S c i e n c e 10

Data Booklet

% errorexperimental value – theoretical value

theoretical value

% efficiency = outputinput

slope y yyx x x

_________________________________

element + element compound

compound element + element

compound + element new compound + new element

compound + compound new compound + new compound

hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water vapour

cation + anion NaOH(aq) sodium hydroxide

hydrogen -hydrogen -hydrogen

acidacid

acid

HC1(aq)H3PO4

H3PO3(aq)

aqueous hydrogen chloraqueous hydrogen phosphaqueous hydrogen phosph

chlor acidphosphor acidphosphor acid

Note: most oxides have low solubility in water

(mol)(g)

(g/mol)

most

Note: This solubility table is only a guideline that was established using the sp values. A concentration of 0.1 mol/Lcorresponds to approximately 10 g/L to 30 g/L, depending onmolar mass. Hg2

2+ is a polyatomic ion of mercury.

Ag+, Pb2+

Tl+, Hg22+,

Cu+

most most

Group 1,NH4

+, Sr2+,Ba2+, Tl+

Ag+,Pb2+,Ca2+,Ba2+,Sr2+,Ra2+

Group 1,NH4

+ most all

none

all

noneAg+,Hg2

2+

Group 1,NH4

+,H30

+ (H+)

most mostGroup 1,NH4

+,Group 2

(aq)

n___

57lanthanum138.91

La

89actinium(227)

Ac

Ac3+

actinium

La3+ lanthanum

Cs+

cesium

Rb+

rubidium

K+

potassium

Na+

sodium

Li+ lithium

H+

hydrogen

1hydrogen1.01

H

3lithium6.94

Li

11sodium22.99

Na

19potassium39.10

K

37rubidium85.47

Rb

55cesium132.91

Cs

87

francium(223)

Fr

Sr2+

strontium

Ca2+

calcium

Mg2+

magnesium

Be2+

beryllium

Y3+

yttrium

Sc3+

scandium

Hf4+

hafnium

Zr4+

zirconium

Ti4+

titanium(IV) Ti3+

titanium(III)

22titanium47.87

Ti

40zirconium91.22

Zr

72 hafnium 178.49

Hf

104 rutherfordium(261)

Rf

58cerium140.12

Ce

90thorium232.04

Th

Th4+

thorium

Ce3+

cerium

Ta5+

tantalum

Nb5+

niobium(V) Nb3+

niobium(III)

V5+

vanadium(V) V4+

vanadium(IV)

23vanadium50.94

V

41niobium92.91

Nb

73tantalum180.95

Ta

105 dubnium(262)

Db

59praseodymium140.91

Pr

91protactinium231.04

Pa

Pa5+

protactinium(V) Pa4+

protactinium(IV)

Pr3+

praseodymium

W6+

tungsten

Mo6+

molybdenum

Cr3+

chromium(III) Cr2+

chromium(II)

24chromium52.00

Cr

42molybdenum95.94

Mo

74tungsten183.84

W

106 seaborgium(266)

Sg

60neodymium144.24

Nd

92uranium238.03

U

U6+

uranium(VI) U4+

uranium(IV)

Nd3+

neodymium

Re7+

rhenium

Tc7+

technetium

Mn2+

manganese(II) Mn4+

manganese(IV)

25manganese54.94

Mn

43technetium(98)

Tc

75rhenium186.21

Re

107 bohrium(264)

Bh

61 promethium(145)

Pm

93neptunium(237)

Np

Np5+

neptunium

Pm3+

promethium

Os4+

osmium

Ru3+

ruthenium(III)

Fe3+

iron(III) Fe2+

iron(II)

26

iron55.85

Fe

44ruthenium101.07

Ru

76osmium190.23

Os

108 hassium(277)

Hs

62samarium150.36

Sm

94plutonium(244)

Pu

Pu4+

plutonium(IV) Pu6+

plutonium(VI)

Sm3+

samarium(III) Sm2+

samarium(II)

Ir4+

iridium

Rh3+

rhodium

Co2+

cobalt(II) Co3+

cobalt(III)

27cobalt58.93

Co

45rhodium102.91

Rh

77iridium192.22

Ir

109 meitnerium(268)

