Dance in India

Dance in India comprises the varied styles of dancesin the country. As with other aspects of Indian cul-ture, dierent forms of dances originated in dierentparts of India, developed according to the local tradi-tions and also imbibed elements from other parts of thecountry.[1] Sangeet Natak Akademi, the national academyfor performing arts, recognizes eight distinctive tradi-tional dances as Indian classical dances, whichmight haveorigin in religious activities of distant past.Folk dances are numerous in number and style, and varyaccording to the local tradition of the respective state,ethnic or geographic regions. Contemporary dances in-clude rened and experimental fusions of classical, folkand Western forms. Dancing traditions of India have in-uence not only over the dances in the whole of SouthAsia, but on the dancing forms of South East Asia as well.Dances in Indian lms are often noted for their idiosyn-crasies, and hold a signicant presence in popular cultureof the Indian subcontinent.[2]

1 Origin of Dance in India

Shiva as Nataraja is worshipped as the Lord of Dance in Hin-duism.

In Hindu mythology, dance is believed to have been con-ceived by Brahma. Brahma inspired the sage BharataMuni to write the Natya Shastra, a treatise on per-forming arts, from which a codied practice of danceand drama emerged.[3] He used pathya (words) fromthe Rigveda, abhinaya (gestures) from the Yajurveda,geet (music) from the Samaveda and rasa (emotions)from the Atharvaveda to form the Natyaveda (body ofknowledge about dance).[4] The best-known of HindudeitiesShiva, Kali and Krishnaare typically repre-sented dancing.[5] Shivas cosmic dance, tandava, Kalisdance of creation and destruction and Krishnas dancewith the gopikas (cow-herd girls)Rasa Lilaare pop-ular motifs in Hindu mythology.[6]

In ancient India, there were no dedicated auditorium hallsor theaters, and dance was usually a functional activitydedicated to worship, entertainment or leisure. Dancersusually performed in temples, on festive occasions andseasonal harvests. Dance was performed on a regular ba-sis before deities as a form of worship.[7] Even in mod-ern India, deities are invoked through religious folk danceforms from ancient times.[8] Classical dance forms suchas Bharata Natyam use mudras or hand gestures also toretell episodes of mythological tales such as the slaying ofKaliya by Krishna.[9]

Gradually dancers, particularly from South India, movedfrom temples to houses of royal families where they per-formed exclusively for royalty.[10]

India oers a number of classical Indian dance forms,each of which can be traced to dierent parts of thecountry. Classical and folk dance forms also emergedfrom Indian traditions, epics and mythology.[11] Thereare many Indian folk dances such as Bhangra, Bihu,Ghumura Dance, Sambalpuri, Chhau and Garba and spe-cial dances observed in regional festivals such as Lohri[12]and Navratri.[13][14]

The presentation of Indian dance styles in lm, HindiCinema, has exposed the range of dance in India to aglobal audience.[15]

2 Classical danceMain article: Indian classical dance

Classical dance in India has developed a type of dance-drama that is a form of a total theater. The dancer acts out

1

2 2 CLASSICAL DANCE

Bharatanatyam Dancer

a story almost exclusively through gestures. Most of theclassical dances enact stories from Hindu mythology.[16]Each form represents the culture and ethos of a particularregion or a group of people.[17]

The criteria for being considered as classical is the stylesadherence to the guidelines laid down in Natyashastra,which explains the Indian art of acting. The SangeetNatak Akademi currently confers classical status oneight Indian classical dance styles: Bharatanatyam(Tamil Nadu), Kathak (North India), Kathakali (Kerala),Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Manipuri (Manipur),Mohiniyattam (Kerala), Odissi (Odisha), and Sattriya(Assam).[18][19]

The tradition of dance has been codied in theNatyashas-tra and a performance is considered accomplished ifit manages to evoke a rasa (emotion) among the au-dience by invoking a particular bhava(gesture or facialexpression). Classical dance is distinguished from folkdance because it has been regulated by the rules of theNatyashastra and all classical dances are performed onlyin accordance with them.[20]

A Mohiniyattam (originated in Kerala) performing

2.1 BharatanatyamMain article: Bharata Natyam

Dating back to 1000 BCE, Bharatanatyam is a classicaldance from the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, prac-ticed predominantly in modern times by women. Thedance is usually accompanied by classical Carnatic mu-sic.[21] Its inspirations come from the sculptures of theancient temple of Chidambaram. It was codied and doc-umented as a performing art in the 19th century by fourbrothers known as the Thanjavur Quartet whose musicalcompositions for dance form the bulk of the Bharatanatyarepertoire even today.[22]

