Research in Support of using Mineral Elements to Suppress Microbes Bud Harmon Brookside Agra OFallon IL USA

Professor Emeritus Department of Animal Sciences Purdue University

Hospitals in US report that 2 million people get sick annually from diseases contracted from going to hospitals and100,000 die from these infections each year. CDC, 2011

Dan Childs Medical News

Similarity in Maintaining Biosecurity and Suppressing Microbial Populations in Food-Animal Production Units and Hospitals.

Rooms in hospitals and food-animal production facilities are periodically cleaned and disinfected, which greatly reduces microbial populations at that instant

Rooms must be vacated of humans and animals for 24 hours after disinfecting for safety (most disinfectants are carcinogenic) until disinfectant decomposes. Most disinfectants are worthless within 24 hours of use

When humans enter hospital rooms and sows enter farrowing units, microbial counts increase and disease virulence builds. Most serious disease vectors are humans in hospitals and sows in farrowing units.

Need a prophylactic that continues to suppress microbes for extended periods and is safe. Selected trace minerals provides such protection. Mineral elements do not break down.

Culmination of research to minimize nosocomial diseases of humans within hospitals and minimize diseases of food-producing animals is done with programmed use of selected mineral elements.

Hospitals are methodically installing copper, zinc and iron surfaces that have excellent microbial inhibiting power, to replace attractive stainless steel that is worthless in eliminating microbes

In food-animal production, programmed dusting (i.e. weekly) all surfaces with copper, zinc, and iron provides the same sustained suppression of microbes

Purpose of Disrupt Environmental ProphylacticContains trace elements that continuously reduce microbial levels throughout farrowing and nursery

Research that developed Disrupt paralleled research conducted by medical and hospital scientists to reduce nosocomial diseases (fancy term for diseases contracted from going to hospitals)

Our research and hospital research concentrated on using trace mineral elements to inhibit organisms from viruses through bacteria, molds/fungi and larval stages of insects and parasites.

Two Important Research Journals: Journal of Hospital Infections Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Many trace mineral elements have been investigated but copper, zinc and iron are by far the most effective

We have focused on the same trace elements: Cu, Fe, and Zn

We have developed an extensive library of research demonstrating efficacy of each of the 3 elements

Examples of our research and hospital research against a broad spectrum of microbes

Moran et.al. 2010

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Zinc Oxide Against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7

Listeria Salmonella E. coliLength of Culture, hrs 168 168 48Level of ZnO, mg/ml 0.28 1.12 0.28 1.12 3.2

cfu/ml Log10 Reduction 4.2 5.8 4.1 6.1 6.0______________________________________________ T. Jin et.al. 2009

Antimicrobial effects of Zinc and Copper ions on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (gram negative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive), Candida albicans (fungus) Minimum lethal concentrations after 48 hour at 37 incubation for zinc and copper against 3 pathogenic micro-organisms. Minimum Lethal Concentrations x 10mcg/dm-3 Metal ions Zinc Copper Microorganism Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 1916 36 Staphylococcus aureus 9 8 Candidia albicans 39 26 Zeelie, J.J. and McCarthy, T.J. 1997

(Example of organism that responds differently to different element)

Antiviral Effect of Iron and CopperQuotes by Author at FDA Both iron and copper ions were able to inactivate Junin virus comparable to the activity of recommended disinfectants: formaldehyde, peroxide, and chlorine Sagripanti US FDA 1992

Ferric and cupric ions were able to inactivate 5 single or double stranded DNA or RNA viruses. At least 99% inactivation of all 5 viruses was obtained with 1 g/liter of either ferric or cupric ions Sagripanti US FDA 1993

HIV-1 virus was inactivated by either ferric or cupric ions when the virus was free in solution and also 3 hours after cell infection Sagripanti US FDA 1996

Sagripanti was studying viral laboratory management and did not pursue potential broad spectrum disinfectant application

Copper Effective at Inactivating H1N1 Virus H1N1 Virus was Incubated on Copper or Stainless Plates

Stainless Steel Plates After 24 hours, there were still 500,000 infectious particles

Copper Plates After 1 hour, 75 % of virus was eradicated After 6 hours, only 500 particles remained active.

