Darwin Evolution Revised

8/18/2019 Darwin Evolution Revised

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EvolutionEvolutionDiversity of LifeDiversity of Life

copyright cmassengale


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““Nothing inNothing in

biology makesbiology makessense EXCEPTsense EXCEPTin the light ofin the light of

evolution.”evolution.”TheodosiusTheodosiusDobhansky Dobhansky

Evolution

Charles Dar!in in later yearsCharles Dar!in in later yearscopyright cmassengale


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"istory of"istory of

EvolutionaryEvolutionaryThoughtThought



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Early #deas $n Earth%sEarly #deas $n Earth%s$rganisms$rganisms

&ristotle&ristotle believed s'e(iesbelieved s'e(ies

!ere!ere

fi)edfi)ed

(reations(reations arranged byarranged bytheirtheir (om'le)ity(om'le)ity

#dea#dea lastedlasted*+++*+++ yearsyears



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Early #deas $n Earth%sEarly #deas $n Earth%s$rganisms$rganisms

LinnaeusLinnaeus , -, -stst totogrou' similargrou' similarorganisms andorganisms and

assign themassign them LatinLatin namesnames

T!o !ord nameT!o !ord name

/enus s'e(ies0/enus s'e(ies0

1no!n as1no!n as 2inomial2inomialnomen(laturenomen(lature



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:

Contributor%s to Dar!in%sContributor%s to Dar!in%s

thinking in(luded3thinking in(luded3• Charles Lyell ,Charles Lyell ,uniformintarianismuniformintarianismgeologi( 'ro(esses still (hanginggeologi( 'ro(esses still (hanging

Earth0Earth0• /eorges Cuvier ,/eorges Cuvier , s'e(iess'e(iese)tin(tion Catastro'hism0e)tin(tion Catastro'hism0

• Thomas 4althus ,Thomas 4althus , struggle forstruggle fore)isten(e resour(es0e)isten(e resour(es0



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:

Contributor%s to Dar!in%sContributor%s to Dar!in%sthinking in(luded3thinking in(luded3

• 5ames "utton 65ames "utton 6 /radualism/radualism• 5ohn 2a'tiste Lamar(k ,5ohn 2a'tiste Lamar(k ,

#nheritan(e of a(7uired#nheritan(e of a(7uiredChara(teristi(s Chara(teristi(s andand La! of 8seLa! of 8seand Disuse and Disuse

•

&lfred 9ussel :alla(e ,&lfred 9ussel :alla(e ,organisms evolved from (ommonorganisms evolved from (ommonan(estorsan(estors



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Evolutionary TimelineEvolutionary Timeline



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Catastro'hismCatastro'hism

#dea 'ro'osed by#dea 'ro'osed by /eorge Cuvier/eorge Cuvier ;tudied fossil in;tudied fossil in sedimentarysedimentary

ro(k strataro(k strata of Parisof Paris


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Catastro'hismCatastro'hism

;tated that;tated thats'e(ies disa''ears'e(ies disa''eardue to adue to a(atastro'hi((atastro'hi(event of theevent of theearth%s (rustearth%s (rust

vol(ano=vol(ano=earth7uake>0earth7uake>0



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"utton%s Theory of"utton%s Theory of/eologi(al Change/eologi(al Change

5ames "utton5ames "utton= -?@A= ;(ottish= -?@A= ;(ottishgeologistgeologist

;tudied;tudied invertebrate fossils ininvertebrate fossils inParis 4useumParis 4useumDes(ribed TheDes(ribed The /eologi(al 0



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"utton%s Theory of"utton%s Theory of/eologi(al Change/eologi(al Change

Changes inChanges inEarth%s (rust dueEarth%s (rust due

toto slo!slo!(ontinuous(ontinuous'ro(esses'ro(esses

#dea 1no!n as#dea 1no!n as

/radualism/radualism



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Charles LyellCharles Lyell

Pro'osed theory ofPro'osed theory of8niformintarianism8niformintarianism

/eologi(al 'ro(esses/eologi(al 'ro(essesatat uniform ratesuniform rates building !earingbuilding !earingdo!n Earth%s (rustdo!n Earth%s (rust

