Daniel DettmersIndustrial Refrigeration Consortium

U.W. Madison

1826Fredric Tudor

1857 Canned Ice Plant

1927 GE Monitor

Top Fridge

1928-36Thomas Midgley

R32, R11, R12, R22

1974Rowland and Molina

Expose CFC’s

1987Montreal Protocol

(1992 Clean Air Act)CFC/HCFC Phaseout

1/1/1996CFC Phaseout (US)

1997Kyoto Protocol

2009Copenhagen Summit

2010HCFC Phaseout (US)

0

20

40

60

80

100

2000 2004 2010 2015 2020 2030

Cap at 1989 ODP- weighted HCFC + 2.8% CFC consumption.

35% reduction of

cap

75% reduction of cap

(formerly 65%)

90% reduction of cap 99.5% reduction of cap

0% allocation to R-22

0%

2009 EPA step down

reduction in R-22 production

2014 EPA step down

Trade Name ASHRAE Number HFC-32 HFC-125 HFC-134a HCF-

143aPropane

R-290n-Butane

R-600

Iso-butane R-600a

Iso-pentane R-601a

R-404A 404A 44 4 52

KLEA 60, KLEA 407A 407A 20 40 40

KLEA 407C, AC9000 407C 23 25 52

NU-22/ISCEON 59 417A 46.6 50 3.4

Choice R421A 421A 58 42

Choice R421B 421B 85 15

ISCEON 79 422A 85.1 11.5 3.4

ICOR XAC1 422B 55 42 3

ICOR XLT1 422C 45 82 15 3

ISCEON MO29 422D 65.1 31.5 3.4

RS-44 424A 50.5 47.0 1.0 0.9 0.6

Forane 427A 427A 15 25 50 10

RS-52 428A 77.5 20.0 0.6 1.9

RS-45 434A 63.2 16 18 2.8

KDD5, ISCEON MO99 438A 8.5 45.0 44.2 1.7 0.6

R-507A 507A 50 50

Source: U.S. EPA: www.epa.gov/Ozone/snap/refrigerants/refblend.html* Fairly popular retrofit fluids

*

*

*

*

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500 R-

717/

-744

R-29

0/-6

00

R-13

4a

R-40

7C

R-22

R-41

0A

R-42

7A*

R-41

7A*

R-42

2B

R-42

1A

R-42

2D*

R-42

8A

R-40

4A/-

507A

* Fairly popular R-22 retrofit fluids

1826Fredric Tudor

1857 Canned Ice Plant

1927 GE Monitor

Top Fridge

1928-36Thomas Midgley

R32, R11, R12, R22

1974Rowland and Molina

Expose CFC’s

1987Montreal Protocol

(1992 Clean Air Act)CFC/HCFC Phaseout

1/1/1996CFC Phaseout (US)

1997Kyoto Protocol

2009Copenhagen Summit

2016Kigali AmendmentHFC Phase Down

2010HCFC Phaseout (US)

» U.N. Agreement to phase-down HFC’s˃ Signed October 2016˃ Enters into force January 1, 2019˃ Phase-down in gradual steps to complete around 2045˃ Extension of the Montreal Protocol

»Baseline based on HFC’s used in 2020-2022 + 65% of HCFC Use˃ Step down 10%, 30%, 50% & 80%

» Analysis of HFC Production and Consumption Controls - EPA˃ October 2009˃ Preliminary analysis of potential benefits for controlling

consumption of HFCs

» Pres. Obama ˃ June 25, 2013˃ Hints at HFC

reduction

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Change of Listing Status for Certain Substitutes Under the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program

˃ De-lists several Refrigerants in various applications

Refrigeration & A/C: Retail Food Refrigerant DateSupermarket (retrofit) R-404A/507A 7/2/2016Supermarket (New) R-404A/507A 1/1/2017Remote Condensing Units (Retro) R-404A/507A 7/2/2016Remote Condensing Units (New) R-404A/507A 1/1/2018Stand-Alone Retail Equip. (Retro) R-404A/507A/410A 7/2/2016