Keevil, Wm 2009

Copper Effective at Inactivating Adenovirus Virus Adenovirus was Incubated on plates: Copper Stainless Steel Initial Virus Particle Number 2,000,000 2,000,000 After 1 hour 500,000 After 6 hours 500 1,000,000 After 24 hours 0 500,000

Noyce, J.O., H. Michels, and C.W. Keevil, 2007. Inactivation of influenza A virus on copper versus stainless steel. J Applied Environ Microbial Vol 73:2748.

H1N1 virus titer decreased by 4 log on the copper surface within 6 hours. 75% of adenovirus particles were inactivated on copper (C11000) within 1 hour. Within six hours, 99.999% of the adenovirus particles were inactivated. Within six hours, 50% of the infectious adenovirus particles survived on stainless steel.

Keevil et al. 2005

Moran et al. 2010

Antimicrobial Effects of Stainless Steel and Copper Alloys on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Surfaces Stainless Copper Copper Copper Steel 99% Brass Bronze

Survival, hrs 72 1.5 3.5 4.0_______________________________________________________________________________ Noyce & Keevil 2004

Antimicrobial Effects of Stainless Steel and Copper Alloys on Escherichia coli 0157Surface Stainless Steel Copper Brass

Temperature: 20 degrees C* Survival 34 days 4 hours 4 days Temperature: 4 degrees C** Survival Months 14 hours 12 days * Room Temp, ** Refrigerator Temp. Keevil, C.W., Walker,J.T., and Maule, A.,2000

Quotation by C. W. Keevil Southhampton University, UK Lead Scientist in research to Determine Efficacy of Mineral Elements antiseptic against Microorganisms.

Has confirmed efficacy of Fe, Zn, and Cu

Quote: "We've already shown that copper surfaces can inactivate MRSA microbes. The fact that we've now established that copper also inactivates Clostridium difficile spores, which are resistant to standard cleaning regimes, doubles our conviction that copper can play significant role in killing those bacteria that cause hospital infections." June 3, 2008

Viability of Clostridium difficile on Copper Alloys and Stainless Steel at 22C Keevil et al. Stainless Steel CualloysKeevil et alAgainst Clostridium difficile

100 gm samples of meat placed on copper plate for 0 thru 50 minutes Faundez, G. et.al., 2004

Aerobes (cfu) on Cu items compared with controls in hospital Casey et.al 2010, Birmingham, UK Samples Collected each Friday

10 toilets in study

Time SampledControlitems cfuCopperitems cfuUpper side of toilet seat07:0017:00 87.6 (9266.4)64.5 (28-254) 2.1 (038.4)1.2 (0-23.4)Under side of toilet seat07:0017:0010.8 (0101.4)1.5 (0-121.80 (04.2)0 (0-4.2)Door Push plate07:0017:001.8 (07.8)0.6 (0- 3.6) 0 (00.6)0 (0 1.2)Hot tap handle07:0017:006.6 (0504)3 (0-36)0 (03)0 (0-39)Cold tap handle07:0017:007.5 (087)4.5 (0-51)0 (03)0 (0-3)

Press Release, Brussels, Belgium. 1/12/2010Irish hospital is first in world to embrace latest science by specifying hygienic copper door handles throughout Irish Hospital. First to harness Copper Technology to Fight Infections in a bid to reduce healthcare associated infections such as MRSA, providing best possible protection to patients.

St Francis Private Hospital, a 140-bed facility located in Mullingar, County Westmeath, made decision after examining compelling evidence from clinical trial at Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham, which showed that copper surfaces such as taps, toilet seats and door push plates can reduce microbial contamination by 90-100%.

A total of 250 door handles will be replaced at St Francis Private Hospital.

First Hospital in France Installs Antimicrobial Copper Touch Surfaces to Combat Nosocomial Diseases October 7, 2011 Press Clipping The Centre hospitalier de Rambouillet, in Parisian region, is first hospitalin France to install antimicrobial copper touch surfaces to fight pathogens and reduce risk of healthcare-associated infections for its patients. Bed rails, trolleys, taps, handrails, door handles and push plates made of copper and copper alloys have been fitted in the intensive care and pediatric units. Antimicrobial copper touch surfaces are proven capable of continuously eliminating bacteria, viruses and fungi including MRSA, C. difficile and Influenza A 24/7, from clinical environments.Now add St Lukes Hospital in St Louis MO to the list(In Progress)

