Dakabadonebuli Academic...

ana doliZe

akademiuri wera

samarTalSi

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2017

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ana doliZis „akademiuri wera samarTalSi“ pirveli saxel-mZRvaneloa, romelic warmoadgens akademiuri weris fundamen-tur standartebs samarTlis sferoSi. saxelmZRvanelos yo-veldRiurad gamoiyeneben samarTlis studentebi, profesore-bi, praqtikosebi, sajaro moxeleebi, vinaidan masSi gadmocemu-lia akademiuri weris aucilebeli da sabaziso principebi.

saxelmZRvanelo gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo iqneba maT-Tvis, vinc swavlas ucxoeTis umaRles saswavleblebSi api-rebs. masSi mocemuli principebi universaluria da xels Se-uwyobs qarTvel studentTa da mkvlevarTa akademiuri namu-Sevrebis harmonizacias dasavlur sauniversiteto da samec-niero standartebTan.

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo Seiqmna amerikeli xalxis ke-

Tili nebiT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) meSveobiT. saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna SesaZlebeli gaxda proeqtis — „kanonis uzenaesobis mxardaWera saqarTveloSi“ (PROLoG) — farglebSi, romelsac axorcielebs aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis instituti (EWMI). saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia avtori. igi ar warmoadgens amerikis mTavrobis oficialur mosazre-bas da ar asaxavs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSori-so ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) an aRmosavleT-dasavle-Tis marTvis institutis Sexedulebebs.

© a. doliZe, 2017 © foto – leli blagonravova

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2017

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-26-151-0

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dedas, vinc maswavla Sroma

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sarCevi

Sesavali .................................................................................5

I. naSromis struqtura ..................................................11

II. samagistro da sadoqtoro naSromTa weris

Taviseburebebi..............................................................76

III. wyaros miTiTebis standartebi ...............................89

daskvna ...................................................................................108

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Sesavali arsebobs mosazreba, rom weram Tavisi mniSvneloba dakarga vizualuri kulturis ganviTarebasTan erTad. im pirobebSi, rodesac uamravi adamiani in-

formacias vizualurad iRebs, SeiZleba, weriT kulturas da mosazrebis werilobiT gadmocemis xerxebs naklebi mniSvneloba hqondes. Tumca Cven Sors varT im epoqidan, rodesac weras saerTod daekargeboda mniSvneloba. akademiuri naSromebis warmoeba mTels msoflioSi swored rom werilo-

biT xdeba. wera samarTlis swavlebaSi mTavari da-

sayrdenia msoflios yvela wamyvan universitetSi. swored rom weriTi naSromebis meSveobiT xdeba studentebis codnis Semowmeba; aseve ar daukar-gavs mniSvneloba informaciis werilobiT gadmo-

cemas farTo mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis. samar-Talwarmoebisa da biurokratiis yoveldRiuroba xom werazea damokidebuli. iuristis profesii-

saTvis weriTi unar-Cvevebi aucilebelia yovel-

dRiurobaSi: memoebis, saCivrebis, gancxadebebis,

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sarCelebis wera iuristisaTvis yoveldRiuri saq-

mea da swored rom kargi weriTi unar-CvevebiT xdeba mkiTxvelis darwmuneba sakuTari poziciisa da Sexedulebis sisworeSi. ase rom, weris kultu-

ra da unar-Cvevebi kidev didxans SeinarCunebs mniSvnelobas.

saxelmZRvanelos mizania, daadginos is Ziri-

Tadi CarCoebi, romelTa mixedviTac samarTlis studentebi da leqtorebi ixelmZRvaneleben aka-demiuri naSromebis werisa da Sefasebisas samar-

TalSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom samarTlis swavlebas saqarTveloSi didi istoria aqvs, samarTalSi aka-demiuri weris miRebuli standartebi jerjero-

biT ar arsebobs. arsebobs sayovelTao konsensusi, rom akademiuri weris kultura studentTa Soris dabalia da rom akademiuri weris maRali kultu-ris arqona mZimed aisaxeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis xarisxze. yvela leqtori, saswavlebeli Tu gamo-cema gascems sakuTar miTiTebebs akademiuri weris standartebTan dakavSirebiT. aseT miTiTebebze ixarjeba bevri dro, rac akldeba naSromis xaris-

xsa da Sinaarsobriv mxares. amave dros, saerTo standartebis ararseboba abrkolebs weriT stan-

dartebze zogad msjelobas da maT ganviTarebas. upriania, weris maRalganviTarebuli da universa-

luri standartebi, maT Soris miTiTebis wesebi, warmoiSvas swored samarTlis sferoSi, romelic

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Tavisi formalizmiT gamoirCeva da am mxriv sxva mecnierebaTa Soris wamyvania.

aq moyvanili ZiriTadi standartebi studen-

tebs gauadvilebs amocanas da miscems saSualebas, ufro meti dro dauTmon naSromis Sinaarss. amave dros, is Seumsubuqebs Sromasa da amocanas leq-

torebsac, romlebsac SeeZlebaT, weriTi davale-bis dros miuTiTon studentebs standartebze da amiT Tavidan aicilon droisa da yuradRebis ga-

maxvileba im nawerebis formalur mxareze, rom-lebsac ar aqvT damakmayofilebeli forma an aqvT gaumarTavi struqtura.

amave dros, saxelmZRvanelo da mis mixedviT warmarTuli akademiuri weriTi samuSaoebi bevrad gauadvilebs qarTvel studentebs akademiuri warmatebis miRwevas ucxoeTis universitetebSi. pirveli gamowveva sabalakavro an samagistro swavlebis dawyebisas ucxoeTSi aseT SemTxvevaSi xom swored maRal weriT standartebTan Sejaxe-

baa. saxelmZRvanelos idea da STagoneba momdina-

reobs kvlevasa da samecniero weraSi avtoris ev-ropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi miRebuli mraval-

wliani gamocdilebidan. saxelmZRvanelos Sedge-

nisaTvis ganvixileT ukve arsebuli standartebi, rogorc qarTuli, aseve ucxouri. gavecaniT da-viT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis mier ga-

mocemul naSroms – „miTiTebis da aRniSvnis stan-

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darti samarTalSi“, lia kaWaravas da sxva avtorTa Sromas – „akademiuri wera damwyebTaTvis~1, citire-bis wess saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa insti-tutis socialur mecnierebaTa skolis programebis farglebSi momzadebuli naSromebisaTvis, aseve sxvadasxva gamocemisaTvis specialurad SemuSave-

bul standartebs; amave dros, mimovixileT: amerika-

Si samarTlebrivi weris universaluri, e.w. blubu-

qis standartebi,2 amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis mier socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebi-

saTvis SemuSavebuli standartebi,3 kanadis (mqgilis universitetis) standartebi samarTlis sferoSi, 4 Tumca saxelmZRvanelos mizani, upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli samarTlebrivi kulturisaTvis organuli standartebis Seqmnaa. amisaTvis avtoris mier Se-Tavazebulma standartebma gaiara mravali gan-xilva da diskusia qarTvel mecnierebsa da iuris-

tebs Soris. aqve didi madloba minda gadavuxado: nino balanCivaZes, Tamar gabelaias, giorgi vaSaki-

Zes, nona Toduas, Tamar TomaSvils, zviad korZa-

Zes, beso lolaZes, lia maraqveliZes, zurab maWa- 1 l. kaWarava, x. marwyviSvili, l. xeCuaSvili, akademiuri wera damwyebTaTvis, Tb., 2007. 2 The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, Harvard Law Review Association, the Columbia Law Review, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and the Yale Law Journal (United States), 20th Edition, 2017. 3 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th Edition, 2017. 4 Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, 8th Edition, 2014.

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raZes, mari ruxaZes, giorgi SarvaSiZes, giorgi Cxe-

iZes, mixeil Cxenkels, sofio waqaZes, lado Wantu-rias da Tornike janeliZes mowodebuli SeniSvne-

bisa da mxardaWerisaTvis; aseve madloba Georgian Law Journal-is saredaqcio sabWos am standartebis danergvisTvis. am ganxilvebis Sedegad saxel-mZRvanelo daixvewa da qarTuli samarTlebrivi kvlevisa da swavlebis miznebisaTvis adaptirda; aseve gansakuTrebuli madloba saqarTvelos pre-zidents, baton giorgi margvelaSvils da prezi-dentis administraciis ufross, giorgi abaSiS-vils, administraciaSi muSaobis periodSi Cemi sa-mecniero da akademiuri miswrafebebis sruli mxardaWerisaTvis.

vinaidan es saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis stu-

dentebisaTvis, miuxedavad universitetisa, saer-To weriTi standartebis Semotanis pirveli mcde-

lobaa. bunebrivia, masSi aRmoCndeba xarvezebi. mis gasaumjobeseblad mkiTxvelis SeniSvnebs siamov-

nebiT ganvixilav. umaRles saswavlebelSi studentebs moeTxo-

vebaT sxvadasxva tipis weriTi naSromis Seqmna, maT Soris: ese, kvleva, sabakalavro da samagistro naS-

romi Tu sadoqtoro disertacia. moTxovnili formis mixedviT izrdeba kvlevis masStabebi, siR-

rme, gverdebisa da sityvebis raodenoba, Tumca we-

riTi unar-Cvevebi, romelTac studentebi iyene-

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ben, erTi da igivea. is struqtura da ZiriTadi na-

wilebi, romlebic axasiaTebs sakurso kvlevas, bevrad ufro did masStabs iZens disertaciis dros, Tumca ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad problemis an konteqstis aRwera, an literaturis mimoxilva, igive rCeba. Sesabamisad, es saxelmZRva-nelo gankuTvnilia akademiur weraSi im sabaziso unar-Cvevebis Camosayalibeblad, romelTac stu-

dentebi sxvadasxva asparezze gamoiyeneben. saxelmZRvanelo or nawilad iyofa: pirveli

nawili eTmoba naSromis struqturas da mis Ziri-

Tad maxasiaTeblebs, is gvacnobs samarTalSi aka-

demiuri naSromis Sinaarsis ZiriTad konturebs; meore nawili moicavs wyaros miTiTebis standar-

tebs. amgvarad, saxelmZRvanelo moicavs im Ziri-

Tad informacias, romelic samarTlis students xarisxiani weriTi naSromis Seqmnis safuZvels mis-

cems.

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I. naSromis struqtura

akademiur weraSi viyenebT, ZiriTadad, naSromis or saxes – polemikurs da kvleviTs. polemikuri naSromis mizania, daarwmunos mkiTxveli avtoris poziciaSi da sakuTar azrze gadmoiyvanos is. po-lemikur naSromSi avtoris pozicia Tavidanve cnobilia. polemikuri naSromis magaliTebia: sar-

Celi, saCivari, memorandumi, sadebato sityva da sapaeqro gamosvla; kvleviTi naSromis mizani ki gansxvavebulia: kvleviTi naSromiT avtori siax-

les, codnas sZens mkiTxvels, gaweuli Sromis, kvlevis Sedegad mopovebul codnas awodebs dain-

teresebul sazogadoebas. kvleviTi naSromis saxe-

ebia: moxseneba, angariSi, kvleva, sabakalavro naS-

romi, referati da sadoqtoro. polemikur da kvleviT naSroms Soris sxvaobis

arsi avtoris poziciis sicxadeSia. polemikur naS-

romSi avtori Tavidanve ayalibebs Tavis pozicias, gvamcnobs mas dasawyisSive da Semdeg argumentebiT amyarebs mas. kvleviTi naSromi ki obieqturi sulis-

kveTebiT aris dawerili. misi avtori miukerZoebe-

lia da cdilobs, obieqturad, mopovebuli mtkice-

bulebebis meSveobiT, gamoxatos Tavisi pozicia.

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argumentirebu-li naSromi

kremaciis Semo-Rebis aucileb-loba saqarTve-loSi

pozicia

mikerZoebuli

mizani

daarwmunos mkiTxveli avto-

ris poziciaSi; sakuTar azrze gadmoiyvanos

kvleviTi naS-romi kremaciis lega-lizeba saqar-

TveloSi: prob-lemebi da per-speqtivebi

obieqturi gaacnos mkiT-xvels kvlevis Sedegebi; Sema-tos mas codna

dasabuTeba orive saxis naSroms sWirdeba. mtkice-bulebebis gareSe avtoris mosazrebas naklebi fa-

si aqvs. mas damajerebloba aklia, Tumca sxvaoba mtkicebulebebis moyvanis xerxSia: polemikuri naSromis mizania, moiyvanoT Tqveni poziciis sa-sargeblo mtkicebulebebi da uaryoT Tqveni pozi-

ciis susti mxareebi; kvleviT naSromSi ki movipo-vebT rac SeiZleba ufro myar mtkicebulebebs da vaanalizebT maT ise, rom sabolood Cvens Tezisze CamovyalibdeT. polemikuri naSromis werisas av-

tori advokatia, romelmac icis sakuTari pozicia da cdilobs, daamtkicos igi; kvleviTi naSromis werisas ki mosamarTle, romelic miukerZoeblad

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akvirdeba mtkicebulebebs, dadebiTs da uaryo-

fiTs, raTa Sejerdes saboloo poziciaze, romel-

sac verdiqtis, anu Tezisis, Camoyalibebisas gamo-

acxadebs. davalebis miRebisas dainteresdiT, ra tipis

naSroms iTxoven Tqvengan – naSroms, romelSic un-

da amtkicoT garkveuli mxaris simarTle, Tu naS-

roms, romelSic, rogorc obieqturi mosamarTle, kvleviTi meTodebis gamoyenebiT cdilobT, daad-

ginoT, simarTle ra aris.

magaliTad:

Tu Tqvenma ufrosma samsaxurSi gTxovaT, saswrafod dauweroT mas moxseneba marixuanis le-

galizaciis uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb, es dava-

leba polemikuri naSromis Seqmnas exeba; xolo Tu Tqveni xelmZRvaneli gTxovT, dauweroT memoran-

dumi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria samarTlebrivi ten-denciebi msubuqi narkotikis legalizaciis Tao-

baze saqarTveloSi, es Txovna kvleviTi naSromis warmodgenas iTvaliswinebs, sadac obieqturad, Tqveni piradi poziciis dafiqsirebis gareSe, aR-

werT am tendenciebs.

es saxelmZRvanelo, ZiriTadad, exeba kvleviT naSromebs, Tumca masSi gadmocemuli principebi,

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magaliTad, rogori unda iyos Sesavali, weris sti-

li, Temidan sakiTxis dakonkreteba da ase Semdeg, akademiuri werisaTvis universaluria, zogadad. a. naSromis Sesavali Sesavali aris naSromis savizito baraTi. Sesavlis mixedviT adgens mkiTxveli, surs Tu ara, daxar-

jos dro, raTa waikiTxos mTliani naSromi. Sesaba-

misad, Zalian mniSvnelovania, Sesavali kargad war-moadgendes naSromis Sinaarss da ganawyobdes mkiTxvels mTliani naSromis wasakiTxad.

miuxedavad amisa, sagulisxmoa, rom Sesavlis srulad dawera SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, ro-desac daasruleT kvlevaze muSaoba da rodesac ukve Camoyalibebuli gaqvT naSromis mTavari Te-

zisi, anu gaazrebuli gaqvT is wvlili, romelic SegaqvT mecnierebaSi. am etapze SeZlebT Sesavlis srulad da saboloo formiT Camoyalibebas. Tum-

ca aucilebelia, scadoT Sesavlis nawilis Camoya-libeba naSromis werilis paralelurad da perio-

dulad ganaaxloT igi, vinaidan es saSualebas mog-

cemT, scadoT kvlevis Sinaarsisa da miznis mok-

led da gasagebad dawera. Tu kvlevis miznis, Tezi-sisa da mniSvnelobis mokled da naTlad Camoyali-

beba girTuldebaT, es SeiZleba iyos maniSnebeli

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imisa, rom Tqveni kvlevis mizani da mniSvneloba cxadi da gasagebi ar aris da am mxriv naazrevisa da kvlevis daxvewaa kidev saWiro.

pirvel rigSi, davfiqrdeT Sesavlis arsze. Se-

savlis mizani aris, mkiTxvels misces saSualeba, drois mokle monakveTSi gaecnos kvleviTi naSro-

mis arss. Sesavali mkiTxvels aZlevs SesaZleblo-

bas, gaigos, ras exeba Tqveni kvleva, ra ambiciebi gaqvT, anu ra wvlili SegaqvT mecnierebaSi.

