❧❡ ❧♦/1 ❞✉ ❞0❜♦❣❛❣❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❝❡/$✐✜❝❛$ ❞0❢❡❝$✉❡✉① ♦✉ ✉♥ ♣/♦✜❧

❞✬✉$✐❧✐1❛$❡✉/✳

❲❡❜■❉❛✉$❤ ♣❡✉$ ❢♦♥❝$✐♦♥♥❡/ ❞❛♥1 ❞❡✉① ♠♦❞❡1✳ ❉❛♥1 ❧❡ ♣/❡♠✐❡/ ♠♦❞❡✱

1❛ $F❝❤❡ ❝♦♥1✐1$❡ G ❡✛❡❝$✉❡/ ✉♥❡ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❡$ ✐❧ 1✉✣$ ❞❡

/❡$♦✉/♥❡/ ❱!❛✐ ♦✉ ❋❛✉①✱ 1❡❧♦♥ 1✐ ❧✬✉$✐❧✐1❛$❡✉/ ❛ 0$0 ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜0 ❛✈❡❝ 1✉❝❝81 ♦✉

♥♦♥✳ ❈❡ ♠♦❞❡ ❡1$ ♣/0✈✉ ♣♦✉/ .$/❡ ✉$✐❧✐10 ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ ♣/♦❝0❞0 ❞✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥

♣♦✉/ ✉♥❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❡✱ ❣0♥0/❛❧❡♠❡♥$ ❛11♦❝✐0❡ G ✉♥❡ 1❡11✐♦♥ ❞✬✉$✐❧✐1❛$❡✉/✳

❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥$✱ ❢♦♥❝$✐♦♥♥❛♥$ ❞❛♥1 ❝❡ ♠♦❞❡ ✐♠♣❧✐9✉❡ 0❣❛❧❡♠❡♥$ ❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉/❛✲

$✐♦♥ ❞✉ 1❡/✈❡✉/ ❲❡❜ ♣♦✉/ ❡①0❝✉$❡/ ✈✐❛ ❍❚❚:❙✱ ❡♥ ❛❥♦✉$❛♥$ ❛✉① ❞0♣❡♥1❡1 ❞❡

❧✬❤0❜❡/❣❡♠❡♥$ ❞❡ ❧✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❡ ❧❛ ♥0❝❡11✐$0 ❛❝❤❡$❡/ ✉♥ ❝❡/$✐✜❝❛$ ❞❡ 1❡/✈❡✉/✳

❉❛♥1 ❧❡ ❞❡✉①✐8♠❡ ♠♦❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❝$✐♦♥♥❡♠❡♥$✱ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉$❤ ♣❡✉$ .$/❡ ✉$✐❧✐10

❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ 1❡/✈✐❝❡ $✐❡/1 9✉✐ ❢♦✉/♥✐$ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥$ ❞✬❛❝❝81 ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲

❚▲❙ ♣♦✉/ ❧❡1 ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥1 ❲❡❜ 9✉✐ ♥❡ ♣❡✉✈❡♥$ ♣❛1 ❡✛❡❝$✉❡/ ❧❡ ♣/♦❝❡11✉1

❞✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❡✉①✲♠.♠❡1 ✭❡11❡♥$✐❡❧❧❡♠❡♥$ ✉♥ ❘:✮✳ ❉❛♥1 ❧❡ ❞❡✉①✐8♠❡ ♠♦❞❡

❞❡ ❢♦♥❝$✐♦♥♥❡♠❡♥$✱ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉$❤ ♣❡✉$ .$/❡ ✉$✐❧✐10 ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥ 1❡/✈✐❝❡ $✐❡/1 9✉✐

❢♦✉/♥✐$ ✉♥ ♣♦✐♥$ ❞✬❛❝❝81 ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♣♦✉/ ❧❡1 ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥1 ❲❡❜

9✉✐ ♥❡ ♣❡✉✈❡♥$ ♣❛1 ❡✛❡❝$✉❡/ ❧❡ ♣/♦❝❡11✉1 ❞✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❡✉①✲♠.♠❡1 ✭❡11❡♥✲

$✐❡❧❧❡♠❡♥$ ✉♥ ❘:✮✳ ■❧ ②❛ ♣❧✉1✐❡✉/1 ❛✈❛♥$❛❣❡1 G ✉$✐❧✐1❡/ ✉♥ 1❡/✈✐❝❡ $✐❡/1✳ :❛/

❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❧ /0❞✉✐$ ❝♦♥1✐❞0/❛❜❧❡♠❡♥$ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐$0 ❞✬❛✈♦✐/ G ❝♦♥✜❣✉/❡/ ❧❡ 1❡/✈❡✉/

❲❡❜ ♣♦✉/ ♣❡/♠❡$$/❡ ❧✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ❊♥ ♦✉$/❡✱ ❧❡ ♣/❡1$❛$❛✐/❡ ❞❡

1❡/✈✐❝❡ ✭❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❡✮ ♥✬❛ ♣❛1 G ❡①✐❣❡/ ❍❚❚:❙✱ ❞♦♥❝ ❧❡1 ♣/♦♣/✐0$❛✐/❡1 ♥✬♦♥$

♣❛1 ❜❡1♦✐♥ ❞❡ ♣❛②❡/ ♣♦✉/ ✉♥ ❝❡/$✐✜❝❛$ ❞❡ 1❡/✈❡✉/✳

❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛'❡❞❆✉'❤

▲✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞0❧0❣✉0 ❡1$ ❧❡ ♣/♦❝❡11✉1 ❞❡ 1✬❛♣♣✉②❡/ 1✉/ ✉♥

1❡/✈✐❝❡ $✐❡/1 ♣♦✉/ ❡✛❡❝$✉❡/ ❧✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥✱ ♣✉✐1 /❡❞✐/✐❣❡/ ❧✬✉$✐❧✐1❛$❡✉/ ✈❡/1 ❧❡

❢♦✉/♥✐11❡✉/ ❞❡ 1❡/✈✐❝❡1✳ ❈❡ ♥✬❡1$ ♣❛1 ❧❡ ♠♦❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦♥❝$✐♦♥♥❡♠❡♥$ ♣❛/ ❞0❢❛✉$

♣♦✉/ ▼②:/♦✜❧❡✳ ▲❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦$❤89✉❡ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛$❡❞❆✉$❤ ❛ 0$0 ❝/0❡ ❛✜♥ 9✉❡

❧❡1 ❢♦✉/♥✐11❡✉/1 ❞❡ 1❡/✈✐❝❡1 ♣✉✐11❡♥$ ♦✛/✐/ ✉♥❡ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

❞❛♥1 ❧❡ ❝❛1 ♦R ✐❧1 ♥❡ 1♦♥$ ♣❛1 ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡1 ❞✬♦✛/✐/ ✉♥❡ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❧♦❝❛❧❡✱ ♦✉

✐❧1 ♥❡ ❢♦♥❝$✐♦♥♥❡♥$ ♣❛1 ✈✐❛ ❍❚❚:❙✳ ❊①❛♠✐♥♦♥1 ♠❛✐♥$❡♥❛♥$ ❝❤❛9✉❡ 0$❛♣❡ ❞✉

♣/♦❝❡11✉1✳

❚♦✉$ ❞✬❛❜♦/❞✱ ❧✬✉$✐❧✐1❛$❡✉/ ❝❧✐9✉❡ 1✉/ ✉♥ ❜♦✉$♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♥❡①✐♦♥ 1✉/ ❧❡

❢♦✉/♥✐11❡✉/ ❞❡ 1❡/✈✐❝❡1 ✭✐✳❡✳ ❤$$♣1✿✴✴♠②✲♣/♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✮ ❡$ ❡1$ /❡❞✐/✐❣0 ✈❡/1

❧❡ ❘: ✭✐✳❡✳ ❤$$♣1✿✴✴❛✉$❤✳♠②✲♣/♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✮✱ ❞0❝❧❡♥❝❤❛♥$ ❛✐♥1✐ ❧❡ ♣/♦❝❡11✉1

❞✬❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥✳ ▲❡ ❢♦✉/♥✐11❡✉/ ❞❡ 1❡/✈✐❝❡ ❛❥♦✉$❡ 0❣❛❧❡♠❡♥$ ✉♥❡ ✈❛/✐✲

❛❜❧❡ G ❧✬❯❘■ ❞❡ /❡❞✐/❡❝$✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♥$❡♥❛♥$ ❧✬❯❘■ ❞✉ ❢♦✉/♥✐11❡✉/ ❞❡ 1❡/✈✐❝❡1✿

❤((♣*✿✴✴❛✉(❤✳♠②✲♣!♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴❄❛✉(❤!❡6✐**✉❡!❂❤((♣*✿✴✴♠②✲♣!♦✜❧❡✳❡✉ ✳

❊♥1✉✐$❡✱ ❧❡ ❘: ✉$✐❧✐1❡ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦$❤89✉❡ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉$❤ ♣♦✉/ ❡✛❡❝$✉❡/ ✉♥❡ ❛✉$❤❡♥✲

$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❧♦❝❛❧❡✳ ❙✐ ❧✬✉$✐❧✐1❛$❡✉/ ❛ 0$0 ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐✜0 ❛✈❡❝ 1✉❝❝81✱ ❧❡ ❘:

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110 APPENDIX - RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS

♣!"♣❛!❡ ❧❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ !❡❞✐!❡❝+✐♦♥✱ ❡♥ ❛❥♦✉+❛♥+ ❞❡0 ❛!❣✉♠❡♥+0 0✉♣♣❧"♠❡♥+❛✐!❡0 2

