Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) [email protected] Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and...
-
Upload
winifred-golden -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
1
Transcript of Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) [email protected] Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and...
![Page 1: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic)
[email protected] Justice: Law, Policy and
Opportunities for ReformChase College of Law
Northern Kentucky UniversityOctober 11 2013
Adolescent Development: Forensic Implications
![Page 2: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AcknowledgementsTerrance J. Kukor, Ph.D. ABPP (Forensic)
Netcare Forensic Center
Jay Geidd MDNational Institute of Mental Health
![Page 3: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Adolescent Development: Clinical Considerations
1. It is well established that reasoning capabilities increase through childhood into adolescence and that preadolescents and younger teens differ substantially from adults in their cognitive abilities.
2. These developmental improvements in reasoning are complemented by increases in specific and general knowledge gained through education and experience and by improvements in basic information processing skills, including attention, short- and long-term memory, and organization.
~Steinberg, L. and Scott, E. (2003)
![Page 4: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Adolescent Development: Clinical Considerations*
3. Studies using of future orientation, impulsivity, and susceptibility to peer pressure indicate that brain systems implicated in planning, judgment, impulse control, and decision making continue to mature into late adolescence.
4. Adolescents, as compared with adults, are more susceptible to influence, less future oriented, less risk averse, and less able to manage their impulses and behavior, and that these differences likely have a neurobiological basis.
![Page 5: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Adolescent Development: Clinical Considerations
5.The important conclusion for our purposes is that juveniles may have diminished decision-making capacity compared with adults because of differences in psychosocial capacities that are likely biological in origin.
![Page 6: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Adolescent Development: Research on Clinical/Legal Considerations *~ Steinberg (2003) (Essentially on of two sources of “Juvenile Norms”)Fundamental aspects of judgment and reasoning
not present until age 16About 30% of 11-13 year-olds and 20% of 14-
15 olds are probably not competentLack essential knowledge (e.g., don’t understand
difference between defense and prosecuting attorneys)Youth < 15 years-old often cannot put facts together to
draw logical conclusions and do not consider future consequences
30% of 11-13 year olds performed at level of mentally ill adults found IST
Adolescents more willing than adults to confess rather than remain silent when confronted by an authority figure
![Page 7: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Adolescent Development: Research on Clinical/Legal Considerations (Grisso, 2003)
Abilities associated with adjudicative competence were assessed among 927 adolescents in juvenile detention facilities and community settings.
Adolescents’ abilities were compared to those of 466 young adults in jails and in the community.
Youths aged 15 and younger performed more poorly than young adults, with a greater proportion manifesting a level of impairment consistent with that of persons found incompetent to stand trial. Adolescents also tended more often than young adults to make choices (e.g., about plea agreements) that reflected compliance with authority, as well as influences of psychosocial immaturity.
![Page 8: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mental Disorders not Typically Associated with Incompetence in Adults
1. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder2. Anxiety and Mood Disorders3. Receptive and Expressive
Disorders (learning disabilities)
Why this matters Functional consequences often are not
different Few youths in delinquent samples studies are
psychotic
![Page 9: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Developmental Considerations*Youths are “moving targets”
They change from year to yearThey experience spurts, delays,
and regressionsIncreases in one developmental area may not
signify increases in other developmental areas
Youths are socially dependent
Adolescent psychopathology is complicated Youth’s mental disorders are influenced by
continuing development, and can take different forms as they mature
![Page 10: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Developmental Considerations: Examples of Uneven Development
1. Various capacities do not develop at the same rate
2. Physical maturity typically precedes psychological maturity
3. A youth may be mature in one domain (e.g., cognitively) but not in another domain (e.g., interpersonally)
![Page 11: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Developmental Considerations: Examples of Uneven Development
4. A youth might exhibit a relatively mature response in one context, and quite another in a different context
5. A youth might appear to exhibit a capacity one day, but the next appear to be much shakier in that same capacity
Therefore, it is often not helpful to refer to a youth as “mature” or “immature” without greater specification of ability and context.
![Page 12: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ImmaturityImmaturity is a relative term
Importance of identifying cognitive, emotional, and behavioral anchors “Immature compared to whom?” Adults? Average adolescent? Same age peers?