2.2 KathakaliMain article: Kathakali

Kathakali (katha, story; kali, performance) is a highlystylized classical dance-drama form which originatedfrom Kerala in the 17th century.[23] This classical danceform is particularly noticed for dancers elaborate cos-tume, towering head gear, billowing skirts, and longsilver nails. Recent developments in Kathakali overthe years include improved looks, rened gestures andadded themes besides more ornate singing and precise

2.3 Kathak 3

Kathakali dancer

Kathak Dancer

Kuchipudi Dancer

drumming. Kathakali is performed regularly at festi-vals in temples, at cultural shows for connoisseurs andalso at international events, occasionally in fusion danceexperiments.[22][23]

2.3 KathakMain article: Kathak

Originating from north Indian states, In ancient Indiantemples Brahmin priests(pandits) used to narrate the sto-ries of gods and goddesses through dance, they wereknown as ((kathakar)) and the dance came to be knownas kathak. Kathak traces its origins to the nomadicbards of ancient northern India, known as Kathaks, orstorytellers.[24] Its form today contains traces of templeand ritual dances, and the inuence of the bhakti move-ment.[24] From the 16th century onwards it absorbed cer-tain features of Persian dance and Central Asian dancewhich were imported by the royal courts of the Mughalera. There are three major schools or gharanas of Kathakfrom which performers today generally draw their lin-eage: the gharanas of Benares, Jaipur and Lucknow.

2.4 KuchipudiMain article: Kuchipudi

4 2 CLASSICAL DANCE

Odissi performance

Sattriya dancer

Dating back to 2nd century BCE it is a classicaldance from the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.Kuchipudi is the name of a village in the Divi Taluka ofKrishna district that borders the Bay of Bengal and alsothe surname of the resident Brahmins practicing this tra-ditional dance form, it acquired the present name. Theperformance usually begins with some stage rites, afterwhich each of the character comes on to the stage andintroduces him/herself with a dharavu (a small compo-sition of both song and dance) to introduce the identity,set the mood, of the character in the drama. The drama

then begins. The dance is accompanied by song whichis typically Carnatic music. The singer is accompaniedby mridangam, violin, ute and the tambura. Ornamentsworn by the artists are generally made of a light weightwood called Boorugu.[22]

2.5 Odissi

Main article: Odissi

Odissi, also known as Orissi (Oriya: oi, Dev-nagari:), is one of the eight classical dance formsof India. It originates from the state of Odisha, in easternIndia. It is the oldest surviving dance form of India on thebasis of archaeological evidences.[1][2] there are mainlythree books of Odissi.The classic treatise of Indian dance,Natya Shastra, refers to it as Odra-Magadhi. 1st centuryBCE bas-reliefs in the hills of Udaygiri (near Bhubanesh-war) testify to its antiquity. It was suppressed under theBritish Raj, but has been reconstructed since India gainedindependence. It is particularly distinguished from otherclassical Indian dance forms by the importance it placesupon the Tribhangi (literally: three parts break), the in-dependent movement of head, chest and pelvis[3][4] andupon the basic square stance known as Chauka or Choukathat symbolizes Lord Jagannath. This dance is character-ized by various Bhangas (Stance), which involves stamp-ing of the foot and striking various postures as seen in In-dian sculptures. The common Bhangas are Bhanga, Ab-hanga, Atibhanga and Tribhanga.

2.6 Sattriya

Main article: Sattriya

Sattriya, or Sattriya Nritya (Assamese: ), isone among eight principal classical Indian dance tradi-tions. Where as some of the other traditions have beenrevived in the recent past, Sattriya has remained a livingtradition since its creation by the founder of Vaishnavismin Assam, the great saint Srimanta Sankardeva, in 15thcentury Assam. Satriya dance performance at GuwahatiRabindra BhawanSankardeva created Sattriya Nritya as an accompanimentto the Ankia Naat (a form of Assamese one-act plays de-vised by him), which were usually performed in the sat-tras, as Assams monasteries are called. As the traditiondeveloped and grew within the sattras, the dance formcame to be called Sattriya Nritya. Today, although Sat-triya Nritya has emerged from within the connes of thesattras to a much wider recognition, the sattras continueto use the dance form for ritualistic and other purposes forwhich it was originally created circa 500 years ago.It alsohas recently become one of the Indian Classical Dances.