Sesabamisad, Sesavali avtorma unda gamoiye-

nos rogorc saSualeba, warmoaCinos kvlevis sau-

keTeso mxare da is siaxle, romelsac mkiTxvels sTavazobs. metaforulad rom vTqvaT: rodesac Sori perspeqtividan tyes vuyurebT, Cans xeTa er-

Toblioba farTo Tvalsawieridan, Cans tyis kon-

turebi, sazRvrebi, Seferiloba. swored am fun-

qcias asrulebs naSromis Sesavali, romelic mkiT-xvels myisierad acnobs kvlevas da STabeWdilebas utovebs naSromis Sesaxeb; xolo rodesac viwyebT ukve naSromis kiTxvas, vecnobiT mis ZiriTad na-

wils, yuradRebas vaqcevT sqolioebs, – es ukve Ta-

vad tyeSi Sesvlas hgavs. Cveni Sexeduleba icvle-

ba, rodesac ukve tyeSi aRmovCndebiT da SevZlebT TiToeuli xisaTvis Tvalis Sevlebas.

Sesavals aqvs Camoyalibebuli struqtura. mkiTxvelsac aqvs garkveuli molodinebi naSromis

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SesavalTan mimarTebiT. Tumca Sesavlis konkre-tuli konturebi Tavad avtoris gadasawyvetia da damokidebulia kvleviTi naSromis formaze: avto-

ri amzadebs disertacias, samagistro naSroms Tu kvlevas samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis farglebSi. amerikul da evropul inglisurenovan humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaTa gamoce-

mebSi samecniero statia, ZiriTadad, 10-12 aTasi sityvis farglebSia, xolo Sesavali 2-3 aTasi sit-

yvis farglebSi. konkretuli sazRvrebis dadgena, ra Tqma unda, avtorisa da redaqtoris xelTaa, romelTa Sexedulebis mixedviT SeiZleba Sesavlis ganvrcoba an Semcireba.

Sesavali Sedgeba ramdenime nawilisagan – igi iwyeba qudiT. qudi aris Sesavlis zogadi nawili, romelic zogadad gadmoscems gansaxilveli prob-

lemis an Temis arss. avtori qudSi xsnis, Tu ra ti-

pis problemis, fenomenis kvlevas eTmoba Tqveni Sroma da ra tipis samecniero kamaTSi monawile-

obs. qudi, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba pasuxobdes Semdeg kiTxvebs:

– ra fenomens/problemas eZRvneba Cemi kvle-

va? – rogori samecniero kamaTi arsebobs am fe-

nomenTan dakavSirebiT? – ramdenad didi/seriozulia es problema an

movlena?

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– ratom aris am problemis/fenomenis Seswav-

la mniSvnelovani?

magaliTad:

„nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos instituts didi yuradReba eTmoba rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mra-

val sxva qveyanaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es insti-

tuti inglisSi, saerTo samarTlis wiaRSi warmoiS-

va, dRes igi sxvadasxva formiT msoflios bevr, rogorc saerTo, ise kontinenturi samarTlis, qveyanaSi moqmedebs. magaliTad, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo axlaxan miiRes iseT qveynebSi, rogo-

rebicaa: iaponia, samxreT korea da yirgizeTi. na-fic msajulTa sasamarTlos saqarTvelos samar-Tlebriv sivrceSi damkvidrebas didi yuradReba eqceva rogorc iuridiul wreebSi, ise farTo sa-zogadoebaSi da xdeba marTlmsajulebis aRsru-lebis am formis avkargianobisa da saqarTveloSi misi moqmedebis warmatebulobis ganxilva.“ 5 5 a. doliZe, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo saqarTveloSi da misi Sesabamisoba adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias-Tan, adamianis uflebebi da samarTlis uzenaesoba, red. k. korkelia, Tb., 2013, 43.

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„kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba parlamentis erT-erTi umTavresi funqciaa. swored qveynis Zi-riTadi kanoniT miniWebuli es uflebamosileba ganapirobebs mis centralur adgils saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa sistemaSi. kanonSemoqme-

debiTi saqmianoba, rogorc parlamentis ZiriTadi funqcia, kidev ufro did datvirTvas iZens orpa-

latian parlamentSi. bikameraluri parlamentis erT-erT dadebiT mxared swored daxvewil da Se-darebiT ufro srulyofil kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobas asaxeleben, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia maqsimalurad yvela politikuri, socialuri, eT-nikuri Tu saxelmwifoSi arsebuli kidev sxva jgu-

fis interesebi.“ aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom medlis am dadebiT mxares SesaZlebelia, Tan axldes meore mxare, romelic mis uaryofiT maxasiaTeblad gani-xileba da is dakavSirebulia SedarebiT ufro xan-

grZliv procedurebTan. miRebis dRidan saqarTvelos konstituciaSi

araerTi mcire xasiaTis cvlileba Tu farTomas-

Stabiani reforma iqna ganxorcielebuli, Tumca arcerTi maTgani Sexebia konstituciis me-4 muxls, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentis bikameralu-

ri, anu orpalatiani, sistemis deklarirebas ax-

dens. samwuxarod, dRemde saqarTveloSi ver dadga am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ,,Sesabamisi pirobe-

bi“, rac parlamentSi erTi palatis nacvlad, ori

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palatis – respublikis sabWosa da senatis – Seq-

mnis safuZveli gaxdeboda.“ 6

qudi SesavalSi ise unda iyos Camoyalibebuli, rom mkiTxvels, romelic ar aris eqsperti gansa-

xilvel sakiTxSi, mieces saSualeba, zogadi war-

modgena Seeqmnas imaze, Tu ratom aris saWiro am Temaze kvlevis warmoeba.

xSirad qudSi mohyavT zogadi msjeloba ama Tu im problemisa da sakiTxis mniSvnelobaze. yu-

radReba unda mivaqcioT imas, rom qudSi moyvani-li winadadebebi dasabuTebuli iyos Sesabamisi wyaros miTiTebiT. vinaidan swored qudidan iwyeba naSromis xarisxze STabeWdilebis Seqmna, sasurve-

lia, pirvelive sqolio STambeWdavi iyos da aCve-nebdes avtoris mier gamokvleuli literaturis siRrmes.

magaliTad:

`samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, warmoSobili ada-mianis sicocxleSi, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg uk-valod ar qreba.~ (CikvaSvili S., memkvidreobis sa-marTali, Tbilisi, 2000, 6.) `piris gardacvalebiT faqtobrivad wydeba yvela is urTierToba, romle- 6 z. maWaraZe, sakanonmdeblo procesi sazRvargareTis qvey-nebis bikameralur parlamentebSi, sarCevi, 1-2, Tb., 2012, 154.

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bic mas akavSirebda sxva pirebTan da TviT qonebas-Tan, magram iuridiulad qonebrivi uflebebi ar wydeba.~) (Sengelia r., memkvidreobis samarTali, 2011, 9.) `ufleba-movaleobaTa gadasvlas gardac-vlilis memkvidreebze ewodeba memkvidreoba.~ (CikvaSvili S., dasax. naSromi, 6.), xolo `memkvidre-obis samarTali im normaTa erTobliobaa, rome-lic gardacvlili piris qonebis sxva pirebze ga-dasvlasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobas areguli-rebs.~ (Sengelia r., dasax. naSromi, 10.) 7

es teqsti memkvidreobis CamorTmevis sakiT-

xze samecniero statiis pirvelive abzacia. am mo-nakveTSi naTlad ar aris Camoyalibebuli is sfe-

ro, viTareba an problema, romelsac avtori sta-

tiaSi exeba. igi citirebebis nakrebia, sadac ar Cans avtoris azri, avtoris azris mimdinareoba zogadi Temidan im konkretuli sakiTxisaken, ro-

melsac avtori statiaSi ganixilavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi citata qudis gaxsniT winadadeba-

Si misaRebia, rogorc saSualeba, raTa gavacoc-

xloT Sesavlis qudis Sinaarsi, ufro saintereso gavxadoT is, rodesac mTeli abzaci sxvadasxva ci-

7 g. abduSeliSvili, memkvidreobis CamorTmevasTan dakavSi-rebuli bundovani sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi saqarTve-los samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, studenturi samar-Tlebrivi Jurnali, 2014, 6.

21

tatis naerTia, es piriqiT, abnevs mkiTxvels avto-

ris naTeli da mkafio mosazrebis ZebnaSi. Sesavlis Semdegi nawilia Tezisi. Tezisi aris

kvlevis safuZvelTa safuZveli da swored is nawi-

li, riTac Tqveni kvleva amdidrebs codnas. Tezisi aris mokled da naTlad Camoyalibebuli winadadeba an abzaci Tqveni kvlevis mTavari miRwevisa da argu-

mentis Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT, rom liftSi moxvdiT kolegasTan erTad, romelmac gkiTxaT, Tu ras exeba Tqveni kvleva. swored kargad gamarTuli Tezisi mo-

gexmarebaT imaSi, rom Zalian mokle drois ganmav-

lobaSi axsnaT, ras moicavs Tqveni kvlevis wvlili. maSasadame, Tezisi unda pasuxobdes Semdeg

kiTxvebs: – naSromis Sedegad ras aRmovaCen iseTs, rac

ar vicodi? – raime axali tipis interpretacia xom ar

SemogvTavaze, riTac axleburad gavigebT raime fenomens?

– rogor Secvlis Tqveni naSromi samecniero kamaTs?

– raime araswor gagebas xom ar mohfineT na-

Teli? – ratom aris Tqveni Tezisi mniSvnelovani? – ras Secvlis is Cvens qmedebaSi an azrovne-

baSi?

22

– azrovnebis raime axali instrumentebi an midgoma xom ar mogifiqrebiaT?

gTavazobT magaliTs, romelic mxolod nawilob-

riv akmayofilebs am moTxovnebs:

winamdebare naSromSi Sevecdebi, warmovaCino mem-kvidreobis arsi, misi CamorTmevis safuZvlebi da samarTlebrivi Sedegebi memkvidreobaCamorTmeuli piris mimarT; aseve yuradRebas gavamaxvileb im bun-dovan normebze saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, romlebic aregulirebs aRniSnul sakiTxebs da mkiTxvels maTi mowesrigebis gzas SevTavazeb.8

Sesavlis es adgili swored Tezisia, Tumca is mxolod nawilobriv aris damakmayofilebeli. am saxiT is warmoadgens mxolod imas, Tu ras apirebs avtori da ar gviCvenebs naSromis ZiriTad miRwe-

vas: konkretul problematikas memkvidreobis bundovanebaSi da misi gadawyvetis gzebs. Sesabami-

sad, mkiTxvels mouwevs mTeli naSromis wakiTxva, raTa gaarkvios, konkretulad ra problematikas Seexo avtori da misi gadaWris rogori gzebi Se-

mogvTavaza. ufro daxvewili Tezisi naSromis am wvlils Tavidanve mokled warmoaCenda. memkvidre-

obis arsi da misi CamorTmevis safuZvlebi, is sa- 8 sqolio supra 7, 6.

23

kiTxebi, rasac statia nawilobriv Seexeba da Te-

zisSic axsenebs, ukve Zalian kargad da bevrjer ga-

mokvleuli sakiTxebia. Sesabamisad, am sferoSi av-tors SeuZlia, mxolod enciklopediuri mimoxil-

va gaakeTos ZiriTadi nawilis dasawyisSi, rac ver iqneba am samecniero statiis mTavari wvlili da Senatani. TezisSi ki avtorma swored im mxareebs unda gausvas xazi, rac sakuTaria, rac misi inte-

leqtualuri Sromis Sedegi da miRwevaa.

magaliTad:

„winamdebare statiis mizania, gaaanalizos nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos instituti im saxiT, ro-

gorc is dRes moqmedebs saqarTveloSi. statia mkiTxvels sTavazobs msjelobas am institutis Se-sabamisobaze adamianis uflebaTa evropul konven-

ciasTan. am mxriv statiaSi yuradReba gamaxvilde-

ba msajulTa institutis erT aspeqtze, rogori-caa msajulTa mier gamotanili ganaCenis dasabu-

Tebuloba, vinaidan swored es gaxda evropuli sa-

samarTlosaTvis ganxilvis sagani. miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom msajulTa instituti damkvidrebulia ev-

ropis sabWos mraval qveyanaSi, evropuli sasamar-Tlos precedentuli samarTlis mimoxilva adas-

turebs, rom SeiZleba am procesis zogierTi aspeq-ti SeusabamobaSi iyos adamianis uflebaTa evro-

24

puli konvenciiT uzrunveyofil samarTlian sasa-

marTlo ganxilvis uflebasTan.“ 9

saqarTvelos prezidentis statusisa da Se-sabamisi uflebamosilebebis ganmsazRvreli nor-

mebis kidev erTxel SecvlasTan erTad, ukve daisva misi arCevis wesis Secvlis sakiTxic. sazogadod, mmarTvelobis sistemasa da prezidentis arCevis wess Soris kavSiri arsebiTia. amasTan dakavSire-

biT, ori ZiriTadi TvalTaxedvaa gamokveTili: pirveli, prezidentis uflebamosilebaTa da, Se-

sabamisad, mmarTvelobis sistemis sazomad ganixi-

leba misi arCevis wesi; meore, arCevis wesi ganisaz-Rvreba mmarTvelobis sistemaSi misi rolisa da uflebamosilebebis proporciulad. vfiqrobT, prezidentis arCevis wesi, namdvilad, missave uf-lebriv mdgomareobasTan mimarTebiT proporciu-

lad da Sesatyvisad unda iqnes ganxiluli, radga-

nac vTvliT, rom arCevis wesi zustad uflebamosi-lebaTa ganawilebiT miRebuli mmarTvelobis sis-temidan warmoqmnili niSania da ara Tavad ganmsaz-

Rvreli.10

Sesavlis Semdegi nawilia meTodi. meTodi aris samecniero kvlevis is saSualeba (an saSuale- 9 sqolio supra 5, 46. 10 z. jibRaSvili, mosazrebebi prezidentis arCevis wesis cvli-lebasTan dakavSirebiT, statia inaxeba avtorTan, 2017, 1.

