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Compounds Copper Nitrate Acetic Acid Unknown 1 Unknown 2

Physical state Solid Liquid Liquid Solid

Color Blue Colorless Colorless White

Odor Odorless Strong sour odor Pungent odor Foul odor

Ignition test Yellowish-browngas Green flame Black precipitate

Colorless andvigorous gas No flame and

color change

No precipitateformed

White gas Light yellow flame White precipitate

Large amount ofwhite gas No precipitate

Compounds Butyl bromide Ethanol Sucrose Buteraldehyde Ethanoic acid

Water

Ether

HCl

NaOH

NaHCO3

H2SO4

Reaction to litmus Neutral Acidic

Reaction to

phenolphthalein

Solubility class X Sn S N SaCompounds Methyl amine Nitro phenol Diethyl ether Benzoic acid propanone

Water

Ether

HCl

NaOH

NaHCO3

H2SO4

Reaction to litmus Basic Neutral

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Reaction to

phenolphthalein

Solubility class Sb A1 N Sn

Unknown No. Water Ether HCl NaOH NaHCO3 H2SO4

6A

6B

Unknown No. 6A 6B

Reaction to litmus Basic

Reaction to

phenolphthalein

Solubility class Sb A1

Possible

Compounds

Salts Aromatic carboxylic acids

Class S Salts of organic acids (RCO2Na, RSO3Na); amine hydrochlorides

(RNH3Cl); amino acids; polyfunctional compounds with hydrophilic

functional groups: carbohydrates (sugars), polyhydroxy compounds,

polybasic acids, etc.

Class Sn Monofunctional alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, aromatic

amines, nitriles and amides with five carbons of fewer

Class Sa Monofunctional carboxylic acids with five carbons or fewer; arylsufonic

acids

Class Sb Monofunctional aliphatic and aromatic amines with six carbons orfewer

Class B Aliphatic amines with eight or more carbons; anilines (only one pheyl

group attached to nitrogen); some ethers

Class A1 Strong organic acids; carboxylic acids with more than six carbons;

phenols with electron withdrawing groups in the ortho and/or para

position(s); -diketones (1,3-diketones)

Class A2 Weak organic acids: phenols, enols, oximes, imides, sulfonamides,

thiophenols, all with more than five carbons; -diketones (1,3-

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diketones); nitro compounds with -hydrogens

Class N Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ester with one functional group and

more than five but fewer than nine carbons, ether, epoxides, alkenes,

alkynes, some aromatic compounds (especially those with activating

groups)

Class X Saturated hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, arylhalides, other deactivated

aromatic compounds, diaryl ethers

Introduction

Organic compounds are usually encountered during laboratory experiments. These organic compounds need to be tested through

preliminary examinations. Characterization of its properties is important so that proper handling of these compounds may be observed.

Preliminary tests includes characterization of some simple physical properties such its color, odor and ignition properties.

Definitely, solid and liquid organic compounds differ with their characteristics or properties. Stating the physical state of an organic

compound is necessary because most tables of physical properties of organic compounds are divided between solids and liquids. This relates to

its relative solubility and volatility. Remember that solubility and volatility are, sometimes, the only difference between some very similar

organic compounds.

Relative solubility of organic compounds is one of the most important properties that will help one to characterize compounds. Solubility

class table classifies organic compounds based on its extent of solubility on certain solvents, which is guided by a scheme. In the experiment, this

type of characterization method will be used.

Well, generally, in the experiment, some various compounds will be subjected to different preliminary tests such as ignition test. Ignition

test are done to identify the metal present in a compound. Another one, solubility class of various organic compounds will be identified. We

have tried also to identify an unknown compound using the given preliminary tests and through solubility class test.

Methods/Procedure

Before performance of the experiment, the following reagents must be prepared first:

Copper nitrate Acetic acid Butyl bromide

Ethanol Sucrose Buteraldehyde

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Ethanoic acid Methylamine Nitro phenol

Diethyl ether Benzoic acid Propanone

5% HCl 15% HCl 5% NaOH

5% NaHCO3 Conc. H2SO4

The following apparatus/materials were also needed for the experiment:

Pipets Test tube rack Micro test tubes with cork stopper

Clay triangle Iron ring Crucibles with cover

Iron stand Bunsen burner Nichrome wire

For the whole experiment, the group was given set of known organic compounds as well as two unknown samples, one solid and the

other one is liquid, subjected to preliminary tests and solubility classification tests. So basically, it was divided into two parts.

For the first part, which is the preliminary tests, the chemical compounds tested are: copper nitrate, acetic acid and the two unknowns.

The physical state, color and odor were examined for the test compounds. Then, after the three examinations, the ignition test was done. Small

amount (approximately 0.10 g if solid and 0.50 ml if liquid) of substance was placed in the crucible. It was heated and was observed. After it was

heated, if there is any residue left, a drop of distilled water was added and the solution was tested to litmus paper. Then, a drop of 15% HCl was

added and was observed if there is any evolution of gas. Lastly, a flame test using nichrome wire was performed to determine the presence of

any metal.

The second part of the experiment was the solubility classification tests. The following chemical compounds tested are: butyl bromide,

ethanol, sucrose, butyraldehyde, ethanoic acid, methylamine, nitro phenol, diethyl ether, benzoic acid, propanone and the two unknowns. Also,the following solvents are used: water, ether, HCl, NaOH, NaHCO3, H2SO4. One milliliter of each solvent was prepared. Then, scheme 2.1 was

followed in identifying the solubility class of each compound.

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TestCompound

Water

Soluble

Ether

Insoluble

Class S

Soluble

Litmus Paper

Neutral

Class Sn

Acidic

Class Sa

Basic

Class Sb

Insoluble

5% HCl

Soluble

AmineClass B

Insoluble

5% NaOH

Soluble

5% NaHCO3

Soluble

Strong OrganicAcid

Class A1

Insiluble

Weak OrganicAcid

Class A2

Insoluble

Conc. H2SO4

Soluble

Class N

Insoluble

Class X