Danish Experiences of Improvingthe Utilisation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Feeding of Pigs

Sigurd Boisen, Dr. agro. Boisen ConsultSønæsvej 6, 8800 Viborg, Denmark

• Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are key elements inall living organismsAdequate supply of N and P is essential for a

sustainable plant production from which a number of organic compounds, e.g.:• Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and vitamins are produced

Adequate supply of these compounds is essential for all mono-gastric animals, e.g. pigs.

Sustainable Pig Production

• Protein level in the feed• Protein digestibility• Protein quality• Feed utilisation• Pig genetic: Meat percentage in the slaughter pig

Factors influencing N-losses in Pig Production

• Phosphorus level in the feed• Phytic phosphorus• Phytase activity• Feeding system (dry or wet feeding)• Industrial (exogenous) phytases

Factors influencing P-losses in Pig Production

• Barley• Wheat

• Soybean meal

Traditionally most important Feedstuffs in Danish Pig Diets

Protein fractions: %(Osborne)

Glutelins 25

Prolamins 50(Hordein)

Glubulins + 25Albumins

Endosperm

Aleurone layerEmbryo

Barley seed (N):

}{

Ideal protein

• Perfect ratio among the essentialamino acids (EAA) required for optimal performance (maintenance + production)

• Profile in which every amino acid is equally limiting

• Minimal surplus of N

Ideal protein (g per 160g N)

Barley (relative to IP)

Wheat (relative to IP)

Soybean meal (relative to IP)

Lysine 70 53 40 87

Methionine 18 100 89 72

Cystine 18 133 122 83

Threonine 45 73 61 78

Tryptophan 12 100 83 100

Isoleucine 40 91 83 125

Leucine 80 93 84 95

Valine 52 98 87 95

Histidine 25 97 98 100

Phenylalanine 40 135 117 125

Tyrosine 40 81 74 98 *Standardised digestible amino acids

Protein quality of common feedstuffs(amino acid composition* relative to the composition of ideal protein)

Phytic acidPhytase

Endosperm

Aleurone layerEmbryo

Barley seed (P):

}{

Phytate - inositolphosphate

• Storage of P in seeds and grains

• Phytases- releases P

- in grains and seeds

- microbial

- not in the animal organism

Phytase activity in cereals 1

Barley Wheat* Triticale Rye Maize

Phytase activity 24 53 70 115 0

1Phytic acid P account for about 80% of total P in cereal grains (Boisen, 1987)*Wheat bran: three-fold phytase activity (and three-fold phytic acid)

Nitrogen (g/FUp)

N in feed

Digestible N

Digestible ideal protein-N

Weight (kg)

N in Faeces

N in Urin

N inbody

N behov

70

80

90

100

In vivo: In vitro:

Apparentdigestedprotein

Undi-gestedprotein

Endo-genousprotein loss:

Extra

Basal

Real

Standardized’True’

Apparent

Dig

estib

ility

(%)

Determination of standardized digestibility

Standardized digestibility of protein and amino acids in selected common feedstuffs

Barley Wheat Soybean meal

NRC 1998

CVB 1999

In vitro

NRC 1998

CVB 1999

In vitro

NRC 1998

CVB 1999

In vitro

Crude protein - 80 80 - 89 91 - 87 92

Lysine 79 76 77 81 84 83 89 89 89

Methionine 86 82 85 90 90 90 91 90 91

Cystine 86 80 82 90 87 91 84 86 83

Threonine 81 80 80 84 86 90 85 86 86

Tryptophan 80 77 81 90 88 86 87 87 86

Isoleucine 84 82 82 89 91 90 88 88 88

Leucine 86 82 83 89 90 90 88 88 88

Valine 82 81 80 86 89 88 86 87 87

Histidine 86 83 83 89 91 94 90 90 90

Phenylalanine 88 84 86 91 91 92 88 89 90

Tyrosine 87 - 86 89 - 90 90 - 89

• Feed value: Potential properties of the feed

• Energy value: Potential physiological energy (PPE)• Protein value: Standardised digestible amino acids

(SDAA) relative to ideal protein (IP)

• Analyses of the potential digestibility of nutrientsdirectly in the actual feed batches by in vitro methods

New Danish feed evaluation system

Energy value:

Adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP):

• Universal energy donor for all energy requiring processes in living organisms

Potential physiological energy (PPE):

• Physiologically available energy conserved in ATP after oxidation of nutrients at cellular level

FEED VALUE: Conversion of dietary nutrientsto physiological energy and growth

Protein AA ProteinIP

Protein

Ash

Carbo-hydrates Glu

SCFAAcCoA Energy

ATP

Lipids Fat

Lipids FA/MG LipidsTG Fat

Feed Digestive tract Intermediary metabolism Pig

4.4

0.30.2

1.0

Water

Feed value:Conversion of feed to pig growth (20 – 50 kg LW)

g/day:

Waste 76

Water 174

Undigested .

dry matter 277TG 18

Digestible CHO 600

Fermentable CHO 116

Non-TG 4Non-IP 57

IP 208

g/day:

