Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHCconferences.fnal.gov/dmwksp/Talks/schmitt.pdf · events / s...

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Dark Matter and Sparticles Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC at the LHC The Hunt for Dark Matter Symposium at Fermilab May 12, 2007 Michael Schmitt Northwestern University 1 Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Transcript of Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHCconferences.fnal.gov/dmwksp/Talks/schmitt.pdf · events / s...

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Dark Matter and SparticlesDark Matter and Sparticlesat the LHCat the LHC

The Hunt for Dark MatterSymposium at Fermilab

May 12, 2007

Michael SchmittNorthwestern University

1Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

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2Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

The TEVATRON has discovered (so far)....

the top quark(Bs oscillations)

The LHC will discover (perhaps)...

the Higgs bosonsupersymmetric particlesKaluza­Klein states

DARK MATTER  ??optimism abounds...

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3Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Let's compare to the TEVATRON           collider:p psee talk byJane Nachtman

                      TEVATRON    LHC  beams                 p­pbar            p­pcircumference     6 km           27 kmenergy                2 TeV         14 TeVluminosity          1032             1034 cms

                            8 fb         300 fb

bunch spacing     392 ns          25 nscollisions/xing        6                  20collab'n size       600 each       2000 eachrunning mo/yr        12                  6 

What is the LHC ?What is the LHC ?

LHC

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4Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

What is the LHC ?What is the LHC ?approximate event rates for  2  1033 cm­2 s­1

(which would give 20 fb­1 in one year)

W  e                       40        4  108

Z  ee                         4        4  107

tt tbar                         1.6     1.6  107

b bbar                        106            1013

QCD jets (ET > 200 GeV) 102             109

gluino pairs (1 TeV)   0.002           104

Higgs (120 GeV)       0.08      8  105

events / s       events/year

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5Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

LHC Running PlanLHC Running Plan

2007

2008

cool­down of LHC magnets proceeding nicely so far

planned engineering run at 980 GeV is now unlikely

failed quadrupole magnet – in­situ repair seems possible

CMS and ATLAS will close up in November for CR's

14 TeV run planned for mid­2008

aiming for a delivered luminosity of about  1 fb

CMS and ATLAS both will be ready for collision data

first calibrations & alignment to be done with 100 pb 

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6Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Cooling Sector 7­8

slightly below 2o K

1/8 of the complete LHC ring

3.3 km long – world's largest superconducting installation

200 dipoles arranged in 30 cooling cells

day 0

day 4

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7Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

LHC Detectors / CollaborationsLHC Detectors / Collaborations

ATLAS

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8Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

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9Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Dark Matter at CollidersDark Matter at Colliders“Dark Matter feels very close”   ­   Pier Oddone“The LHC will be a Dark Matter factory.”  ­  Bob McElrath

Apparently we should just run the LHC (+ILC).....

All evidence for Dark Matter is purely gravitational.paradoxical that particle accelerator experimentscan tell you anything about this.

(Dan Bauer)

The key is Ted Baltz's “happy coincidence”(assume dark matter is particulate),take TeV or EWK­scale masses,take coupling constants of order 1,you get the right annihilation cross­section.

a.k.a. the “WIMP Miracle”       ­ Jonathan Feng

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10Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

DM (particle) paradigmDM (particle) paradigmdark matter particles are weakly­interacting

for sure no electric charge and no color,and we hope that they will oblige us with weak interactions

they are massivehappy coincidence argument:  50  –  5000 GeVthey could be much lighter or heavier, if we forget particle physics

there is only one type of dark matterand it can be produced directly or in “simple” cascades

there exists an efficient annihilation channelneeded to obtain the observed relic densityimplies the existence of another particle

simple composition?

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11Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Bridging Colliders to the UniverseBridging Colliders to the Universe

If the particle physics prejudices are correct, new particlesare likely to be observed at the LHC.There may be evidence of massive, weakly­interacting, neutral particles.This would support a particle­physics explanation for dark matter.

Can we go from there to validating this paradigm?obviously, identify the LHC­WIMP and measure its propertiesessential to identify the particle(s) responsible for annihilationcannot prove long­term stability, socorroboration with direct­detection experiments is essential.don't know local dark matter density, so indirect­detection neededto tie direct­detection + collider information to astrophysics data 

Colliders provide the means to measure particle properties, and         one of these particles may turn out to be the dark matter particle.

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12Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

LHC: testing the paradigmLHC: testing the paradigmFocus will not be on calculating relic densities...

several studies show this is unlikely / very difficult – needs an ILC

Can the LHC rule out the standard paradigm?there should be a missing energy signal from particle X!more interesting: can we find the particle Y participating in annihilation?can we show that the mass difference MY – MX is appropriate?to what extent can we test the properties of X and Y?

Can the LHC fail to observe dark matter particles?yes, if it were very light or very heavymoreover, we could fail to find particle Y

example:  Higgs decays invisibly or to jetssee talk by Carlos Wagner

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13Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

be optimistic & hopefulbe optimistic & hopeful

Despite these caveats, suppose this particle physics paradigm is true.

Or more conservatively, suppose there is no immediate “no” answer.

How can we make progress toward confirming this picture?

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14Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Establish a Missing Energy SignalEstablish a Missing Energy Signal

Here's one !!!

Jane Nachtman

tri­leptons

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15Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Jim Linnemann

Here's  another one !!!

How do they do it ???