Action by US Environmental Protection Agency U.S. EPA approved registration of antimicrobial copper alloys, with public health claims acknowledging that copper, brass and bronze are capable of killing harmful, potentially deadly bacteria. Bacteria listed in EPA registration: Staphylococcus aureus Enterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coli O157:H7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), (one of most virulent strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and common cause of hospital- and community-acquired infections) EPA has developed a list of 300 items in health care facilities that can be registered when made of copper alloys. (From ash trays to ceiling tile)

Copper Hospital Equipment

Other buildings and people gathering sites where equipment is approved by EPA for antimicrobial claims

Public community facilities, including commercial buildingsResidential buildings Mass transit facilities (China has used in subways, buses and trains for 3 years)Other approved sites: Gymnasiums, swimming pools, and Athletic clubs Outdoor play area equipment Public restrooms

??? Interesting some area not listed by EPA Food processing plants. Animal packing plants Meat processing plants Egg processing plants Dairy processing plants Bakeries Groceries Fresh fruit and vegetable processing plants Restaurants

Poultry Study using GRAS approved minerals on a carrierto reduce microbial level in egg laying house

Layer house containing 120,000 hens Building occupied for 8 months with accumulation of dandruff, dirt, dust, feathers, feces and feed Sprayed 1 lb/100 sq ft (50 g/sq m) in first 36 ft (10 m) of building and full 72 ft (20 m) width (Euro prod with only Cu as active) Sprayed on Tuesdays for 4 consecutive weeks Swab samples for bacterial counting collected weekly on Fridays, initially and 4 successive weeks following each spraying and then continued for 4 more weeks. Purdue University, Harmon 2004

CFU/g

Shaded area denotes Pre and post spraying

weeksCfu/g1,000s

Reducing the pathogen challengeColiform control in egg laying house

! Spray layer House !

Disrupt

Disrupt Action on Individual Bacteria Species

Studies on : Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis Streptococcus pyogenes, faecalis, and mutans Salmonella typhimurium and choleraesuis Salmonella enteritidis Disrupt inhibited at least 99.999% of each of these bacteria Clostridium difficile and perfringens (spore formers) Disrupt inhibited 99.995% of each of these bacteria

Applied at same level as used in food animal production units (1 lb per 100 sq ft of surface) By NPAL Labs in 2009 and 2010

Inhibition of Individual Bacterial Species with Dry Mineral BasedProphylactic Powder, DISRUPT

Control Disrupt at Log 10 Inhibition Prophylactic Level 0 1 lb/100 ft2 Reduction % Escherichia coli, cfu/ml 1.9 x 109

Inhibition of Escherichia coli Growth with Dry Mineral Based Prophylactic Powder DISRUPT

Control Disrupt Log 10 Prophylactic Level 0 1 lb/100 sq ft Reduction________________________________________________________________Escherichia coli, cfu/ml 1.9 x 109

Inhibition of Staphylococcus species* Growth with Dry Mineral Mineral Based Prophylactic Powder DISRUPT Control Disrupt Log 10Prophylactic Level 0 1 lb/100 sq ft Reduction______________________________________________________________________________________________Staphylococcus spp*, cfu/ml 5.1 x 108 460 6.05 Inhibition of 99.999% _____________________________________________________________ NPAL Analytical Laboratories St Louis, MO. USA 2009*Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidisDisrupt Produced by Brookside-Agra, OFallon , IL . USA

Inhibition of Streptococcus species* Growth with Dry Mineral Based Prophylactic Powder DISRUPT Control Disrupt at Log 10 Prophylactic Level 0 1 lb/100 sq ft Reduction___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Streptococcus spp*, cfu/ml 5.6 x 108

Inhibition of Salmonella species* Growth with Dry Mineral Based Prophylactic powder DISRUPT Control Disrupt at Log 10 Prophylactic Level 0 1 lb/100 sq ft Reduction______________________________________________________________________________________________Salmonella spp*, cfu/ml 6.6 x 108 2,000 5.52 Inhibition of 99.999% ___________________________________________________________NPAL Analytical Laboratories St Louis, MO. US 2009*Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella choleraesuisDisrupt Prophylactic Produced by Brookside-Agra, OFallon, IL

Inhibition of Salmonella enteritidis Growth with Dry Mineral Based Prophylactic Powder DISRUPT

