Data Communication and Computer Networks Presentation
Transcript of Data Communication and Computer Networks Presentation
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DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKS PRESENTATION
PRESENTED BY:
ADIL CHOUDHARY 11900BEE_5
TOPIC: BEST ETHERNET DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION TO MINIMIZE COLLISIONS
Dated: 05/12/2009
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About Ethernet…
Ethernet is a Local Area Network (LAN) technology.
The original Ethernet enabled computers located
within a few hundred yards of one another to
exchange messages.
Ethernet in fact is the standard today
Reasons:
Simple
Cheap
Manufacturers keep making it faster
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About Ethernet…
Ethernet architecture is based on the concept of
connecting multiple computers to a long cable
sometimes called the ether, using transceivers.
Source:
http://www.cs.unc.edu/Courses/jbs/lessons/Internet/ethe
rnet/
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About Ethernet…
The three major elements of Ethernet networks are:
Ethernet packets are called frames. These are units of
data sent across the network.
The Ethernet access method, CSMA/CD. This method
controls packet transmission and information flow
across the Ethernet hardware.
Hardware cables, connectors, and circuitry. These
transfer data to and from systems across the network
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CSMA/CD
Source:http://www.universalteacherpublications
.com/univ/free-asgn/mcs42/Image57.gif
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Ethernet Frame Format…
Source
:http://www.mattjustice.com/ethernet/images/et
hernet_frame.gif
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Concept of collisions…
The basic strategy goes like this:
A computer listens on the cable to see if another
computer is transmitting, which is indicated by a
voltage change on the cable. If busy, the computer
waits and listens.
When the cable is not busy, a computer attempts to
transmit.
Another computer may attempt to transmit at the
same time, which causes a collision.
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Collision domain…
A collision domain is a physical network segment where data
packets can "collide" with one another for being sent on a
shared medium, in particular in the Ethernet networking
protocol.
Source
:http://www.thebryantadvantage.com/images/
Hub%202%20Data%20Collision.jpg
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Traffic Domains…
Router
Switch
Hub Hub
Switch
Hub Hub
Broadcast Domain Collision Domain
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Traffic Domains…
Try to eliminate collision domains
Get rid of hubs!
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Designing…
Now we need such a design for Ethernet in which
we have a minimum number of collisions. For this
purpose we have to consider some very important
points.
We have to chose the best topology for the
networking
Segmentation of collision domains.
Will have to design the layer 1, 2 and 3 structure.
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Segmentation of collision domain…
Collisions and collision domain size are two factors that negatively affect the performance of a network.
Segmentation is the process of splitting a single collision domain into smaller collision domains.
Creating smaller collision domains reduces the number of collisions on a LAN segment, and allows for greater utilization of bandwidth.
Layer 2 devices such as bridges and switches can be used to segment a LAN into smaller collision domains.
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Segmentation of collision domain…
Micro segmentation of the network reduces the
size of collision domains and reduces collisions.
Micro segmentation is implemented through the
use of bridges and switches.
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Evolution of Ethernet Topologies…
Bus
Everybody on the same coaxial cable
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netwo
rkTopology-Bus.png
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Evolution of Ethernet Topologies…
Star
One central device connects every other node
Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
/commons/6/66/NetworkTopology-Star.png
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Hub…
A frame sent by one node is always sent to every other node.
Hubs are also called “repeaters” because they just “repeat”
what they hear.
Hub
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Switch…
Forwards each incoming frame to the port where the destination node is
Reduces the collision domain
Makes more efficient use of the wire
Nodes don’t waste time checking frames not destined to them
Switch
A
B
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Switch vs. Router…
Routers do not forward Ethernet broadcasts. So:
Switches reduce the collision domain
Routers reduce the broadcast domain
This becomes really important when trying to design
hierarchical, scalable networks that can grow
sustainably
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Design guidelines…
Always connect hierarchically
If there are multiple switches in a building, use an
aggregation switch
Locate the aggregation switch close to the building
entry point
Locate edge switches close to users (e.g. one per floor)
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Minimize Path Between Elements
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Build Incrementally
Start small
Switch
Hosts
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Build Incrementally
As you have demand and money, grow like this:
Aggreg.
Hosts
Switch
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Do not daisy-chain
Resist the temptation of doing this:
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Connect buildings hierarchically
Router
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References…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3
http://www.cs.unc.edu/Courses/jbs/lessons/Internet/ethernet/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_domain
http://www.softpanorama.org/Net/Network_interface_layer/ethernet.sht
ml
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Thank You…!!!