Pro'osed that thePro'osed that the

Earth !as millions ofEarth !as millions ofyearsyears instead of ainstead of afe! thousand yearsfe! thousand yearsoldold



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Prin(i'les of /eology Prin(i'les of /eology

Published byPublished by LyellLyell 5ust 2efore The5ust 2efore The2eagle2eagle ;et ;ail read by Dar!in;et ;ail read by Dar!in

E)'lainedE)'lained /eologi(al Pro(esses/eologi(al Pro(essesThat ;ha'ed The EarthThat ;ha'ed The Earth "el'ed Dar!in 8nderstand"el'ed Dar!in 8nderstand ;ea;ea

;hells #n The &ndes 4ountains &t;hells #n The &ndes 4ountains &t-*=+++


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Lamar(k%s Theory ofLamar(k%s Theory ofEvolutionEvolution

5ean62a'tiste Lamar(k5ean62a'tiste Lamar(k==-+@-+@

$ne $f


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#dea (alled#dea (alled La!La!of 8se andof 8se andDisuseDisuse

#f a body 'art#f a body 'art!ere used= it!ere used= itgot strongergot stronger

#f body 'art#f body 'artN$T used= itN$T used= itdeteriorateddeteriorated



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#nheritan(e of &(7uired#nheritan(e of &(7uiredChara(teristi(sChara(teristi(s

Pro'osed That 2y ;ele(tive 8se $rPro'osed That 2y ;ele(tive 8se $rDisuse $f $rgans= $rganismsDisuse $f $rgans= $rganisms&(7uired $r Lost Certain Traits&(7uired $r Lost Certain TraitsDuring Their LifetimeDuring Their Lifetime

TheseThese Traits Could Then 2e PassedTraits Could Then 2e Passed$n To Their $ffs'ring$n To Their $ffs'ring

$ver Time This Led To$ver Time This Led To Ne! ;'e(iesNe! ;'e(ies



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8se Disuse 68se Disuse 6$rganisms Could Change$rganisms Could ChangeThe ;ie $r ;ha'e $fThe ;ie $r ;ha'e $f

$rgans 2y 8sing Them$rgans 2y 8sing Them$r Not 8sing Them$r Not 8sing Them 2la(ksmiths Their2la(ksmiths Their

;ons;ons mus(ular arms0mus(ular arms0 /iraffe%s Ne(ks Longer/iraffe%s Ne(ks Longer

from stret(hing0from stret(hing0



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#nheritan(e $f &(7uired Traits#nheritan(e $f &(7uired Traits– Traits &(7uired During $nes LifetimeTraits &(7uired During $nes Lifetime:ould 2e Passed To $ffs'ring:ould 2e Passed To $ffs'ring

Cli''ed ears of dogs (ould be 'assed to offs'ringFcopyright cmassengale


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Tenden(y To!ard Perfe(tionTenden(y To!ard Perfe(tion $rganisms &re Continually Changing$rganisms &re Continually Changing

and &(7uiring


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Lamar(k%s 4istakesLamar(k%s 4istakes

Lamar(k Did N$T 1no! ho!Lamar(k Did N$T 1no! ho!traits !eretraits !ere inherited Traitsinherited Traits

are 'assed through genes0are 'assed through genes0 /enes &re N$T Changed 2y/enes &re N$T Changed 2y&(tivities #n Life&(tivities #n Life

Change ThroughChange Through 4utation4utation$((urs 2efore &n $rganism #s$((urs 2efore &n $rganism #s2orn2orn



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Goyage of the 2eagleGoyage of the 2eagle

Charles Dar!inCharles Dar!in 2orn


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& re(onstru(tion of the "4; 2eagle sailing off Patagonia.& re(onstru(tion of the "4; 2eagle sailing off Patagonia.

