DaRT Overview

Microsoft Diagnostics

and Recovery Toolset

Overview

Microsoft Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset (DaRT) provides a set of tools that

help IT shift desktop repair planning from reactive to proactive, saving time

and reducing the challenges associated with troubleshooting and repairing

desktop system failures. This white paper offers an overview of DaRT: its

benefits, its capabilities, and how to evaluate it.

DART OVERVIEW | INTRODUCTION 1

Introduction

A user frantically calls the Help desk. His PC keeps crashing, and your manager sends you to fix

the problem. At the users desk, you log on to the Windows operating system and use the

troubleshooting tools available. You look in Event Viewer for clues, and you determine that the

problem is a faulty device driver. You then use the Computer Management console to disable

that driver. Windows includes many such tools to help you diagnose and fix problems. But what

do you do if you cannot start Windows?

Part of the Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack (MDOP), illustrated below, DaRT helps IT:

Easily recover PCs that have become unusable

Rapidly diagnose probable causes of issues

Quickly repair unbootable or locked-out systems

DART OVERVIEW | INTRODUCTION 2

DaRT includes fourteen administrative, system and network tools for troubleshooting and

desktop recovery, even when Windows Safe Mode or normal boot will not function. For

example, recover deleted files or partitions with File Restore or reset lost or forgotten local

passwords with Locksmith. Additionally, the DaRT Defender tool ensures that malware is not

loaded into the computers memory and cannot remain hidden by scanning the infected

operating system while it is offline.

The tools in DaRT provide a foundation for shifting desktop repair procedures from reactive to

proactive. Organizations can develop recovery image deployment and support plans that best fit

their IT staffing and infrastructure requirements. A proactive approach can help save time and

reduce the challenges associated with troubleshooting and repairing system failures, while

getting users back to productivity faster without compromising settings, preferences, or user

data, as with reimaging.

With a desktop repair plan in place, the simple image creation process, coupled with an easy to

use tool menu, allows organizations to rapidly deploy, use, and benefit from DaRT. Deploying

via bootable media such as CD, DVD, or USB is one of the fastest routes to deployment.

However, depending on a companys infrastructure, deploying locally to end-user machines or

via network boot servers may provide more long term benefit.

DART OVERVIEW | WHATS NEW IN DART 8 3

Whats New in DaRT 8

DaRT 8 is the newest version of the toolset, and it is part of the MDOP 2012 release. It includes

many new features that Table 1 describes.

Table 1New Features in DaRT 8

Support for new software

and hardware platforms:

A reimagined DaRT

Recovery Image Wizard:

Improved Windows

PowerShell scripting:

Support for Windows 8

and Windows Server 2012

Support for GUID Partition

Tables (GPTs)

Transparent Unified

Extensible Firmware

Interface (UEFI) machine

boot integration

Built on Windows

PowerShell cmdlets

Native support for USB

media deployment

Support for WIM and ISO

image file formats

Ability to create 32- and

64-bit images on a single

PC

Four new DaRT cmdlets

Scripting DaRT recovery

images is similar to

scripting other imaging

processes

End-to-end scripting

enabled by DISM cmdlets

DART OVERVIEW | CREATING RECOVERY IMAGES 4

Creating Recovery Images

You use the DaRT Recovery Image Wizard to create custom DaRT recovery images. These

recovery images start Windows RE, from which you can start the DaRT tools.

Microsoft reimagined the DaRT Recovery Image Wizard for DaRT 8. It is built on Windows

PowerShell cmdlets, and it can generate scripts that you can use later to rebuild recovery images

by using the same settings. It includes native support for USB media deployment, so you no

longer have to use an external tool to create bootable USB drives. It also generates WIM images

in addition to ISO files. You can more easily deploy recovery images by using your existing

deployment infrastructure (see the section titled Deploying Recovery Images).

DaRT supports Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. It has minimal

hardware requirements, and both x86 and x64 versions are available.

However, DaRT does not support cross-platform recovery images.

Creating recovery images by using the DaRT Recovery Image Wizard is simple. On the Start

screen, type DaRT and click DaRT Recovery Image to start the wizard. Table 2 on page 5

describes each page of the wizard.