❧✬❯❘■ ❞❡ !❡❞✐!❡❝+✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❧❡ ✇❡❜✐❞✱ %&✱ '❡❢❡''❡' ❡+ &✐❣✱ 7✉✐ ♦♥+ ❧❡0 0✐❣♥✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥0

0✉✐✈❛♥+❡0✿

• ✇❡❜✐❞ ✲ ❲❡❜■❉✿ ❤++♣0✿✴✴♠②✲♣!♦✜❧❡✳❡✉✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❜❛!!②✴❝❛!❞★♠❡✳

• %& ✲ ❤♦!♦❞❛+❛❣❡✿ ✷✵✶✸✲✵✺✲✷✷❈❊❙❚✶✻✪✸❆✺✹✪✸❆✵✹✪✷❇✵✷✪✸❆✵✵

• '❡❢❡''❡' ✲ ❤++♣0✿✴✴❛✉+❤✳♠②✲♣!♦✜❧❡✳❡✉

• &✐❣ ✲ 0✐❣♥❛+✉!❡✿ ❤❘✺❝✈✾❣S♥✳✳✳✳✳▼①❇❜❙❞7✼❢✳

❊!♣❛❝❡! ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥)❡! ♣❡*!♦♥♥❡❧❧❡! ❜❛!)! !✉* ❘❲❲✳■✴❖

❖✛!❛♥+ ❞❡0 ❡0♣❛❝❡0 ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❡❧0 ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥"❡0 ❡0+ ✉♥ ❛0♣❡❝+ ✐♠♣♦!+❛♥+ ❞❡ +♦✉+❡

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥ 0♦❝✐❛❧❡ ❞"❝❡♥+!❛❧✐0"❡✳ ▲❡0 ✉+✐❧✐0❛+❡✉!0 ❞♦✐✈❡♥+ [+!❡ ❛✉+♦!✐0"0 2

❝❤♦✐0✐! ♦\ ✐❧0 ✈❡✉❧❡♥+ ❤"❜❡!❣❡! ❧❡✉!0 ❞♦♥♥"❡0✱ ❛✐♥0✐ 7✉❡ ❞✬❛✈♦✐! ✉♥ ❝♦♥+!]❧❡

❝♦♠♣❧❡+ 0✉! ❧❡0 ♣❛!❛♠^+!❡0 ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥+✐❛❧✐+" 7✉✐ 0✬❛♣♣❧✐7✉❡♥+ 2 ❝❡0 ❞♦♥♥"❡0✳

❙✐ ♣♦00✐❜❧❡✱ ❧❡0 ❡0♣❛❝❡0 ❞♦♥♥"❡0 ❞♦✐✈❡♥+ [+!❡ ❤"❜❡!❣"0 0✉! ❞❡0 ❞✐0♣♦0✐+✐❢0

❛✉①7✉❡❧0 ❧✬✉+✐❧✐0❛+❡✉! ❛ ✉♥ ❛❝❝^0 ♣❤②0✐7✉❡✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥+✱ ♣♦✉! ❞❡0 !❛✐0♦♥0

❞❡ ♣❡!❢♦!♠❛♥❝❡0✱ ❧❡0 ❡0♣❛❝❡0 ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥"❡0 ♣❡✉✈❡♥+ [+!❡ 0✐+✉"0 0✉! ❞❡0 0❡!✈❡✉!0

+✐❡!0✱ 0✐ ❧❡0 ✉+✐❧✐0❛+❡✉!0 ♥❡ 0♦♥+ ♣❛0 ❝♦♥❝❡!♥"0 ♣❛! ❧❡0 7✉❡0+✐♦♥0 ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥+✐❛❧✐+"✳

❘❲❲✳■✴❖ 0✐❣♥✐✜❡ ❘❡❛❞✲❲'✐%❡✲❲❡❜ ■♥♣✉%✴❖✉%♣✉% ❡+ ❢♦♥❝+✐♦♥♥❡ 0♦✉0

❧✬❤②♣♦+❤^0❡ 7✉❡ ❧❡0 ✉+✐❧✐0❛+❡✉!0 ♦♥+ ❜❡0♦✐♥ ❞✬✉♥ ❡0♣❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥"❡0 2 ❝❛!❛❝+^!❡

♣❡!0♦♥♥❡❧✱ ♦\ ❧❡0 ❞✐✛"!❡♥+❡0 ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥0 ♣❡✉✈❡♥+ 0+♦❝❦❡! ❞❡0 ❞♦♥♥"❡0 0✉! ❡+

♣♦✉! ❧✬✉+✐❧✐0❛+❡✉!✱ ❡+ ♣♦✉! ❧❡07✉❡❧0 ❞❡0 ❞♦♥♥"❡0 0♦♥+ "❣❛❧❡♠❡♥+ ❞✐0♣♦♥✐❜❧❡0

❡♥+!❡ ❧❡0 ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥0✳ ▲✬❛✈❛♥+❛❣❡ ❡0+ 7✉❡ ❧❡0 ❞✐✛"!❡♥+❡0 ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥0 ♣❡✉✈❡♥+

!"✉+✐❧✐0❡! ❧❡0 ♠[♠❡0 ❞♦♥♥"❡0✱ ❛✜♥ ❞✬♦✛!✐! ❞❡0 ❢♦♥❝+✐♦♥♥❛❧✐+"0 ❞✐✛"!❡♥+❡0✳ S❛!

❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ✉♥❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❣❡0+✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥+❛❝+0 ♣❡✉+ ❡①+!❛✐!❡ ❞❡0 ❞♦♥♥"❡0 2

♣❛!+✐! ❞✉ ♣!♦✜❧ ❞❡ ❧✬✉+✐❧✐0❛+❡✉! ❡+ ❞❡ ❧❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡! 2 ❧❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✉+✐❧✐0❛+❡✉!✳

▲❡0 ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥0 0♦♥+ ✐♠♠"❞✐❛+❡♠❡♥+ !❡✢"+"❡0 ❞❛♥0 ❧❡ ♣!♦✜❧ ❞❡ ❧✬✉+✐❧✐0❛+❡✉! ❧❛

♣!♦❝❤❛✐♥❡ ❢♦✐0 7✉❡ 7✉❡❧7✉✬✉♥ ❛❝❝^❞❡ ❛✉ ♣!♦✜❧✳

✃+!❡ ✐♥✈✐+" 2 +!❛✈❛✐❧❧❡! ❛✈❡❝ ❙✐! ❚✐♠ ❇❡!♥❡!0✲▲❡❡ 0✉! ❧❡ ❝♦♥+!]❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝^0

♣♦✉! ❧❡ ❲❡❜ ❙"♠❛♥+✐7✉❡ ❛✉ ▼❛00❛❝❤✉0❡++0 ■♥0+✐+✉+❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ♠✬❛ ♣❡!♠✐0

❞❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥❝❡! ❧❡ ❞"✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥+ ❞❡ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ +❛♥❞✐0 7✉❡ ❧❛ ♠✐0❡ ❡♥ b✉✈!❡

❞❡ ❧✬♦♥+♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❲❆❈✳ ▲❛ ♣❧❛+❡✲❢♦!♠❡ ♣!❡♥❞ ❡♥ ❝❤❛!❣❡ ❧❡0 ♦♣"!❛+✐♦♥0 ❝♦♠♣❧^+❡0

❈!❡❛+❡✲❘❡❛❞✲❯♣❞❛+❡✲❉❡❧❡+❡ ✭❈❘❯❉✮✱ 0✉✐✈❛♥+ ❧❡ 0+❛♥❞❛!❞ ❘❊❙❚✳ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥+0

❡+ !"♣❡!+♦✐!❡0 ♣❡✉✈❡♥+ [+!❡ ❝!""0 ❡♥ ❡✛❡❝+✉❛♥+ ❞❡0 !❡7✉[+❡0 ❍❚❚S +❡❧0 7✉❡

S❖❙❚✱ S❯❚ ❡+ ▼❑❈❖▲ ✭♥♦✉✈❡❛✉① !"♣❡!+♦✐!❡0✮✱ 0✉✐✈❛♥+ ❧❡0 ❜❡0♦✐♥0✱ ♥♦✉0

❛✈♦♥0 ♣!"0❡♥+" ❛✉ ❞"❜✉+ ❞❡ ❝❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+✳ ▲✬❡♥✲+[+❡ ❍❚❚S ❈♦♥%❡♥%✲❚②♣❡ ❥♦✉❡

✉♥ !]❧❡ ❝❡♥+!❛❧ ♣♦✉! ✐♥+❡!♣!"+❡! ❧❡0 ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡0 ❡+ ❞"❝✐❞❡! ❞❡ 0+♦❝❦❡! ❞❡0 ❞♦♥♥"❡0

❝♦♠♠❡ ❞❡0 +!✐♣❧❡+0 ♦✉ 0♦✉0 ❢♦!♠❡ ❞❡ ✜❝❤✐❡!0 ❜✐♥❛✐!❡0✳ ❈♦♠♠❡ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ♥✬❡0+

♣❛0 ❞❡0+✐♥" 2 [+!❡ ✉♥ 0❡!✈✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❧♦✉❞ 2 ♣❛!+ ❡♥+✐^!❡✱ 0❡✉❧❡ ✉♥❡ ♣♦✐❣♥"❡ ❞❡ +②♣❡0

❞❡ ❝♦♥+❡♥✉ 0♦♥+ ♣!✐0 ❡♥ ❝❤❛!❣❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ +❡①+✴+✉!+❧❡✱ +❡①+✴♥✸✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥✴!❞❢✰①♠❧✱

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥✴❥0♦♥✱ +❡①+✴❤+♠❧✱ ✐♠❛❣❡✴❥♣❣✱ ✐♠❛❣❡✴♣♥❣✮✳