Mt

Fr+

francium

Ra2+

radium

7654321 98

Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions

Table of Polyatomic Ions

acetate

ammonium

benzoate

borate

carbonate

hydrogen carbonate

perchlorate

chlorate

chlorite

hypochlorite

chromate

dichromate

cyanide

hydroxide

iodate

nitrate

nitrite

methanoate

oxalate

hydrogen oxalate

permanganate

phosphate

hydrogen phosphate

dihydrogen phosphate

silicate

sulfate

CH3COO–

NH4+

C6H5COO–

BO33–

CO32–

HCO3–

CIO4–

CIO3–

CIO2–

CIO–

CrO42–

Cr2O72–

CN–

OH–

IO3–

NO3–

NO2–

CHOO–

OOCCOO2–

HOOCCOO–

MnO4–

PO43–

HPO42–

H2PO4–

SiO32–

SO42–

sulfite

hydrogen sulfide

hydrogen sulfate

hydrogen sulfite

thiocyanate

thiosulfate

SO32–

HS–

HSO4–

HSO3–

SCN–

S2O32–

Note: The legend at the right denotes the physical state of the elements at 101.325 kPa and 298.15 K (25°C).

4beryllium9.01

Be

12magnesium24.31

Mg

20calcium40.08

Ca

38strontium87.62

Sr

56

barium137.33

Ba

88radium(226)

Ra

21scandium44.96

Sc

39yttrium88.91

Y

LiquidSolid

Legend for the Elements

Seldom forms ionsGas

Polyatomic ions

Ba2+

barium

6

Pa5+

protactinium(V)

Pa4+

protactinium(IV)

Ion chargeStock name (IUPAC)

91protactinium231.04

Pa Symbol of the element

Atomic numberName of

the elementAtomic mass

Key

Lanthanide and Actinide Series Begins

Based on 12 C

Most stable or common ion is listed above dotted line. Atomic mass in parentheses indicates

mass of the most stable isotope.

6

Polyatomic Elements

astatine

bromine

chlorine

fluorine

hydrogen

At2

Br2

Cl2

F2

H2

iodine

nitrogen

oxygen

phosphorus

sulfur

I2

N2

O2

P4

S8

Elements

Am3+

americium(III) Am4+

americium(IV)

Eu3+

europium(III) Eu2+

europium(II)

Pt4+

platinum(IV) Pt2+

platinum(II)

Pd2+

palladium(II) Pd3+

palladium(III)

Ni2+

nickel(II) Ni3+

nickel(III)

28nickel58.69

Ni

46palladium106.42

Pd

78platinum195.08

Pt

64gadolinium157.25

Gd

96 curium(247)

Cm

Cm3+ curium

Gd3+

gadolinium

Au3+

gold(III) Au+

gold(I)

Ag+

silver

Cu2+

copper(II) Cu+

copper(I)

29copper63.55

Cu

47silver107.87

Ag

79gold196.97

Au

65terbium158.93

Tb

97 berkelium(247)

Bk

Bk3+

berkelium(III) Bk4+

berkelium(IV)

Tb3+

terbium

Hg2+

mercury(II) Hg+

mercury(I)

Cd2+

cadmium

Zn2+

zinc

30zinc65.41

Zn

48cadmium112.41

Cd

80mercury200.59

Hg

66

dysprosium162.50

Dy

98 californium(251)

Cf

Cf3+

californium

Dy3+

dysprosium

TI+ thallium(I) TI3+

thallium(III)

In3+

indium

Ga3+

gallium

Al3+

aluminium

5boron10.81

B

13aluminium26.98

Al

31gallium69.72

Ga

49indium114.82

In

81thallium204.38

Tl

67holmium164.93

Ho

99 einsteinium(252)

Es

Es3+

einsteinium

Ho3+

holmium

Pb2+

lead(II) Pb4+

lead(IV)

Sn4+

tin(IV) Sn2+

tin(II)

Ge4+

germanium

6carbon12.01

C

14silicon28.09

Si

32germanium72.64

Ge

50tin118.71

Sn

82lead207.2*

Pb

68erbium167.26

Er

100 fermium(257)

Fm

Fm3+

fermium

Er3+

erbium

Bi3+

bismuth(III) Bi5+

bismuth(V)

Sb3+

antimony(III) Sb5+

antimony(V)