Maturation is not an all-or-none concept Importance of identifying the specific ability or characteristics in question
Age is not synonymous with developmental level Do not presume level of maturity based on age alone
![Page 13: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Domains of Maturity
1. Biological development2. Physical development3. Brain development
a. MRI: prefrontal development, and affect regulation
4. Intellectual development a. Cognitive abilities (reasoning capacity)b. Experience – gaining information
5. Psychosocial development - more
![Page 14: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial maturity = factors that have to do with ability to take a perspective in practical social situations, especially when problem-solving (Grisso,2005) a. Autonomyb. Risk Perceptionc. Time Perspectived. Abstract Thinking
![Page 15: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Psychosocial Development1. Perceived Autonomy
a. Dependence on adults decreases across adolescence
b. Capacity for self-direction gradually increases
c. Sense of identity gradually becomes more lasting and meaningful
d. Peer influence increases early in adolescence and then gradually decreases
e. Lack of autonomy can be manifested as passivity, inattention, or simple acquiescence to authority and/or peers
![Page 16: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Psychosocial Development
2. Perceptions of Riska. Very young adolescents may not recognize
risksb. Once risks are recognized, youths differ
from adults in estimates of risksi. Under-estimation of likelihood of risk
ii. Lesser capacity to delay impulsive response in risky situations
iii. Tendency to weigh risks differently (e.g., preference for immediate gains, and willingness to risk negative consequences, which are often underestimated)
![Page 17: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Psychosocial Development
3. Time Perspective
a. Tendency to focus on short-term consequences
b. Picturing oneself several years from now is difficult in light of uncertainty of “self” (which is changing)
c. Immature time perspective manifests as failure to balance long-term losses with short-term gains
![Page 18: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Psychosocial Development
4. Abstract Thinking a. Required in order to:
i. Grasp some concepts (e.g., a “right”)
ii. Recognize others’ motives
iii. Consider hypotheticals (e.g., if X, then Y)
iv. Concrete thinking makes it difficult to imagine consequences one has not experienced before
![Page 19: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Individual Differences
![Page 20: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
“Nature, Mr. Allnut, is what we were put on this earth to rise above.”
![Page 21: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Temperament
![Page 22: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Infant From Hell
![Page 23: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Thinkin’ Ain’t SimpleI Know, I Dun It Before
![Page 24: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Milestones
![Page 25: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Current Research In Neuro-ImagingJay Giedd MD. Child Psychiatry Branch NIMH
![Page 27: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Phineas Gage
![Page 28: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Gray Matter Thickness: Ages 4 to 22 years
![Page 33: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ADHD
![Page 35: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
White Matter Development
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 10 20 30
Age (years)
![Page 36: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
White Matter vs Gray Matter
Gray MatterInverted “U”
Regionally specific
White MatterLinear increase
Not different by region
![Page 37: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Brain Development in Healthy Children & Adolescents Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Data (243 Scans from 145 Subjects)
Frontal Gray Matter
200
220
240
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Age in years
Vo
lum
e in
![Page 38: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Neuronal Branching
Dendrites & Synapses
Diamond, Hopson, Scheibel, 1998
BIRTH 3 MONTHS OLD 2 YEARS
![Page 39: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Images by Diane Murphy, PhD, National Institutes of Health
![Page 40: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Adolescent “pruning”
![Page 41: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
IQ and cortical thickness
![Page 42: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Questions raised from the cortical thickness findings
What are the social/judicial/parenting/ personal implications of late DLPFC maturation?
What influences the build up stage?
Parenting / Medications / Diet / Video games / Other
Does the “use it or lose it” principle guide the adolescent pruning?
![Page 43: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Teens and Adults process emotions differently
Adults and teen subjects have been shown to process emotions differently, they use different areas of their brain to recognize feelings
Many teen subjects failed to interpret the emotion in faces like this one as fear.
![Page 44: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
When reading emotion, teens (left) rely more on the amygdala, while adults (right) rely more on the frontal cortex.
Deborah Yurgelon-Todd, 2000
Emotions
![Page 45: Daniel L. Davis, Ph.D., ABPP (Forensic) drdandavis@gmail.com Juvenile Justice: Law, Policy and Opportunities for Reform Chase College of Law Northern Kentucky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649eda5503460f94be95b7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Teens show reduced recruitment of motivational but not consummatory components of reward-directed behavior
Colors= extra oxygen flow after a signal indicating that they could win cash Young adults (part A), ventral striatum robustly activated Adolescents (part B), ventral striatum showed less activation. Brain activity in response to learning that money had been won, however,
did not differ between the two age groups. Teens "like" obtaining the money but are less energized to prepare and
respond to obtain it.
Young Adults Teens
James Bjork, Ph.D, NIAAA, 2004