▲❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❡0+ "❝!✐+ ❡♥ S❍S✱ S②+❤♦♥ ❡+ ❏❛✈❛❙❝!✐♣+✱ ❡+ ❡0+ ❛❝❝❡00✐❜❧❡ ❛✉ ♣✉❜❧✐❝

0♦✉0 ✉♥❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝❡ ▼■❚ 0✉! ●✐+❤✉❜ 2 ✇✇✳✐♦

❤!!♣#✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴❞❡✐✉✴0✇✇✳✐♦

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111

❈♦♥❝❧✉&✐♦♥&

❆✉ ❞#❜✉% ❞❡ ❝❡%%❡ %❤)*❡✱ ♥♦✉* ❛✈♦♥* ❝♦♠♠❡♥❝# 1 ✐❞❡♥%✐✜❡4 5✉❡❧* *♦♥% ❧❡*

#❧#♠❡♥%* ❝❧#* 5✉✐ ♣♦✉44❛✐❡♥% ♥♦✉* ❛✐❞❡4 1 ♣❛4✈❡♥✐4 1 ✉♥❡ ✈#4✐%❛❜❧❡ ♣4♦♣4✐#%# ❞❡*

❞♦♥♥#❡* ❡% ❧✬✐♥%❡4♦♣#4❛❜✐❧✐%# ♣♦✉4 ❧❡ ❲❡❜ *♦❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♣4♦❝❤❛✐♥❡ ❣#♥#4❛%✐♦♥✳ ❙✐ ❧❛

❞#❝❡♥%4❛❧✐*❛%✐♦♥ ❡*% ❧❡ ❢❛❝%❡✉4 ❧❡ ♣❧✉* ✐♠♣♦4%❛♥% ❞❡ ❧✬#5✉❛%✐♦♥✱ ♥♦%4❡ ♠♦❞)❧❡ ♥❡

❢♦♥❝%✐♦♥♥❡ 5✉❡ *✐ ✉♥❡ ✈#4✐%❛❜❧❡ ✐♥%❡4♦♣#4❛❜✐❧✐%# ❡*% ♦❜%❡♥✉❡✳ >♦✉4 ❝❡%%❡ 4❛✐*♦♥✱

♥♦✉* ❛✈♦♥* ❞#❝✐❞# ❞✬✉%✐❧✐*❡4 ❧❡* %❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡* ❞✉ ❲❡❜ *#♠❛♥%✐5✉❡✱ ❝❛4 ❡❧❧❡*

♦✛4❡♥% ✉♥❡ ✈#4✐%❛❜❧❡ ✐♥%❡4♦♣#4❛❜✐❧✐%# ❛✐♥*✐ 5✉❡ ❞✬❛✐❞❡4 4❡♣4#*❡♥%❡4 ❞❡* ❞♦♥♥#❡*

❞✬✉♥❡ ♠❛♥✐)4❡ 5✉✐ ♥❡ ♣❡✉% ♣❛* ♣4@%❡4 1 ❝♦♥❢✉*✐♦♥ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✉✐4❡ ❡♥ ❡44❡✉4✳

❆✉ ❝♦✉4* ❞❡ ❝❡%%❡ %❤)*❡✱ ♥♦✉* ❛✈♦♥* ❝♦♥%4✐❜✉# 1 %4♦✐* %❤)♠❡* ❞❡ 4❡❝❤❡4❝❤❡

❞✐✛#4❡♥%*✱ ❛❧❧❛♥% ❞❡ ❧✬✐❞❡♥%✐%# ❞#❝❡♥%4❛❧✐*#❡ 1 ❧✬❛✉%❤❡♥%✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ❡% ❛✉ ❝♦♥%4A❧❡

❞✬❛❝❝)*✳ >♦✉4 ✈❛❧✐❞❡4 ♥♦* ❝♦♥%4✐❜✉%✐♦♥* ❞❛♥* ❧❡ ♠♦♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ 4❡❝❤❡4❝❤❡✱ ♥♦✉*

❛✈♦♥* ♣❛4%✐❝✐♣# ❛✉ ♣4♦❝❡**✉* ❞❡ *%❛♥❞❛4❞✐*❛%✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❲❡❜■❉ ❡% ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉

*❡✐♥ ❞✉ ❲♦4❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥*♦4%✐✉♠ ✭❲✸❈✮✱ 5✉✐ ♥♦✉* ❛ ♣❡4♠✐* ❞✬♦❜%❡♥✐4 ❞❡*

❝♦♠♠❡♥%❛✐4❡* ✐♠♠#❞✐❛%* ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛4% ❞❡* ❡①♣❡4%* ❞✉ ♠♦♥❞❡ ❡♥%✐❡4✳

❊♥✜♥✱ ♥♦✉* ❛✈♦♥* 4#✉**✐ 1 ♠❛%#4✐❛❧✐*❡4 ♥♦* 4#*✉❧%❛%* ❞❡ 4❡❝❤❡4❝❤❡ ❡♥ *❡4✈✐❝❡*

❡% ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥* 5✉✐ *♦♥% ❛❝%✉❡❧❧❡♠❡♥% ✉%✐❧✐*#* ❝♦♠♠❡ 4#❢#4❡♥❝❡* ❞❡ ❜❛*❡ ♣♦✉4 ❧❡*

%4❛✈❛✉① ❞❛♥* ❝❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡✳ ❚♦✉* ♥♦* ❡✛♦4%* ❞❡ ♠✐*❡ ❡♥ M✉✈4❡ ❝♦♥*✐*%❡♥% ❡♥ ❞❡*

❧♦❣✐❝✐❡❧* ♦♣❡♥ *♦✉4❝❡✱ ❞✐*♣♦♥✐❜❧❡* ❛✉ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ *✉4 ●✐%❍✉❜ ❛✈❡❝ ✉♥❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝❡ ▼■❚✳

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112 APPENDIX - RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS

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❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✲ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡,

❁❱✐#$✉❛❧❍♦*$ ♠②✲♣#♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✿✹✹✸❃

❙❡#✈❡#◆❛♠❡ ♠②✲♣#♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉

❙❡#✈❡#❆❞♠✐♥ ❛❞♠✐♥❅♠②✲♣#♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉

❉♦❝✉♠❡♥$❘♦♦$ ✴✈❛#✴✇✇✇✴♠②♣#♦❢✐❧❡

❁❉✐#❡❝$♦#② ✴❃

❖♣$✐♦♥* ❋♦❧❧♦✇❙②♠▲✐♥❦*

❆❧❧♦✇❖✈❡##✐❞❡ ❆❧❧

❁✴❉✐#❡❝$♦#②❃

❁❉✐#❡❝$♦#② ✴✈❛#✴✇✇✇✴♠②♣#♦❢✐❧❡✴❃

❖♣$✐♦♥* ✲■♥❞❡①❡* ❋♦❧❧♦✇❙②♠▲✐♥❦* ▼✉❧$✐❱✐❡✇*

❆❧❧♦✇❖✈❡##✐❞❡ ❆❧❧

❖#❞❡# ❛❧❧♦✇✱❞❡♥②

❛❧❧♦✇ ❢#♦♠ ❛❧❧

❁✴❉✐#❡❝$♦#②❃

★ ❊♥❛❜❧❡✴❉✐*❛❜❧❡ ❙❙▲ ❢♦/ 0❤✐* ✈✐/0✉❛❧ ❤♦*0✳

❙❙▲❊♥❣✐♥❡ ♦♥

★ ▲♦❣

▲♦❣▲❡✈❡❧ ✐♥❢♦

❊##♦#▲♦❣ ✩④❆N❆❈❍❊❴▲❖●❴❉■❘⑥✴❡##♦#✲**❧✳❧♦❣

❈✉"#♦♠▲♦❣ ✩④❆+❆❈❍❊❴▲❖●❴❉■❘⑥✴""❧❴❛❝❝❡""✳❧♦❣ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞

★ ❙❊❈❯❘■❚❨ ✲ ♦♥❧② ❛❝❝❡♣2 ❚▲❙

❙❙▲+@♦#♦❝♦❧ ❆❧❧ ✲❙❙▲✈✷

❙❙▲❈❡@#✐❢✐❝❛#❡❋✐❧❡ ✴❡#❝✴""❧✴❝❡@#"✴♠②✲♣@♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✳❝@#

❙❙▲❈❡@#✐❢✐❝❛#❡❑❡②❋✐❧❡ ✴❡#❝✴""❧✴♣@✐✈❛#❡✴♠②✲♣@♦❢✐❧❡✳❦❡②

❙❙▲❈❡@#✐❢✐❝❛#❡❈❤❛✐♥❋✐❧❡ ✴❡#❝✴❛♣❛❝❤❡✷✴❝❡@#✴❣❛♥❞✐❈❆✳♣❡♠

★ ▼❙■❊ ✼ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✇❡8 9❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ 2♦ ✉9❡ ❦❡❡♣❛❧✐✈❡

❇@♦✇"❡@▼❛#❝❤ ✧▼❙■❊ ❬✶✼✲✾❪✧ ""❧✲✉♥❝❧❡❛♥✲"❤✉#❞♦✇♥

❁✴❱✐@#✉❛❧❍♦"#❃

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✺✿ ❲❡❜ ,❡-✈❡- ❝♦♥✜❣✉-❛5✐♦♥ ✜❧❡ ❢♦- ▼②:-♦✜❧❡✳

✶✶✸

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114 APPENDIX - EXAMPLES

❁❱✐#$✉❛❧❍♦*$ ❛✉$❤✳♠②✲♣#♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✿✹✹✸❃