25

bani), riTac midixarT kvlevis Sedegebamde. meta-

forulad rom vTqvaT, meTodi aris is gza, romli-

Tac midixarT daniSnulebis adgilamde. Tu swo-

rad ar airCieT gza, daniSnulebis adgilamde ver moaxerxebT misvlas. umaRles saswavleblebSi calke iswavleba samecniero kvlevis meTodebi da, Sesabamisad, didi dros ar davxarjav aq meTodis raobis axsnaze. Tumca mniSvnelovania, rom Sesa-valSi kargad iyos axsnili Tqven mier arCeuli me-

Todi. magaliTad, Tu empiriul kvlevas akeTebT, mniSvnelovania, mkiTxvels auxsnaT, ratom aarCieT Sesaswavli erTeulebis raodenoba, rogor SearCi-

eT gamosakiTxi pirebi interviuirebisaTvis da a.S. miuTiTeT, ra tipis wyaroebs eyrdnobiT da ra sa-

SualebebiT moiZieT es wyaroebi. kvlevis meTodma unda gauZlos yvelaze mwvave kritikas, raTa mkiT-xvels Tqveni kvlevis Sedegebis namdvilobaSi eWvi ar Seeparos.

warmovidginoT, rom meTodi aris is gza, rome-

lic gaiareT dasaxuli Sedegis misaRwevad. zogi-erTisaTvis es gza arcTu ise damRleli da rTuli iqneba. SeiZleba, Tqveni naSromisaTvis mxolod in-

ternetSi arsebuli wyaroebi gamoiyenoT. am Sem-

TxvevaSi, mkiTxvelisaTvis asaxsneli bevri arafe-

ria. Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom bevrad meti gaake-

ToT imisaTvis, raTa naSromi marTlac originalu-

26

ri da gansxvavebuli iyos: kvlevebi arqivSi dacul masalebSi, interviuebi mosamarTleebTan an, Tun-

dac, mediis mier gaSuqebuli informaciis siste-

muri damuSaveba. Tu Tqven mier ganvlili gza imsa-xurebs yuradRebas da saintereso SeiZleba iyos mkiTxvelisaTvis, maSin Rirs misi aRwera meTodis ganyofilebaSi.

gvaxsovdes, rom axsna imisa, Tu rogor vake-

TebT mtkicebulebaTa analizs, Tavsdeba meTodis ganyofilebaSi. meTodis ganyofilebaSi vuxsniT mkiTxvels, ra saSualebebiT vaanalizebT mtkice-

bulebebs, ra mtkicebulebebs veyrdnobiT da ra-

tom. meTodis axsnas SeiZleba mieZRvnas mTeli Tavi

im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu Tqven mier SerCeuli meTo-

di rTulia, an mraval safexurs moicavs. maSasada-

me, meTodis axsnas vrceli adgili eTmoba samagis-

tro naSromsa Tu disertaciaSi. meTodis aRniSvna miT ufro Rirs, rac ufro axali da originaluria is, an rac ufro meti Sroma Caido meTodis mixed-

viT kvlevaSi. magaliTad, Tu gardamavali mar-Tlmsajulebis kvlevisaTvis dagWirdaT mosamar-

TleTa SerCeva, interviuireba, interviuebis Sede-

gebis damuSaveba – am meTodis Sesaxeb aucileblad unda iTqvas kvlevaSi, vinaidan sirTulisa da Sro-matevadobis gamo igi gansakuTrebulad aRniSvnis

27

Rirsi namdvilad aris, xolo ufro mcire zomis naSromSi, narkvevSi, eseSi an samecniero statiaSi misi xseneba mokled SesavalSive SeiZleba.

Tqveni kvlevis mizania, ara mxolod naTeli mohfinos erT konkretul problemas an fenomens, aramed gza gauxsnas momaval kvlevebs momijnave Temebze. yvelaze warmatebuli mecnierebi arian isini, romlebmac ara mxolod mniSvnelovani sa-

mecniero wvlili Seitanes raime sakiTxSi, aramed safuZveli daudes samecniero skolebs da gauC-

ndaT mimdevrebi, romlebic agrZeleben momijnave sakiTxebze muSaobas. rodesac kvlevis momaval Se-

saZleblobebze vsaubrobT, saubari maqvs swored im kvlevebze, romlebic Tqven mier SemoTavazebu-

li codnis Semdeg Seiqmneba. Sesabamisad, Sesavlis boloSi mniSvnelovania

saubari im SesaZleblobebze, romlebic Tqvenma kvlevam Seqmna. gvaxsovdes, kvlevis mizani ar aris, daamtkicoT, rom Tqven marTali xarT. kvleva ar aris sarCeli, sadac auditorias Tqveni poziciis simarTle unda auxsnaT. kvlevis mizania, ufro me-ti adamianisTvis gaxadoT xelmisawvdomi codna garkveuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, am ganyo-

filebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad „momavlis per-

speqtivebs“ vuwodeb, mniSvnelovania, Semdeg kiT-

xvebs gaeces pasuxi:

28

– ra sakiTxi rCeba daudgeneli da auxsneli TqvenTvis?

– kvlevis romeli axali SesaZleblobebi Se-

iqmna Tqveni naSromis Sedegad? – momavalma mkvlevrebma, Tqveni kvlevidan

gamomdinare, romeli sakiTxebi SeiZleba aitacon da ganaviTaron?

saukeTeso naSroms Cveulebrivi naSromisagan ga-

movarCevT azrovnebis kidev ufro maRali doniT, romelic gamoixateba sakuTari naSromis susti mxaris danaxviTa da kritikis prevenciiT. rodesac avtori Tavad cnobs da amJRavnebs sakuTar Zlier da sust mxareebs, avtoris aseTi midgoma aCvenebs, rom mas gaazrebuli aqvs is sakiTxebi, romlebic momavalma mkvlevrebma SeiZleba warmoaCinon misi kvlevidan. aseTi midgoma aseve ganaiaraRebs kri-

tikosebs, romelTa SesaZlo kritikas avtori Ta-

vadve gamoxatavs da pasuxobs. Sesabamisad, am etap-

ze naSromi unda pasuxobdes kiTxvebs: – rogor SeiZleba gipasuxon maT, vis mosaz-

rebasac Tqven ar daeTanxmeT da vis pozi-

ciasac Tqveni naSromiT gadauxvieT? – da rogor upasuxebT am SesaZlo kritikas?

29

magaliTad:

„saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis analizis safuZ-

velze, gansakuTrebiT ki mosamarTlis ganmarte-

bebTan dakavSirebul normebze dayrdnobiT, saqar-Tvelos nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo sistema zo-gadad Seesabameba evropuli konvenciis moTxovnebs gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobis Sesaxeb. miuxe-

davad amisa, ramdenime sakiTxi gansakuTrebul yu-

radRebas saWiroebs. am sakiTxTa Sorisaa mosamar-TleTa instruqciebis Sinaarsi da msajulTaTvis saproceso SeTanxmebis gamJRavnebis moTxovna. vi-naidan dReisaTvis nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos monawileobiT warmarTuli procesebis CamonaTva-

li sakmaod mwiria, cxadia, rom am mxriv praqtikis ganviTareba saintereso safuZvels Seqmnis am Tema-

ze diskusiis gagrZelebisaTvis.“ 11

mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom SesaZlebelia, bevri ram, risi Tqmac SesavalSi gvsurda, adgilis simciris gamo ver SevZloT. es gansakuTrebiT exe-

ba kvlevis mniSvnelobis axsnas. Sesabamisad, SesaZ-

lebelia, es sakiTxebi SemovinaxoT daskvnisaTvis, sadac kvlevis wvlils kidev erTxel SevaxsenebT mkiTxvels. amave dros, SeiZleba dasavleTSi dam-

kvidrebuli xerxis gamoyeneba, rodesac avtori 11 sqolio supra 5, 47.

30

teqstSive miuTiTebs, rom dro da sivrce ar iZle-

va saSualebas, an kidev, kvlevis daniSnulebis far-

glebs scdeba garkveuli sakiTxis gamokvleva. ase-Ti miTiTebis dros SesaZlebelia am sakiTxis mxo-

lod erTi winadadebiT aRniSvna, raTa sxva moma-val mkvlevarT mieceT momavalSi am sakiTxebis ganviTarebis saSualeba.

kvlevis Sesavali nawili mTavrdeba gzamkvle-

viT. gzamkvlevis daniSnulebaa, winaswar moamza-dos mkiTxveli kvlevis SinaarsisaTvis da saSua-

leba misces, Tavad airCios, kvlevis ra nawilze ga-

amaxvilebs yuradRebas. gzamkvlevs rukis daniSnu-

leba aqvs. is mkiTxvels winaswar aCvenebs, kvlevis romeli nawili aqvs daTmobili garkveul sakiTxs. gzamkvlevi ajamebs TiToeuli Tavis an ganyofi-

lebis Sinaarss.

magaliTad:

„statiis meore TavSi gaanalizebulia nafic msajulTa instituti, raTa mkiTxvelisaTvis naTe-

li moefinos im pirobebs, romelTa safuZvelzec warmoiSva da gavrcelda es instituti. amave TavSi mocemulia nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos saqar-TveloSi pirvelad SemoRebis mokle istoria da is socialuri, politikuri da samarTlebrivi wanam-

ZRvrebi, romlebmac am institutis saqarTveloSi SemoRebas Seuwyo xeli.

31

statiis mesame TavSi gadmocemulia msajulTa institutis SemoRebis meore mcdeloba, romelic 2004 wels ganxorcielda. aqve miTiTebulia is Ta-

viseburebebi, romlebic am instituts saqarTve-

loSi axasiaTebs. meoTxe Tavi eTmoba nafic msajulTa sasamar-

Tlos mimarT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-

marTlos damokidebulebas, aRwerilia evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali am insti-tutis evropul konvenciasTan Sesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT.

mexuTe TavSi asaxulia analizi saqarTvelos nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos institutis evro-

pul konvenciasTan Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb. bolos, gakeTebulia ramdenime daskvna da gamoTqmulia rekomendaciebi.“ 12

b. ZiriTadi nawilis struqtura

es qveTavi exeba kvleviTi naSromis ZiriTadi nawi-

lis struqturas. ZiriTadi nawili aris naSromis xerxemali. is moicavs naSromis wvlils mecniere-

baSi. ZiriTad nawils aqvs Tavisi struqtura. mka-

fio struqtura mniSvnelovania, vinaidan ZiriTa-

di nawili moicavs didi raodenobiT informacias. Tu informacia ar iqneba cxadad, TanmimdevrobiT 12 sqolio supra 5, 49.

32

dalagebuli, mkiTxvels gauWirdeba misi aRqma. Se-

sabamisad, am informaciis daxarisxeba da kargad organizeba aucilebelia. aq moyvanili ZiriTadi nawilis sxvadasxva sakiTxi tradiciulad axasia-

Tebs kvleviT naSromebs, iqneba es ese, samagistro naSromi Tu disertacia.

1. sakiTxis istoria/cnebebi/konteqsti ZiriTadi nawili iwyeba sakiTxis istoriisa da kon-

teqstis mimoxilviT. is SeiZleba, daeTmos prob-

lemis daxasiaTebasac. mniSvnelovania, kvlevis sa-kiTxisa da Cveni wvlilis dawvrilebiT axsnamde mkiTxvels mivawodoT sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli informacia da konteqsti. am etapze unda davsvaT kiTxvebi:

– ra unda icodes mkiTxvelma, rom saTana-dod gaigos Cemi kvlevis mniSvneloba da Sedegi?

– ra informacia unda mivawodo mkiTxvels, rom Sesabamisad Seafasos Cemi kvlevis miR-

wevebi? – am ZiriTadi nawilis kiTxvisas ra codna un-

da hqondes mkiTxvels, raTa gaerkves Tqveni sakiTxis mniSvnelobaSi da Tqveni mtkicebu-

lebebis Sedegad axals ras miageniT?

33

magaliTad:

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi msajul-

Ta monawileobas didi xnis istoria aqvs. nafic msajulTa instituti inglisSi warmoiSva. rogorc inglisuri samarTlis cnobili mkvlevari ser ui-

liam bleqstouni acxadebda, „nafic msajulTa sa-

samarTlo inglisuri samarTlis mSvenebaa“ da „is aris Zlieri wyalgamyofi mefis Zalauflebasa da xalxis Tavisuflebas Soris.“

inglisuri samarTlis am institutis gavrce-lebas sxva qveynebSi mecnierebi sxvadasxva mizezi-

Ta da movleniT xsnian. mraval qveyanaSi nafici msajulebis institutis SemoReba didi britane-

Tis imperiis gavleniT iyo ganpirobebuli. brita-neTis imperiis gavleniT iqna nafic msajulTa in-

stituti miRebuli imperiis koloniebSi. magali-

Tad, nafic msajulTa institutis SemoReba virji-

niis StatSi (1606 w.), masaCusetsSi (1628 w.), niu-iorkis StatSi (1664 w.) pirveli SemTxvevebi iyo na-fic msajulTa sasamarTlos danergvisa britane-

Tis koloniebis teritoriebze. zog SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad indoeTsa da pakistanSi, nafic msajul-Ta instituti imperiisagan damoukideblobis mo-

povebisTanave iqna gauqmebuli. sxva qveynebSi nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos

miReba ganpirobebuli iyo safrangeTsa da frangu-

li samarTlis sistemasTan damokidebulebiT. msa-julTa monawileobiT sasamarTlos warmarTva bev-

34

rgan miRebul iqna franguli samarTlebrivi sis-

temis sxva elementebis gadmoRebasTan erTad. bevr qveyanaSi ki, ase moxda, magaliTad, ru-

seTsa da espaneTSi, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo SemoRebul iqna meoce saukunis dasasruls, axali xelisuflebis demokratiuli miswrafebebis kval-

dakval. saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos

saintereso istoria aqvs. igi SeiZleba or ZiriTad etapad daiyos: 1. nafici msajulebis institutis SemoReba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis dros 1917-1921 wlebSi; da 2. am institutis Se-

moReba 2004 wlis konstituciuri cvlilebebiT „nacionaluri moZraobis“ xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg. amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom marTlmsa-julebis aRsrulebis procesSi xalxis monawileo-

ba saqarTveloSi odiTganve SeiniSneboda. magali-

Tad, mosaxleobis monawileobaze marTlmsajule-

baSi miuTiTeben mkvlevrebi aWaraSi, im periodSi, rodesac aWara osmaleTis imperiis nawili iyo. mi-

uxedavad imisa, rom formalurad marTlmsajule-

bas ganaxorcielebda „yadi“ – imperiis mier daniS-

nuli mosamarTle, romelic, amave dros, xelmZRva-nelobda adgilobriv aRmasrulebel xelisufle-

basac. formaluri institutebis mimarT mosaxle-

obis ndoba dabali iyo. wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom samarTals axorcielebda „olqaSi“ gaerTianebuli

35

mosaxleoba, romelic ixilavda saqmeebs da gamos-

cemda gadawyvetilebebs. pirveli sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelSic naxse-

nebi iyo nafic msajulTa instituti, iyo 1917 wlis 21 seqtembris debuleba „sasamarTlo dawesebule-

bis Sesaxeb.“ miuxedavad amisa, yvela es norma ganxorciel-

da, rodesac 1919 wlis 17 ianvars parlamentma mii-

Ro lakoniuri kanoni „nafic msajulTa sasamar-

Tlos SemoRebis Sesaxeb.“ igi iusticiis saminis-

tros akisrebs valdebulebas, Seadginos nafici msajulebis kandidatTa sia. saministros es saqmi-

anoba 1919 wlis 1 ivnisisaTvis unda daesrulebina. sasamarTlo reformis gansakuTrebuli etapi iyo 1919 wlis ivlisSi senatis daarseba. senatis ufle-bamosileba iyo kanonis aRsrulebaze zedamxedve-

loba. ramdenime sasamarTlo procesic ki warimar-

Ta axali kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTvelos dedaqa-

laqi daikava me-11 wiTelma armiam, romelmac daas-

rula samwliani menSevikuri xelisufleba. armiam gaauqma konstitucia da damoukidebeli saqarTve-los samarTlebrivi sistemis bevr sxva maxasiaTe-

belTan erTad, nafic msajulTa sasamarTloc is-

torias Cabarda.“ 13 13 sqolio supra 5, 50.