Table 2DaRT Recovery Image Wizard

Page Description

The wizard bases DaRT recovery images

on Windows RE, which Windows 8 and

Windows Server 2012 provide. You must

use x86 Windows to build 32-bit DaRT

recovery images. Likewise, use x64

Windows to build 64-bit DaRT recovery

images. You can create recovery images

for both system types on a single PC, but

you cannot create cross-platform

recovery images (i.e., one image that

works on both x86 and x64 system types).

By default, the wizard enables all DaRT

tools for the local user. However, you can

disable some or all of the tools for the

local user while allowing the Help desk

full access to them. For example, you can

make extremely powerful tools (e.g., Disk

Wipe, Locksmith, and Registry Editor)

unavailable to the local user.


Using Remote Connection, the Help desk

can connect to end users PCs by using

the Remote Connection Viewer and use

the DaRT tools to troubleshoot and repair

their PCs. When you enable remote

connections, you can also specify a port

number and a welcome message. If you

do not specify a port number, Remote

Connection will assign a random port

number. For more information about

Remote Connection, see Using Remote

Connection, later in this white paper.

This page contains four tabs, each of

which allows you to further customize

and configure the DaRT recovery image:

Drivers. Add device drivers that

Windows 8 does not provide in the

box.

WinPE. Select optional Windows

Preinstallation Environment (PE)

components to include in the DaRT

recovery image.

Crash Analyzer. Add the Windows 8

Debugging Tools to the DaRT recovery

image. Crash Analyzer relies on the

Debugging Tools to analyze memory

dump files. You can install them on the

computer you are using to create the

DaRT recovery image, thereby

including them in the image, or you

can install them on each PC that you

repair. Microsoft recommends

including the Debugging Tools in the

DaRT recovery image. Download the

Windows 8 Debugging Tools as part of

the Windows Driver Kit 8.


Defender. Microsoft recommends

downloading the latest malware

definitions from the Internet when you

create the recovery image and also

when you start Defender on Internet

connected PCs.

Specify a path and name for the image

file. (The wizard will create a subfolder

based on the x86 or x64 system type.)

New for DaRT 8, the wizard can create

WIM image files in addition to ISO files.

You can also generate a Windows

PowerShell script that will build a DaRT

recovery image with the same

configuration, and you can add or change

files in the DaRT recovery image.

When finished, the wizard displays the

location where it created the DaRT

recovery image and lists the files it

created. You can also choose a

recordable CD, DVD, or USB drive and

click Create Bootable Media to create

bootable mediawithout using an

external image burner, Windows 7

USB/DVD Download Tool, or other tool.

Otherwise, you can deploy the ISO or

WIM file using the methods that the

section titled Deploying Recovery

Images describes.

DART OVERVIEW | EXPLORING THE DART TOOLS 8

Deploying Recovery Images

Support staff would traditionally lug around a DaRT CD, DVD, or USB drive to use the DaRT

recovery image. DaRT 8 offers many other deployment choices that are logistically simpler. The

end-user and support experience improves greatly when the recovery image is always

availablelocally or remotely.

Based on Windows RE, the DaRT recovery image is simply a Windows PE image. As a result, you

can generally deploy the DaRT recovery image using the same tools and techniques you use to

deploy Windows RE or Windows PE boot images, including the following (see Table 3 on page 9

for a comparison):

Local installation. By installing the DaRT recovery image locally, users can start it by

using advanced startup options in Windows 8. You can deploy the DaRT recovery image

locally by using Microsoft System Center 2012 Configuration Manager, the Microsoft

Deployment Toolkit 2012 (MDT 2012), or any other electronic software distribution (ESD)

tool. The process automates local installation of DaRT tools on each system by using

Reagentc.exe so that DaRT is always available.

Network boot. To network-boot the DaRT recovery image, deploy it by using Windows

Deployment Services (Windows DS). Deployment via Windows DS can be the quickest

and simplest way to make the DaRT recovery image available to connected users in

production. This method can also make updating recovery images simpler because you

store them centrally instead of locally on each PC.

USB drives. DaRT 8 now offers native support in the DaRT Recovery Image Wizard for

creating USB media. In previous versions, additional tools (e.g., the Windows 7 USB/DVD

Download Tool) were required to install the DaRT recovery image on USB drives.