53 Folk and tribal dance forms

Chholiya, the sword dance of Uttarakhand

Tutsa Dancers from Changlang district

Main article: Folk dance in India

Folk dances and plays in India retain signicance ruralareas as the expression of the daily work and rituals ofvillage communities.[25] These dances have their roots inreligious and seasonal festivals that have become a back-ground for such celebrations. They are mostly performedin groups.Sanskrit literature of medieval times describes severalforms of group dances such as Hallisaka, Rasaka, DandRasaka and Charchari. The Natya Shastra denes groupdances of women as a preliminary dance performed inprelude to a drama.[26]

Folk dances can be located according to the regions oftheir origin. Every state has its own folk dance formslike Bedara Vesha, Dollu Kunitha in Karnataka, Garba,Gagari (dance), Ghodakhund & Dandiya in Gujarat,Kalbelia, Ghoomar, Rasiya in Rajasthan, Neyopa, BachaNagma in Jammu and Kashmir, Bhangra & Giddha inPunjab, Chholiya dance in Uttarakhand, Bihu dancein Assam, Sambalpuri Dance in Western Odisha andlikewise for each state and smaller regions in it.[3][27]

4 Contemporary dance

Dance accompanied by Rabindra Sangeet, a music genre startedby Rabindranath Tagore.

Contemporary dance in India encompasses a wide rangeof dance activities currently performed in India. It in-cludes choreography for Indian cinema, modern Indianballet and experiments with existing classical and folkforms of dance by various artists.[28]

Uday Shankar and Shobana Jeyasingh are accreditedas the pioneers of modern Indian dance. He was nottrained in any classical dance form but developed hisown style based on his study of Rajput and Mughalpaintings.[29] Other well known proponents of moderndance in India include Ram Gopal, Mrinalini Sarabhaiand Chandralekha. Poet Rabindranath Tagore developeda dance genre popularly known as Rabindra NrityaNatyadance-dramas composed by him. These dancedramas and dances set on Rabindra sangeet (songswritten by Tagore) are popular in Bengali culture.

5 Dance in lmsMain articles: Hindi dance songs and Bollywood songand dance

Dance and song sequences have been an integral compo-nent of lms across the country. With the introductionof sound to cinema in the lm Alam Ara in 1931, chore-ographed dance sequences became ubiquitous in Hindiand other Indian lms.[30]

Dance in early Hindi lms was primarily modelled onclassical Indian dance styles and particularly those of his-toric North Indian courtesans (tawaif), or folk dancers.Modern lms often blend this earlier style with Westerndance styles (MTV or in Broadway musicals), though itis not unusual to see western choreography and adaptedclassical dance numbers side by side in the same lm.Typically, the hero or heroine performs with a troupeof supporting dancers. Many song-and-dance routines

6 9 REFERENCES

A Bollywood dance performance in Bristol

in Indian lms feature dramatic shifts of location and/orchanges of costume between verses of a song. It is popu-lar for a hero and heroine to dance and sing a pas de deux(a French ballet term, meaning dance of two) in beauti-ful natural surroundings or architecturally grand settings,referred to as a picturisation.[31] Indian lms have oftenused what are now called "item numbers" where a glam-orous female gure performs a cameo. The choreogra-phy for such item numbers varies depending on the lmsgenre and situation. The lm actress and dancer Helenwas famous for her cabaret numbers.[32] The inuence ofthe dance sequences of lms on popular culture is signif-icant, with amateur dancers often copying such dancingmoves during celebratory events and performances, suchas during wedding parties or other urbanized festivals.Often in movies, the actors don't sing the songs them-selves that they dance too, but have another artist sing inthe background. For an actor to sing in the song is un-likely but not rare. The dances in Bollywood can rangefrom slow dancing, to a more upbeat hip hop style dance.The dancing itself is a fusion of all dance forms. It couldbe Indian classical, Indian folk dance, belly dancing, jazz,hip hop and everything else you can imagine.[33]

6 Dance education

Traditionally, dance as a profession or a hobby was dis-couraged among upper classes and higher castes in India.It was looked upon as a lowly activity and women fromreputed households were prohibited from practising anydance form. Hence, in forms like Bhavai[34] and Gotipua,men would take up the roles of female characters.[35]

Rukmini Devi Arundale revived the classical dance formBharata Natyam and in its modern avatar, it became anacceptable subject of training for women.[36] ShiamakDavar, a noted Indian choreographer, started the Shia-mak Davar Institute for Performing Arts in 1985 and ithas over 25,000 members.[37]

7 Geographic spreadSome traditions of the Indian classical dance are prac-ticed in the whole Indian subcontinent, including Pakistanand Bangladesh, with which India shares several othercultural traits. Indian mythologies play signicant part indance forms of countries in South East Asia, an examplebeing the performances based on Ramayana in Javanesedances.[38]

8 FestivalsSangeet Natak Akademi organizes dance festivals aroundIndia.[39]

9 References[1] McCormick, Charlie T.; White, Kim Kennedy (13 De-

cember 2010). Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Cus-toms, Tales, Music, and Art. ABC-CLIO. p. 705. ISBN978-1-59884-241-8. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

[2] McFee, Graham (1994). The concept of dance education.Routledge. pp. 127128. ISBN 978-0-415-08376-8. Re-trieved 29 February 2012.