36

1. sakanonmdeblo procesis safuZvlebi bikamera-lur parlamentSi

bikameralur parlamentSi, iseve rogorc mo-

nokameralur warmomadgenlobiT organoSi, saka-nonmdeblo saqmianobis warmoeba umTavresi fun-

qciaa. orpalatiani parlamentis erT-erTi ZiriTa-di daniSnuleba kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis procesSi sxvadasxva interesis mqone jgufebis CarTulobis gazrda da maTi interesebis maqsima-

lurad gaTvaliswinebaa, rac am procesis Sedegia-

nobis xarisxs zrdis. medisoni, axasiaTebda ra aSS-is kongresis bi-

kameralur organizacias, yuradRebas amaxvilebda im garemoebaze, rom sakanonmdeblo krebebi ume-

tes SemTxvevaSi midrekilni arian, sxvadasxva sa-parlamento fraqciis mier provocirebuli naCqa-

revi da arazomieri, emociuri gadawyvetilebebi miiRon, sxva sityvebiT, bikameralizmi emsaxureba amomrCevels, Tavi daicvas sakuTari Secdomebis-

gan, xels uSlis sakanonmdeblo organos, gadaiq-

ces „brbos mosamsaxured.“ xSirad kanonebi, romlebic erTpalatian par-

lamentSi mkveTri politikuri dapirispirebis fonze miiReba, aris iZulebiTi kompromisebis Se-

degi. deputatTa xmebis saWiro raodenobis misa-Rebad kanonproeqti pirveli mosmenidan kanonis

37

gamoqveynebamde ganicdis uamrav Sesworebas, amas-

Tan, xSirad es xdeba ama Tu im politikuri Zalis spontanuri moTxovnilebebis interesebSi. buneb-

rivia, am SemTxvevaSi dokumentis logikur an iu-

ridiul mxareze saubari zedmetia. aseT fonze ga-

sakviric araa, rom es kanonebi jer kidev kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde saWiroeben cvlilebebs. am mdgomareobis gamosworebis TvalsazrisiT, dade-

biTi roli SeiZleba Seasrulos zeda palatam. iqi-

dan gamomdinare, rom misi wevroba ufro mkacri kriteriumebis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs, aq xdeba gansakuTrebuli codnis, politikuri da profesi-

uli gamocdilebis Tavmoyra, Sejereba. garda ami-

sa, zeda palata ar aris imdenad datvirTuli po-

litikuri muxtiT da, Sesabamisad, unariania, ufro Rrmad, safuZvlianad da obieqturad ganixilos mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. e.w. „msjelobisa da ana-

lizis“ palata uzrunvelyofs kanonproeqtis de-

talur, zedmiwevniT damuSavebas, rac aumjobesebs mis xarisxs. zeda palata asworebs qveda palatis Secdomebs, daCqarebul, gauazrebel, emociur ga-

dawyvetilebebs. „rogorc wesi, qveda palata ufro adekvaturad

asaxavs amomrCevelTa ganwyobas, xolo gamoyenebu-li saarCevno sistemisa Tu uflebamosilebis qveda palatasTan SedarebiT meti vadis gamo, parlamentis

38

zeda palata praqtikulad ufro konservatiulia xolme. Sesabamisad, dabalansebuli da auCqarebeli, optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad zeda pa-lata qveda palatis erTgvar Semakavebel funqcias asrulebs. bikameralizmis pirobebSi Tavad sakanon-mdeblo xelisuflebis Stos SigniT instituciurad iqmneba Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis efeqturi sis-

tema, rac amcirebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas naCqarevi, daubalansebeli da da-

ufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis riskebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, palataTa Soris davasa da diskusiaSi ufro savaraudoa, rom daibados po-

litikuri WeSmariteba.“ Sesabamisad, ikveTeba bikameraluri parlamen-

tis zeda palatis ZiriTadi, damabalansebeli fun-

qcia, rac mas warmoadgens rogorc Chambre de reflexion (analizis palatas), an metic, refroidissment (gamaneitralebels) funqciis ganmaxorcieleblad qveda palatis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis mimarT.

safrangeTis 1958 wlis konstituciaSi orpa-

latiani parlamentis SenarCuneba, SeiZleba iT-

qvas, gamowveuli iyo, erTi mxriv, 1795 wlis kon-stituciaSi senatisaTvis damabalansebeli fun-

qciis da, meore mxriv, 1875 wlis konstituciaSic misTvis imave funqciis miniWebis garemoebiT. msgavsi survili naTlad daafiqsira de golma 1946

39

wlis 16 ivniss bioqsSi warmoTqmul sityvaSi: „ka-nonisa da biujetis saboloo varianti gadaegzav-neba gansaxilvelad sayovelTao da pirdapiri we-

siT arCeul asambleas, romlis mTavar movaleobas ar warmoadgens, aucileblad naTeli mohfinos da miiRos saboloo gadawyvetileba. man unda Seimu-

Saos is SeniSvnebi, romlebic gadaegzavneba meore palatas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sxva wesis safuZ-

velze iqneba arCeuli da dakompleqtebuli, da romelmac unda gaiTvaliswinos pirveli asambleis yvela SeniSvna.“

marTalia, mravalgzis gaazrebuli da ganxi-luli kanonis miReba misi srulyofilebis xarisxs zrdis, Tumca imave proporciiT zrdis temps, ro-

melic saWiroa am kanonproeqtis misaRebad. „skan-dinaviis qveynebSi parlamentis zeda palatebis ga-

uqmebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, ZiriTadad, zus-

tad imiT asabuTebdnen, rom maTi arseboba saka-nonmdeblo process xdis Zalze rTuls da droSi gawelils.“

am ukanaskneli garemoebis miuxedavad, rac Se-

iZleba, erTgvar gamonaklis SemTxvevadac ganvixi-

loT, gvxvdeba, agreTve, erTi mxriv, sapirispiro tendencia da, meore mxriv ki, konkretul saxel-mwifoebSi bikameralizmis specifikis arsis cvli-

leba. aRniSnulis Tanaxmad, bikameralur saparla-mento sistemebSi SedarebiT ufro misaReb mo-

40

dels, romelsac sul ufro da ufro meti saxel-

mwifo iyenebs, warmoadgens orpalatiani parla-

menti susti zeda palatiT, sadac qveda palatas imave sakanonmdeblo funqciis ganxorcielebisas dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia. amis erT-erTi mizezi swored sakanonmdeblo procesis droSi me-

tismetad gawelvis Tavidan acilebaa.“ 14 am nawilSi SeiZleba gadmoices sakiTxis istoria, problemis axsna, sakiTxis konteqsti, anu is kul-

turuli, ekonomikuri, socialuri Tu istoriuli pirobebi, sadac es sakiTxi warmoiSva an arsebobs. es nawili exmareba mkiTxvels, kargad gaigos mkvlevris winaSe mdgari sakiTxis Taviseburebebi. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevari ikvlevs daviT aRmaSe-

neblis mier Seqmnil mstovrebis instituts, maSin ZiriTadi nawili SeiZleba gaixsnas daviT aRmaSe-

neblis moRvaweobis epoqis daxasiaTebiT, aRmaSe-

neblis winaSe mdgari gamowvevebis aRweriT. pirveli nawili, romliTac SeiZleba daviwyoT

ZiriTadi nawili, aris an sakiTxis istoria, an kon-

teqsti, an/da cnebebis ganmarteba, an yvelaferi erTad. magaliTad, SeiZleba am ganyofilebaSi gad-

movceT sakiTxis istoria. vTqvaT, Tuki Tqven ro-melime sakanonmdeblo normis interpretaciaze 14 sqolio supra 6, 157.

41

werT, aucileblad dagWirdebaT axsna imisa, Tu vin miiRo es norma, rodis miiRo, ra politikur-isto-

riul konteqstSi iqna es norma miRebuli da a.S. Tu Tqven iyenebT raime cnebebs, aucileblad dag-

WirdebaT gamoyenebul cnebaTa ganmartebebi. aqve SeiZleba gadmoices sakiTxis konteqsti.

konteqsti – es aris socialur-ekonomikuri, kul-

turuli da politikuri viTareba, romlis far-glebSic unda gaaanalizos mkiTxvelma Tqven mier SemoTavazebuli sakiTxi. rodesac mkiTxveli ga-

ecnoba konteqsts, mas ecodineba, Tu rogor rea-

lobaSi axdens avtori kvlevas. konteqsti aris farTo cneba da problemis warmoSobis istoria-

sac moicavs. ar unda dagaviwydeT, rom Tqveni kvleva da kvlevis Sedegebi abstraqtulad ar ixi-

leba – is gaanalizdeba konkretul realobasTan mimarTebiT. konteqsti aris erTgvari foni, rome-lic Tqven mier SemoTavazebuli sakiTxis garSemo aris. magaliTad, Tqven werT kvlevas saqarTvelo-Si organoebiT vaWrobis daSvebis mizanSewonilo-

bis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxis konteqstSi mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, siRaribis done, aseve organoTa gadanergvis rigSi myof pacientTa raodenoba. sakiTxis gare-mopirobebis aseTi aRwera mkiTxvels miscems saSu-

alebas, ukeT gaiazros organoTa vaWrobis daSve-

bis mizanSewoniloba.

42

2. literaturis mimoxilva

literaturis mimoxilva mniSvnelovania, vinaidan swored literaturis mimoxilvis procesSi gviya-

libdeba Cven warmodgena im kiTxvebze, romelTac unda gavceT pasuxi. studentebs xSirad aqvT weri-

saTvis saintereso sakiTxis povnis problema. umaRles saswavlebelSi swavlis dasawyisSi xdeba gamomuSaveba unar-Cvevisa, aRmoaCino kvlevisaT-

vis saintereso sakiTxi, romelic, amave dros, mec-nierulad amowuruli ar aris da tovebs saSuale-

bas, avtorma masze raime saintereso Tqvas. swored am Cvevis gamomuSavebaSi gvexmareba literaturis mimoxilva.

am etapisTvis aucilebelia, erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT naSromis Tema da sakiTxi. naSromis Tema aris zogadi sfero, romelic avtors ainte-

resebs. Tema avtorisTvis mniSvnelovania sxvadas-xva mizezis gamo da am Temis farglebSi avtors Se-

uZlia, enTuziazmiT ganagrZos wera. xolo naSro-

mis sakiTxi aris is konkretuli, SedarebiT viwro kiTxva, romelic avtorma SearCia Temis farglebSi da romelsac man naSromis meSveobiT unda gasces pasuxi. magaliTad, naSromis Tema SeiZleba iyos „nafic msajulTa instituti saqarTveloSi,“ naS-

romis sakiTxi ki „anglosaqsuri samarTlis gavle-na nafic msajulTa institutis Camoyalibebaze sa-

43

qarTveloSi 2004–2012 wlebSi.“ Sesabamisad, swored rom Temidan xdeba SedarebiT konkretuli, viwro sakiTxis SerCeva, romelsac avtori Tavisi Sromis meSveobiT aviTarebs.

Temidan sakiTxis dakonkretebis process da-

viwroebas veZaxiT. sakursoze, referatze, sabaka-lavro an samagistro naSromze muSaobisas dar-

wmundiT, rom sakiTxi sakmarisad viwroa. aq ori ti-

pis safrTxes vawydebiT: Tu sakiTxi zedmetad far-

To iqneba, maSin Cven ver SevZlebT mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setanas Cveni kvleviT, vinaidan sakiTxis yvela ZiriTad aspeqts ver movicavT da naSromic ufro zogadi, mimoxilviTi da enciklopediuri xa-

siaTis gamova; meore mxriv, Tu sakiTxi zedmetad davaviwroveT, SeiZleba, qarTul enaze Sesabamisi literaturisa da kvleviTi masalis moZieba gagvi-

Wirdes, an sakiTxma mniSvneloba dakargos.

magaliTad:

„msjavrdebulTa uflebebi saqarTveloSi“ – es sa-

kiTxi zedmetad farToa, ufro zogadi sferoa, romlis srulfasovnad gamokvlevas mTeli encik-

lopediuri naSromi dasWirdeba; amave dros, „uva-

do patimrobaSi myof pensioner qalTa uflebebi“ zedmetad viwroa, vinaidan am sakiTxze SeiZleba, sakanonmdeblo normebisa da empiriuli masalis

44

mopoveba gaWirdes. amitom avirCioT oqros Suale-

di da naSromi SegviZlia, magaliTad, uvado patim-

rebis romelime uflebaze davweroT.

Sesabamisad, zedmetad zogad da zedmetad viwro sakiTxs Soris balansis dacva mniSvnelova-

nia. amisaTvis erT-erTi kargi saSualeba xel-mZRvanelTan an profesorTan winaswari konsul-

taciaa. is, gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, aseTi ba-

lansis dacvaSi dagvexmareba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom naSromis sididis

mixedviT SeiZleba sakiTxis konkretulobis xaris-

xis gadawyveta – rac ufro mcire masStabis aris naSromi, magaliTad: sakurso, samsaxurebrivi me-

morandumi, miT ufro konkretuli unda iyos is sa-

kiTxi, romelsac naSromi exeba, vinaidan Temis farTod ganxilvas Sesabamisi dro da sivrce sWir-

deba; xolo rac ufro didi moculobisaa naSromi, magaliTad: sadoqtoro disertacia an samagistro Tema, miT ufro SesaZlebelia, igi SedarebiT zo-

gad da farTo sakiTxs daeTmos. magaliTad, sadoq-

toro naSromis sakiTxi SeiZleba iyos „saparlamen-

to kontroli saqarTveloSi.“ sadoqtoro naSro-

mis moculoba da is didi dro, romelic sadoqto-

ro kvlevas eTmoba, saSualebas miscems avtors, siRrmiseulad, istoriulad gamoikvlios am in-

45

stitutis ganviTareba da ganviTarebis Tavisebu-

rebebi, rasac sakurso naSromis avtori SedarebiT patara moculobis formatisa da mcire drois farglebSi ver SeZlebda.

naSromis Temidan sakiTxis SerCevaSi gvexmare-

ba swored literaturis mimoxilva. literaturis mimoxilva iwyeba avtorisTvis saintereso da ax-lobel Temaze ZiriTadi samecniero naSromebis gacnobiT. amisaTvis mniSvnelovania, Tavidan ga-vecnoT Temis garSemo arsebul ramdenime avtori-

tetul naSroms, monografias an saxelmZRvanelos. es saSualebas mogvcems, zogadad gavecnoT Cven-

Tvis saintereso Temas da gavigoT, Tu ra ZiriTadi argumentebi arsebobs mis garSemo. am gziT nel-ne-

la gamovricxavT im sakiTxebs, romlebic ukve kar-gad damuSavebuli da gamokvleulia da vipoviT im sakiTxs, romelic gvaZlevs saSualebas, vTqvaT si-

axle. literaturis mimoxilvis nawili unda iyos

kargad organizebuli. igi asaxavs im samecniero literaturas, romelsac Tqven gaecaniT kvlevaze muSaobis procesSi. literaturis mimoxilvasa da mTlianad kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli literatura SemdgomSi aisaxeba naSromis bibliografiaSi.

naSromis xasiaTzea damokidebuli, ramden li-

teraturas gaecnobiT kvlevis procesSi. diserta-ciisa da samagistro naSromis dros es SeiZleba

46

iyos uamravi wigni da statia. Sesabamisad, saWir-borotoa am zRva masalis organizeba garkveuli principebis mixedviT. literaturis mimoxilvis organizeba SeiZleba qronologiurad da Tematu-

rad. qronologiurad organizebisas masalebs va-

lagebT yvelaze Zvelidan axlisaken, vinaidan am principiT mivuTiTebT, Tu rogor ganviTarda mecnieruli msjeloba konkretul sakiTxze. amave dros, mniSvnelovania, erTmaneTSi ar avurioT sxvadasxva sakiTxze warmoebuli kamaTi da lite-

ratura Tematuradac davalagoT. aseT SemTxveva-Si qronologiurad valagebT literaturas Teme-

bis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tu nafic msajulebTan dakavSirebiT viyenebT literaturas, romelic msjelobs rogorc institutis warmoSobaze, aseve msoflioSi gavrcelebasa da efeqturobaze, am yve-

la naSromis erTad, Tundac qronologiurad mo-Tavseba daabnevda mkiTxvels da ver mogvcemda sa-

Sualebas, saTiTaod naTlad aRgvewera es sxvadas-

xva sferoSi mimdinare samecniero kamaTi. Sesaba-

misad, upriani iqneboda, am masalebis jer Tematur qveTavebSi, xolo Semdeg TiToeul qveTavSi qro-

nologiurad dalageba. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom literaturis mimoxil-

vis arsi ar aris samecniero naSromebis Sinaarsis Sejameba. mimoxilvis arsia ukve arsebuli naSro-

mebis gakritikeba im TvalsazrisiT, romelic ga-

47

moaCens, Tu ra mxriv, ra Tvalsawieridan da per-speqtividan ar yofila gamokvleuli CvenTvis sa-

intereso Tema da, Sesabamisad, romeli sakiTxi im-

saxurebs Seswavlas. es nawili pasuxobs kiTxvebs: – ra ar aris naTqvami mkvlevarTa mier? – sad aris SeuTanxmebloba? – ra aris araswori msjelobebSi? – sad aris naklebi mtkicebulebebi? – aris Tu ara msjeloba sakmarisad axali? SesaZlebelia, moxdes ise, rom, roca Tqven da-

iwyebT erT romelime sakiTxze muSaobas, samecnie-ro literatura qarTul enaze sakmarisi raodeno-

biT ver naxoT, radgan Zalian bevri kvleva saqar-

TveloSi ar mimdinareobs. aq ukve Tqveni gadasaw-

yvetia, axvalT Tu ara Semdeg safexurze da mimoi-

xilavT Tu ara ucxoenovan wyaroebs. kargia, rode-

sac aris saSualeba, kvlevaSi gamovricxoT is, rac dawerilia da vipovoT is, rac vinmes Tavis kvleva-