❙❡#✈❡#◆❛♠❡ ❛✉$❤✳♠②✲♣#♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉

❙❡#✈❡#❆❞♠✐♥ ❛❞♠✐♥❅♠②✲♣#♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉

❉♦❝✉♠❡♥$❘♦♦$ ✴✈❛#✴✇✇✇✴❛✉$❤

❁❉✐#❡❝$♦#② ✴❃

❖♣$✐♦♥* ❋♦❧❧♦✇❙②♠▲✐♥❦*

❆❧❧♦✇❖✈❡##✐❞❡ ❆❧❧

❁✴❉✐#❡❝$♦#②❃

❁❉✐#❡❝$♦#② ✴✈❛#✴✇✇✇✴❛✉$❤✴❃

❖♣$✐♦♥* ■♥❞❡①❡* ❋♦❧❧♦✇❙②♠▲✐♥❦* ▼✉❧$✐❱✐❡✇*

❆❧❧♦✇❖✈❡##✐❞❡ ❆❧❧

❖#❞❡# ❛❧❧♦✇✱❞❡♥②

❛❧❧♦✇ ❢#♦♠ ❛❧❧

❁✴❉✐#❡❝$♦#②❃

★ !♦##✐❜❧❡ ✈❛❧✉❡# ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✿ ❞❡❜✉❣✱ ✐♥❢♦✱ ♥♦2✐❝❡✱ ✇❛4♥✱ ❡44♦4✱ ❝4✐2✱

★ ❛❧❡42✱ ❡♠❡4❣✳

▲♦❣▲❡✈❡❧ ❞❡❜✉❣

❊##♦#▲♦❣ ✩④❆P❆❈❍❊❴▲❖●❴❉■❘⑥✴❡##♦#✲❛✉$❤✳❧♦❣

❈✉*$♦♠▲♦❣ ✩④❆P❆❈❍❊❴▲❖●❴❉■❘⑥✴**❧❴❛❝❝❡**✲❛✉$❤✳❧♦❣ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞

★ ❙❙▲ ❊♥❣✐♥❡ ❙✇✐2❝❤

❙❙▲❊♥❣✐♥❡ ♦♥

★ ❙❊❈❯❘■❚❨

★ ♦♥❧② ❛❝❝❡♣2 ❚▲❙

❙❙▲P#♦$♦❝♦❧ ❆❧❧ ✲❙❙▲✈✷

❙❙▲■♥*❡❝✉#❡❘❡♥❡❣♦$✐❛$✐♦♥ ♦♥

❙❙▲❈❡#$✐❢✐❝❛$❡❋✐❧❡ ✴❡$❝✴**❧✴❝❡#$*✴❛✉$❤✳♠②✲♣#♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✳❝#$

❙❙▲❈❡#$✐❢✐❝❛$❡❑❡②❋✐❧❡ ✴❡$❝✴**❧✴♣#✐✈❛$❡✴❛✉$❤✳♠②✲♣#♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✳❦❡②

❙❙▲❈❡#$✐❢✐❝❛$❡❈❤❛✐♥❋✐❧❡ ✴❡$❝✴**❧✴❝❡#$*✴❣❛♥❞✐✲✐♥$❡#♠❡❞✐❛$❡✳♣❡♠

❙❙▲❱❡#✐❢②❈❧✐❡♥$ ♦♣$✐♦♥❛❧❴♥♦❴❝❛

❙❙▲❱❡#✐❢②❉❡♣$❤ ✾

❙❙▲❖♣$✐♦♥* ✰❙$❞❊♥✈❱❛#* ✰❊①♣♦#$❈❡#$❉❛$❛ ✰❖♣$❘❡♥❡❣♦$✐❛$❡

★ ▼❙■❊ ✼ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✇❡4 #❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ 2♦ ✉#❡ ❦❡❡♣❛❧✐✈❡

❇#♦✇*❡#▼❛$❝❤ ✧▼❙■❊ ❬✶✼✲✾❪✧ **❧✲✉♥❝❧❡❛♥✲*❤✉$❞♦✇♥

❁✴❱✐#$✉❛❧❍♦*$❃

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✻✿ ❲❡❜ ,❡-✈❡- ❝♦♥✜❣✉-❛5✐♦♥ ✜❧❡ ❢♦- 5❤❡ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ ;❛-5②✳

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115

❁❄♣❤♣

❡"✉✐ ❡❴♦♥❝❡✭✬❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛2❡❞❆✉2❤✴❧✐❜✴❆✉2❤❡♥2✐❝❛2✐♦♥✳♣❤♣✬✮❀

✩❛✉2❤ ❂ ♥❡✇ ❆✉2❤❡♥2✐❝❛2✐♦♥❴❉❡❧❡❣❛2❡❞✭✮❀

✐❢ ✭✦✩❛✉2❤✲❃✐B❆✉2❤❡♥2✐❝❛2❡❞✭✮✮ ④

❡❝❤♦ ✩❛✉2❤✲❃❛✉2❤♥❉✐❛❣♥♦B2✐❝❀

❡❝❤♦ ✬❁❛ ❤ ❡❢❂✧❤22♣B✿✴✴❛✉2❤✳♠②✲♣ ♦❢✐❧❡✳❡✉✴❛✉2❤❄❛✉2❤ ❡"✐BB✉❡ ❂❁❙K ❯❘■❃✧❃✬❀

❡❝❤♦ ✬❈❧✐❝❦ ❤❡ ❡ 2♦ ▲♦❣✐♥✬❀

❡❝❤♦ ✬❁✴❛❃✬❀

⑥ ❡❧B❡ ④

❡❝❤♦ ✬❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ B✉❝❝❡B❢✉❧❧② ❧♦❣❣❡❞ ✐♥✦✬❀

♣ ✐♥2❴ ✭✩❛✉2❤✮❀

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷✼✿ ❆✉,❤❡♥,✐❝❛,✐♥❣ ✇✐,❤ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛,❡❞❆✉,❤✳

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116 APPENDIX - EXAMPLES

Page 138: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

❇✐❜❧✐♦❣&❛♣❤②

❬✶❪ ❇ ❆❞✐❞❛✱ ▼ ❇✐*❜❡❝❦✱ ❙ ▼❝❈❛**♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ■ ❍❡*♠❛♥✳ ❘❉❋❛ ❈♦*❡ ✶✳✶✿ ❙②♥<❛①

❛♥❞ ♣*♦❝❡??✐♥❣ *✉❧❡? ❢♦* ❡♠❜❡❞❞✐♥❣ ❘❉❋ <❤*♦✉❣❤ ❛<<*✐❜✉<❡?✳ ❲✸❈ ❘❡❝✲

♦♠♠❡♥❞❛,✐♦♥✱ ❏✉♥❡✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❤<<♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦*❣✴❚❘✴✷✵✶✷✴❘❊❈✲*❞❢❛✲❝♦*❡✲

✷✵✶✷✵✻✵✼✴✳

❬✷❪ ❈❤*✐?<♦♣❤❡* ❆❧❧❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❚✐♠ ❉✐❡*❦?✳ ❚❤❡ ❚▲❙ ♣*♦<♦❝♦❧ ✈❡*?✐♦♥ ✶✳✵✳ ✶✾✾✾✳

❬✸❪ ❆①❡❧ ❆*♥❜❛❦ ❛♥❞ ◆✐❝♦ ❱❛♥ ❊✐❥❦✳ ❈❡*<✐✜❝❛<❡ ❆✉<❤♦*✐<② ❈♦❧❧❛♣?❡✿ ❘❡❣✉❧❛<✐♥❣

<❤❡ ❲❡❛❦❡?< ▲✐♥❦ ✐♥ <❤❡ ❍❚❚W❙ ❱❛❧✉❡ ❈❤❛✐♥✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛, ❙❙❘◆ ✷✵✸✶✹✵✾✱

✷✵✶✷✳

❬✹❪ ●✐✉?❡♣♣❡ ❆<❡♥✐❡?❡ ❛♥❞ ❙<❡❢❛♥ ▼❛♥❣❛*❞✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣*♦❛❝❤ <♦ ❉◆❙ ?❡❝✉*✐<②

✭❉◆❙❙❊❈✮✳ ■♥ <=♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣? ♦❢ ,❤❡ ✽,❤ ❆❈▼ ❝♦♥❢❡=❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉,❡= ❛♥❞

❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛,✐♦♥? ❙❡❝✉=✐,②✱ ♣❛❣❡? ✽✻✕✾✺✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✶✳

❬✺❪ ❉❛✈❡ ❇❡❝❦❡<< ❛♥❞ ❇*✐❛♥ ▼❝❇*✐❞❡✳ ❘❉❋✴❳▼▲ ?②♥<❛①

?♣❡❝✐✜❝❛<✐♦♥ ✭*❡✈✐?❡❞✮✳ ❲✸❈ =❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛,✐♦♥✱ ✶✵✱ ✷✵✵✹✳

❤<<♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦*❣✴❚❘✴✷✵✵✹✴❘❊❈✲*❞❢✲?②♥<❛①✲❣*❛♠♠❛*✲✷✵✵✹✵✷✶✵✴✳

❬✻❪ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❇❡❝❦❡<< ❛♥❞ ❚✐♠ ❇❡*♥❡*?✲▲❡❡✳ ❚✉*<❧❡✲<❡*?❡ ❘❉❋ <*✐♣❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳

❲✸❈ ❚❡❛♠ ❙✉❜♠✐??✐♦♥✱ ✶✹✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✼❪ ❚✐♠ ❇❡*♥❡*?✲▲❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❉❛♥ ❈♦♥♥♦❧❧②✳ ❍②♣❡*<❡①< ♠❛*❦✉♣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✲✷✳✵✳ ❚❡❝❤✲

♥✐❝❛❧ *❡♣♦*<✱ ❘❋❈ ✶✽✻✻✱ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡*✱ ✶✾✾✺✳