Dar!in%s Goyage of Dis(overyDar!in%s Goyage of Dis(overy



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Dar!in Left England in -H-Dar!in Left England in -H-

Dar!in returned A years later in -HIDar!in returned A years later in -HIcopyright cmassengale


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"4; 2eagle%s Goyage"4; 2eagle%s Goyage



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The /ala'agos #slandsThe /ala'agos #slands

Gol(ani( islandsGol(ani( islands offoffthe (oast of ;ouththe (oast of ;outh&meri(a&meri(a

#sland s'e(ies varied#sland s'e(ies variedfrom mainland s'e(iesfrom mainland s'e(ies from island6to6 from island6to6island s'e(iesisland s'e(ies

Ea(h island had longEa(h island had longor short ne(kor short ne(ktortoisestortoises



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The /ala'agos #slandsThe /ala'agos #slands

Finches on the islandsFinches on the islands resemled aresemled amainland !inchmainland !inch

"ore types o! !inches appeared on"ore types o! !inches appeared onthe islandsthe islands #here the a$ailale !ood#here the a$ailale !ood#as di!!erent %seeds& n'ts& erriesas di!!erent %seeds& n'ts& erries&insects()insects()

Finches hadFinches had di!!erent types o! ea*sdi!!erent types o! ea*s adapted to theiradapted to their type o! !oodtype o! !oodgatheringgathering



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Dar!in%s $bservationsDar!in%s $bservations Con(lusions Con(lusions

The ;truggle forThe ;truggle forE)isten(eE)isten(e



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Goyage of the 2eagleGoyage of the 2eagle

During "is Travels= Dar!inDuring "is Travels= Dar!in

4ade Numerous $bservations4ade Numerous $bservations&nd Colle(ted Eviden(e That&nd Colle(ted Eviden(e ThatLed "im To Pro'ose &Led "im To Pro'ose &9evolutionary "y'othesis9evolutionary "y'othesis &bout The :ay Life Changes&bout The :ay Life Changes$ver Time$ver Time



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Dar!in%s $bservationsDar!in%s $bservations

Patterns ofPatterns ofDiversity !ereDiversity !eresho!nsho!n

8ni7ue &da'tations8ni7ue &da'tations

in organismsin organisms ;'e(ies Not Evenly;'e(ies Not Evenly

DistributedDistributed» &ustralia=&ustralia=

1angaroos= but No1angaroos= but No9abbits9abbits

» ;. &meri(a=;. &meri(a=LlamasLlamas



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Eviden(e for Evolution , The


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Eviden(e for Evolution , The


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DefinitionDefinition

• Evolution isthe slo! =

gradual(hange in a'o'ulation of

organismsover time



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Left un(he(ked= thenumber of organisms ofea(h s'e(ies !ill in(rease

e)'onentially= generationto generation

#n nature= 'o'ulations tend

to remain stable in sie Environmental resour(esare limited



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Dar!in%s Con(lusionDar!in%s Con(lusion

• Produ(tion of moreindividuals than (an besu''orted by the

environment leads to astruggle for e)isten(eamong individuals

• $nly a fra(tion of

offs'ring survive ea(hgeneration• ;urvival of the


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• #ndividuals of a'o'ulation varye)tensively in their

(hara(teristi(s !ithno t!o individualsbeing e)a(tly alike.

• 4u(h of thisvariation bet!eenindividuals isinheritable.



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•TheThe une7ual ability of individuals toune7ual ability of individuals tosurvive and re'rodu(esurvive and re'rodu(e leads to a gradualleads to a gradual

(hange in a 'o'ulation= !ith favorable(hange in a 'o'ulation= !ith favorable(hara(teristi(s a((umulating over(hara(teristi(s a((umulating overgenerationsgenerations natural sele(tion0natural sele(tion0

•Ne! s'e(ies evolveNe! s'e(ies evolve

Dar!in%sDar!in%s

TheoryTheoryofofEvolutionEvolution



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#deas That ;ha'ed#deas That ;ha'edDar!in%s ThinkingDar!in%s Thinking

Thomas 4althusThomas 4althus



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Po'ulation /ro!thPo'ulation /ro!th

Thomas 4althusThomas 4althus= -?@= -?@ E(onomistE(onomist

$bserved$bserved 2abies 2eing 2orn2abies 2eing 2orn


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+op'lation ,ro#th+op'lation ,ro#th

4althus4althus 9easoned That9easoned That#f The "uman#f The "umanPo'ulationPo'ulation Continued ToContinued To

/ro! 8n(he(ked/ro! 8n(he(ked==;ooner or Later There;ooner or Later There:ould 2e:ould 2e #nsuffi(ient#nsuffi(ientLiving ;'a(e