Si gamorCa. rodesac literaturis mimoxilvisas naxavT, rom ama Tu im avtors ukve dawerili aqvs romelime konkretul sakiTxze statia, iqve SegiZ-

liaT naxoT, mas ra gamorCa da Tqven mimoixiloT igi. es konkretuli avtori moxvdeba Tqveneul li-

teraturis mimoxilvaSi da iqve miuTiTebT, rom am avtors Zalian kargi naSromi aqvs, magram igi ukve moZvelebulia da mas, magaliTad, gamorCa esa Tu

48

is sakiTxi. Tqven SegiZliaT, daamatoT sxvadasxva siaxle. aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris saWiro velo-

sipedis Tavidan gamogoneba – Tu vinmes dawerili aqvs ukve esa Tu is statia, Tqven ar unda daxar-

joT dro im sakiTxis kvlevaSi, romelic ukve ga-

mokvleulia. magaliTisaTvis, bevri kvleva exeba mxolod

erTi qveynis, mag. amerikis, mtkicebulebebs, magram Sedegebi warmodgenilia rogorc universaluri. am SemTxvevaSi literaturis mimoxilva gamoav-

lens im naklovanebebs, romlebic aqvs am naSroms, aseve im sakiTxebs, romelTac es naSromi ar moi-

cavs da, Sesabamisad, tovebs momavali naSromebi-

saTvis gamosakvlevad. literaturis mimoxilvis mere ayalibebs

mkvlevari im sakiTxebs, romlebzec eZebs mtkice-

bulebebs. es etapi hgavs gamoZiebis process – ga-

moZiebis dros gamomZiebelma unda icodes, kon-kretulad ra kiTxvaze eZebs pasuxs im zRva masa-

laSi, romelic erT konkretul incidentTan da-

kavSirebiT arsebobs. ar SeiZleba, gamomZiebelma yuradReba „mimofantos“ da bevr sakiTxs erTdro-

ulad da Tanabari siRrmiT moekidos. Sesabamisad, droTa ganmavlobaSi gamomZiebeli fokusirdeba erT ZiriTad kiTxvaze an amocanaze, romelsac un-

da gasces pasuxi. mkvlevaric asea – literaturis

49

mimoxilvis Sedegad igi aRmoaCens sakiTxs, romel-

sac Semdeg miuZRvnis sakuTar Sromas. literaturis mimoxilvis stadia mniSvnelo-

vania, raTa darwmundeT, rom Tqven mier SerCeuli Tema da sakiTxi axalia, problemuria da gamokvle-

vas saWiroebs. sevdiania viTareba, rodesac avto-ri sakiTxze muSaobis procesis SualedSi aRmoa-

Cens, rom mis mier SerCeuli Tema ukve didi xania, kargad damuSavebuli da ganxilulia. swored am viTarebidan Tavis dasaRwevad aucilebelia, ga-vecnoT Cven mier SerCeuli sakiTxis garSemo ukve arsebul msjelobasa da masalas.

magaliTad:

SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi 15 debati samarTlebrivi transplantebis Sesaxeb daiwyo alan vatsonis 1974 wlis naSromidan, romelmac samarTlebrivi tran-

splanti gansazRvra rogorc „erTi qveynis an xal-xis samarTlis sistemidan wesis an samarTlis sis-

temis gadatana meoreSi.“ 16 samarTlebrivi tran- 15 See, Konrad Zweigert & Hein Kötz, Einführung in die Rechtsvergleichung (1984 2d ed), vol 1, at 16-17 (indicating that ‘the primary object of comparative law – as in the case of all scientific methods – is knowledge.... Comparative law, however, has four more specific practical objectives ... : comparison provides material for the legislator; it serves as an instrument of interpretation; it plays a role in university instruction; and it is of significance for the supranational unification of law’). 16 Alan Watson, Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law (1993 2d ed), at 21.

50

splantebis Sesaxeb samecniero diskusiis centrSi aris sxvadasxva warmodgena samarTlis kavSirze konteqstTan. 17 axla ukve klasikad aRiarebul naS-

romSi – „samarTlebrivi transplantebi: Sedare-

biTsamarTlebrivi midgoma“ – vatsoni miuTiTebs, rom samarTali socialuri struqturebisagan da-

moukidebelia. Sesabamisad, samarTali mTlianad mobiluria, „ar arsebobs zusti, konkretuli, ax-

lo, mTliani an aucilebeli kavSiri socialur, ekonomikur, politikur pirobebsa da kerZo samar-

Tlis normebs Soris.“ 18 vatsonis mixedviT, „siste-maTa umetesobaSi cvlilebebi normebis sesxebis Sedegia.“ 19 vatsoni gvTavazobs cxra pirobas, ro-

melTa mixedviTac ganisazRvreba, ramdenad SeiZ-

leba kanonebis gadatana. es pirobebia: wnexis Zala, winaaRmdegobis Zala, transplantisadmi mikerZoe-

ba, diskreciuloba, ganzogadebis SesaZlebloba, socialuri inercia, saWiroebebi, kanonis wyaroebi

17 Loukas A. Mistelis, ‘Regulatory Aspects: Globalization, Harmonization, Legal Transplants, and Law Reform – Some Fundamental Observations’, 34 Int’l L (2000), at 1055. 18 Edward M. Wise, ‘The Transplant of Legal Patterns’, 38 Am J Comp L (1990) at 2. See also Alan Watson, ‘Comparative Law and Legal Change’, 37 Cambridge LJ (1978) 2, at 313, 314, 321; Alan Watson, The Evolution of Law (1985); Alan Watson, Society and Legal Change (1977); Alan Watson, ‘Aspects of Reception of Law’, 44 Am J Comp L (1991) 335; Alan Watson, Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law (1993). 19 Alan Watson, Legal Transplants; An Approach to Comparative Law (1974) at 94.

51

da kanonis SemmuSavebeli iuristebi.20 samarTleb-rivi transplantebi Rrma kvlevisa da samecniero debatis sagania. mecnierebi xSirad ixilaven samar-

Tlebrivi transplantaciis procesebs da pirebs, iseve rogorc transplantaciis Sedegebs.21

vertikaluri samarTlebrivi transplantebia normebi, romlebic gamomdinareobs saerTaSoriso samarTlidan da inergeba Sida samarTalSi. mecnie-

rebs gamokvleuli aqvT es procesi da is pirobebi, romlebic xels uwyobs saerTaSoriso normebis damkvidrebas SidasamarTlebriv sivrceSi.22 Tumca iSviaTia mecnieruli kvleva im procesebisa, rom- 20 Alan Watson, ‘Comparative Law and Legal Change’, 37 Cambridge LJ (1978) 313, at 322. 21 See e.g. Rodolfo Sacco, Legal Formants: A Dynamic Approach to Comparative Law, 39 AM. J. COMP. L. (1991), at 1, 3. See, also Edward M. Wise, The Transplant of Legal Patterns, 38 AM. J. COMP. L. (1990) at 2. See also Maximo Langer, From Legal Transplants to Legal Translations: The Globalization of Plea Bargaining and the Americanization Thesis in Criminal Procedure, 45 HARV. INT’L. L. J. 1, 4-6 (2004). 22 Sally Engle Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice (2006) (Sally Engle Merry has illustrated how local civil society organizations and social movements serve as intermediates in vernaculirizing international human rights instruments against domestic violence.); See generally, Harold Hongju Koh, ‘Why Do Nations Obey International Law?’ 106 Yale LJ (1997) 2599; Harold Hongju Koh, ‘How is International Human Rights Law Enforced?’ 74 Ind LJ (1999) 1397; See also Harold Hongju Koh, ‘Transnational Legal Process’, (1996) Faculty Scholarship Series, Paper 2096, Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository 183 (Harold Koh has written about ‘the transnational legal process,’ the process through which norm entrepreneurs or ‘agents of internalization’ facilitate states’ internalization of international rules).

52

lebic iwvevs, Tan axlavs an ukavSirdeba Sidasa-marTlebrivi normebis miRebas saerTaSorisod (internacionalizacias). kvlevaTa umetesoba, romlebic mxolod periferiulad ukavSirdeba am sakiTxs, politikur mecnierebebSia. es sakiTxi jer ar aris sistemurad Seswavlili.23 3. mtkicebulebebis analizi

mas Semdeg, rac davasrulebT literaturis mimo-xilvas da movaxdenT kvlevis sakiTxis identifi-

cirebas, SesaZlebelia kvlevaze gadasvla da kvle-

visaTvis mtkicebulebebis moZieba. mtkicebule-

bebSi igulisxmeba is masala, romlis analizsac ax-dens mkvlevari da romlis analizis Sedegadac is warmoadgens kvlevis Sedegs samecniero siaxlis saxiT. mtkicebuleba sxvadasxvagvaria: istoriul kvlevaSi, magaliTad, mtkicebuleba SeiZleba iyos istoriuli wyaroebi, monaTxrobebi; socialur-samarTlebriv kvlevaSi SeiZleba iyos empiriuli masala; SedarebiTsamarTlebriv kvlevaSi mtkice-buleba SeiZleba iyos monacemebi ori an meti sxva-

dasxva qveynidan, iurisdiqciidan an sferodan. 23 A. Dolidze, Bridging Comparative and International Law: Amicus Curiae Participation as a Vertical Legal Transplant, The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 26 no. 4, 857.

53

mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis etapi yvelaze Sroma-

tevadi da mniSvnelovania naSromisaTvis, vinaidan swored mtkicebulebaTa Seswavlisa da analizis Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari, sazogadoebas warud-

ginos axali da saintereso migneba. magaliTad, Tu kvleva SedarebiTsamarTlebrivia da exeba nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos saqarTveloSi, rogorc amerikuli institutis transplants, maSin mkvlev-

ris mtkicebulebebi SeiZleba iyos masalebi, rom-lebic ukavSirdeba nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos institutis muSaobas aSS-sa da saqarTveloSi. am mtkicebulebaTa Sedarebis Sedegad mkvlevari SeZ-

lebs, Seafasos, ramdenad aris gadmoRebuli qar-Tuli instituti amerikulidan da SemogvTavazos Tanamdevi daskvnebi.

mniSvnelovani faqtoria mtkicebulebaTa Se-

sabamisi organizeba. mtkicebulebas da maT ana-

lizs unda hqondes raime logikuri struqtura – es SeiZleba iyos qronologiuri an Tematuri da-

lageba, an dalageba raime sxva niSniT. mTavaria ma-

Ti ise cxadad dalageba, rom mkiTxvelma advilad SeZlos gageba.

54

magaliTad:

„4. evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlosTan dakavSire-

biT adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos ga-

dawyvetilebebi miRebuli aqvs meeqvse muxlTan, samarTliani sasamarTlos ganxilvis uflebasTan mimarTebiT. erT-erTi pirveli gadawyvetileba na-fic msajulebTan dakavSirebiT adamianis ufleba-

Ta evropulma komisiam 1992 wels gamoitana saqme-

ze – r. belgiis winaaRmdeg, romelSic daadgina: mi-

uxedavad imisa, rom msajulTa gadawyvetileba ga-

moqveynda dasabuTebis gareSe, sasamarTlos Tav-

mjdomarem msajulebs dausva, sul mcire, oTxi kiTxva da braldebuls am kiTxvebis Tavidan aci-

lebis saSualeba hqonda. komisiis azriT, swored es kiTxvebi, romelTa dasma braldebis da dacvis mxares SeeZlo, iyo msajulTa gadawyvetilebis sa-fuZveli da axdenda msajulTa gadawyvetilebis lakoniurobis kompensirebas.

saqmeSi – paponi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg – sa-

samarTlom aRniSna, rom braldebas da dacvas hqonda saSualeba, aecilebina mosamarTlis mier dasmuli kiTxvebi da aseve waredgina sakuTari kiTxvebi. sasamarTlom miuTiTa: is faqti, rom mo-

55

samarTlem msajulebs dausva 768 kiTxva, sakmarisi iyo dasabuTebulobis dasakmayofileblad.

saqmeSi – sariqi daniis winaaRmdeg – sasamar-

Tlom daadgina, rom nafic msajulTa mier gadaw-yvetilebis dasabuTebis gareSe gamotana TavisTa-

vad ar iyo konvenciis moTxovnaTa darRveva. yvelaze mniSvnelovania sasamarTlos uaxlesi

gadawyvetileba saqmeSi – taqsketi belgiis winaaR-

mdeg. aRsaniSnavia, zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom am gadawyvetilebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuq-mnas nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos imgvari saxiT arsebobas, rogorc is arsebobs inglissa da evro-

pis sxva qveynebSi. erT-erTma ingliselma mkvle-varma am gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT ganac-

xada kidec, rom „adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daiwyo meeqvse muxlis meSveobiT Ta-

visuflebis didi qartiis cvlileba, radganac mo-iTxova, rom msajulebma daasabuTon sakuTari ga-

dawyvetilebebi.“ taqsketis saqmeSi mosarCele miuTiTebda, rom

msajulTa monawileobiT warmarTuli sasamarTlo procesi, romlis Sedegadac is mkvlelobis Cadena-

Si damnaSaved cnes, ar Seesabameboda evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis moTxovnebs. mosarCele belgiis moqalaqe iyo, romelic 1991 wels Cadeni-

li mkvlelobisaTvis 20-wlian sasjels ixdida. saq-

meSi iyo rva braldebuli. mosarCelis sasamarTlo

56

procesi ramdenime Tves grZeldeboda. sasamar-

Tlom bevri mowme da eqsperti dakiTxa. verdiqtis gamosatanad nafic msajulebs sasamarTlos Tav-

mjdomaris mier dasmul 32 kiTxvaze unda gaecaT pasuxi. kiTxvebi mokle iyo da yvela braldebul-

Tan dakavSirebiT erTi da igive kiTxva daisva. msa-julebma dadebiTad upasuxes yvela kiTxvas da 2004 wlis 7 ianvars sasamarTlom braldebuls 20-wliani patimroba miusaja. misi saCivris dakmayo-filebaze sasamarTlos zeda instanciamac uari Tqva.

baton taqsketis azriT, sasamarTlo procesi ewinaaRmdegeboda evropuli konvenciis moTxov-

nebs, vinaidan mis winaaRmdeg gamotanili verdiqti ar Seicavda dasabuTebas. amgvarad, SeuZlebeli iyo saqmis yvela garemoebis gasaCivreba. aseve, mo-

sarCele miuTiTebda, rom evropuli konvenciis moTxovnaTa sawinaaRmdegod mas ar mieca saSuale-

ba, daekiTxa erT-erTi mowme, romelic saqmeSi ano-

nimurad monawileobda. evropulma sasamarTlom pirveladi ganxilvis

Semdeg daadgina, rom mosarCelis uflebebi mar-

Tlac dairRva, Tumca belgiam es gadawyvetileba evropuli sasamarTlos did palataSi gaasaCivra.