❬✽❪ ❚✐♠ ❇❡*♥❡*?✲▲❡❡✱ ❉❛♥ ❈♦♥♥♦❧❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❛♥❞*♦ ❍❛✇❦❡✳ W*✐♠❡*✿ ●❡<<✐♥❣ ✐♥<♦

❘❉❋ ✫ ❙❡♠❛♥<✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✉?✐♥❣ ◆✸✳ ❲♦=❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥?♦=,✐✉♠✱ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✻✱

✷✵✵✵✳

❬✾❪ ❚✐♠ ❇❡*♥❡*?✲▲❡❡✱ ❉❛♥ ❈♦♥♥♦❧❧②✱ ▲❛❧❛♥❛ ❑❛❣❛❧✱ ❨♦?✐ ❙❝❤❛*❢✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✐♠

❍❡♥❞❧❡*✳ ◆✸❧♦❣✐❝✿ ❆ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢*❛♠❡✇♦*❦ ❢♦* <❤❡ ✇♦*❧❞ ✇✐❞❡ ✇❡❜✳ ❚❤❡♦=②

❛♥❞ <=❛❝,✐❝❡ ♦❢ ▲♦❣✐❝ <=♦❣=❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ ✽✭✸✮✿✷✹✾✕✷✻✾✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✶✵❪ ❚✐♠ ❇❡*♥❡*?✲▲❡❡✱ ❘♦② ❋✐❡❧❞✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❍❡♥*✐❦ ❋*②?<②❦✳ ❍②♣❡*<❡①< <*❛♥?❢❡*

♣*♦<♦❝♦❧✕❍❚❚W✴✶✳✵✱ ✶✾✾✻✳

❬✶✶❪ ❚✐♠ ❇❡*♥❡*?✲▲❡❡✱ ❘♦② ❋✐❡❧❞✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ▲❛**② ▼❛?✐♥<❡*✳ ❯♥✐❢♦*♠ *❡?♦✉*❝❡ ✐❞❡♥✲

<✐✜❡*? ✭❯❘■✮✿ ❣❡♥❡*✐❝ ?②♥<❛①✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❤<<♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❡<❢✳♦*❣✴*❢❝✴*❢❝✸✾✽✻✳<①<✳

❬✶✷❪ ❚✐♠ ❇❡*♥❡*?✲▲❡❡✱ ▼❛*❦ ❋✐?❝❤❡<<✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❚▼ ❉❡*<♦✉③♦?✳ ❲❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜✿

❚❤❡ ❖*✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❉❡?✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❯❧✐<♠❛<❡ ❉❡?<✐♥② ♦❢ ❚❤❡ ❲♦*❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❇② ■<?

■♥✈❡♥<♦*✳ ❍❛=♣❡= ❈♦❧❧✐♥? <✉❜❧✐?❤❡=? ■♥❝✱ ✶✾✾✾✳

✶✶✼

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118 BIBLIOGRAPHY

❬✶✸❪ ❏✳●✳ ❇(❡*❧✐♥✱ ❆✳ ❍❛(2❤✱ ❯✳ ❇♦❥❛(*✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❉❡❝❦❡(✳ ❚♦✇❛(❞* *❡♠❛♥2✐❝❛❧❧②✲

✐♥2❡(❧✐♥❦❡❞ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐2✐❡*✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜✿ ❘❡.❡❛/❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐✲

❝❛'✐♦♥.✱ ♣❛❣❡* ✺✵✵✕✺✶✹✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✶✹❪ ❉✳ ❇(✐❝❦❧❡② ❛♥❞ ▲✳ ▼✐❧❧❡(✳ ❋❖❆❋ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛(② *♣❡❝✐✜❝❛2✐♦♥✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ (❡♣♦(2✱

✷✵✵✾✳ ❤22♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥*✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴*♣❡❝✴✳

❬✶✺❪ ▲ ❏❡❛♥ ❈❛♠♣✳ ❘❡❧✐❛❜❧❡✱ ✉*❛❜❧❡ *✐❣♥❛❧✐♥❣ 2♦ ❞❡❢❡❛2 ♠❛*W✉❡(❛❞❡ ❛22❛❝❦*✳

■❙❏▲9✱ ✸✿✷✶✶✱ ✷✵✵✼✳

❬✶✻❪ ❙❝♦22 ❈❛♥2♦(✳ ❙❆▼▲ ✷✳✵ ❙✐♥❣❧❡ ❙✐❣♥✲❖♥ ✇✐2❤ ❈♦♥*2(❛✐♥❡❞ ❉❡❧❡❣❛2✐♦♥✳

❲♦/❦✐♥❣ ❉/❛❢'✱ ✶✭✶✮✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✶✼❪ ❏❡(❡♠② ❏ ❈❛((♦❧❧✱ ❈❤(✐*2✐❛♥ ❇✐③❡(✱ ]❛2 ❍❛②❡*✱ ❛♥❞ ]❛2(✐❝❦ ❙2✐❝❦❧❡(✳ ◆❛♠❡❞

❣(❛♣❤*✱ ♣(♦✈❡♥❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ 2(✉*2✳ ■♥ 9/♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣. ♦❢ '❤❡ ✶✹'❤ ✐♥'❡/♥❛'✐♦♥❛❧

❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❲♦/❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜✱ ♣❛❣❡* ✻✶✸✕✻✷✷✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✶✽❪ ❚♦♥② ❈❤❡♥❡❛✉✱ ❆♥❞(❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜(❛✱ ❛♥❞ ▼❛(②❧✐♥❡ ▲❛✉(❡♥2✳ ❆ ❚(✉*2❢✉❧

❆✉2❤❡♥2✐❝❛2✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑❡② ❊①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❙❝❤❡♠❡ ✭❚❆❑❊❙✮ ❢♦( ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♥❡2✇♦(❦*✳

■♥ ◆❡'✇♦/❦ ❛♥❞ ❙②.'❡♠ ❙❡❝✉/✐'② ✭◆❙❙✮✱ ✷✵✶✶ ✺'❤ ■♥'❡/♥❛'✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡/❡♥❝❡ ✱

♣❛❣❡* ✷✹✾✕✷✺✸✳ ■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✶✾❪ ❉ ❈♦♥♥♦❧❧② ❛♥❞ ■ ❍✐❝❦*♦♥✳ ❆♥ ❡♥2✐2② ❤❡❛❞❡( ❢♦( ❧✐♥❦❡❞ (❡✲

*♦✉(❝❡*✳ ❊①♣✐/❡❞ ■❊❚❋ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥' ❞/❛❢'✲❝♦♥♥♦❧❧②✲❧✐♥❦✲❤❡❛❞❡/✲✵✶✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✳

❤22♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦(❣✴](♦2♦❝♦❧*✴✾✼✵✼✲❧✐♥❦✲❤❡❛❞❡(✳❤2♠❧✳

❬✷✵❪ ▲✉❝❛ ❈♦*2❛❜❡❧❧♦✱ ❙❡(❡♥❛ ❱✐❧❧❛2❛✱ ◆✐❝♦❧❛* ❉❡❧❛❢♦(❣❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❋❛❜✐❡♥ ●❛♥❞♦♥✳

❙❤✐✸❧❞✿ ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡** ❝♦♥2(♦❧ ❢(❛♠❡✇♦(❦ ❢♦( 2❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ✇❡❜ ♦❢ ❞❛2❛✳ ■♥ 9/♦✲

❝❡❡❞✐♥❣. ♦❢ '❤❡ ✷✸/❞ ❆❈▼ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❍②♣❡/'❡①' ❛♥❞ .♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ✱ ♣❛❣❡*

✸✶✶✕✸✶✷✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❬✷✶❪ ❉♦✉❣❧❛* ❈(♦❝❦❢♦(❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛2✐♦♥✴❥*♦♥ ♠❡❞✐❛ 2②♣❡ ❢♦( ❥❛✈❛*❝(✐♣2 ♦❜❥❡❝2

♥♦2❛2✐♦♥ ✭❥*♦♥✮✳ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❤22♣✿✴✴2♦♦❧*✳✐❡2❢✳♦(❣✴❤2♠❧✴(❢❝✹✻✷✼✳

❬✷✷❪ ❊❞✳ ❉✳ ❍❛(❞2✳ ❚❤❡ ❖❆✉2❤ ✷✳✵ ❆✉2❤♦(✐③❛2✐♦♥ ❋(❛♠❡✇♦(❦✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ (❡♣♦(2✱

■❊❚❋✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❤22♣✿✴✴2♦♦❧*✳✐❡2❢✳♦(❣✴❤2♠❧✴❞(❛❢2✲✐❡2❢✲♦❛✉2❤✲✈✷✲✸✶✳

❬✷✸❪ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❉❛❤❧ ❛♥❞ ❘②❛♥ ❙❧❡❡✈✐✳ ❲❡❜ ❈(②♣2♦❣(❛♣❤② ❆]■✳ ❲♦/❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜

❈♦♥.♦/'✐✉♠✱ ❲♦/❦✐♥❣ ❉/❛❢' ❲❉✲❲❡❜❈/②♣'♦❆9■✲✷✵✶✸✵✶✵✽ ✱ ✷✵✶✸✳

❬✷✹❪ ❆✳❑✳ ❉❡②✳ ❯♥❞❡(*2❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✉*✐♥❣ ❝♦♥2❡①2✳ 9❡/.♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✉❜✐S✉✐'♦✉.