[3] Devi, Ragini (1990). Dance dialects of India. Motilal Ba-narsidass Publ. p. 234. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0.

[4] Sinha, Aakriti (2006). Lets know dances of India (1sted.). New Delhi: Star Publications. ISBN 978-81-7650-097-5.

[5] (Narayan p.10)

[6] Constance, John; Ryan, JamesD. (2007). Encyclopedia ofHinduism (Illustrated ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 552.ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. Retrieved 6 February 2012.

[7] India Heritage, A living portrait of India. History ofClassical Dances. Retrieved 2 February 2012.

[8] Folk dances of Bihar - Bihargatha. Bihargatha.in. Re-trieved 2012-02-24.

[9] Sangeet natak, Volume 39. University of Michigan:Sangeet Natak Akademi. 2005.

[10] Leela Samson, Jagdish Joshi. History And Myths of In-dian Classical Dances. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

[11] Sinha, Aakriti (2006). Lets know dances of India (1sted.). New Delhi: Star Publications. ISBN 978-81-7650-097-5.

[12] Kapoor, Sukhbir Singh (March 1989). Sikh festivals.Rourke Enterprises. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-86592-984-5.Retrieved 28 February 2012.

[13] Singh, Kumar Suresh; Lal, Rajendra Behari; Anthro-pological Survey of India (2003). Gujarat. PopularPrakashan. p. 24. ISBN 978-81-7991-104-4. Retrieved28 February 2012.

7[14] BBC Religions - Hinduism - Navratri.

[15] Gopal, Sangita; Moorti, Sujata (2008). Global Bolly-wood: travels of Hindi song and dance (Illustrated ed.).U of Minnesota Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8166-4579-4. Retrieved 6 February 2012.

[16] editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editorSouth Asia, Indu (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbasto Cypress). New Delhi: Encyclopdia Britannica (India).p. 13. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.

[17] Chander, Prakash (1 January 2003). India: past &present. APH Publishing. p. 131. ISBN 978-81-7648-455-8. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

[18] Indian Classical Dance. One India. 2009-04-19. Re-trieved 2010-06-11.

[19] Narayan, Shovana (2005). Indian classical dances: ekamsat vipraah bahudaa vadanti . Shubhi Publications. p. 5.ISBN 9781845571696.

[20] Culture of India. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2010. p.352. ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1.

[21] A Dance Recital of Bharatanatya. SPICMACAY chap-ter, Cornell university. Retrieved 24 January 2012.

[22] Sinha, Aakriti (1 January 2006). Lets know dances ofIndia. Star Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-7650-097-5. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

[23] Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1984). The Kathakali complex: actor,performance & structure. Abhinav Publications. pp. 311. ISBN 978-81-7017-187-4. Retrieved 28 February2012.

[24] Massey, Reginald (1999). Indias kathak dance, pastpresent, future. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp.1533. ISBN 978-81-7017-374-8.

[25] Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students Britannica India, Volume2. Popular Prakashan. p. 392. ISBN 9780852297605.

[26] Devi, Ragini (1990). Dance dialects of India. Motilal Ba-narsidass Publ. p. 181. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0. Re-trieved 29 February 2012.

[27] Gupta, Shobhna (2005). Dances of India. Har-AnandPublications. ISBN 9788124108666.

[28] Banerji, Projesh (October 1983). Indian ballet dancing.Abhinav Publications. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-391-02716-9. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

[29] Educational Britannica Educational (1 July 2010). TheCulture of India. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 284.ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

[30] Shreshthova, Sangita (2008). Between cinema and perfor-mance: Globalizing Bollywood dance. ProQuest. p. 372.ISBN 978-0-549-90081-8.

[31] Gopal, Sangita (2008). Global Bollywood: travels ofHindi song and dance. Minneapolis: University of Min-nesota Press. ISBN 9780816645787.

[32] Meyer, Michael (2009). Word & image in colonial andpostcolonial literatures and cultures. Rodopi. p. 379.ISBN 978-90-420-2743-5.

[33] (Campbell, 2007)

[34] Manorma Sharma (1 January 2007). Musical heritage ofIndia. APH Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-81-313-0046-6. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

[35] Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1992). History of Indiantheatre. Abhinav Publications. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-7017-278-9. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

[36] Sharma, Arvind; editors, Katherine K. Young, (1998).Feminism and world religions. Albany, N.Y.: State Uni-versity of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4023-0.