saqmeSi mesame mxaris saxiT mosazrebebi wa-

radgines didi britaneTis, irlandiisa da safran-

geTis mTavrobebma. samive qveynis mosazrebiT, is

57

faqti, rom msajulTa mier gamotanili ganaCeni ar moicavda dasabuTebas, TavisTavad ar modioda wi-

naaRmdegobaSi evropul konvenciasTan. irlandii-

sa da didi britaneTis mtkicebiT, braldebuli-saTvis msajulTa gadawyvetileba naTeli xdeboda mosamarTleTa ganmartebebis mixedviT. swored rom am ganmartebebis farglebSi unda momxdariyo msajulTa verdiqtis ganxilva da interpretacia. safrangeTis azriT ki, sasamarTlos ar unda ganev-rco sakuTari uflebamosileba wevri saxelmwifo-ebis erovnuli sasamarTlo sistemebis harmonize-

bis mizniT. sakuTar mosazrebaSi safrangeTi msa-julTa sasamarTlos istoriul xasiaTsa da fran-

gul Taviseburebebze miuTiTebda. sagulisxmoa, rom evropuli sasamarTlos mi-

er gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde belgiam sakuTa-

ri kanonmdebloba Secvala. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis cvlilebis mixedviT, sasamar-Tlos Tavmjdomares daevala msajulebisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena verdiqtis dasabuTebis Camo-

yalibebaSi. Tavdapirvelad didma palatam nafic msajul-

Ta sasamarTlos institutze imsjela. man aRniSna, rom evropis sabWos mTel rig qveynebSi miRebulia nafic msajulTa instituti, romlis amosavali mi-zani marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebaSi moqalaqeTa CarTvaa. am sistemis amosavali wertili aris ga-

58

dawyvetilebis miRebaSi mosamarTlis monawileo-

bis SezRudva. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom evropis qveynebSi nafici msajulebi sxvadasxva formiT mo-nawileoben marTlmsajulebaSi da rom sasamar-Tlos daniSnulebas scdeba am institutis ganzo-gadebuli ganxilva an kidev sasamarTlo procese-

bis standartizeba. sasamarTlom aseve miuTiTa, rom wevr qveyanaTa gamgeblobas miekuTvneba is sa-

kiTxi, Tu rogor moawesrigeben marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebas. umTavresi ki isaa, rom qveynebis mier arCeul meTods me-6 muxlTan SeTavsebad Sedegam-

de mivyavdeT. sasamarTlom xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom

TavisTavad msajulTa mier gamotanili verdiqtis dausabuTebloba ar aris samarTliani sasamar-

Tlos uflebis darRveva, Tumca imisaTvis, rom me-

eqvse muxlis moTxovnebi dakmayofildes, sakmari-

si garantiebi unda arsebobdes, raTa braldebul-ma da aseve sazogadoebam gaiazros msajulTa ver-

diqti. sasamarTlom aRniSna: „mniSvnelovania, rom sasamarTlo procesis mTlianobaSi ganxilviT msjavrdebulma gaacnobieros mis winaaRmdeg braldeba, im danaSaulis Semadgeneli nawilebi, romlis CadenaSic mas brali edeba da gamamtyune-

beli ganaCenis safuZveli.“ aseTi garantia SeiZle-

ba iyos, magaliTad, mosamarTlis mier gaweuli in-struqcia saqmis samarTlebriv aspeqtebTan an mtkicebulebebTan dakavSirebiT, iseve rogorc

59

mosamarTlis mier msajulTaTvis dasmuli konkre-

tuli da naTlad Camoyalibebuli kiTxvebi, ro-

melTa farglebSic xdeba verdiqtis gamotana. sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom taqsketis saqmeSi

arc sabraldebo daskvna da arc msajulTaTvis mo-samarTlis mier dasmuli kiTxvebi moicavda sakma-ris informacias braldebulis mier danaSaulis CadenaSi Setanil wvlilze. msajulTaTvis dasmu-

li kiTxvebic ar iyo imdenad konkretuli, rom braldebuls gaecnobierebina msajulTa mier ga-

motanili verdiqti. sabraldebo daskvna da msa-julTa mimarT dasmuli kiTxvebi erToblivadac ki ar iZleoda saSualebas, baton taqskets konkretu-lad ganesazRvra sakuTari braleuloba sxva braldebulebTan mimarTebiT, ganesazRvra, Tu romel mtkicebulebebs eyrdnobodnen msajulebi da konkretulad ras miiCnevdnen isini damamZime-

bel garemoebad. „xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas“, dasZina sa-

samarTlom, „rom msajulTaTvis dasmuli kiTxvebi aucilebelia, raTa mosarCelem gaiazros mis wina-

aRmdeg gamotanili gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni. gar-

da amisa, vinaidan saqme exeboda ramdenime bralde-

buls, kiTxvebi unda yofiliyo rac SeiZleba metad morgebuli yovel calkeul braldebulze.“

garda amisa, belgiuri samarTali ar iZleoda saSualebas msajulTa verdiqtis gasaCivrebisas

60

saapelacio wesiT. sakasacio wesiT gasaCivreba ki ar iZleoda saSualebas, mosarCelisaTvis naTeli gamxdariyo misi braleulad cnobis mizezebi. amis gamo sasamarTlom dasZina, rom mosarCeles kon-

venciis me-6 (1) muxliT uzrunvelyofili ufleba daerRva.

amasTanave, vinaidan baton taqskets ar hqonda saSualeba, daekiTxa anonimuri mowme, swored rom procesis am Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, sasa-marTlom zedmetad CaTvala saCivris am mxaris gan-

calkevebiT ganxilva.“ 24

„3. sakanonmdeblo iniciativa bikameralur parlamentSi

saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis 143-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, sakanonmdeblo procesi iwyeba sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufle-bis mqone subieqtis mier kanonproeqtis momzade-

biT da parlamentisaTvis wardgeniT. sakanonmdeb-lo iniciativa kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis erT-erTi pirveli stadiaa.

sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebiT aRWur-vil subieqtTa wre umravles SemTxvevaSi saxel-mwifos ZiriTad kanonSia CamoTvlili da praqti-

kulad yovel maTganSi msgavs midgomebs vxvdebiT. 24 sqolio supra 5, 52-53.

61

SesaZlebelia, zog SemTxvevaSi sakanonmdeblo ini-

ciativis uflebiT ar sargeblobdes prezidenti. erTgvar Tavisebur midgomas gvTavazobs nider-

landis konstitucia, sadac generaluri Statebis pirvel palatas ar gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo inicia-

tivis ufleba. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa konsti-tuciebis analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia imis Tqma, rom maTi umravlesoba upiratesobas aniWebs e.w. pluralistur midgomas, rodesac sxvadasxva subieqts aqvs sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba. e.w. dualisturi midgoma, rodesac sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba aqvs rogorc parlaments, ise aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, pluralistur mid-

gomasTan SedarebiT, naklebadaa gavrcelebuli. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia aSS-is konstitucia, romelSic kvlavindeburad rCeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principi konservatiuli da gamoricxavs aRmasru-lebeli xelisuflebis pirdapir monawileobas sa-

kanonmdeblo saqmianobis sawyis etapze, ar aniWebs ra mas sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebas.

arsebiTi sakiTxi, romelic iter legislatives saw-

yis etapze ikveTeba, dakavSirebulia e.w. pirvel-

ganmxilveli palatis gansazRvrasTan, anu romeli palataa kompetenturi, miiRos kanonproeqti Tav-

dapirvelad da wamoiwyos misi ganxilva. am sakiTxis mimarT arsebobs gansxvavebuli

midgomebi. zogierT saxelmwifoSi kanonproeqti

62

Tavdapirvelad mxolod qveda palataSi Seitaneba da mxolod amis mere gadaegzavneba zeda palatas, romelic sargeblobs absoluturi an/da suspenzi-

uri vetos uflebiT. zemoT ganxiluli SemTxvevebisgan gansxvave-

biT, zogierTi qveynis konstitucia pirdapir ar gansazRvravs, Tu romeli palata gvevlineba saka-

nonmdeblo iniciativis adresatad. Sesabamisad, konkretul SemTxvevebSi, rogorc wesi, deputa-

tebs kanonproeqti SeaqvT im palataSi, romlis Se-

madgenlobaSic Sedian. rac Seexeba im kanonproeq-

tebs, romelTa iniciatorebi ar arian parlamen-

tis wevrebi, maT ufleba aqvT, kanonproeqtis ini-cirebisas ixelmZRvanelon politikuri mizanSe-

wonilobidan gamomdinare. zogierT qveyanaSi konstituciiT gansaz-

Rvruli kanonproeqtebi Seitaneba mxolod qveda palataSi, nawili ki mxolod zeda palataSi.

rumineTis konstituciis 73-e da 731-e muxlebis Tanaxmad, sakanonmdeblo iniciativa, pirvel rigSi, waredgineba Sesabamisi kompetenciis mqone anu pir-

velganmxilvel palatas. deputatTa palata, ro-

gorc pirvelganmxilveli palata, ganixilavs da iRebs kanonebs da sxva sakanonmdeblo winadadebebs xelSekrulebebis an sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebe-

bis ratifikaciisTvis, aseve, am xelSekrulebebidan da SeTanxmebebidan gamomdinare sakanonmdeblo Ro-

63

nisZiebebs, aseve, konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli organuli kanonebis proeqtebze. sxva kanonebi da sakanonmdeblo winadadebebi ganixileba da miiReba senatSi, rogorc pirvelganmxilvel palataSi.

rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi pirvelganmxilvel palatad swored qveda palata gvevlineba. mcirea im saxelmwifoTa ricxvi, sadac sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT Tanabrad SesaZlebelia, mimarToT orive palatas da es ukanaskneli damaxa-

siaTebelia im sistemebisaTvis, sadac operirebs Zlieri zeda palata. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom mo-cemuli sistemis qveynebSic praqtikulad erTgvari upiratesoba mainc qveda palatas ekuTvnis. magali-

Tad, italiis parlamentis statistikas Tu davak-

virdebiT, SevamCnevT, rom 2008–2012 wlebSi 5473 ka-

nonproeqti Sevida qveda palataSi, xolo 3361 – se-

natSi. amaTgan parlamentis iniciativa iyo senatSi 3110, qveda palataSi ki 516627.

Tu davakvirdebiT safrangeTSi arsebul sta-

tistikas, wardgenili kanonproeqtebis 3/4 swored parlamentis iniciativaa da maTgan 2/3 qveda pala-

tis mier aris wardgenili. amave statistikis ana-

liziT, safrangeTis senatis roli sakanonmdeblo procesis am stadiaze SedarebiT mcirea. marTa-

lia, inicirebuli kanonproeqtebis 3/4 parlamen-

64

tidan modis, Tumca maT Soris mxolod 1/3-ia sena-

tis inicirebuli. rac Seexeba germaniis magaliTs, sadac, ro-

gorc aRvniSneT, sakanonmdeblo iniciativa, mTav-

robis garda, ekuTvnis, aseve, bundestagis wevreb-

sa da bundesrats, am ukanasknelis roli ki Sedare-

biT meorexarisxovania, rogorc raodenobrivad (saSualod 3,6% 1969 wlamde da Semdeg 13,7%-amde gaizarda inicirebuli kanonproeqtebis maCvenebe-

li), ise Sedegianobis TvalsazrisiT (anu mxolod 30% iqceva kanonad 40%-ian bundestagisa da 85%-ian mTavrobis 31 maCvenebelTan SedarebiT).“ 25

4. Sedegebi kvlevis Sedegis wardgenas TavisTavad naklebi mniS-

vneloba aqvs, Tu ar avxseniT misi mniSvneloba. mniS-

vnelobis axsna, pirvel rigSi, ukavSirdeba imis war-

moCenas, Tu ra wvlili Seitana Tqveni kvlevis Sede-

gebma samecniero literaturaSi. Sesabamisad, kvle-vis Sedegebis mniSvnelobaze saubris dros aucile-

belia, ukukavSiri damyardes im samecniero litera-

turasTan, romelTan dialogSic Tqven CaerTeT. Se-

degSi unda davinaxoT, ra wvlili Seitana Tqvenma 25 sqolio supra 6, 160-163.

65

naSromma am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul lite-

raturaSi da rogor gaamdidra igi. Tu, magaliTad, literaturis mimoxilvaSi Tqven miuTiTeT, rom ar-sebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba raime sakiTxze an kidev raime Tema ar aris saTanadod gamokvleuli, maSin Sedegebis ganyofilebaSi mniSvnelovani iqneba, aR-

niSnoT, Tu rogor gaaumjobeseT Tqven literatu-

raSi arsebuli viTareba. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom Sedegebis Sejamebis

Semdeg daubrundeT naSromis Sesavals da Tqveni Sedegi iq asaxoT. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Sesava-

li aris naSromis savizito baraTi, romlis wakiT-xvis Semdeg mkiTxvels uyalibdeba warmodgena naS-

romis xarisxis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, SesavalSive mniSvnelovania naSromis wvlilis aRniSvna da mis-

Tvis xazgasma. naSromis Sedegebis warmodgenisas Cven pasuxi

unda gavceT Semdeg kiTxvebs: − ra aris Cems naSromSi axali? − ra aris gansxvavebuli? − riT gansxvavdeba Cemi migneba imisagan, rac

ukve naTqvamia? − ratom aris Cemi kvlevis Sedegi mniSvnelo-

vani? − ra axal SesaZleblobebs iZleva Cemi kvle-

va?

66

magaliTad:

sasamarTlos am midgomis mxedvelobaSi miRe-

ba aucilebelia, raTa Sefasdes, Tu ramdenad See-sabameba saqarTveloSi danergili es instituti evropuli konvenciiT dadgenil samarTliani sasa-

marTlos uflebas.

g. daskvna

yvela naSroms sWirdeba daskvniTi nawili. daskvnaSi jamdeba naSromis ZiriTadi arsi da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, misi Senatani mecnierebaSi. daskvnas-Tan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli tradiciebi arse-

bobs saqarTvelosa da dasavleTSi: saqarTveloSi mi-

Rebulia naSromis ZiriTadi argumentebis, wvlilis aRniSvna naSromis bolos. Sesabamisad, mkiTxveli mxolod naSromis bolos igebs mis wvlils, Teziss da a.S.; dasavleTSi ki miRebulia naSromis dasawyisSive Tezisisa da naSromis wvlilis aRwera da is mxolod meordeba naSromis daskvnaSi.

dasavleTSi sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoTqmi-

saTvis, zepirad Tu werilobiT, moqmedebs dauwe-

reli wesi: TqviT, ris Tqmas apirebT, TqviT Tqveni saTqmeli da SeajameT, ra TqviT.

maSasadame, kiTxvebi, romelTac daskvna unda pasuxobdes, aris Semdegi:

67

– mokled rogor SeajamebdiT naSromis Sina-

arss? – rogor SeajamebdiT im problemas/sa-

kiTxs/debats, romelSic gadawyviteT wvlilis Setana?

– rogor gamoyofdiT da mokled Seajameb-

diT, gansakuTrebiT, im nawils, romelic axali da originaluria?

– rogor SeajamebdiT, riTi gaamdidreT es problema/sakiTxi/debati?

– kvlevis ra gzebi/sakiTxebi gamoikveTa mo-

mavlisaTvis?

magaliTad:

„nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos saqarTveloSi ufro didi istoria aqvs, vidre es SeiZleba, erTi SexedviT, Candes. rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi mi-

uTiTeben, msjavris dadeba mosaxleobis monawile-

obiT saqarTveloSi odiTganve xdeboda. msajulTa sasamarTlo oficialurad SemoRebul iqna or-

jer: pirvelad saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-

publikis dros, xolo meored 2004 wels konstitu-

ciuri reformebis Sedegad, Tumca sinamdvileSi procesi mxolod 2011 wlidan amoqmedda. evropul konvenciasTan da precedentul samarTalTan sa-qarTvelos samarTlebrivi bazisa da praqtikis

68

mokle mimoxilvidan Cans, rom gadawyvetilebis da-sabuTebulobis kuTxiT qarTuli sisxlis samar-

Tlis procesi moicavs im procedurebs, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, akmayofilebs evropuli sasamar-

Tlos moTxovnebs. miuxedavad amisa, gasaTvaliswi-

nebelia isic, rom winamdebare msjeloba exeboda nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mxolod erT as-

peqts – gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobas. samar-Tliani sasamarTlos uflebasTan saqarTvelos na-fic msajulTa sasamarTlo procesis Sesabamiso-

bis sxva aspeqtebi calke kvlevis sagania.“ 26

„Tanamedrove bikameralur parlamentSi saka-nonmdeblo procesis momwesrigebeli normebis analizma saSualeba mogvca, mivsuliyaviT im das-

kvnamde, rom mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs araTu erTiani midgoma, aramed is mode-

li, romelic yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia. erTi, rac SeiZleba am TvalsazrisiT iTqvas, aris is, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa konstituciebSi e.w. srulyofili bikameraluri parlamenti (Zlieri zeda palatiT), sadac sakanonmdeblo procesis ganxorcielebisas zeda palata qveda palatasTan mimarTebiT Tanabari uflebamosilebebiT iqneba aRWurvili, SedarebiT ufro iSviaT SemTxvevaSi 26 sqolio supra 5, 51.