Control Disrupt at Log 10 Prophylactic Level 0 1 lb/100 sq ft Reduction___________________________________________________________________________________________Salmonella enteritidis, cfu/ml 5.4x109 120 7.65 Inhibition of 99.99999% ___________________________________________________________NPAL Analytical Laboratories St Louis, MO. US 2009Disrupt Prophylactic Produced by Brookside-Agra, OFallon, IL

Inhibition of Clostridium species* Growth with Dry Mineral based Prophylactic powder DISRUPT Control Disrupt at Log 10 Prophylactic Level 0 1 lb/100 sq ft Reduction__________________________________________________________________________________________Clostridium spp*, cfu/ml 2.2 x 108 1 x 104 4.35 Inhibition of 99.9954% ___________________________________________________________NPAL Analytical Laboratories St Louis, MO. US 2009*Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens Disrupt Prophylactic Produced by Brookside-Agra, OFallon, IL

On Farm Study

Swine Farm in Michigan with 5,000 Sows Production Problems in Farrowing House

1. High incidence of Greasy Pig Disease (Attributed to Staphylococcus hyicus)

2. High Incidence of Arthritis Joint Infection (Attributed to Streptococcus suis)

3. Incidence of Umbilical Hernias

Initiated Programmed Spraying of Disrupt Dry Mineral Prophylactic (50 gm/sq/m) Weekly in Farrowing Rooms

All 3 diseases stopped In first farrowing group Greasy pig disease and Arthritis were no longer diagnosed and umbilical hernias were reduced After second farrowing group, with no evidence of the infectious diseases, spraying of Disrupt was terminated, and in first farrowing all 3 infectious conditions reappeared Spraying of Disrupt was reinstated and disease conditions stopped in all subsequent farrowings

With programmed dusting, umbilical hernias were greatly reduced.

Effect of Prophylactic Powder on Number of Alphitobius on Turkey Fecal matter Prophylactic Powder TreatedNon Treated Controls WeeksQvist Labs Euro data

Effects of prophylactic powder on Ascarid galli worm count in intestines of 25 chickens sacrificed from each treatment

Treatment Control Disrupt Powder

Total adult Ascarid count from 25 birds 133 2

Permin & Schou ____________________________________________________In another study, they concluded the life cycle of Ascarids is broken by prophylactic powder in larvae stage Euro data

Effect of Prophylactic Powder on Fly Larvae in Manurein Calf Production Unit Day of Test Live larvae per 10 cm2 Start of test 200 1. day 180 2. day 40 3. day 0 4. day 0 5. day 2 6. day 0 7. day 0 8. day 0 9. day 0 10. day 0 11. day 0

Larvae in contact with Prophylactic Powder die, and so do newly hatched flies Prophylactic powder sprayed at 50 gms per sq meter. (1 lb/100 sq ft.) Qvist Labs European data.

Standard Use Practices of Disrupt in Animal Production and Processing Quarters Spray (Blow) with 240 mph leaf blowers or fans at rate of l lb per 100 sq ft

Spray (Blow) to apply to every surface including the animals

Disrupt at 50 micron particle size will settle to surfaces in 12 to 15 minutes

Secure exhaust fans when spraying

Spray (Blow) weekly to refresh the thin film of Disrupt on equipment, belts. pens, floors, walls, ceilings, and animals.

Use dust mask and goggles to avoid drying out mouth, eyes and nose

Disrupt Use Budget Sows in Farrowing: day 1 after sows enter, then day 7 and 14 Pigs in Nursery: day 1 after pigs enter, then weekly thereafter For 10 pig litter: Farro: .15 lb/ pig; Nurs: .14 lb/pig = (total .29 lb /Pig)

Cost of Disrupt per pig .29 lb x $.45 per lb = $0.13 per pig

Leaf Blower Feeds into large FanPickup Discharge Work Horse for spraying in Poultry Units - 48 inch fan

Environmental Benefits When Using All-Natural Dry Mineral Prophylactic DISRUPT Effective spraying of Disrupt Dry Mineral Prophylactic is 1 lb per 100 sq ft (50 g/sq m) sprayed weekly