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+op'lation ,ro#th+op'lation ,ro#th

Dar!in 9ealiedDar!in 9ealied4althus%s Prin(i'les4althus%s Prin(i'les:ere Gisible #n:ere Gisible #nNatureNature

Plants &nimalsPlants &nimalsProdu(e


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Dar!in%s Theory ofDar!in%s Theory ofEvolutionEvolution

$rganisms Change $ver Time$rganisms Change $ver Time



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Common Des(ent !ithCommon Des(ent !ith4odifi(ation4odifi(ation

Dar!in 'ro'osedDar!in 'ro'osedthat organismsthat organismsdes(ended fromdes(ended from

(ommon an(estors(ommon an(estors #dea that organisms#dea that organisms

(hange !ith time(hange !ith time==diverging from adiverging from a

(ommon form(ommon form CausedCaused evolution ofevolution of

ne! s'e(iesne! s'e(ies



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Natural ;ele(tion

Driving for(eDriving for(e forforevolutionevolution

During the struggle forDuring the struggle forresour(es=resour(es= strongeststrongestsurvive re'rodu(esurvive re'rodu(e

#dea that at least#dea that at leastsome of thesome of thedifferen(esdifferen(es bet!eenbet!een

individuals= !hi(hindividuals= !hi(him'a(t their survivalim'a(t their survivaland fertility= areand fertility= areinheritableinheritable



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$rigin of ;'e(ies$rigin of ;'e(ies

Dar!in Presents "is CaseDar!in Presents "is Case


P bli ti f “$ Th $ i iP bli ti f “$ Th $ i i


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Publi(ation of “$n The $riginPubli(ation of “$n The $riginof ;'e(ies”of ;'e(ies”

8'on "is 9eturn To England= Dar!in8'on "is 9eturn To England= Dar!inDevelo'ed "is $bservations #ntoDevelo'ed "is $bservations #ntoThe Theory of EvolutionThe Theory of Evolution

2ut "e2ut "e Did Not Publish


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Dar!in 1ne! That "is TheoryDar!in 1ne! That "is Theory:ould 2e:ould 2e E)tremely ControversialE)tremely Controversial

&nd :ould 2e &tta(ked&nd :ould 2e &tta(ked "is Theory"is Theory Challenged EstablishedChallenged Established

9eligious ;(ientifi( 2eliefs9eligious ;(ientifi( 2eliefs==

Parti(ularly &bout The Creation $fParti(ularly &bout The Creation $f4an4an


P bli ti f “$ Th $ i iP bli ti f “$ Th $ i i


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"e 9efused To Publish 8ntil"e 9efused To Publish 8ntil"e 9e(eived &n Essay


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:alla(e%s Contribution:alla(e%s Contribution

• &lfred 9ussel :alla(e&lfred 9ussel :alla(e #nde'endently (ame to#nde'endently (ame tosame Con(lusion assame Con(lusion as

Dar!in that s'e(iesDar!in that s'e(ies(hanged over time(hanged over timebe(ause of their strugglebe(ause of their strugglefor e)isten(efor e)isten(e

• :hen Dar!in read:hen Dar!in read:alla(e%s essay=:alla(e%s essay= he kne!he kne!he had to 'ublish hishe had to 'ublish hisfindingsfindings


P bli ti f “$ Th $ i iP bli ti n f “$n Th $ i in


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Publi(ation of “$n The $riginPubli(ation of $n The $riginof ;'e(ies”of ;'e(ies”

Dar!in Presented :alla(e%s Essay Dar!in Presented :alla(e%s Essay ;ome $f "is :ork &t & ;(ientifi(;ome $f "is :ork &t & ;(ientifi(Conferen(e of theConferen(e of the Linnaean ;o(ietyLinnaean ;o(iety in 5uly ofin 5uly of -A-A

Then "e ;tarted $n his bookThen "e ;tarted $n his book“$rigin of ;'e(ies”“$rigin of ;'e(ies”

#t Took Dar!in - 4onths To#t Took Dar!in - 4onths ToCom'lete The 2ookCom'lete The 2ook


N t l G i ti dNatural Gariati n and


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Natural Gariation andNatural Gariation and&rtifi(ial ;ele(tion&rtifi(ial ;ele(tion