69

gvxvdeba. Zlieri zeda palatis mqone bikameralur parlamentTa ricxvs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT Seer-

Tebuli Statebis kongresi, sadac orive palata praqtikulad Tanabari kompetenciiT aris aRWur-

vili. rac Seexeba kontinentur evropas, belgiaSi ganxorcielebuli senatis reformis Semdeg Zlie-

ri palatis niSnebs inarCuneben mxolod italiis, Sveicariisa da bosnia-hercegovinis respublikebi. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xSirad es sistema kritikis obieqtia.

bikameraluri parlamentis praqtikulad er-Txmad aRiarebul dadebiT maxasiaTeblad gvevli-

neba is, rom miRebuli kanoni mravalmxrivi msje-

lobisa da analizis sagania, romlis ganxilvaSic monawileoben ara marto is deputatebi, romlebic arCeulni arian partiuli siiT da warmoadgenen amomrCevels erTianobaSi, aramed is subieqtebi, romlebic warmoadgenen sxvadasxva interesTa jgufebs.

aseve, unda aRiniSnos, rom, marTalia, bikame-ralur parlamentSi sakanonmdeblo procedurebi SedarebiT ufro grZeli da xangrZlivia, Tumca Sedegad kanoni gacilebiT maRalxarisxovania da asaxavs maqsimalurad meti socialuri, eTnikuri Tu sxva saxis socialuri jgufis interesebs.

sakmaod mniSvnelovani funqciiT aris aRWur-

vili xolme erToblivi SemaTanxmebeli komisia,

70

romelic, rogorc wesi, monawileobs sakanonmdeb-lo procesis yvelaze kritikul momentSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi pozitiuri wvlili Seaqvs. bunebrivia, aRniSnuli kidev ufro axangrZlivebs procedu-

ras, amitom SemTxvevaTa mTel rigSi qveynis kanon-

mdebels urCevnia, or palatas Soris uTanxmoebi-

sas pirdapir erT-erT maTgans mianiWos upirate-

soba da, rogorc wesi, es qveda palata aris xolme. imeds gamovTqvamT, saqarTvelos sinamdvile-

Si male dadgeba konstituciis me-4 muxliT gaTva-

liswinebuli „Sesabamisi pirobebi“, rac safuZveli gaxdeba, erTi mxriv, daiwyos aqtiuri msjeloba bi-kameraluri parlamentis implementirebis saWiro-

ebaze da, meore mxriv, gaimarTos araerTi disku-

sia, ganxorcieldes samecniero kvleva, sazRvar-

gareTis praqtikis analizi da Sedegad, saSualeba mogveces, ganvsazRvroT sakanonmdeblo procesis SesaZlo mowesrigebis meqanizmebi, palataTa kom-petenciebi da bikameraluri parlamentis fun-qcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli sxva mravali sa-

kiTxi.“ 27 Tu naSromSi aRwerili gaqvT raime samecniero ka-

maTi, aucileblad mokled daukavSireT Tqveni naSromis wvlili am debats. gaixseneT samecniero 27 sqolio supra 6, 170-171.

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literaturis is kritika, romelic aRwerili gaqvT TavSi da aRniSneT, rogor upasuxeT am kri-

tikas Tqveni SromiT, rogor amoavseT is naklova-

nebebi kvlevebSi, romlebzec manamde miuTiTeT. SedarebiT ufro vrcel kvlevaSi, rogoric

aris disertacia an samagistro naSromi, SeiZleba kvlevis bolo nawilis gayofa or nawilad: samo-

mavlo xedva/perspeqtivebi da daskvna. pirvel na-

wilSi SeiZleba msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, momavalSi rogor ganviTardes kvleva/msjeloba Tqven mier Setanil wvlilTan dakavSirebiT, anu dasaxoT gza, saiT SeiZleba wavides Tqven mier SeTavazebuli codna; amave nawilSi SeiZleba moTavsdes Tqveni rekomendaciebi, sakanonmdeblo politikisaTvis SeTavazebebi, daskvnaSi ki Tqveni naSromis Sejame-

ba. niSandoblivia, rom miuRebelia daskvnaSi axa-

li argumentebisa da sakiTxebis Setana – daskvna mxolod ukve ganxiluli argumentebis Sejamebas eTmoba. gvaxsovdes, rom naSromis Sesavlisa da daskvnis daniSnulebaa, mkiTxvels maleve gaagebi-

nos naSromis Sinaarsi, misi Senatani mecnierebaSi.

72

d. weris stili

am TavSi asaxulia ramdenime principi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba sasurvelia weris dros. maTi gaT-valiswineba naSroms matebs damajereblobis xa-

risxs, ufro sasiamovnos xdis mas da gamoarCevs yvela sxva naSromisagan.

sakuTari weris stilis gamomuSaveba aucile-

belia. zogadi wesebi, romlebic gamomuSavebulia yvelasaTvis, ver gamoxatavs sakuTar individua-

lur xmas da damokidebulebas. Tumca, amave dros, balansia dasacavi zogad wesebsa da sakuTar xel-

weras Soris. sakuTari xelweris ganviTareba ise-

Tive procesia, rogoric saxlis CuqurTmebiT morTva-mopirkeTeba. sakuTari stilis anu avto-ris xelweris ganviTareba SesaZlebelia da sasur-

velia mxolod maSin, rodesac avtori ukve flobs akademiuri weris ZiriTad principebs.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac unda gvaxsovdes kvlevis werisas, aris avtoris azris obieqturoba. kvleva ar aris Cveni subieqturi mosazreba sakiT-

xis mimarT. subieqturi azri gamoixateba polemi-

kur naSromSi, memorandumSi, sarCelSi. kvleva aris mtkicebulebebsa da maT analizze dayrdno-

bili procesi. Sesabamisad, am mtkicebulebebis da-muSavebisa da kvlevis aRwerisas avtori inarCu-

nebs obieqturobas, anu ise aRwers movlenebsa da

73

mtkicebulebebs, rogorc aris. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac kvleva exeba TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan an emociur sakiTxs, magaliTad, romelime aRiarebu-

li piris biografias, aucilebelia obieqturobis SenarCuneba anu kvlevis obieqtis yvela mxriv da-

naxva, analizi da warmoCena. am ZiriTadi TvisebiT gansxvavdeba kvleva literaturuli naSromisagan.

Tumca, amave dros, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kvlevas SeiZleba axldes normatiuli aspeqti, anu kvleva msjelobdes ama Tu im fenomenis avkargia-

nobaze, ama Tu im zomis sargeblianobaze. Tumca kargi mkvlevrisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom es ori ganyofileba kargad gavmijnoT Cvens naSromSi: aRwerilobiTi nawilia is, sadac obieqturad aris mocemuli msjeloba, xolo normatiulia is nawi-

li, sadac gadmocemulia Tqveni azri da damokide-

buleba ama Tu im sakiTxis mimarT. es gamijvna mniS-

vnelovania, raTa kvlevam SeinarCunos obieqturo-bis xarisxi da avtoris miukerZoeblobaSi mkiT-

xvels eWvi ar Seeparos. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kvlevis sic-

xade. mkiTxvels ar unda sWirdebodes didi drois daxarjva imaSi, rom wakiTxulidan gamoitanos Si-

naarsi da daskvna. winadadebebi unda iyos advilad gasagebi. saqarTveloSi adre iTvleboda, rom, rac ufro rTulia winadadebebis wyoba naSromSi da rac ufro rTulad gasagebi leqsikaa gamoyenebu-

74

li, miT ufro kargia igi – es principi SeiZleba exebodes literaturul nawarmoebs, samecniero naSromSi ki ecadeT, rom erTi grZeli winadadebis magivrad ramdenime mokle da naTeli winadadeba gamoiyenoT. amave dros, ecadeT, mkiTxvelisaTvis advilad xelmisawvdomi iyos naSromis ena. wereT gasagebad da advilad aRsaqmelad. am mxriv gaiTva-

liswineT naSromis mkiTxvelic: Tu mkiTxveli spe-

cialistia, magaliTad dargis profesori, maSin SeiZleba gamoiyenoT ufro meti teqnikuri an sa-

marTlebrivi termini; Tu SesaZlo mkiTxveli Seda-

rebiT farTo auditoriaa, maSin piriqiT, iuridiu-

li terminebi maqsimalurad unda SeamciroT. kidev erTi meTodi, romlis gamoyeneba SeiZ-

leba, teqsts rom sicxade SevZinoT, teqstis da-

yofaa abzacebad. sasurvelia, abzacebi iseTi sig-

rZisa iyos, rom mkiTxvelma SeZlos da advilad ga-

moitanos abzacis Sinaarsi – mas ar unda daaviw-

ydes, ra sakiTxze daiwyo msjeloba abzacis dasaw-

yisSi. Sesabamisad, naxevar gverdze grZeli abzace-

bi naklebad misaRebia. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom teqsti iyos daweri-

li mravalferovani leqsikiT. ecadeT, SeamciroT tavtologiebi. naSromi, romelic mdidaria sino-

nimebiT, bevrad ufro sasiamovnod ikiTxeba.

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gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania naweris for-

mis sakiTxi. formaSi igulisxmeba is, rom adamians naSromSi ar aqvs gamotovebuli asoebi, mZime-wer-

tili sworad aqvs Tu ara dasmuli, aris Tu ara teqsti redaqtirebuli. formis sakiTxebi, TiTqos umniSvnelo, did STabeWdilebas tovebs mkiTxvel-

ze. magaliTad, naSromis SesavalSi SemCneulma gra-

matikulma da redaqciulma Secdomam SeiZleba, mkiTxvels daukargos survili, enTuziazmiT gaec-

nos mas.

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II. samagistro da sadoqtoro naSromTa

weris Taviseburebebi

samagistro da sadisertacio naSromebs aerTia-

nebs saerTo daniSnuleba – es aris wvlilis Setana codnis im sferos gamdidrebaSi, romelSic naSro-

mi iwereba. naSromebis amosavali amocanaa, Sematos siaxle da axali sityva Tqvas Sesabamis sferoSi. bunebrivia, es idealuri mizania, anu am mizans un-

da eswrafodes yvela avtori, Tumca mas mxolod erTeulebi Tu miaRweven. Sesabamisad, samagistro an sadoqtoro naSromis werisas Cven mcdeloba ar unda movakloT, rom SevarCioT originaluri da axali sakiTxi, problemas SevxedoT axali perspeq-

tiviT, moviZioT iseTi masala, romelic manamde ar yofila gamokvleuli. Tumca imTaviTve gasagebia, rom mxolod erTeuli sadoqtoro naSromebisa gardaiqmneba sabolood monografiebad da gaxde-

ba samecniero memkvidreobis nawili. miuxedavad amisa, am miznis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovania sa-

magistro da sadoqtoro naSromTa werisas, raTa sworad SevarCioT Tema, CamovylibdeT sakiTxze da vipovoT Sesabamisi sakvlevi masala.

samagistro da sadoqtoro naSromebs exeba yvela is rCeva da principi, rac wina TavebSia. am TavSi gawerilia is gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeble-

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bi, romlebic aseTi tipis naSromebs SeiZleba ax-

ldes. sadoqtoro naSromis werisas unda gaviTavi-

soT, rom sabolood es naSromi wigni unda gaxdes. sadoqtoro naSromis dacvis Semdeg aris mTeli erTi etapi, naxtomi, rodesac naSromi iqceva mo-nografiad da amisaTvis Sesabamis cvlilebebs ga-

nicdis. Cvenc xom swored es mizani gvamoZravebs – sadoqtoro naSromis saboloo saxe swored monog-

rafiaa, romelic gaxdeba am sferoSi samecniero literaturis nawili. rogorc abreSumis Wia bo-

los SeiZleba gadaiqces peplad, aseve sadoqtoro disertacia, Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebis arsebobi-

sas, monografiad iqceva. idealur SemTxvevaSi samagistro da sadoqto-

ro naSromebi iwereba im Temebze, romlebic avto-

risaTvis ukve met-naklebad nacnobia. avtorisaT-

vis es Tema an sakiTxi Zvirfasia, is zedapirulad mainc gamokvleuli aqvs, an SeiZleba icnobdes mas profesiuli saqmianobidan; SeiZleba, msgavs Tema-

ze avtors ukve dawerili aqvs sadiplomoc. aseT viTarebaSi avtori ukve met-naklebad icnobs sa-

kiTxis ZiriTad mxareebs, mis Sesaxeb ZiriTad li-

teraturas. rodesac avtorisaTvis Tema praqti-

kuli gamocdilebidan nacnobia, am SemTxvevaSi mas

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SeuZlia, Tavis naSromSi warmoaCinos ama Tu im fe-

nomenis manamde ucnobi, praqtikuli mxareebi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samagistro Tu sadoq-

toro naSromis Temisa da sakiTxis SerCevisas av-

tori unda Seeguos im azrs, rom am Temaze/sakiT-

xze mas fiqri, kiTxva da msjeloba Zalian didxans, erTi an ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, mouwevs. Se-

sabamisad, umjobesia, iseTi Tema avarCioT, rome-

lic CvenTvis isedac Zvirfasia, gvainteresebs da didi xnis fiqrisa da kvlevis Sedegad mosawyenad da mosabezreblad ar mogveCveneba.

Temis SerCevisas kidev gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sadoqtoro naSromis dasrulebisa da dacvis Semdeg Tqven gaxdebiT am konkretuli Temisa da sakiTxis eqsperti. is codna, romelsac avtori ag-

rovebs sadoqtoro namuSevarze muSaobisas, Zali-

an Rrma da fasdaudebelia. Sesabamisad, sadoqto-ro naSromis dasrulebis Semdeg avtori yalibdeba sadoqtoro naSromis sakiTxis mcodned. magali-

Tad, Tu naSromi aqcionerTa uflebebzea an paci-

entTa uflebebze, profesiul sazogadoebas uya-

libdeba molodini, rom avtors saukeTesod esmis es konkretuli sfero. amitom Temisa da sakiTxis SerCevisas mniSvnelovania, winaswar vifiqroT, gvinda Tu ara, rom sabolood Cven, rogorc ama Tu im naSromis avtors, gvicnobdnen am sakiTxis eq-

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spertad da ramdenad gvaqvs survili aseTi Sede-

gis dadgomisa. yvela saswavlebels sakuTari moTxovnebi aqvs

samagistro da sadoqtoro naSromebis formasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca zogad saerTaSoriso stan-

dartad miRebulia, rom sadoqtoro naSromi unda moicavdes Semdeg nawilebs:

1. saTauris gverdi – pirvel gverdze gamorCeu-

li SriftiT gamotanilia naSromis saTauri, aseve is fakulteti da dawesebuleba, sadac aris war-dgenili.

2. saavtoro uflebebis gverdi – sadac miTiTe-bulia avtoris saxeli da saavtoro uflebebis dacvis niSani.

es gverdi aucilebelia, vinaidan saavtoro uflebebis SeTanxmebebi avtors, universitetsa da, mogvianebiT, gamomcemlobas Soris sxvadasxvaa da swored am saSualebiT SeiZleba sakuTari inte-

leqtualuri sakuTrebis dacva.