Carrier for active ingredients needs to be excellent desiccant, excellent absorbent of ammonia and other odorous materials, and not a problem for the environment. Carrier for Disrupt is heat treated and processed Montmorillonite clay. Final Product is named Calcine Clay is heated to 1400o F to create Calcine,. increases porosity by as much as 49%;

Physical Properties of Typical Calcined MontmorilloniteSurface Area 98 m2/g; 1055 ft2gHg Pore Volume 0.415 cc/gBulk Density 618 Kg / m3

Ammonia Control in Layer Facilities Extremely effective in long term manure cone build up in layer units With programmed weekly spraying of Disrupt, excellent control of ammonia Ammonia values that exceeded 25 ppm above the cone reduce to less than 5 ppm At the chicken level the ammonia is even lower. With weekly spraying the ammonia is converted and trapped within the cone (Ammonia is bound as NH4 or Nitrate) Manure typically builds at about inch per week Nitrogen level in the manure has increased. Manure nitrogen guarantees have been increased (2 to 3 % increase of nitrogen in manure) Air quality for layers and staff is greatly improved Ammonia exiting exhaust fans has been reduced to less than 5 ppm Concern for ammonia being carried away in water to creeks is greatly reduced

Environmental Benefits When Using All-Natural Dry Mineral Prophylactic Disrupt Most serious problem in manure management and most monitored element by EPA is discharge of phosphorus Phosphorus mineral salts should not be used as carriers as they simply intensify waste management problems.

Interesting there is a company in Europe boasts of their product containing 85% phosphate

Disrupt contains no phosphorus

Disrupt Environmental Prophylactic Certification

Disrupt has Patent Pending status with US Patent Office

Disrupt is in approval process for EPA registration All components are currently approved for such use by EPA All components are exempt from tolerance by EPA Copper Sulfate specifically exempted for meat and animals when applied as bactericide/fungicide on animal premises

Disrupt components are all on FDA and AAFCO GRAS list Being registered as Feed ingredient

Disrupt is not registered as a dietary trace mineral premix. No problem just not the intended use

Disrupt is Registered by the USDA Organic Standards Office certified for all organic programs.

Disrupt Use in Cleaning Grain Bins and Feed Storage

** Suggested by Corn Producer/Hog Producer in Ill.Registration by Organic Food Organization has opened new doors. Organic Food producers have not had approved products for inhibiting molds in cleaning of grain storages or on seed for planting

Disrupt provides a safe product that binds moisture and inhibits microbial levels

Recommend dusting with Disrupt as final step (1 to 2 lb/100 sq ft) in cleaning bins hitting as much surface as possible with 240 mph leaf blower prior to filling bins

Once bin is filled, dust the top of the bin with 1 to 2 lb per 100 sq ft 30 ft diameter bin requires 7 lb of Disrupt to provide 1 lb/100 Sq ft ($3.15/ bin)50 ft diameter bin requires 19 lb of Disrupt to provide 1 lb/ 100 sq ft ($8.15/bin)

Molds/Yeasts/Fungus Susceptibility to Disrupt Active IngredientsL. Weaver, W. L. Michels, and C.W. Keevil at Southhampton University Hospital have shown Disrupt Ingredients will neutralize: Aspergillus Fusarium Penicillium Candida

Keevil et al 2007

Efficacy Against Fungus (Mold)l

Extended Uses of Disruptfor Environmental and Biosecurity BenefitsPhysically drying newborn pigs (Rub Down) Drying, stimulating, warming, and providing microbial protection Calcined Montmorillonite clay greatly increases desiccation ability Active Minerals inhibits viruses, bacteria, and fungi from contact Provide clean, effective foot bath security for individual rooms Dirtiest spot in swine units is liquid food baths at entrance to rooms Eliminate liquid in foot baths Replace with dry foot bath using Disrupt inch deep in same pan Wet boots will attract Disrupt particles leaving a clean surface on Disrupt

Provide protection from contracting diseases at livestock shows Spread Disrupt throughout livestock pen and tie stall bedded area To reduce the dust fog, use a hand held, hand cranked grass seeder Spread at the recommended 1 lb per 100 sq ft and spray daily during exhibition

Provide protection in livestock trucks and trailers to avoid microbial contamination After cleaning trucks and trailers, spray Disrupt at 1 lb per 100 sq ft on all surfaces inside and outside. Trucks can be loaded immediately before or after dusting

Provide clean out process for removing meal moth webs from feed lines and feed dropboxes Include Disrupt in diet at 1.5 to 2% of diet for 2 weeks.

