+

D.A.R.EBy Katherine Palma

+Is D.A.R.E. an effective program for preventing the use of drugs and alcohol among children and teens?

+My research shows : not effectiveToo costly

Not consistent

Results aren’t good enough

+What is D.A.R.E.?

D.A.R.E stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education

The “primary mission is to provide children with the information and skills they need to live drug-and-violence-free lives.” (The DARE Mission)

Run by police

+For D.A.R.E.Those in favor of D.A.R.E. say:

Can’t be expected to solve everything

D.A.R.E. reinforces students intentions not to use drugs

Introduces students to police

+

Stude

nts Q3

Stude

nts Q5

Stude

nts Q6

Paren

ts Q6

Paren

ts Q8

Teach

ers Q3

Teach

ers Q4

Princi

pals Q

80%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

No responseNegitivePositive

Opinions on D.A.R.E.

+Against D.A.R.E.According to a longitudinal study:

No effect on behavior regarding tobacco

Unrelated to alcoholUnrelated to marijuana useNo statistical effect on illicit drugs

+

+

+Cost

In 2000 D.A.R.E. America received $9.7 million tax dollars

Don’t publically announce cost per student

+Against D.A.R.E.Does not delay use

Not enough statistical evidence

There are better programs available

+

Knowledge Attitudes Social Skills Drug Use0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.42

0.11

0.19

0.06

0.16

0.06 0.08 0.08

0.53

0.33

0.76

0.18

DARENoninteractiveInteractive

+Conclusion

Drug and Alcohol programs are important

D.A.R.E. isn’t the best one available

+Resources Dukes, R. L., Ullman, J. B., & Stein, J. A. ( 1996). A three-year follow-up of Drug Abuse Resistance Education

(D.A.R.E.). Evaluation Review, 20, 49– 66. Earhart, J., Hart, S. R., Jimerson, S. R., Renshaw, T., Saeki, E., Singh, R. D., & Stewart, K. (2011). A summary and

synthesis of contemporary empirical evidence regarding the effects of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education program (D.A.R.E.). Contemporary School Psychology, (15), 93+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.online.library.marist.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA268604746&v=2.1&u=nysl_se_marist&it=r&p=AONE&sw=whttp://

Elliot, J. (1995, March). Drug prevention placebo: How DARE wastes time, money and police. Reason, 14-21. Ennett, S. T., Tobler, N. S., Ringwalt, C. L., & Flewelling, R. L. (1994). How effective is drug abuse resistance

education? A meta-analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations. American Journal Of Public Health, 84(9), 1394-1401. doi:10.2105/AJPH.84.9.1394

Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. ( 1996). National survey results on drug use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975–1994. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Lynam, D. R., Milich, R., Zimmerman, R., Novak, S. P., Logan, T., Martin, C., & ... Clayton, R. (2009). Project DARE: No effects at 10-year follow-up. In G. Marlatt, K. Witkiewitz, G. Marlatt, K. Witkiewitz (Eds.) , Addictive behaviors: New readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment (pp. 187-196). Washington, DC US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11855-008

Osborne A, Comeau N, LeCavelier J, & Blumenthal L. Pilot Studies of a Middle School Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Curriculum in Six Canadian Communities.

Perry, C.L., Williams, C.L., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Toomey, T.L., Komro, K.A., Anstine, P.S., McGovern, P.G., Finnegan, J.R., Forster, J.L., Wagenaar, A.C., & Wolfson, M. (1996). Project Northland: Outcome of a community-wide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 956-965.

Thombs, D. L. (2000). A retrospective study of DARE: Substantive effects not detected in undergraduates. Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Education, 46(1), 27-40.

http://www.cerd.org/press/d-a-r-e-s-programs-cost-soars-past-1-billion-with-little-accounting www.dare.com/home/THEDAREMISSION.asp http://www.dare.com/home/Resources/documents/RCMP_DARE_Report_FINAL.pdf http://darehawaii.org/kauai.html