[37] Gokulsing, edited by K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal(2009). Popular culture in a globalised India. London:Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47666-9.

[38] Studies in Indo-Asian art and culture, Volume 3. Interna-tional Academy of Indian Culture. 1974. p. 131. |rst1=missing |last1= in Authors list (help)

[39] Shah, Purnima (2000). National dance festivals in India:public culture, social memory and identity. University ofWisconsin--Madison. Retrieved 20 August 2012.

10 Notes Massey, Reginald (2004). Indias Dances: Their

History, Technique, and Repertoire, Abhinav Pub-lications, New Delhi, India.

Narayan, Shovanna (2005). The Sterling Book:Indian Classical Dance, New Dawn Press Group,New Delhi, India.

Revealing the Art of Natyasastra by NarayananChittoor Namboodiripad ISBN 9788121512183

11 External links Archival footage of a discussion on Classical South

Indian Dance andWestern Audiences at Jacobs Pil-low Dance Festival on August 9, 2008.

8 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses12.1 Text

Dance in India Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20in%20India?oldid=651328329 Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, CharlesMatthews, Warofdreams, Wmahan, Tsemii, Venu62, Kwamikagami, BrokenSegue, Wiki-uk, Andrewpmk, Pranathi, Dwaipayanc,Gryndor, Paul foord, Gurch, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Wavelength, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Grafen, Seemagoel, Chopper Dave, Allens,Katieh5584, SmackBot, Jagged 85, JonHarder, Bharatanatyam scholar, Aeln, Wizardman, Amartyabag, Apalaria, Yogesh Khandke,MarcAurel, Dr.K., Skinsmoke, 11K, JForget, Badrish, AshLin, Neelix, Slazenger, Gogo Dodo, AroundTheGlobe, Nick Number, Anti-VandalBot, Ekabhishek, Kajasudhakarababu, Jayajaya, Padmanabhan1, STBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Gnanapiti, Dbiel, AKA MBG,DigitallyBorn, Tariq25, STBotD, Redtigerxyz, A.Ou, Munci, Moonriddengirl, Oldag07, ImageRemovalBot, Sxa93, ClueBot, Gandharvaiims, Bob1960evens, Shruti14, Arjayay, Ranjithsutari, XLinkBot, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, LaaknorBot, Redheylin, Favonian, Rasanub-hava, , Gail, Emperor Genius, Yobot, Themfromspace, Julia W, Amirobot, KamikazeBot, Eric-Wester, AnomieBOT, Enigma Blues,Materialscientist, Citation bot, Eumolpo, Ashwinijaya, Anna Frodesiak, Neilho, Aurola, Guruchandrasekharan, Incidious, A.amitkumar,Danceteacher333, FrescoBot, Pooja Narang, Vernon Schieck, SpacemanSpi, I dream of horses, Jonesey95, Dazedbythebell, Hari-anand3, Akkida, DixonDBot, Tis2k, Theo10011, Suusion of Yellow, Reach Out to the Truth, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, Belabri, Anshuman.jrt, Kkm010, Netha Hussain, Tolly4bolly, Karthikndr, Karan1974, ClueBot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, Yoyo000, Amrit-pal Singh sherdill, Akshay.tats, Nikhilsoni08, Widr, Starpchack, Adityamadhav83, Hisham, Helpful Pixie Bot, Thisthat2011, Boonash-ley, Calabe1992, Edpmdnr, Ramesh Ramaiah, Noopur28, Shalini.charran, PhnomPencil, Gautam mishra, Simfan934, Nitika.t, BPositive,Unique.creator, John.kakoty, Anbu121, BattyBot, Rver29, HueSatLum, Pratyya Ghosh, JYBot, Ballerinailina, Mogism, Lugia2453, Isarra(HG), Svpnikhil, Little green rosetta, Rachana Sundaresan, Anisharm, Rusianejohn, Prayagpathak, Summerdiary, Dipjyotidipankarsat-triya, Param Mudgal, Deepchaitanya, Khus2001, Bellus Delphina, JaconaFrere, Lakun.patra, Kiran cb, Kundanlal33, Pavan santhosh.s,Monkbot, BethNaught, Nitinjog, TanmayaPanda, Nritarutya, Blacknclick, Vedpriyaa and Anonymous: 178

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Origin of Dance in India Classical dance Bharatanatyam Kathakali Kathak Kuchipudi Odissi Sattriya

Folk and tribal dance forms Contemporary dance Dance in films Dance education Geographic spread Festivals References Notes External links Text and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license