In Netted Fish Grow-out units in Open Water, Copper nets eliminate 99.9% of all virus and bacteria

Chile: Copper mesh nets eliminate 99.9 percent of all viruses and bacteria in water after 30 minutes of exposure according to a microbiological study conducted by the Chilean diagnostic laboratory ADL and validated by the Undersecretary of Fisheries

Considerations for Incorporating Disrupt in Antibiotic-Free Pork Productionmicrobes that compromise health, well being and performance1. Sustained inhibition of pathogenic microbial life in farrowing and nursery with programmed use of Disrupt

2. Our own research testing Disrupt against 11 problematic bacteria

3. Need continuous antimicrobial protection against broad spectrum of

4. Hospital researchers have extensive list of our active mineral elements against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, and larval stages of insects and parasites. (e.g. flies, coccidia, ascarids).5. No evidence of increased microbial resistance to copper, zinc and iron. (Those elements have been essential for life for centuries) 6. Economical program solution Price $.45 /lb FOB Highland , Ill. ($.13/pig) for program through farrowing and nursery

Use of Disrupt Across SpeciesSwine farrowing and nurseries to reduce multiple microbesDairy loafing sheds to reduce somatic cell countsTurkey Grow-Out units to reduce breast blister infectionsEgg Laying Units to reduce ammonia and multiple microbesHorse Stables to reduce hoof and fetlock infectionsDairy calf and veal units to reduce microbes.

Hospitals are Strategically Positioning Door Knobs Made from Copper, Zinc, and Iron

Disrupt provides Millions of Microscopic Door Knobs on all SurfacesEach Knob is 50 Microns in Diameter (1 inch = 25,400 microns) One Square inch equals 258,000 door knobs

Customer Reported BenefitsReduced infectious diseasesReduced diarrhea incidenceReduced respiratory infectionsReduced pig shoulder and joint swelling (Strept suis)Reduced greasy pig incidence (Staph hyicus)Reduced umbilical herniasReduced environmental ammoniaReduced employee respiratory problemsIncreased manure nitrogen analytical valuesIncreased fly and gnat controlReduced mold growth

Use of copper and iron on viruses

Sagripanti J.L., and M.M. Lightfoote, 1996, Cupric and ferric ions inactivate HIV. AIDS Res HumRetroviruses, 12:333. HIV-1 virus was inactivated by either cupric or ferric ions when the virus was free in solution and also after cell infection

Sagripanti, J.L., L.B. Routson, A.C. Bonifacino, and A.C. Lytle 1997, Mechanism of copper-mediated inactivation of herpes simplex virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:82Treatment of of Herpes simplex virus infected cells with copper2 and ascorbate completely inhibited virus plaque formation of the virus.

Horie, M., H. Ogawa, Y.Yoshida, K. Yamada, A.Hara, K. Ozawa, S. Matsuda, C. Mizota, M. Tani, Y. Yamamoto, M. Yamada, K. Nakamura, K. Imai, 2008Inactivation and morphological changes of avian influenza virus by copper ions. Arch Virology 153:1467.In concentration of 25 M Cu2 solution the H9N2 avian influenza decreased by 3 to 4 log within 3 to 6 hrs. We found that copper ions suppress the infectivity of influenza virus at lower concentrations than Zn2.

Protection against PolioColobert,L. 1962. Sensitivity of poliomyelitis virus to catalytic systems generating free radicales. Revue de pathologie generale et de physiologie clinique. Vol 62:551 Poliovirus is inactivated within 10 minutes of exposure to copper with ascorbic acid

L. Weaver, T. Michels, C.W. Keevil, 2010 Potential for preventing spread of fungi in air-conditioning systems constructed using copper instead of aluminium. Letters in Applied Microbiology Vol 50:18Copper and aluminium plates were inoculated with fungal isolates (Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium chrysogenum and Candida albicans). Results showed increased die off of fungal isolates tested compared to aluminium. In addition, copper also prevented the germination of spores present. Copper offers a valuable alternative to aluminium which could be used in air-conditioning systems in buildings, particularly in hospital environments where patients are more susceptible to fungal infections

Copper against ParvovirusEuro data

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