Removable disks. Of course, DaRT has always supported burning the recovery image to

CDs or DVDs. However, the new alternatives are far simpler and more convenient.


Table 3Deployment Choices for DaRT Recovery Images

Deployment Method

Po

rtab

ilit

y

Infr

ast

ructu

re

Req

uir

em

en

t

Availab

ilit

y

Cen

tralize

d

Up

date

s

Netw

ork

Req

uir

em

en

t

Rem

ote

Su

pp

ort

Manual Local Installation

Automated Local Installation

Window DS

USB Drive

CD or DVD =good, =better, =best

After you start a PC by using media containing a DaRT recovery image, Windows RE asks a few

simple questions to initialize the environment. These questions include whether to initialize

network connectivity in the background by using DHCP (you can manually configure network

connectivity later by using the TCP/IP Configuration tool); which language and keyboard you

want to use; and whether you want to start Windows 8, troubleshoot the PC, or turn off the PC.

To start the DaRT tools, click Troubleshoot, click Microsoft Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset

(see Figure 1 on page10), and then choose the offline Windows installation that you want to

troubleshoot. After DaRT starts, you will see the Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset window.


Figure 1Troubleshoot screen


Exploring the DaRT Tools

Figure 2 shows the Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset window. From here, you can launch any of

the individual tools that you made available in the DaRT recovery image. You can also use the

Solution Wizard to choose the best tool, based on a brief interview. Click Help to see detailed

instructions for using each tool. The following sections provide an overview of each tool.

Figure 2Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset Window


Registry Editor

You can use Registry Editor, which Figure 3 shows, to edit the registry of the offline Windows

installation that you are troubleshooting. Tasks include adding, removing, and editing keys and

values; and importing REG files. Registry Editor enables you to make registry edits that could

help repair a system that will not boot. You can also use Registry Editor to edit values that the

offline Windows installation locks while it is running.

Figure 3Registry Editor

Notice in Figure 3 that HKEY_CURRENT_USER is missing. That is because a user did not log on to

the installed operating system. Instead, Registry Editor populates HKEY_USERS with all the user

hive files found in the target installation. Additionally, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE does not contain

a HARDWARE registry key.


Serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly by

using Registry Editor. These problems might require that you reinstall the

operating system. Microsoft cannot guarantee that you can solve these

problems. Modify the registry at your own risk.


Locksmith

The Locksmith Wizard (Figure 4) is a simple tool that allows you to set the password for any

local account on the offline Windows installation that you are troubleshooting. You do not need

to know the current password. However, the password you set must comply with any

requirements that a local Group Policy Object (GPO) defines, including password length and

complexity. Use this tool in the event that the password for a local account (e.g., the local

Administrator account) is unknown. This tool cannot set passwords for domain accounts.

Figure 4Locksmith Wizard

Crash Analyzer

By using Crash Analyzer, you can quickly determine the cause of an issue by analyzing memory

dump files on the offline Windows installation that you are troubleshooting. Based on this


information, you can take corrective action. Crash Analyzer can eliminate much of the guesswork

involved in diagnosing crashes.

For example, if Crash Analyzer reports that a device driver called myfault.sys is the cause, as

Figure 5 shows, you can disable the device driver by using the Services and Drivers item in

Computer Management (see the Computer Management section). After discovering and

disabling the faulty device driver, you can try to start the repaired Windows installation.

Figure 5Crash Analyzer

Crash Analyzer requires the Windows 8 Debugging Tools. As described in the Creating

Recovery Images section, you can include the Debugging Tools in the DaRT recovery image or

you can install them on each PC that you are troubleshooting. Microsoft recommends that you

include the tools in the DaRT recovery image. Otherwise, you must locate the Debugging Tools

each time you use Crash Analyzer.

In addition to the Debugging Tools, Crash Analyzer requires symbol files for the operating

system that you are repairing. Symbol files map memory addresses to names, helping to provide


meaningful information for troubleshooting. You download the symbol files when you use Crash

Analyzer to troubleshoot a PC. (An Internet connection is required while troubleshooting.)

Even if you plan to reimage the PC, running Crash Analyzer to determine

the cause of the issue is a good idea. The image might have a bad driver

that is causing intermittent problems in your environment, and Crash

Analyzer can help you see these patterns and improve its stability.

