Data Analysis and Mathematical Models. Size is usually designated as N (total number of individuals)...
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![Page 1: Data Analysis and Mathematical Models. Size is usually designated as N (total number of individuals) Density – total number of individuals per area or.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649dea5503460f94ae5c24/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Data Analysis and Mathematical Models
EK 4.A.5 Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact
in complex ways
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PopulationsSize is usually
designated as N (total number of individuals)
Density – total number of individuals per area or volume
Dispersion – how individuals in a population are distributed
![Page 3: Data Analysis and Mathematical Models. Size is usually designated as N (total number of individuals) Density – total number of individuals per area or.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649dea5503460f94ae5c24/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Growth Patterns & InteractionsAge structure – is a description of the abundance of
individuals of each ageRapid growth – many young, few elderly; developing
countriesSlow growth – larger at the bottom that slowly narrow;
the USZero growth – tiers of equal width; Italy
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Growth Patterns & Interactions
About 1,000 years ago the human population began population growth thanks to increasing the carrying capacity of our environmentIncrease in food
supplyReduction in diseaseReduction in human
wasteExpansion of habitat
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Growth Patterns and InteractionsSurvivorship Curves
describe how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes
3 types of curvesType 1Type 2Type 3
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsType 1 Survivorship
describe species in which most individuals live to middle age; after that mortality is high
Examples: Humans, Elephants
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsType 2 Survivorship
describes organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, that is, the likelihood of death is the same at any age – constant death rate
Examples: Rodents and invertebrates
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsType 3 Survivorship
describe species in which most individuals die young, with only a relative few surviving to reproductive age and beyond
Examples: oysters, plants, free-swimming larvae, frogs
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsBiotic Potential is the
maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions
Take into consideration the following:Age at reproductive
maturityClutch sizeFrequency of
reproductionReproductive lifetimeSurvivorship of offspring
to reproductive maturity
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsLimits to Growth
Density-Dependent factors are those factors whose limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases
Examples – parasite & disease transmission; competition for resources; predation
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsLimiting Growth
FactorsDensity-Independent
factors occur independently of the density of the population
Examples – natural disasters such as fires, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; extreme climates such as storms and frosts
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsExponential Growth in a
population occurs whenever the reproductive rate is greater than zero.
Producing a J shaped curve
G=rNG stands for growth, r
stands for the per capita rate of increase, and N stands for the population size
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsLogistic Growth occurs when limiting factors restrict the
size of the population to the carrying capacity of the habitatProducing a S shaped curveG=rN*(K-N)/KK stands for the carrying capacity; as N approaches K the
growth rate is slowed, eventually reaching zero growth
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsExponential and logistic growth patterns are
associated with two kinds of life-history strategies:R-selected speciesK-selected species
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsR-selected species –
Rapid growth (J shaped curve)
Opportunistic species – grasses and insects
Quickly invade a habitat and reproduce immediately (after reproducing they die)
Produce many offspring that are small, mature quickly and require little if any parental care
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Growth Patterns & InteractionsK selected species
Population size remains relatively constant at carrying capacity, K – s shaped curve
Produce few offspring that are larger in size and require extensive parental care
Reproduction occurs repeatedly during their lifetime
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Growth Patterns & Interactions