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16Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Establish a Missing Energy SignalEstablish a Missing Energy Signal

How do we establish a genuine missing energy signal?

missing energy is an apparent azimuthal imbalance in calorimeter energy.many sources of fake missing energy

muonsenergy lost in uninstrumented regionssevere measurement errors  (calorimetry, tracking)energy from unrelated processes (other interactions, cosmics)

neutrinos...resolution on MET determines the shape

how long are the tails ??must calibrate the rates of all sources of fake MET

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17Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

MET resolution is understood on basis of “SUMET”SUMET = straight sum of calorimeter energies

noise & stochastic termsimportant at low SUMET

constant term in calor'yresolution at high SUMET

resolution depends on eventtype due to differingparticle content

validate resolution usingsource of neutrinos:W's, Z's and top

(Z, remove muons)

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18Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Backgrounds normalized by appropriate reference processes.CMS

important backgrounds:t tbardi­bosons   WW, WZ, ZZZ    + jetsmulti­jet QCD

normalize to similar processesexample:   Z    + jetssimilarly for t tbar

shape of multi­jet background (scary!)obtained from reference samples(release certain topological cuts)

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19Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

MET signals for 1 fb (1st year?)

light mass point  (Mgluino = 600 GeV)

high mass point (Mgluino = 1 TeV)

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20Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Measure Dark Matter Particle PropertiesMeasure Dark Matter Particle Properties

mass spin couplings

no general way to obtain the masscaveat: see interesting developmentsby Bob McElrath

no way to obtain spin and couplingsno branching ratios....

must infer these quantities indirectly,assume relations among “similar” particlesbefore we have data, case studies.

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21Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

One Model out of ManyOne Model out of Many

Elli

s et

 al.,

 Bae

r & T

ata,

 for e

xam

ple

1

2

3

4

Identify several regions giving the right relic density  (“WIMP Miracle”),distinguished by the method for efficient annihilation.

1) “bulk”    2) “co­annihilation”   3) “focus­point”   4) “funnel”light sfermions    degeneracy w/ stau or stop            gauge bosons         CP­odd Higgs 

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22Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

““Easy” Point in the Bulk RegionEasy” Point in the Bulk Regionsquarks around 550 GeV, gluino around 600, neutralino at 96 GeV

g qL q qL2

0 q 20 lR l lR

10 l

reconstruct chain from bottom up, use kinematic features opportunistically

ask for 4 high­ET jets, larget MET and two opposite­sign leptons (e or )

only serious background: ttbar, which gives e as often as ee+

di­lepton invariant mass has a sharp edge:

depends on masses of two neutralinosand the (light) slepton mass

edge measured to a fraction of a GeV

talk about “miracles” 

ATLAS 100 fb

LH

C­IL

C study

start here end here

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23Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

CMS study

ATLAS TDR

One can reconstructsquark masses, and then gluino masses. 

Make clever use of kinematicextremes, possible when eventsamples are very large.

does not give M 

Even more clever – and complex – analysis.● use both min and max kinematic endpoints● crucial is min(l+l­q) measurement● conclusion:

   measure  M   to about  10%   for 100 fb 

This is a very special case study!In general, no direct measurement is possible.

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24Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Other points are more difficult!Other points are more difficult!

co­annihilation

funnel(s)

focus­point

squarks and gluinos heavystaus impossible to findstops very challenging, but not impossible...

most important:  pseudo­scalar Higgs,   Alikely to be found in  or other channelsother sparticles difficult to analyze in detaildetailed, precise kinematic studies unlikely 

few sparticles can be observedlepton branching ratios are smallneutralinos = mixed bino­higgsino

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25Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

What are we hunting?What are we hunting?

hard & dangerous...

hard...

hard...

easy ?

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26Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Find the “other” particleFind the “other” particleinteresting that Higgs sector is prominentin three out of four regions

we need to validate the annihilation processdirectly from collider data a.f.a. possible

perhaps understanding Higgs sector at LHCmore important than constraining severalSUSY parameters & calculating h2

“Easy” Higgs signal in  A,H   

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27Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Higgs Bosons Bridge Colliders and Higgs Bosons Bridge Colliders and Direct­detection experimentsDirect­detection experiments

nice interplay between, say, CDMS and Tevatron/LHCmixed bino­Higgsino state is good for bothif one or the other does not see DM particles, interesting....

Carena, Hooper, Vallinotto (2007)

mA M M

tan

(N

)

(N

)

CDMS sees signal soon

TEVATRON sees a Higgs LHC sees Higgs(es)

“Easy” Higgs signal in  A,H   “Easy” Higgs signal in  A,H   

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28Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

hunting the Higgs bosonshunting the Higgs bosonsinteresting that Higgs sector is prominentin three out of four regions

we need to validate the annihilation processdirectly from collider data a.f.a. possible

perhaps understanding Higgs sector at LHCmore important than constraining severalSUSY parameters & calculating h2

● even more interesting:   connection w/ baryogenesis

● light gauginos = a sitting duck?● watch out: invisible Higgses!!

see Carlos Wagner's talk

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29Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Overall Mass ScalesOverall Mass Scales

   

M eff = ET1ET2ET3ET4MET correlates with SUSY mass scalehep­ph/9610544

SUSY

SM

The production of squarks and gluons should be so copious that the simplest possiblemeasure of “lots of energetic jets + MET” will already indicate SUSY mass scales.

This kind of inclusive measure will help us identify which region we are in.

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30Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

ConclusionConclusionThe LHC probably will not allow us to compute relic densities,

but it will certainly set us on the path to understanding dark matter.

Soon we will all be

on the hunt...

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31Dark Matter and Sparticles at the LHC

Here's  another one !!!

search for squarks and gluinos