If you do not have access to symbols or the Debugging Tools on the PC that you are

troubleshooting, you can copy the memory dump file to another PC and use the standalone

version of Crash Analyzer to diagnose the issue. After installing DaRT on the PC, type Crash

Analyzer on the Start screen, and click Crash Analyzer.

File Restore

In Windows, the Recycle Bin helps prevent users from permanently deleting files by mistake.

However, users sometimes realize that they need a particular deleted file only after emptying

the Recycle Bin. In other cases, files are too big to fit in the Recycle Bin, or an application deletes

the files.

File Restore can help restore such deleted files. Figure 6 on page 17 shows the File Restore user

interface. First, you must find the file you want to restore. File Restore has filtering capabilities to

help expedite this process. For instance, you can use a file mask to search for specific filename

patterns. Additionally, you can limit results to a certain path, date range, or size range. File

Restore can even find files in deleted directories. For each file that File Restore finds, it indicates

whether recovery is likely or unlikely.


Figure 6File Restore

File Restore is not limited to regular disk volumes. File Restore can find and restore files on lost

volumes or on volumes that Windows BitLocker Drive Encryption protects. In the first case, File

Restore can scan for and locate lost volumes, which you can then search for deleted files. In the

second case, File Restore gives you the ability to unlock BitLocker-encrypted volumes by

manually providing the recovery password or loading the recovery key from a file.


Disk Commander

By using Disk Commander, you can recover and repair disk partitions or volumes. As Figure 7 on

page 19 shows, you can choose from the following recovery processes:

Restore the Master Boot Record (MBR) or the header of the GUID Partition Table

(GPT). This option repairs damaged boot code in the MBR on a disk or the header of the

GPT, without affecting existing partition tables.

Recover one or more lost volumes. This option scans a disk for lost volumes and allows

you to recover them.

Restore partition tables from Disk Commander backup. This option restores partition

tables from a backup. Disk Commander gives you the opportunity to back up partition

tables before making changes.

Save partition tables to Disk Commander backup. This option backs up partition

tables. The backup includes partition table entries and boot sectors for each partition.

Microsoft recommends that you back up a disk before using Disk

Commander to repair it. By using Disk Commander, you can potentially

damage volumes and make them inaccessible. Additionally, changes to

one volume can affect other volumes because volumes on a disk share a

partition table.

Disk Commander does not support recovering deleted BitLocker-

encrypted volumes.


Figure 7Disk Commander


Disk Wipe

Many organizations simply format PCs hard disks when they donate, recycle, or discard them.

However, just formatting the hard disk might not destroy sensitive company or personal data on

that disk. As various news accounts have shown, malicious people can get their hands on PCs

that companies discard and can recover sensitive data.

Disk Wipe, which Figure 8 shows, can erase all data from a disk or volume. Two algorithms are

available: You can use a single-pass overwrite or four-pass overwrite, the latter of which meets

U.S. Department of Defense standards. After wiping a disk or volume, you cannot recover the

data, so verify the size and label of a volume before erasing it.

Figure 8Disk Wipe


Computer Management

The Computer Management console that you see in Figure 9 on page 22 will be familiar to any

IT professional. DaRT tailors the console for the purpose of diagnosing and repairing problems

that can prevent the offline Windows installation from booting. The items in this console include

the following:

System Information. This item displays information about the system that you are

repairing. Information includes the Windows version, registered owner and organization,

the computer name as known by the installed operating system, and the computer name

that DaRT randomly assigned to the system.

Event Viewer. This item enables you to view the event logs of the offline Windows

installation that you are troubleshooting. You can use Event Viewer to look for entries

that can help you diagnose the problem.

Autoruns. This item configures the programs that start automatically when the

operating system starts. By using Autoruns, you can stop a program from starting

automatically when you suspect that the program is preventing Windows from starting.

Services and Drivers. This item manages the services and device drivers that start when

the target Windows installation starts. For every service and device driver, you see an

entry that indicates its startup type, a description, a display name, and so on. You can

change the startup type to Boot, System, Automatic, Disabled, or Delayed Auto-start.

If you have identified a service or device driver that is preventing the operating system

from starting, you can disable it here.

Disk Management. This item displays drive information, creates new partitions or

volumes, and formats drives. Disk Management in DaRT is similar to Disk Management in

Windows.