❝♦♠♣✉'✐♥❣✱ ✺✭✶✮✿✹✕✼✱ ✷✵✵✶✳

❬✷✺❪ ❚✐♠ ❉✐❡(❦*✳ ❚❤❡ 2(❛♥*♣♦(2 ❧❛②❡( *❡❝✉(✐2② ✭❚▲❙✮ ♣(♦2♦❝♦❧ ✈❡(*✐♦♥ ✶✳✷✳ ❚❡❝❤✲

♥✐❝❛❧ (❡♣♦(2✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❤22♣✿✴✴2♦♦❧*✳✐❡2❢✳♦(❣✴❤2♠❧✴(❢❝✺✷✹✻✳

❬✷✻❪ ❊ ❉✉♠❜✐❧❧✳ ❉❖❆]✿ ❉❡*❝(✐♣2✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ](♦❥❡❝2✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ (❡♣♦(2✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❤22♣✿✴✴2(❛❝✳✉*❡❢✉❧✐♥❝✳❝♦♠✴❞♦❛♣✳

❬✷✼❪ ❑✳ ❊❛2♦♥✳ ■❢ ❨♦✉✬(❡ ❆♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❢♦( ❛ ❏♦❜✱ ❈❡♥*♦( ❨♦✉( ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ]❛❣❡✳

❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ (❡♣♦(2✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❤22♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢❛*2❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳❝♦♠✴✶✸✸✹✶✶✸✴✐❢✲②♦✉(❡✲

❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣✲❥♦❜✲❝❡♥*♦(✲②♦✉(✲❢❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✲♣❛❣❡✳

❬✷✽❪ ❈❛(❧ ❊❧❧✐*♦♥✱ ❇✐❧❧ ❋(❛♥2③✱ ❇✉2❧❡( ▲❛♠♣*♦♥✱ ❘♦♥ ❘✐✈❡*2✱ ❇(✐❛♥ ❚❤♦♠❛*✱ ❛♥❞

❚❛2✉ ❨❧♦♥❡♥✳ ❙]❑■ ❝❡(2✐✜❝❛2❡ 2❤❡♦(②✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ (❡♣♦(2✱ ■❊❚❋ ❘❋❈ ✷✻✾✸✱

❙❡♣2❡♠❜❡(✱ ✶✾✾✾✳

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 119

❬✷✾❪ ◆✐❝♦❧❡ ❇ ❊❧❧✐,♦♥ ❡. ❛❧✳ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡.✇♦3❦ ,✐.❡,✿ ❉❡✜♥✐.✐♦♥✱ ❤✐,.♦3②✱ ❛♥❞ ,❝❤♦❧❛3✲

,❤✐♣✳ ❏♦✉#♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉+❡#✲▼❡❞✐❛+❡❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛+✐♦♥✱ ✶✸✭✶✮✿✷✶✵✕✷✸✵✱ ✷✵✵✼✳

❬✸✵❪ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❋ ❋❡33❛✐♦❧♦✱ ❘❛✈✐ ❙❛♥❞❤✉✱ ❙❡3❜❛♥ ●❛✈3✐❧❛✱ ❉ ❘✐❝❤❛3❞ ❑✉❤♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❘❛✲

♠❛,✇❛♠② ❈❤❛♥❞3❛♠♦✉❧✐✳ N3♦♣♦,❡❞ ◆■❙❚ ,.❛♥❞❛3❞ ❢♦3 3♦❧❡✲❜❛,❡❞ ❛❝❝❡,,

❝♦♥.3♦❧✳ ❆❈▼ ❚#❛♥4❛❝+✐♦♥4 ♦♥ ■♥❢♦#♠❛+✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❙②4+❡♠ ❙❡❝✉#✐+② ✭❚■❙✲

❙❊❈✮✱ ✹✭✸✮✿✷✷✹✕✷✼✹✱ ✷✵✵✶✳

❬✸✶❪ ❊❞✇❛3❞ ❚✳ ❍❛❧❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❍✐❞❞❡♥ ❉✐♠❡♥,✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇❨♦#❦✿ ❆♥❝❤♦# ❇♦♦❦4✴❉♦✉✲

❜❧❡❞❛②✱ ✶✾✽✷✿✶✶✼✕✶✷✹✱ ✶✾✻✻✳

❬✸✷❪ N❤✐❧❧✐♣ ❍❛❧❧❛♠✲❇❛❦❡3✳ ❙❡❝✉3✐.② ❆,,❡3.✐♦♥, ▼❛3❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ▼❛②✱ ✶✹✿✶✕

✷✹✱ ✷✵✵✶✳

❬✸✸❪ ◆❡✐❧ ❍❛❧❧❡3✳ ❚❤❡ ❙✴❑❊❨ ♦♥❡✲.✐♠❡ ♣❛,,✇♦3❞ ,②,.❡♠✳ ✶✾✾✺✳

❤..♣✿✴✴.♦♦❧,✳✐❡.❢✳♦3❣✴❤.♠❧✴3❢❝✶✼✻✵✳

❬✸✹❪ ◆❡✐❧ ❍❛❧❧❡3✱ ❈3❛✐❣ ▼❡.③✱ N❤✐❧ ◆❡,,❡3✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❦❡ ❙.3❛✇✳ ❆ ♦♥❡✲.✐♠❡ ♣❛,,✇♦3❞

,②,.❡♠✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ 3❡♣♦3.✱ ❘❋❈ ✶✾✸✽✱ ▼❛②✱ ✶✾✾✻✳

❬✸✺❪ ❊ ❍❛♠♠❡3✲▲❛❤❛✈✱ ❉ ❘❡❝♦3❞♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❉ ❍❛3❞.✳ ❚❤❡ ❖❆✉.❤ ✷✳✵ ❛✉.❤♦3✐③❛.✐♦♥

♣3♦.♦❝♦❧✳ ◆❡+✇♦#❦ ❲♦#❦✐♥❣ ●#♦✉♣ ■♥+❡#♥❡+✲❉#❛❢+✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✸✻❪ N ❍♦✛♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❏ ❙❝❤❧②.❡3✳ ❚❤❡ ❉◆❙✲❇❛,❡❞ ❆✉.❤❡♥.✐❝❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ ◆❛♠❡❞

❊♥.✐.✐❡, ✭❉❆◆❊✮ N3♦.♦❝♦❧ ❢♦3 ❚3❛♥,♣♦3. ▲❛②❡3 ❙❡❝✉3✐.② ✭❚▲❙✮✳ ❞#❛❢+✲✐❡+❢✲

❞❛♥❡✲♣#♦+♦❝♦❧✲✶✾ ✭✇♦#❦ ✐♥ ♣#♦❣#❡44✮✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❬✸✼❪ ❏❛♠❡, ❍♦❧❧❡♥❜❛❝❤✱ ❏♦❡ N3❡,❜3❡②✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✐♠ ❇❡3♥❡3,✲▲❡❡✳ ❯,✐♥❣ ❘❉❋ ♠❡.❛✲

❞❛.❛ .♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ❛❝❝❡,, ❝♦♥.3♦❧ ♦♥ .❤❡ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ,❡♠❛♥.✐❝ ✇❡❜✳ ■♥ J#♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣4 ♦❢

+❤❡ ❲♦#❦4❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦#❛+✐✈❡ ❈♦♥4+#✉❝+✐♦♥✱ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥+ ❛♥❞ ▲✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢

❙+#✉❝+✉#❡❞ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✭❈❑✷✵✵✾✮✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✺✶✹✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

❬✸✽❪ ❚✳ ■♥❦,.❡3✱ ❍✳ ❙.♦3②✱ ❇✳ ❍❛3❜✉❧♦.✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞3❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜3❛✳ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙

❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛.✐♦♥✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ 3❡♣♦3.✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❤..♣,✿✴✴❞✈❝,✳✇✸✳♦3❣✴❤❣✴❲❡❜■❉✴3❛✇✲

✜❧❡✴.✐♣✴,♣❡❝✴.❧,✲3❡,♣❡❝✳❤.♠❧✳

❬✸✾❪ ■❛♥ ❏❛❝♦❜, ❛♥❞ ◆♦3♠❛♥ ❲❛❧,❤✳ ❆3❝❤✐.❡❝.✉3❡ ♦❢ .❤❡ ✇♦3❧❞ ✇✐❞❡ ✇❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✹✳

❤..♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦3❣✴❚❘✴✇❡❜❛3❝❤✴✳

❬✹✵❪ ▼ ❙♥❡❧❧ ❏❛♠❡,✱ ▼❛3.✐♥ ❆.❦✐♥,✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❘❡❝♦3❞♦♥✱ ❈❤3✐, ▼❡,,✐♥❛✱ ▼♦♥✲

✐❝❛ ❑❡❧❧❡3✱ ❆3✐ ❙.❡✐♥❜❡3❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❘♦❜ ❉♦❧✐♥✳ ❆❝.✐✈✐.② ❇❛,❡ ❙❝❤❡♠❛✳ ❚❡❝❤✲

♥✐❝❛❧ 3❡♣♦3.✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❤..♣✿✴✴❛❝.✐✈✐.②,.3❡❛✳♠,✴,♣❡❝,✴❥,♦♥✴,❝❤❡♠❛✴❛❝.✐✈✐.②✲

,❝❤❡♠❛✳❤.♠❧✳

❬✹✶❪ ❏❛♠❡, ❇❉ ❏♦,❤✐✳ ❆❝❝❡,,✲❝♦♥.3♦❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦3 ♠✉❧.✐❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❡♥✈✐3♦♥♠❡♥.,✳

■♥+❡#♥❡+ ❈♦♠♣✉+✐♥❣✱ ■❊❊❊✱ ✽✭✻✮✿✹✵✕✺✵✱ ✷✵✵✹✳

❬✹✷❪ ▲❛❧❛♥❛ ❑❛❣❛❧✱ ■❛♥ ❏❛❝♦❜✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❦❡,❤ ❑❤❛♥❞❡❧✇❛❧✳ ●❛,♣✐♥❣ ❢♦3 ❆■❘ ❲❤②

✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❘✉❧❡, ❛♥❞ ❏✉,.✐✜❝❛.✐♦♥, ♦♥ .❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥.✐❝ ❲❡❜✳ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✹✸❪ ●3❛❤❛♠ ❑❧②♥❡✱ ❏❡3❡♠② ❏ ❈❛33♦❧❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❇3✐❛♥ ▼❝❇3✐❞❡✳ ❘❡,♦✉3❝❡ ❞❡,❝3✐♣.✐♦♥

❢3❛♠❡✇♦3❦ ✭❘❉❋✮✿ ❈♦♥❝❡♣., ❛♥❞ ❛❜,.3❛❝. ,②♥.❛①✳ ❲✸❈ #❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛+✐♦♥✱

✶✵✱ ✷✵✵✹✳

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120 BIBLIOGRAPHY

❬✹✹❪ ❲❡%♥❡% ❑♦❝❤ ❡+ ❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ●◆❯ ♣%✐✈❛❝② ❣✉❛%❞✳ ❈♦♠♣✉%❡' (♦❢%✇❛'❡✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✳

❤++♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣♥✉♣❣✳♦%❣✳

❬✹✺❪ ❇✉+❧❡% ❲ ▲❛♠♣E♦♥✳ F%♦+❡❝+✐♦♥✳ ❆❈▼ ❙■●❖3❙ ❖♣❡'❛%✐♥❣ ❙②(%❡♠( ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱

✽✭✶✮✿✶✽✕✷✹✱ ✶✾✼✹✳

❬✹✻❪ ❨❛❜✐♥❣ ▲✐✉✱ ❑%✐E❤♥❛ F ●✉♠♠❛❞✐✱ ❇❛❧❛❝❤❛♥❞❡% ❑%✐E❤♥❛♠✉%+❤②✱ ❛♥❞ ❆❧❛♥

▼✐E❧♦✈❡✳ ❆♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ♣%✐✈❛❝② E❡++✐♥❣E✿ ❯E❡% ❡①♣❡❝+❛+✐♦♥E ✈E✳ %❡✲

❛❧✐+②✳ ■♥ 3'♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣( ♦❢ %❤❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❆❈▼ ❙■●❈❖▼▼ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ■♥%❡'♥❡%

♠❡❛(✉'❡♠❡♥% ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❛❣❡E ✻✶✕✼✵✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✹✼❪ ▼❛%② ▼❛❞❞❡♥✳ F%✐✈❛❝② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥+ ♦♥ E♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ E✐+❡E✳ 3❡✇ ■♥%❡'♥❡%

❘❡♣♦'%✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❬✹✽❪ ❊✈❡ ▼❛❧❡%✱ ❈♦♥♦% F ❈❛❤✐❧❧✱ ❆❖▲ ❏♦❤♥ ❍✉❣❤❡E✱ ❆+♦E ❖%✐❣✐♥✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❇❡❛❝❤✱

❇♦❡✐♥❣ ❘❡❜❡❦❛❤ ▼❡+③✱ ❇♦♦③ ❆❧❧❡♥ ❍❛♠✐❧+♦♥✱ ❘✐❝❦ ❘❛♥❞❛❧❧✱ ❚❤♦♠❛E ❲✐E✲

♥✐❡✇E❦✐✱ ❊♥+%✉E+ ■%✈✐♥❣ ❘❡✐❞✱ ❡+ ❛❧✳ ❙❡❝✉%✐+② ❛♥❞ F%✐✈❛❝② ❈♦♥E✐❞❡%❛+✐♦♥E ❢♦%

+❤❡ ❖❆❙■❙ ❙❡❝✉%✐+② ❆EE❡%+✐♦♥ ▼❛%❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❙❆▼▲✮ ❱✷✳ ✵✳ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

✭❙❆▼▲✮✱ ✷✿✵✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✹✾❪ ▼♦❤❛♠♠❛❞ ▼❛♥♥❛♥ ❛♥❞ F❛✉❧ ❈ ✈❛♥ ❖♦%E❝❤♦+✳ F%✐✈❛❝②✲❡♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ E❤❛%✐♥❣

♦❢ ♣❡%E♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥+❡♥+ ♦♥ +❤❡ ✇❡❜✳ ■♥ 3'♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣( ♦❢ %❤❡ ✶✼%❤ ✐♥%❡'♥❛%✐♦♥❛❧

❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❲♦'❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜✱ ♣❛❣❡E ✹✽✼✕✹✾✻✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✺✵❪ ❏ ▼❛②❡%✱ ❆ ◆❛%❛②❛♥❛♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❙ ❙+❛♠♠✳ ❉♦ ♥♦+ +%❛❝❦✿ ❆ ✉♥✐✈❡%E❛❧ +❤✐%❞✲

♣❛%+② ✇❡❜ +%❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♦♣+ ♦✉+✳ ■❊❚❋ ❘❡J✉❡(% ❢♦' ❈♦♠♠❡♥%(✱ ♣❛❣❡E ✶✕✶✷✱

✷✵✶✶✳

❬✺✶❪ ❍ ◆✐❡❧E❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ▲❛▲✐❜❡%+❡✳ ❊❞✐+✐♥❣ +❤❡ ✇❡❜✿ ❉❡+❡❝+✐♥❣ +❤❡ ❧♦E+ ✉♣❞❛+❡

♣%♦❜❧❡♠ ✉E✐♥❣ ✉♥%❡E❡%✈❡❞ ❝❤❡❝❦♦✉+✳ ❲♦'❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥(♦'%✐✉♠ ◆❖❚❊

◆❖❚❊✲❞❡%❡❝%✲❧♦(%✲✉♣❞❛%❡✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❤++♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴✶✾✾✾✴✵✹✴❊❞✐+✐♥❣✴✳

❬✺✷❪ ❊%✐❝ F%✉❞✬❍♦♠♠❡❛✉①✱ ❆♥❞② ❙❡❛❜♦%♥❡✱ ❡+ ❛❧✳ ❙F❆❘◗▲

e✉❡%② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦% ❘❉❋✳ ❲✸❈ '❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛%✐♦♥✱ ✶✺✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❤++♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴❚❘✴✷✵✵✽✴❘❊❈✲%❞❢✲E♣❛%e❧✲e✉❡%②✲✷✵✵✽✵✶✶✺✴✳

❬✺✸❪ ❳✐❛♦❧❡✐ ◗✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❚❡%❡E❛ ❋✳ ▲✉♥+✳ ❆ ▼❆❈ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❢%❛♠❡✇♦%❦ ❢♦% ♠✉❧+✐❧❡✈❡❧

%❡❧❛+✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛+❛❜❛E❡E✳ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❉❛%❛ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡'✐♥❣✱ ■❊❊❊ ❚'❛♥(❛❝✲

%✐♦♥(✱ ✽✭✶✮✿✸✕✶✺✱ ✶✾✾✻✳

❬✺✹❪ ❉✳ ❘❡❝♦%❞♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❘❡❡❞✳ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ✷✳✵✿ ❛ ♣❧❛+❢♦%♠ ❢♦% ✉E❡%✲❝❡♥+%✐❝ ✐❞❡♥✲

+✐+② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥+✳ ■♥ 3'♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣( ♦❢ %❤❡ (❡❝♦♥❞ ❆❈▼ ✇♦'❦(❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❉✐❣✐%❛❧

✐❞❡♥%✐%② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥%✱ ♣❛❣❡E ✶✶✕✶✻✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✺✺❪ ❉✳ ❘♦E❡♥❜❧✉♠✳ ❲❤❛+ ❆♥②♦♥❡ ❈❛♥ ❑♥♦✇✿ ❚❤❡ F%✐✈❛❝② ❘✐E❦E ♦❢ ❙♦❝✐❛❧

◆❡+✇♦%❦✐♥❣ ❙✐+❡E✳ ❙❡❝✉'✐%② 3'✐✈❛❝②✱ ■❊❊❊✱ ✺✭✸✮✿✹✵✕✹✾✱ ✷✵✵✼✳

❬✺✻❪ ◆ ❙❛❦✐♠✉%❛ ❡+ ❛❧✳ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❝♦♥♥❡❝+ E+❛♥❞❛%❞ ✶✳✵✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✺✼❪ F✐❡%❛♥❣❡❧❛ ❙❛♠❛%❛+✐ ❛♥❞ ❙❛❜%✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❱✐♠❡%❝❛+✐✳ ❆❝❝❡EE ❝♦♥+%♦❧✿ F♦❧✐❝✐❡E✱

♠♦❞❡❧E✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐E♠E✳ ❋♦✉♥❞❛%✐♦♥( ♦❢ ❙❡❝✉'✐%② ❆♥❛❧②(✐( ❛♥❞ ❉❡(✐❣♥✱

♣❛❣❡E ✶✸✼✕✶✾✻✱ ✷✵✵✶✳

Page 142: Data ownership and interoperability for a …...social semantic web Andrei Vlad Sambra To cite this version: Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized

BIBLIOGRAPHY 121

❬✺✽❪ ❆♥❞'❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜'❛ ❛♥❞ ▼❛'②❧✐♥❡ ▲❛✉'❡♥4✳ ❈♦♥4❡①4✲❆✇❛'❡ ❉❡❝❡♥4'❛❧✐③❡❞