As3–

arsenide

P3–

phosphide

N3–

nitride

7nitrogen14.01

N

15phosphorus30.97

P

33arsenic74.92

As

51antimony121.76

Sb

83bismuth208.98

Bi

69thulium168.93

Tm

101 mendelevium(258)

Md

Md2+

mendelevium(II) Md3+

mendelevium(III)

Tm3+

thulium

Po2+

polonium(II) Po4+

polonium(IV)

Te2–

telluride

Se2–

selenide

S2–

sulfide

O2–

oxide

8oxygen16.00

O

16sulfur32.07

S

34selenium78.96

Se

52tellurium127.60

Te

84polonium(209)

Po

70ytterbium173.04

Yb

102 nobelium(259)

No

No2+

nobelium(II) No3+

nobelium(III)

Yb3+

ytterbium(III) Yb2+

ytterbium(II)

At– astatide

I– iodide

Br–

bromide

Cl– chloride

F–

fluoride

H–

hydride

9fluorine19.00

F

17chlorine35.45

Cl

35bromine79.90

Br

53iodine126.90

I

85astatine(210)

At

71lutetium174.97

Lu

103 lawrencium(262)

Lr

Lr3+

lawrencium

Lu3+

lutetium

2 helium4.00

He1 hydrogen1.01

H

10neon20.18

Ne

18 argon39.95

Ar

36 krypton83.80

Kr

Xe

86 radon(222)

Rn

110 darmstadtium(271)

Ds 111 roentgenium(272)

Rg

63 europium151.96

Eu

95americium(243)

Am

181716151413121110

C carbon

B boron

Si silicon

54 xenon131.29

Ar argon

He helium

Xe xenon

Rn radon

Ne neon

Kr krypton

* The isotopic mix of naturally occurring lead is more variable than that of other elements, preventing precision to greater than tenths of a gram per mole.

7

Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems

Formulas Abbreviation (units)

= change in

= velocity (m/s)

= speed (m/s)

= displacement (m)

= distance (m)

= time elapsed (s)

= acceleration (m/s2)

= mass (kg)

= work (N•m or J)

= weight or force due to gravity (N)

= gravitational potential energy (J)

= magnitude of acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

= height (m)

= kinetic energy (J)

In Alberta, acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Earth = 9.81m/s2

W F d

W = E

gF m g

Em = Ep + Ek

= force (kg•m/s2 or N)

Em = mechanical energy

W

F

Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems

Magnification = (power of objective lens)(power of eyepiece)

high power field diameter low power magnification

low power field diameter high power magnification!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

Actual Size of Object = field diameter! !

"#$%&'!()!(%*&+,-!&-,.$/,&0!,(!).,!/+'(--!).&10!()!2.&3

Scale = diagram size of object *

*

! ! !

/+,#/1!-.4&

*must be in same units

Surface Area to Volume Ratio = surface area

volume

Unit D: Energy Flow in Global Systems

Heat Capacities of Selected Substances at 25°C

Compound

Specific Heat Capacity

J/(g"°C) or kJ/(kg"°C)

Water H2

Methanol CH

O(l)

3

Ethanol C

OH(l)

2H5

Hexane C

OH(l)

6H14

Ice H

(l)

2

Steam H

O(s)

2

Toluene C

O(g)

7H8

Air mixture of N

(l)

2(g), O2(g),

CO2(g), and trace gases

4.19

2.53

2.44

2.27

2.00

2.02

1.71

1.01

Thermodynamic Properties of Water

Compound Melting Point

(°C)

Boiling Point (°C)

Heat of Fusion

(kJ/mol)

Heat of Vapourization

(kJ/mol)

Water H2O(l) 0.00 100.00 6.01 40.65

Energy Formulas

fus H# = molar heat of fusion

vap H# = molar heat of vapourization

!"! = molar enthalpy (J/mol or kJ/mol)

#! = change in enthalpy (J or kJ)

#!= quantity of heat energy (J or kJ)

$! = mass (g or kg)

%! = amount in moles (mol)

&! = specific heat capacity (J/(g"°C or kJ/(kg"°C)

!'! = change in temperature (°C)

!" "#

%

# " $&!'

fus

QH

n# !

vap

QH

n# !