Dan Stokols, Ph.D. School of Social Ecology University of ...
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The Science of Team Science:
Distinctive Concerns
Stokols, D.S. (2015). The Science of Team Science: Distinctive Concerns. National Science Foundation Sponsored Workshop on
Fundamentals of Team Science and the Science of Team Science (June 2), Bethesda MD.
Dan Stokols, Ph.D.
School of Social Ecology
University of California, Irvine
Science
Studies
Science
of Teams
Shared Foci:
Study and management of
individual, small group,
organizational, institutional,
societal factors that
influence effectiveness of
cross-disciplinary science
teams and research
initiatives
Overlapping Strands of Research on
Scientific Practices and Outcomes
Science of
Team Science
History and philosophy
of science; sociology
and psychology of
science; science and
technology studies
Psychology and
management studies of
processes and outcomes in
non-science as well as
science teams
Program evaluations of large-scale scientific, training,
and policy initiatives designed to foster cross-
disciplinary scientific innovation and evidence-based
solutions to complex societal and global problems
Science Studies
An interdisciplinary field broadly concerned
with social, political, technological, historical,
philosophical, and psychological influences on
the course of scientific research
The Science of Teams
...a research domain at the interface of organizational, cognitive, and
applied psychology concerned with understanding the composition,
dynamics, and effectiveness of diverse teams and organizations
Types of Teams
• Military Teams
• Factory Teams
• Corporate Teams
• Surgical Teams
• Emergency Response Teams
• Science Teams
National Research Council Workshop on Team Dynamics and Effectivness, July 1, 2013, Washington,
DC http://sites.nationalacademies.org/DBASSE/BBCSS/DBASSE_083679
See also distinctions between production and action teams (Sundstrom, De Meuse, Futreel, 1990; and
project teams (Hollenbeck, Beersma, Schouten, 2012; Edmondson & Nembhard, 2009).
Facets of Team Effectiveness
(Hackman, 1987; Kozlowski & Ilgen, 2006; McGrath, 1964)
Performance Outputs
judged by relevant others external to team
Member Satisfaction
how well the team meets members’ needs
Team Viability
the willingness of members to remain in the team
Collaborative Processes and Emergent States
That Influence Team Effectiveness
(cf., Bell & Kozlowski, 2011; Cooke et al., 2013; De Church & Mesmer-Magnus, 2010; De Dreu & Weingert, 2003; Edmondson, 1999, 2002;
Gully et al., 2002; Jehn, 1997; Kozlowksi & Ilgen, 2006; Marks et al., 2001; Mathieu et al., 2008; Salas & Fiore, 2007; Thatcher & Patel, 2011)
See also National Research Council Workshop on Team Dynamics and Effectivness, July 1, 2013, Washington, DC http://sites.nationalacademies.org/DBASSE/BBCSS/DBASSE_083679
Cognitive
• Team mental models
• Transactive memory
• Team Learning
Affective
• Team Cohesion
• Team Efficacy
• Team Conflict
Behavioral
• Communication
• Member Competencies
• Team Regulation
Key Leverage Points for Influencing
Team Processes and Effectiveness
(cf., Dyer, 1984; Hackman & Wageman, 2005; Klimoski & Jones,
1995; Kozlowski & Ilgen, 2006; Salas et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2014)
• Team Composition and Assembly
• Education and Training
• Leadership and Management
Collaboration in Geographically Dispersed Multi-Team Systems and Collaboratories
Members of the Alice Experiment Team in CERN
http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/General/Members/index.html
Members of the Large Hadron Collider
Beauty Experiment Team in CERN
http://lhcb-public.web.cern.ch/lhcb-public/
http://www.trecscience.org
The Science of Team Science
…an interdisciplinary field concerned
with understanding and managing
circumstances that facilitate or hinder
the effectiveness of collaborative (and
often cross-disciplinary) research,
training, and translational initiatives
http://www.scienceofteamscience.org http://www.nap.edu/catalog/19007/enhancing-the-effectiveness-of-team-science
Distinctive Concerns of SciTS Research
• Diverse units of analysis studied by SciTS scholars (including teams,
organizations, institutions, research centers and institutes)
• Multi-network structure of scientific collaboration; diverse contexts and
pathways of collaboration (e.g., multi-team systems, citizen science)
• Predominant emphasis in today’s science teams on cross-disciplinary
integration and innovation at scientific and societal levels
• Evaluations of large-scale institutional and science policy initiatives designed
to promote and sustain effective team science
• Establishing reliable, valid, consensually agreed-upon criteria for gauging the
effectiveness of science teams and team science initiatives
• Translational and educational goals of the SciTS field, especially improving
future scientific teamwork and new initiatives to promote effective team science
NAS Report on Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science, 2015
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/dbasse/bbcss/enhancing_effectiveness_of_team_science/index.htm
Maximize cross-disciplinary integration
and innovation while minimizing the
costs incurred through scientific and
translational collaboration.
Strategic Team Science
High-Leverage Collaboration Readiness Factors
• Team members have worked together on prior projects
• Participants share a strong commitment to CD collaboration
• Diverse competencies well matched to collaborative tasks
• Leaders with collaborative, inclusive, and empowering orientations
• Ample training and experience in cross-disciplinary team science
• Strong institutional support for cross-disciplinary collaboration
• Environments and technologies that enable collaboration
Externalizing Shared Values and Team Identity
Through the Physical Environment
Pacificare, Cypress, CA LSA Associates, Irvine, CA
Google-Zurich LSA Associates, Irvine, CA
TD center publications have longer start up period compared to
R01 grants but become more productive over time.
Publications Generated by TD Center Grants and R01 Investigator-Initiated Grants
(Hall, Stokols, Stipelman,Vogel, et. al., Assessing the Value of Team Science: A Study Comparing Center-
and Investigator-Initiated Grants, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2012, 42(2), 157-163)
Dimensions of Transdisciplinary Innovations
• Temporal scope – near-term vs. mid-term and longer-term research
outcomes and impacts
• Within domain vs. cross-domain advances in scientific thinking and
research methods, metrics and measures
• Paradigm elaboration vs. paradigm shifting and paradigm creating
innovations (incremental vs. radical innovations) cf. Hage, Jordan, & Mote, 2007
• Translational value of scientific innovations for developing new and
more effective public policies and targeted interventions to alleviate
community problems
(cf., Jordan, 2013; Holbrook, 2013)
Training Resources for Team Science
https://www.teamsciencetoolkit.cancer.gov
https://ccrod.cancer.gov/confluence/display/NIHOMBUD/Home
http://www.teamscience.net
http://www.scienceofteamscience.org/scits-a-team-science-resources