Figure 9Computer Management


Explorer

Sometimes, before you attempt to repair or reimage a system, you need to salvage business-

critical information that the user stored on a local drive. In DaRT, you can use Explorer to browse

the PCs file system and network shares. Because you can map drive letters to network shares,

you can easily copy and move files from the system to the network for safekeeping or from the

network to the system to restore them. Figure 10 shows Explorer.

Figure 10Explorer

Solution Wizard

DaRT has many tools, and figuring out which one to use can be confusing initially. The Solution

Wizard (Figure 11 on page 24) asks you a series of questions and then recommends the best

tool for the job, based on your answers. This wizard helps you determine which tool to use when


you are not familiar with the tools in DaRT. After becoming familiar with DaRT, you are more

likely to start the correct tool for each job, without the help of the Solution Wizard.

Figure 11Solution Wizard

TCP/IP Configuration

When you start the DaRT boot media, it obtains its TCP/IP configuration (IP address and DNS

server) from DHCP by default. If DHCP is unavailable, you can manually configure TCP/IP by

using the TCP/IP Configuration tool, which Figure 12 on page 25 shows. First, you choose a

network adapter, and then you configure the IP address and DNS server for that adapter. Click

Advanced to configure advanced TCP/IP settings.


Figure 12TCP/IP Configuration


Hotfix Uninstall

The Hotfix Uninstall Wizard, which Figure 13 shows, can remove hotfixes or service packs from

the offline Windows installation that you are troubleshooting. Use this tool when a hotfix or

service pack is potentially preventing the operating system from starting. Microsoft

recommends that you use this tool to uninstall only one hotfix at a time, even though the tool

allows you to uninstall more than one at a time. Be aware that programs that you have installed

or updated after installing the hotfix might not work correctly after you uninstall the hotfix.

Figure 13Hotfix Uninstall Wizard


SFC Scan

Use the System File Repair Wizard (Figure 14) to repair system files that are preventing the

Windows installation from starting. The System File Repair Wizard can automatically repair

system files that are corrupted or missing. Alternatively, the wizard can prompt you before

performing any repairs.

Figure 14System File Repair Wizard

File Search

Before reimaging a PC, recovering files from the local hard disk is importantparticularly when

the user might not have backed up or stored the files elsewhere. Although the Explorer tool can

be helpful, File Search can help you find documents when you do not know the file path or

when you need to search for general types of files across all the local hard disks. File Search


(Figure 15) enables you to search the PC for files. You can search for specific filename patterns in

specific paths. Additionally, you can limit results to a date range or size range. In recovery

scenarios, when repairing the installed operating system is not possible, you can use File Search

to find users documents and copy them from the PC.

Figure 15File Search

Windows Defender Offline

A good antivirus and anti-malware strategy is crucial to preventing malicious and other

potentially unwanted software from negatively impacting your organization Although real-time

scanner tools like Microsoft Forefront or Windows Intune Endpoint Protection are vital, todays

ever-changing landscape requires many different tools to defend your environment.

Malware that uses rootkits can mask itself from the running operating system. If a rootkit-

enabled virus or spyware makes its way to the system, most real-time scanning and removal


tools can no longer see it or remove it. Because Windows Defender Offline scans while the

installed operating system is offline, you can attack the rootkit without it hiding from you.

Figure 16 shows Windows Defender Offline. It can help detect malware and unwanted software

and alert you to security risks. When Windows Defender Offline detects malicious or unwanted

software, it prompts you to remove, quarantine, or allow each item.

Figure 16Windows Defender Offline

On Internet-connected PCs, Windows Defender Offline will automatically download the latest

malware definitions. However, Microsoft recommends that you also download the definitions

when you create the DaRT recovery image by using the DaRT Recovery Image Wizard. Doing so

ensures that malware definitions are available when you are troubleshooting PCs without

Internet connectionseven though they might be out of date.

DART OVERVIEW | USING REMOTE CONNECTION 30

Using Remote Connection

DaRT Remote Connection can help reduce the time and effort required to support end users.

You can connect to client PCs and use the DaRT tools remotelywithout visiting users desks.

You enable Remote Connection when you create recovery images by using the DaRT Recovery

Image Wizard (see the section titled Creating Recovery Images, earlier in this white paper).