❆♣♣'♦❛❝❤ ❢♦' ❲❡❜ ❙❡'✈✐❝❡C✳ ■♥ ❙❡"✈✐❝❡& ✭❙❊❘❱■❈❊❙✮✱ ✷✵✶✷ ■❊❊❊ ❊✐❣❤4❤

❲♦"❧❞ ❈♦♥❣"❡&&✱ ♣❛❣❡C ✼✸✕✼✾✳ ■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❬✺✾❪ ❆♥❞'❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜'❛✱ ▼❛'②❧✐♥❡ ▲❛✉'❡♥4✱ ❡4 ❛❧✳ ▼②O'♦✜❧❡✲❉❡❝❡♥4'❛❧✐③❡❞

❯C❡' O'♦✜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ■❞❡♥4✐4② ♦♥ 4❤❡ ❲❡❜✳ ❲✸❈✬& ❋❡❞❡"❛4❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜

✭❋❙❲✷✵✶✶✮✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✻✵❪ ❆♥❞'❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜'❛✱ ❍❡♥'② ❙4♦'②✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❇❡'♥❡'C✲▲❡❡✳ ❲❡❜■❉ ❙♣❡❝✲

✐✜❝❛4✐♦♥✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ '❡♣♦'4✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❤44♣C✿✴✴❞✈❝C✳✇✸✳♦'❣✴❤❣✴❲❡❜■❉✴'❛✇✲

✜❧❡✴4✐♣✴C♣❡❝✴✐❞❡♥4✐4②✲'❡C♣❡❝✳❤4♠❧✳

❬✻✶❪ ❆♥❞'❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜'❛✱ ❍❡♥'② ❙4♦'②✱ ❡4 ❛❧✳ ❋'✐❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❖♥ ❚❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✳ ■♥

❲✸❈✬& ❋❡❞❡"❛4❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✻✷❪ ❈❧❛✉C✲O❡4❡' ❙❝❤♥♦''✳ ❊✣❝✐❡♥4 ✐❞❡♥4✐✜❝❛4✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ C✐❣♥❛4✉'❡C ❢♦' C♠❛'4

❝❛'❞C✳ ■♥ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡& ✐♥ ❈"②♣4♦❧♦❣②✖❈"②♣4♦✬✽✾ E"♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣&✱ ♣❛❣❡C ✷✸✾✕✷✺✷✳

❙♣'✐♥❣❡'✱ ✶✾✾✵✳

❬✻✸❪ ❘♦❜❡'4 ❙♥❡❧✐❝❦✱ ❯♠✉4 ❯❧✉❞❛❣✱ ❆❧❛♥ ▼✐♥❦✱ ▼✐❦❡ ■♥❞♦✈✐♥❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♥✐❧ ❏❛✐♥✳

▲❛'❣❡✲C❝❛❧❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛4✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✉❧4✐♠♦❞❛❧ ❜✐♦♠❡4'✐❝ ❛✉4❤❡♥4✐❝❛4✐♦♥ ✉C✐♥❣ C4❛4❡✲

♦❢✲4❤❡✲❛'4 C②C4❡♠C✳ E❛44❡"♥ ❆♥❛❧②&✐& ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ■♥4❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✱ ■❊❊❊

❚"❛♥&❛❝4✐♦♥&✱ ✷✼✭✸✮✿✹✺✵✕✹✺✺✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✻✹❪ ❑❛'C4❡♥ ❙♦❤'✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❉'♦✉✐♥❡❛✉❞✱ ●✲❏ ❆❤♥✱ ❛♥❞ ▼❛'4✐♥ ●♦❣♦❧❧❛✳ ❆♥❛❧②③✲

✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ '♦❧❡✲❜❛C❡❞ ❛❝❝❡CC ❝♦♥4'♦❧ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡C✳ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❉❛4❛

❊♥❣✐♥❡❡"✐♥❣✱ ■❊❊❊ ❚"❛♥&❛❝4✐♦♥&✱ ✷✵✭✼✮✿✾✷✹✕✾✸✾✱ ✷✵✵✽✳

❬✻✺❪ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❙♦❧♦✱ ❘✉CC❡❧❧ ❍♦✉C❧❡②✱ ❛♥❞ ❲❛'✇✐❝❦ ❋♦'❞✳ ■♥4❡'♥❡4 ❳✳ ✺✵✾ ♣✉❜✲

❧✐❝ ❦❡② ✐♥❢'❛C4'✉❝4✉'❡ ❝❡'4✐✜❝❛4❡ ❛♥❞ ❈❘▲ ♣'♦✜❧❡✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ '❡♣♦'4✱ ✶✾✾✾✳

❤44♣✿✴✴4♦♦❧C✳✐❡4❢✳♦'❣✴❤4♠❧✴'❢❝✷✹✺✾✳

❬✻✻❪ ❖❆❙■❙ ❙4❛♥❞❛'❞✳ ❡❳4❡♥C✐❜❧❡ ❆❝❝❡CC ❈♦♥4'♦❧ ▼❛'❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❈♦'❡

❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛4✐♦♥ ❱❡'C✐♦♥ ✷✳✵✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢"♦♠ ❲❡❜✿ ❤44♣✿✴✴❞♦❝&✳ ♦❛&✐&✲♦♣❡♥✳

♦"❣✴①❛❝♠❧✴✸✳✵✴①❛❝♠❧✲✸✳✵✲❝♦"❡✲&♣❡❝✲❝&✲✵✶✲❡♥✳ ♣❞❢✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❬✻✼❪ ❙♣❡✐❝❤❡' ❙4❡✈❡✱ ❆'✇❡ ❏♦❤♥✱ ❛♥❞ ▼❛❧❤♦4'❛ ❆C❤♦❦✳ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛4❛ O❧❛4❢♦'♠

✶✳✵✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ '❡♣♦'4✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❤44♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦'❣✴❚❘✴❧❞♣✴✳

❬✻✽❪ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ ❚❡❛♠✳ ❱❡'✐✜❡❞ ❊♠❛✐❧ O'♦4♦❝♦❧✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ '❡♣♦'4✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❤44♣C✿✴✴✇✐❦✐✳♠♦③✐❧❧❛✳♦'❣✴■❞❡♥4✐4②✴❱❡'✐✜❡❞❴❊♠❛✐❧❴O'♦4♦❝♦❧✳

❬✻✾❪ ❙❡❜❛C4✐❛♥ ❚'❛♠♣✱ ❍❡♥'② ❙4♦'②✱ ❆♥❞'❡✐ ❱❧❛❞ ❙❛♠❜'❛✱ O❤✐❧✐♣♣ ❋'✐C❝❤♠✉4❤✱

▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▼❛'4✐♥✱ ❙e'❡♥ ❆✉❡'✱ ❡4 ❛❧✳ ❊①4❡♥❞✐♥❣ 4❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ O'♦4♦❝♦❧ ✇✐4❤

❆❝❝❡CC ❉❡❧❡❣❛4✐♦♥✳ E"♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣& ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❚❤✐"❞ ■♥4❡"♥❛4✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦"❦&❤♦♣ ♦♥

❈♦♥&✉♠✐♥❣ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛4❛ ✭❈❖▲❉✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

❬✼✵❪ ❋❡'♥❛♥❞❛ ❇ ❱✐f❣❛C✳ ❇❧♦❣❣❡'C✬ ❡①♣❡❝4❛4✐♦♥C ♦❢ ♣'✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝♦✉♥4❛❜✐❧✲

✐4②✿ ❆♥ ✐♥✐4✐❛❧ C✉'✈❡②✳ ❏♦✉"♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉4❡"✲▼❡❞✐❛4❡❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛4✐♦♥✱

✶✵✭✸✮✿✵✵✕✵✵✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✼✶❪ ❙❡'❡♥❛ ❱✐❧❧❛4❛✱ ◆✐❝♦❧❛C ❉❡❧❛❢♦'❣❡✱ ❋❛❜✐❡♥ ●❛♥❞♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♠❡❧✐❡ ●②'❛'❞✳

❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥4✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡CC ❈♦♥4'♦❧✳ ■♥ E"♦❝& ♦❢ 4❤❡ ✹4❤ ■♥4❡"♥❛4✐♦♥❛❧

❲♦"❦&❤♦♣ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❉❛4❛ ♦♥ 4❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ❙❉♦❲✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✶✳

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122 BIBLIOGRAPHY

❬✼✷❪ ❚❤♦♠❛) ❨❈ ❲♦♦ ❛♥❞ ❙✐♠♦♥ ❙ ▲❛♠✳ ❉❡)✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐)67✐❜✉6❡❞ ❛✉6❤♦7✐③❛✲

6✐♦♥ )❡7✈✐❝❡✳ ■♥ ■◆❋❖❈❖▼✬✾✽✳ ❙❡✈❡♥.❡❡♥.❤ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❏♦✐♥. ❈♦♥❢❡8❡♥❝❡ ♦❢

.❤❡ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉.❡8 ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛.✐♦♥> ❙♦❝✐❡.✐❡>✳ ?8♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣>✳ ■❊❊❊ ✱

✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✱ ♣❛❣❡) ✹✶✾✕✹✷✾✳ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✽✳

❬✼✸❪ ❉✐ ❲✉✱ ❳✐②✉❛♥ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❏✐❛♥ ▲✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❛♦❧✐❛♥❣ ❩❤✉✳ ❖♥6♦❧♦❣②✲❜❛)❡❞ ❘❇❆❈

)♣❡❝✐✜❝❛6✐♦♥ ❢♦7 ✐♥6❡7♦♣❡7❛6✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❞✐)67✐❜✉6❡❞ ❡♥✈✐7♦♥♠❡♥6✳ ■♥ ❚❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥✲

.✐❝ ❲❡❜✕❆❙❲❈ ✷✵✵✻✱ ♣❛❣❡) ✶✼✾✕✶✾✵✳ ❙♣7✐♥❣❡7✱ ✷✵✵✻✳