&bandoned The #dea&bandoned The #dea That ;'e(iesThat ;'e(ies:ere Perfe(t 8n(hanging:ere Perfe(t 8n(hanging

$bserved$bserved ;ignifi(ant Gariation in;ignifi(ant Gariation in&ll ;'e(ies&ll ;'e(ies $bserved$bserved

$bserved$bserved


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Natural GariationNatural Gariation– Differen(es &mong #ndividuals $fDifferen(es &mong #ndividuals $f

& ;'e(ies& ;'e(ies &rtifi(ial ;ele(tion&rtifi(ial ;ele(tion

– ;ele(tive 2reeding To Enhan(e;ele(tive 2reeding To Enhan(eDesired Traits &mong ;to(k orDesired Traits &mong ;to(k orCro'sCro's


N t l G i ti dNatural Gariation and


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1ey Con(e't31ey Con(e't3

#n#n &rtifi(ial ;ele(tion&rtifi(ial ;ele(tion== NatureNature

Provided The Gariation &mongProvided The Gariation &mongDifferent $rganisms= &ndDifferent $rganisms= &nd"umans ;ele(ted Those"umans ;ele(ted Those

Gariations That They


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$rigin of ;'e(ies$rigin of ;'e(ies

-oncepts and -ontro$ersy-oncepts and -ontro$ersy


Evolution 2y Natural ;ele(tionEvolution 2y Natural ;ele(tion


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Evolution 2y Natural ;ele(tionEvolution 2y Natural ;ele(tionCon(e'tsCon(e'ts

The ;truggle for E)isten(eThe ;truggle for E)isten(e (om'ete for food= mates= s'a(e=(om'ete for food= mates= s'a(e=

!ater= et(.0!ater= et(.0 ;urvival of the


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;urvival of the


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;urvival of the


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;urvival of the


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;urvival of the


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Natural ;ele(tionNatural ;ele(tion

Cannot 2e ;een Dire(tlyCannot 2e ;een Dire(tly #t Can $nly 2e $bserved &s#t Can $nly 2e $bserved &s

Changes #n & Po'ulation $verChanges #n & Po'ulation $ver4any ;u((essive /enerations4any ;u((essive /enerations– 9adiation9adiation

–


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Des(ent :ith 4odifi(ationDes(ent :ith 4odifi(ation

Takes Pla(e $verTakes Pla(e $ver Long Periods of Timeof Time

Natural ;ele(tion Can 2eNatural ;ele(tion Can 2e$bserved &s Changes #n&s Changes #n– 2ody ;tru(tures2ody ;tru(tures

– E(ologi(al Ni(hesE(ologi(al Ni(hes– "abitats"abitats



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;'e(ies;'e(ies Today Look Different


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#m'lies#m'lies– &ll Living $rganisms &re 9elated&ll Living $rganisms &re 9elated

– ;ingle Tree of Life;ingle Tree of Life

»DN&= 2ody ;tru(tures= EnergyDN&= 2ody ;tru(tures= Energy;our(es;our(es

Common Des(ent

– &ll ;'e(ies= Living E)tin(t= :ere&ll ;'e(ies= Living E)tin(t= :ereDerived


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.

4aor Problem in Dar!in sTheory

• No me(hanism to e)'lainnatural sele(tion

• "o! (ould favorable

variations be transmitted tolater generationsJ• :ith the redis(overy of

4endel%s !ork in the first

half of the *+th (entury=the missing link inevolutionary theory !asfound



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$''osition to Evolution$''osition to Evolution

• The u'heavalsurrounding evolutionbegan !ith Dar!in%s

'ubli(ation of $n the$rigin of ;'e(ies 2y4eans of Natural

;ele(tion • The debate (ontinuesnearly -A+ years later



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Theory of EvolutionTheory of EvolutionTodayToday

.'pporting /$idence.'pporting /$idence



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"omologous ;tru(tures"omologous ;tru(turescopyright cmassengale

Evidence for Evolution Comparative Embryology


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Evidence for Evolution - Comparative Embryology

;imilarities #n Embryoni( Develo'ment



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;imilarities in DN& ;e7uen(e;imilarities in DN& ;e7uen(ecopyright cmassengale