Stand-Alone Retail Equip. (New) R-404A/507A/410A/134a 2019/2020

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: New Listings of Substitutes; Changes of Listing Status…

˃ De-lists Refrigerants in more applications

Application Refrigerant Date

Cold storage warehouses (new) Propylene (R-1270), 443A 1/3/2017

Refrigerated food processing and dispensing equipment R-404A/507A, 410A, + 1/1/2021

Cold storage warehouses (new) R-404A/507A, 410A, + 1/1/2023

Centrifugal chillers (new) HFC-134a, 245fa, 410A,+ 1/1/2024

Positive displacement chillers (new) HFC-134a, 404A/507A, 410A,+ 1/1/2024

» Rule 16 - May 21, 2012˃ Amendment to HFO-1234yf SNAP Rule for Motor Vehicle

Air Conditioning Sector

» Rule 17 - February 21, 2012˃ Listing of Substitutes for Ozone- Depleting Substances—

Hydrocarbon Refrigerants ˃ R-600 (isobutene), R-441A (HCR188C) & R-290 (propane)

» Rule 19 – April 10, 2015˃ R-600 in vending and stand alone food retail˃ R-290 in vending, small A/C, res. Refrigerator˃ HFC-32 in room A/C

» EPA’s SNAP (Significant New Alternatives Policy) approved refrigerants are listed by Sector and then End Use˃ Chillers˃ Cold Storage Warehouse˃ Ice Skating Rinks˃ Industrial Process A/C

» www.epa.gov/snap/refrigeration-and-air-conditioning for all

> Industrial Process Ref> Retail Food Transport> Very Low Temp Ref> Retail Food Ref

Substitute Trade Name Retrofit/New ODP GWP Classification

Ammonia Vapor Compression N 0 0 B2L

R-407A Klea 60, Klea407A R/N 0 2,110 A1

R-407F GenetronPerformax LT R/N 0 1,820 A1

R-438A KDD5, ISCEON MO99 R/N 0 2,270 A1

R-448A Solstice® N-40 R/N 0 1,387 A1R-449A Opteon® XP 40 R/N 0 1,400 A1R-449B Forane® 449B R/N 0 1,412 A1R-450A Solstice® N-13 R/N 0 601 A1R-513A Opteon® XP 10 R/N 0 630 A1

R-744 (Carbon Dioxide, CO2) N 0 1 A1

Source: U.S. EPA: www.epa.gov/snap/acceptable-substitutes-typical-supermarket-systems

Dan’s leading contenders of CURRENTLY SNAP approved refrigerants.

Note: Don’t rule out propane and a few of the HFO’s.

» 1/1/19 - Revised leak rate thresholds:˃ 30% for Industrial Process Refrigeration (was 35%)˃ 20% for commercial refrigeration (was 35%)˃ 10% for comfort cooling (was 15%)

» 1/1/18 – HFC’s same as CFC/HCFC˃ 608 license to buy/charge stationary systems˃ Must evacuate equipment to specified levels

» Heavy emphasis on “Leak Inspections”» Equipment to work with HC’s

» Most manufacturers are gearing up equipment to handle:˃ Natural refrigerants (Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide)˃ A2L/B2L listed refrigerants (R-32, HFO’s)˃ Hydrocarbons (Propane, Butane)

» New world for technicians˃ No spark switches˃ No torches, no brazing˃ Better leak detection˃ Periodic leak inspection Copeland’s Propane compressor

CO2, NH3, SO2,Hydrocarbons

Methyl-Chloride, Ethyl-Ether

CFC’sNH3,

CO2, Hydrocarbons

CFC’s, HCFC’sNH3

HCFC’s, HFC’sNH3

HFC’s, HFO’sNH3, CO2,

HydrocarbonsAir, Water

Past: “Natural” Ice

Future?

» Daniel Dettmers˃ Industrial Refrigeration Consortium, U.W. Madison

» Daniel.Dettmers@wisc.edu