Dannelly's Short Historyof Computing

CSCI327 Social Implications of Computing

In the beginning…

Pascal created a calculator in 1652 able to add and subtract

A = A + B

photos from en.wikipedia.org

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Math Tables Problem Difference Engine and Analytical Engines

Abilities add subtract loop conditional branch etc…

instructions on punched cards data cards and instructions

were separated

Harvard Mark 1 mechanical completed in 1943 used to compute artillery tables instructions on paper tape storage = 72 registers

Digital Electronics 101

circuits are a series of "gates" gates can perform AND, OR, NOT, etc Example - Half Adder:

AND

XOR

Apple's iPad uses theA4 system chip with

177 million transistors

First Generation based on vacuum tubes

ENIAC 1946 - Univ of Pennsylvania base 10, not binary programmed via wires

EDVAC based on ENIAC program stored in

memory

UNIVAC 1951 first commercial machine 46 were made

Rear Admiral Grace Hopper 1906 - 1992

Harvard Mark II "bug in the program"

UNIVAC wrote first compiler

influenced COBOL programming languages should be closer to

English than machine code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_hopper

Second Generation based on transistors 1955-1964 FORTRAN and COBOL IO Processors overlapping the fetch and execute cycles

1947 - Bell LabsBardeen, Brattain, Shockley

Noble Prize in 1956

Second Generation…

This IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unitheld 2.8 MB of data.

Lease = $2100 per month

The IBM 1401 Mainframe leased forabout $2500 per month in 1960.

Third Generation based on Integrated Circuits mainframes and minicomputers

IBM 360 1964 equally suited for business or science 3 ALUs - fixed-point, decimal, floating-point 16 32-bit general registers from 8K to 8M of memory

Fourth Generation

based on VLSI hundreds of thousands of

semiconductors per chip

microcomputers IBM PC released in 1981

www.cs.indiana.edu

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg

Fifth Generation

massively parallel computers supercomputers

still not in everyone's home

Possible Revision of "5th Generation" maybe it was the internet-ization of every device maybe it was mobile-ization of every device, thanks to

Lithium-Ion batteries allowing smaller devices

Moore's Law

http://pointsandfigures.com/2015/04/18/moores-law/

computing power doubles every two years

Possible Future :Quantum Computing

Classical Mechanics an object in motion stays in motion blah blah

Quantum Mechanics a particle can be in two places at once two particles can be "entangled" regardless of distance or time there are parallel universes

Quantum Computer based on Qubits can be 1, or 0, or 1 and 0 at the same time computational complexity is no longer relevant data transfer would be instant very good at decoding encrypted messages

Stages of a New Technology becoming Viable1. Critical Price

2. Critical Mass

3. Displacement of Another Technology

4. Nearly Free

Example : Voice Over IP1. high speed internet connection cost less $2. over 20% of households get high speed3. international calls made over internet4. talking to someone in India nearly free via Skype

http://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_of_wired_on_tech_s_long_tail.html

The Internet ARPANET

started in 1967 fault tolerant packet-switched

1973 - TCP/IP enables a network of networks

1977 - email application 1984 - DNS introduced with 1000 nodes 1991 - first web server 1998 - birth of Google Inc.

http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/

http://www.bsdg.org/Jim/Peer2Peer/Paper/3214_Internet.png

E-Commerce

Third quarter 2015 retail e-commerce was $87.5 Billion. 7.4% of total retail sales.

Q3 2015 retail e-commerce was 15.1% higher than Q3 2014. Total retail sales increased 1.6% in same period.

http://www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf

Google Revenue by Source

Past Trends and the Future

Next Class...

Intro to Ethics "morality" / "ethics" relativism / utilitarianism