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EvolutionEvolution

ofof'esti(ide'esti(ideresistan(eresistan(e

in res'onsein res'onsetoto

sele(tionsele(tion


Evidence for Evolution – Evolution Observed


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Evolution of drug6resistan(e in "#Gcopyright cmassengale

Evidence for Evolution – Evolution Observed


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;ele(tion against small gu''ies results in an in(rease in

average siecopyright cmassengale

Evolutionary


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EvolutionaryTime ;(ales

4a(roevolution3 Long time s(aleLong time s(ale

events thatevents that(reate and(reate and

destroy s'e(ies.destroy s'e(ies.



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4i(roevolution3

;hort time s(aleeventsgeneration6to6generation0 that

(hange thegenoty'es and'henoty'es of

'o'ulations

Evolutionary

Time ;(ales


Eviden(e of EvolutionEviden(e of Evolution


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Eviden(e of EvolutionEviden(e of Evolution1ey Con(e't

Dar!in &rgued That Living Things "aveDar!in &rgued That Living Things "ave2een Evolving $n Earth


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/eogra'hi( Distribution of/eogra'hi( Distribution ofLiving ;'e(iesLiving ;'e(ies

Different &nimalsDifferent &nimals$n Different$n Different

Continents 2utContinents 2ut;imilar &da'tations;imilar &da'tationsTo ;haredTo ;hared

EnvironmentsEnvironments


"omologous 2ody"omologous 2ody


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"omologous 2ody"omologous 2ody;tru(tures;tru(tures

;(ientists Noti(ed &nimals :ith;(ientists Noti(ed &nimals :ith2a(kbones Gertebrates0 "ad2a(kbones Gertebrates0 "ad

;imilar 2one ;tru(ture;imilar 2one ;tru(ture

4ay4ay Differ #n


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"omologous 2ody"omo ogous o y;tru(tures;tru(tures

;tru(tures That "ave Different;tru(tures That "ave Different4ature


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"omologous 2odym g y;tru(tures;tru(tures


"omologous 2ody"omologous 2ody


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"omologous 2odym g y;tru(tures;tru(tures

Not &ll ;erve #m'ortant


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;imilarities #n Early;imilarities #n Early

Develo'mentDevelo'ment Embryoni( ;tru(tures $f DifferentEmbryoni( ;tru(tures $f Different

;'e(ies ;ho! ;ignifi(ant;'e(ies ;ho! ;ignifi(ant

;imilarities;imilarities EmbryoEmbryo , early stages of, early stages of

vertebrate develo'mentvertebrate develo'ment


" < t A k"um n < tus A ks


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"uman


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-hic*en 'rtle

at



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9evie!9evie!


D inM ThDar!inMs Theory


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Dar!inMs TheoryDar!inMs Theory

-.-. #ndividual $rganisms #n Nature#ndividual $rganisms #n NatureDiffer


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Dar!inMs TheoryDar!in s Theory

H.H. 2e(ause 4ore $rganisms &re2e(ause 4ore $rganisms &reProdu(ed Than Can ;urvive=Produ(ed Than Can ;urvive=4embers $f Ea(h ;'e(ies 4ust4embers $f Ea(h ;'e(ies 4ust

Com'ete


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A.A. #ndividuals 2est ;uited To Their#ndividuals 2est ;uited To TheirEnvironment ;urvive 9e'rodu(eEnvironment ;urvive 9e'rodu(e;u((essfully , Passing Their Traits To;u((essfully , Passing Their Traits To

Their $ffs'ring.Their $ffs'ring.I.I. ;'e(ies Change $ver Time. $ver Long;'e(ies Change $ver Time. $ver Long

Periods= Natural ;ele(tion CausesPeriods= Natural ;ele(tion CausesChanges That 4ay Eventually Lead ToChanges That 4ay Eventually Lead To

Ne! ;'e(iesNe! ;'e(ies


Dar!inMs TheoryDar!inMs Theory


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?.?. ;'e(ies &live Today "ave;'e(ies &live Today "aveDes(ended :ith 4odifi(ationsDes(ended :ith 4odifi(ations


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Darwin Evolution Revised

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Transcript of Darwin Evolution Revised