55 Gut fill139 Fat

403 Water

21 Ash125 Protein

Energy

1530

733

PigFeed

x 0.3

-2.2Fur animals1.92.8Poultry

17.854.3Feed phosphates

4.520.3Cattle11.428.5Pigs

P in feedphosphates

Total P inFeeds

Phosphorus in husbandry animal diets

Commercial mineral feed mixtures

1. Minerals/Phosphates

2. Industrial amino acids (Lys, Thr, Met)

3. Phytase

Faeces47%

Urine22%

Retained31%

Faeces50%

Urine7%

Retained43% Faeces

52.5%

Urine0.1%

Retained47.4%

6.4 g P/kg+ Phosphate (100%)

4.9 g P/kg+ Phosphate (50%)

3.5 g P/kg- Phosphate 0 (%)

Digestibility, %: 53 50 47

Utilisation, %: 31 43 46

Excretion, g/d: 6.2 3.9 2.6

Gain - - reduced

Faeces47%

Urine22%

Retained31%

Faeces50%

Urine7%

Retained43%

6.4 g P/kg+ Phosphate (100%)

4.9 g P/kg+ Phosphate (50%)

3.5 g P/kg+ Phytase

Digestibility, %: 53 50 70

Utilisation, %: 31 43 65

Excretion, g/d: 6.2 3.9 1.6

Faeces30%

Urine5%

Retained65%

100

23

58P

69

120

270N

20031985

75100Relative

25120Pigs

50310TotalPN

Development in N and P (in 1000 tons)in manure from husbandry animal productionin Denmark in the period 1985 – 2003 (pig number increased from 9 mio. to 13 mio.)

0,543,0331 - 1042007

0,543,1831 - 1042006

0,613,1730 - 1022004

PhosphorusNitrogenWeight range

Development in excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in slaughter pig production

• One animal unit (= 1 DE) corresponds to 100 kg N from husbandry animal manure at storage (e.g. tank with slurry or manure) based on different categories:

• 1 Milking cow (small race: e.g. Jersey• 0.85 Milking cow (heavy race)• 4.3 Sows with piglets up to 7.2 kg• 35 slaughter pigs from 30 – 102 kg• 167 poultry (egg layers)• 2,900 chickens (from hatch to slaughter)DE is justified continuously when the general N/P regularly has been

improved for the specific category

Definition of Animal Units

• Reduction of dietary protein level• Improved feed utilisation• Supplementation of benzoic acid :

- up to 0.5% in diets for piglets- up to 1.0% in diets for slaughter pigs

(1% benzoic acid in the diet: reduced slurry-pH => reduced ammonia evaporation with about 10%)

Reduction of ammonia evaporation from pig production

Feeding robot JKL 2000 P*Components description

KarruselFodertrugBevægelige gitreUddrivningsarmFoderlågeSeparationslågeVægtIndgangslågeTransponderantenne

Developments in Pig Feeding

P: Feed phosphates ---> phytases

N: Protein-rich feedstuffs ---> industrial AA

N/P: 1 or 2 diets ---> multi-phase feeding (SP)

Commercial mineral feed mixtures

1. Minerals/Phosphates

2. Industrial amino acids (Lys, Thr, Met)

3. Phytase

The oversupply of phosphorus from agriculture (presently 33,000 tons) is intended to be reduced with 50% during the next 10 years

Reduction of phosphorus from husbandry animal production

• Emission* of ammonia must be reduced relatively to the emission in 2005 with:

15% in 200720% in 200825% in 2009_________________________________________*from pig stables with partial solid floor in 2005.

New Danish Law for the Environment from 1/1 2007

New Law for Environment 2007:

- all farms with husbandry animals

Focus on:

1) N and P to water environment

2) ammonia and odour from the animal production

Conclusion

N surplus from Danish pig productions have been reduced during the last two decades- mainly caused by improved protein quality

by supplementations of industrial amino acids

P surplus from Danish pig productions will be reduced during the next decade - mainly due to general use of effective

industrial phytases which can avoid supplementation of inorganic phosphates

Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology

Research Centre Foulum

1.97 kgDeposited N

1.45 kgTheoretical minimal excretion of N (3.42 kg – 1.97 kg)

3.42 kgDigestible protein (80% of feed protein)

2.73 kgIdeal protein (90% of digestible protein)

2.46 kgTotal N-requirements (20% for maintenance)

Calculation of minimal N-excretion from theslaughter pig production (30 – 100 kg liveweight)

PROTEINAA

Digestible Digestible Fermentable Digestible

CARBOHYDRATESS+S

LIPIDSFA

Acetyl - CoA

ENERGY

PROTEIN WATERASH LIPIDS

1. Chemical analyses(Feed composition)

2. In vitro analyses(Simulation ofdigestion)

3. Calculations(Potential energygeneration and nutrient deposition)

4. Animal model(Feed intake, Pdmax,deposition and excretion)

Summary of feed evaluation

Feed optimization

C RD SD

SD SD

Growth

Mainte-nanceBEL

Reqiuire-ments

Safty-margin

/economical

optimum

Standar-dized

digestibleamino acids

per FU

Norm

SELUD

A RD SD

B RD SD+

Diet: Pig:

UD = undigestedRD = real digestedSD = standardized digested

SEL = specific endogenous lossBEL = basal endogenous loss

Feedstuffs:

Nutritional value of feedstuffs

• Energy value (from all organic compounds)• Protein value (amino acids)• Minerals and vitamins

• Composition of carbohydrates and lipids• Anti-nutritional factors (ANF's)• Effects of storing and processing