When users require remote assistance, you talk them through starting the PC into DaRT. After

starting DaRT, they click Remote Connection and confirm that they want to share the DaRT

tools; then, as Figure 17 shows, Remote Connection displays a ticket number, IP address, and

port number that the user gives to you.

Figure 17Remote Connection

DART OVERVIEW | USING REMOTE CONNECTION 31

You then use the Remote Connection Viewer to connect to the DaRT tools remotely (Figure 18).

To simplify the process and reduce the amount of handholding required to get Remote

Connection started, you can optionally configure the DaRT recovery image to start Remote

Connection automatically whenever users start their PCs with the recovery image. See the DaRT

8 Help for more information.

Figure 18Remote Connection Viewer

You can also restrict local end-user access to the DaRT tools while retaining full access to them

through the Remote Connection Viewer. Simply disable all of the tools on the Tool Selection

page of the DaRT Recovery Image Wizard. This configuration only disables the tools for the local

user. It does not hide them, and it does not disable the Remote Connection tool. When users

start the DaRT tools, they see that all of the tools are unavailable except for Remote Connection.

However, when you connect to the DaRT tools by using Remote Connection Viewer, you still

have unrestricted access to the DaRT tools.

DART OVERVIEW | CUSTOMIZING REMOTE CONNECTION 32

Customizing Remote Connection

Without customization, using Remote Connection requires assistance. Additionally, its default

configuration might not match your requirements (e.g., you might want to perform actions while

the user is away).

You can customize Remote Connection to support advanced options, though. The configuration

file winpeshl.ini in \Windows\System32\ on the DaRT recovery image allows you to configure

custom actions when DaRT starts. For example, you can launch the following applications:

RemoteRecovery.exe nomessage. This initiates the Remote Connection and bypasses

the confirmation dialog. Remote Connection continues as if the user had clicked Yes.

WaitForConnection.exe. This prevents the script from continuing until either Remote

Connection is not running or a valid connection is established with the users PC.

To customize Remote Connection, modify winpeshl.ini on the Create Image page of the DaRT

Recovery Image Wizard. Listing 1 shows an example that starts Remote Connection and waits

for the connection before starting Windows RE.

Listing 1Winpeshl.ini

[LaunchApps]

"%windir%\system32\netstart.exe -network -remount"

"cmd /C start %windir%\system32\RemoteRecovery.exe -nomessage"

"%windir%\system32\WaitForConnection.exe"

"%SYSTEMDRIVE%\sources\recovery\recenv.exe"

When DaRT starts, it creates the file inv32.xml in \Windows\System32\ on the RAM disk. This file

contains connection information: IP address, port, and ticket number. You can copy this file to a

network share to trigger a Help desk workflow. For example, a custom program can check the

network share for connection files, then create a support ticket or send email notifications.

DART OVERVIEW | EVALUATING DART 33

Evaluating DaRT

DaRT helps IT easily recover PCs that have become unusable, rapidly diagnose probable causes

of issues, and quickly repair unbootable or locked-out systems, all without leaving their desks

and much faster than the average time it takes to reimage the machine. DaRT allows

administrators to shift desktop repair planning from reactive to proactive, saving time and

reducing the challenges associated with troubleshooting and repairing system failures. With a

plan in place, the simple image creation process, coupled with an easy to use tool menu, allows

organizations to rapidly deploy, use, and

benefit from the toolset.

DaRT is part of the Microsoft Desktop

Optimization Pack (MDOP), which is an add-on

license available to Software Assurance

customers. Begin your evaluation today:

Download and evaluate DaRT as part

of MDOP. MDOP is available to

Volume Licensing customers, Microsoft

Development Network (MSDN)

subscribers, and Microsoft TechNet

subscribers.

See MDOP on Microsoft.com. To

learn how DaRT and MDOP for

Software Assurance can help you

better troubleshoot and repair PCs, see

http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=160297.

See MDOP on TechNet. For technical information about DaRT and MDOP for Software

Assurance, see http://www.microsoft.com/technet/mdop.

This toolset enables us to

restore clients instantly without

rebuilding themsaving up to

six hours per instance.

David Smith, Technical

Support Center, UMC Health

System

DaRT Overview

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