3. anotacia – es aris naSromis mokle da naTeli Sejameba, mokle Sinaarsi, sadac aRwerilia naSro-

mis Tezisi, meTodi, samecniero kamaTis sfero da wvlili. anotacia maqsimum 500 sityvisagan Sedge-

ba. swored anotaciis saSualebiT xdeba naSrome-

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bis wardgena konferenciebSi monawileobisaTvis da swored igi iZleva saSualebas, mkiTxvelma ma-

leve gaigos naSromis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.

4. avtoris biografiuli monaxazi – mokle biog-

rafiuli monacemebi avtoris Sesaxeb.

5. miZRvna – vinaidan sadoqtoro naSromi Zalian did Zalisxmevasa da jafas moiTxovs, maT Soris: dros, yuradRebas, xangrZliv koncentracias da, zogadad, is aris avtorisaTvis cxovrebis mniSvne-

lovani etapis dasruleba, tradiciad aris qceuli misi miZRvna vinmesadmi.

6. madloba – am nawilSi aRiniSneba im adamianebis wvlili, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli roli Seas-

rules avtoris mier naSromis daweraSi. avtorebi madlobas uxdian ojaxis wevrebs, xelmZRvanelebs, profesorebsa da megobrebs. es nawili iwereba xa-

tovnad da xSirad sasiamovno saSualebaa, avtorma disertaciis werisas miRebuli mxardaWera daafa-

sos.

7. sarCevi 8. abreviaturebi – naSromSi gamoyenebuli Semok-

lebebisa da abreviaturebis axsna.

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9. cxrilebis CamonaTvali/saxelmZRvanelo

10. Sesavali – disertaciis Sesavali imave mizans emsaxureba da imave wesebiT iwereba, rogorc ze-

moxsenebuli weriTi naSromis Sesavali. Tumca is masStabiT bevrad ufro moculobiTia. disertaci-

is Sesavali mTeli samyaroa. SesavalSia gadmoce-

muli naSromis mTavari kiTxvac da Tezisic. maga-

liTad, ra formebiT monawileoben arasamTavrobo organizaciebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis SeqmnaSi? – am kiTxvaze disertacia moikvlevs organizacie-

bis monawileobis sxvadasxva formas, maT Soris sarCelebisa da sasamarTlos megobris ganacxade-

bis wardgenas saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebSi. Sesavlis calke nawili SeiZleba iyos ganmar-

tebebi da cnebebi. es nawili gansakuTrebiT auci-

lebelia iuristisaTvis, vinaidan iurisprudencia nawilobriv swored cnebebzea agebuli. amave dros, disertacia imdenad moculobiTi da sapasu-

xismgeblo naSromia, rom masSi aucilebelia gamo-yenebul terminebTan dakavSirebiT ganmartebebis gakeTeba. Tu romelime cnebas gansakuTrebiT ey-

rdnobiT da xSirad iyenebT, magaliTad, „arasama-

Tavrobo organizacia“ an „saerTaSoriso organi-

zacia“, mniSvnelovania misi ganmarteba. im SemTxve-

vaSi, Tu zogadi Tanxmoba ar arsebobs Tqven mier

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gamoyenebul cnebasTan dakavSirebiT, an kidev ar-

sebobs ori skola, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, maSin SeiZ-

leba ganmartebebs mTeli qveTavic ki miuZRvnaT. aq unda gvaxsovdes, rom Tqvens naSroms wvlili Se-

aqvs codnis ganviTarebasa da ganvrcobaSi. ase rom, Tu sicxades SeitanT romelime cnebis Camoya-

libebaSi, an, Tundac, SemoitanT axal ganmartebas, esec Tqveni naSromis Zlier mxared CaiTvleba. ama-

ve dros, Tu definiciasTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, nu moeridebiT, miemxroT romeli-

me definicias, mTavaria, Tavidanve ganacxadoT, rom swored am definicias iyenebT.

mniSvnelovania, disertaciis SesavalSi calke qveTavi dauTmoT meTodologias. saukeTeso Sem-

TxvevaSi, Tqveni naSromi meTodologiuradac sa-

intereso da siaxlis momtania. SeiZleba, mkiT-xvelma yvelaze saintereso da inovaciuri Tqvens samecniero kvlevis meTodSi dainaxos, is gadai-

Ros da misgan iswavlos. siaxlis Setanas ara mxo-

lod kvlevis SedegebiT, aramed meTodebiTac unda vcdilobdeT, rodesac saqme sadoqtoro naSroms exeba. Tumca nebismier SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan meTo-

di aris swored is gza, ris meSveobiTac Tqven awarmoebT kvlevas, igi naTlad unda iyos axsnili mkiTxvelisaTvis. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom kri-

tika mkiTxvelma swored Tqvens meTodze miitanos.

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meTodis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba ki mTliani kvlevis SedegebisaTvis Crdilis miyenebas niSnavs. amitom mniSvnelovania, rom meTodis SerCevisas konsultacia winaswar gaiaroT xelmZRvanelsa da gamocdil mkvlevrebTan.

11. Teoriuli CarCo — Teoriuli CarCo sadoq-

toro naSromis aucilebeli nawilia. am ganyofi-lebaSi warmodgenilia is samecniero da litera-

turuli debati, romelSic monawileobs avtori, da romelsac akritikebs da amdidrebs igi sakuTa-

ri kvleviT. am ganyofilebis mizania, mkiTxvels gaacnos is samecniero sfero, sadac apirebs wvli-

lis Setanas da xazi gausvas im naklovanebebs, ro-

melTac misi samecniero naSromi Seavsebs. Teoriu-li CarCo aris saxelmZRvanelo samecniero lite-raturaSi da swored CarCos gacnobiT xvdeba mkiT-

xveli, Tu ra literaturas da romel mecnierebs exmianeba avtori sakuTari kvleviT. 12. ZiriTadi nawili — bunebrivia, rom ZiriTadi nawili disertaciis yvelaze moculobiTi nawilia. is moicavs disertaciis arss da, Sesabamisad, iSle-

ba Tavebisa da qveTavebis mixedviT. aqve avtorebs SeiZleba daexmaros samecniero wvlilis Setanisa da ganmartebis SesaZlo gzebi, romlebic harvar-dis universitetis globaluri samarTlisa da po-

84

litikis institutSi damuSavda.28 aq CamoTvlilia kvlevis meSveobiT samecniero wvlilis Setanis ramdenime midgoma, romlebic SeiZleba gamogad-

geT disertaciis sakiTxis SerCevisas:

1. me vTavazob axal midgomas ukve damkvidre-

bul empiriul msjelobaSi an doqtrinaSi; 2. me vapireb, gavukeTo reorganizeba an axle-

buri interpretacia ukve damkvidrebul doqtrinas;

3. me gamovavlen axal, aqamde ucnob mxares ukve damkvidrebul midgomaSi romelime sakiTxTan;

4. axali mtkicebulebebis an axali midgomis safuZvelze me vTavazob axlebur politi-

kas raime socialur sferoSi; 5. axali ideebis an axali mtkicebulebebis sa-

fuZvelze me wvlili Semaqvs Teoriul, iu-

risprudenciul an politikur debatSi; 6. me warmovadgen axal an ganaxlebul inter-

disciplinur midgomas an proeqts; 7. me wvlili Semaqvs or disciplinaSi er-

Tdroulad da, Sesabamisad, vcvli orive disciplinas Taviseburad; 28 An IGLP Approach for First Time Panel Presenters, Institute for Global Law and Policy, Harvard Law School, http://iglp.law.harvard.edu/the-iglp-approach/ [09.11.2017 10:15].

85

8. me vaxden ori iseTi fenomenis Sedarebas, rac ar gakeTebula manamde da amiT vavlen axal SesaZleblobebs, an vcvli orives aR-

qmas; 9. me axleburad warmovadgen istorias da

warmovaCen im mxareebs, romlebic manamde ar iyo danaxuli da warmoCenili;

10. me axleburad warmovaCen disciplinis, sferos istorias, raTa kiTxvis niSnebi davsva misi gagebisa da ZiriTadi debule-

bebis Sesaxeb; 11. me warmovaCen zogierTi Teoriis, doqtri-

nisa da politikis problemur midgomebs, romelTac ar veTanxmebi;

12. arsebul mdgomebSi, argumentebsa da Teo-riebSi vamxel da vaaSkaraveb winaaRmdego-

bebs, konfliqtebsa da bundovanebas; 13. me vuTiTeb da vxsni im mikerZoebulobasa

da uzustobebs, romelTac arsebuli mid-

goma ugulebelyofs; 14. me Semomyavs axali Teoretikosebi, Semo-

maqvs axali Teoria, piradi narativebi an axali empiriuli meTodebi, raTa gaviaz-

roT nacnobi fenomeni/problemebi;

86

15. me momaqvs axali monacemebi an axleburi analizi, romelic uaryofs damkvidrebul empiriul meTodebs;

16. me reformistuli ideebis gauTvlel da aqamde ucnob Sedegebs aRvniSnav da vasabu-

Teb.

13. daskvna — mniSvnelovania, erTmaneTisagan gan-

vasxvaoT Sejameba da daskvna: Sejameba aris naSro-

mis mokle Sinaarsi; daskvna ki pasuxobs kiTxvebze:

– ra migneba gaakeTeT? – ra aRmoaCineT? – ra SecvaleT Tqveni kvleviT da ra miRwe-

viT amayobT? – ra mniSvneloba aqvs yovelive amas? daskvnis erT-erT qveTavs pirobiTad SeiZle-

ba davarqvaT „wvlili mecnierebaSi“. es nawili pa-

suxobs kiTxvas: da mere ra? ra icvleba Tqveni SromiT? ra siaxle moaqvs Tqvens kvlevas? es nawi-

li sakmaod rTuli dasaweria, vinaidan xSirad av-

torisaTvis isedac cxadia, ramxela mniSvneloba aqvs mis mier gakeTebul aRmoCenas an mignebas. mag-

ram gvaxsovdes, rom es yvelaferi Cvens TavSia. kvlevis mniSvnelobas, da imas, ra icvleba am migne-

biT, Sesabamisi axsna sWirdeba, raTa is mkiTxvelam-

de iyos mitanili. gaixseneT is anegdoti, mezobe-

87

li rom mezobelTan uTos saTxovnelad midis, gza-

Si ki ise gaixlarTeba sakuTar azrebSi, rom karis gaRebisas mezobels eCxubeba. avtorebs xSirad msgavsi Secdoma mogvdis. Cveni naSromis mniSvne-

loba imdenad cxadi gvgonia, rom dros aRar vuT-

mobT mniSvnelobis axsnas. am etapze abzacebad gadmoeciT am kiTxvaze

pasuxi da axseniT Tqveni mignebebis mniSvneloba. magaliTad, Tqveni kvleva iyo sasamarTloSi mosa-

marTle qalebis monawileobasa da rolze. amisaT-vis gamoyenebuli gqondaT empiriuli meTodolo-

gia, ris mixedviTac daadgineT, rom qalebis rao-

denoba sasamarTloSi Zalian mcirea. kvlevis am na-

wilSi Tqven axsniT, Tu ra cvlileba moaqvs aseT aRmoCenas, ra siaxles gvTavazobs igi. aqve SeiZle-

ba daiweros is rekomendaciebic, romlebic kvle-

vis Sedegad CamogiyalibdebaT. empiriuli migneba Zvirfasia TavisTavad, magram sWirdeba Sesabamisi formis SerCeva. am SemTxvevaSi, kiTxvaze – da mere ra? – pasuxi SeiZleba iyos bevrnairi: magaliTad, es SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom unda Seicvalos mosa-

marTleTa daniSvnis sistema, SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom Casatarebelia reforma.

daskvnamde Tqveni kvleva is almasia, romel-

sac daxvewa, briliantad qceva sWirdeba. daskvnaSi

88

Tqven mas gaaSalaSinebT, anu farTod misaRebs da gasagebs gaxdiT.

14. bibliografia – bibliografia aris gamoyene-

buli literaturis organizebuli CamonaTvali. sadoqtoro naSromSi gamoyenebuli literatura imdenad vrcelia, rom mas Tematuri organizeba sWirdeba. bibliografia unda iyos STambeWdavi. mkiTxveli, Tqveni komitetis wevri Tu sxva piri, bibliografias rom gadaxedavs, ukve xvdeba, ra literatura gamoiyena avtorma. amave dros, Tu mi-

uTiTebT im literaturas, rac ar gaqvT wakiTxu-

li, es win dagxvdebaT dacvis dros. magaliTad, Tu naxsenebi gaqvT romelime avtoris romelime wigni da gamomcdelisTvis cnobili iqneba misi mTavari argumenti da Sinaarsi, SesaZlebelia, dacvis didi nawili swored mas daeTmos.

89

III. wyaros miTiTebis standartebi

wyaros miTiTebiT Cven vaRiarebT sxvis inteleqtu-

alur Sromas. wyaros miTiTebisas veyrdnobiT sxvis naazrevsa da naSroms, raTa erTi safexuriT kidev win wavwioT codna raime sferoSi. wyaros miTiTebis gareSe sxvisi naazrevis gamoyeneba inteleqtualur qurdobad anu plagiatad iTvleba. plagiati mZime inteleqtualuri danaSaulia, risTvisac universi-

tetebSi studenti Zalian mkacrad isjeba, xSirad kursidan garicxviTac. wyaros miTiTeba mkiTxvels saSualebas aZlevs, dainaxos, rom avtori daeyrdno sxvis kvlevas, sxvis naazrevs da Tu dasWirda, Tava-

dac SeuZlia, ufro dawvrilebiT dainteresdes av-

toris mier miTiTebuli wyaroebiT. nebismieri miTi-

Tebis motanis sami mizezi arsebobs: – daafiqsiroT, rom Tqveni pozicia kargadaa

gamokvleuli; – pativi sceT wyaros avtors; – misceT mkiTxvels saSualeba, moaxerxos

wyaros identificireba da moZebna. miTiTebis ori forma arsebobs: citata da pe-

rifrazi. 1. citata

citatis dros Cven pirdapir gadmogvaqvs avtoris naTqvami brWyalebSi da citatis bolos vuTiTebT sqolios, sadac vaxsenebT zust wyaros.

90

magaliTad:

rogorc giorgi burjanaZe aRniSnavs, „nafic msa-julTa sasamarTlo aris marTlmsajulebis gan-

xorcielebis erT-erTi forma. warmomadgenlobi-

Ti, demokratiuli xelisuflebis erT-erTi yvela-ze mniSvnelovani da saintereso aspeqtia mosaxle-obis monawileoba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gan-

xorcielebaSi.“ 1

1.1. Tu citatisaTvis viRebT winadadebis mxolod nawils, maSin mravalwertiliT aRvniSnavT amona-

ridis dasawyissa da dasasruls.

magaliTad:

„... uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom im patim-

ris uflebebi ar iyo darRveuli...“ es saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels, mixvdes, rom ci-

tata grZeli winadadebis nawilia da, dainterese-

bis SemTxvevaSi, ipovos mTliani winadadeba. 2. perifrazi

miTiTebis meore formaa perifrazi. perifrazis dros Cven pirdapir ki ar gadmogvaqvs avtoris az-

ri, aramed Cveni sityvebiT, saxecvlili formiT vTavazobT mas mkiTxvels, Tumca aucileblad va-

91

RiarebT, rom am azris avtori sxvaa da sqolioSi wyaros vuTiTebT.

wyaros miTiTebis gareSe gadmotanili azri plagiatad anu inteleqtualur qurdobad iTvleba.

magaliTad:

amonaridi wyarodan:

subieqtebis Teoriidan ganviTarda e.w. specialu-

ri samarTlis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad sajaro sa-marTali aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebis specia-

luri samarTali, xolo kerZo samarTali – zogadi samarTali yvelasTvis. saxelmwifo iyenebs kerZo samarTals, rogorc zogad samarTals, Tu aucile-

beli ar aris sajaro samarTlis, rogorc specia-

luri samarTlis gamoyeneba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am Teoriis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Tu sajaro samarTali ar krZalavs, saxelmwifos SeuZ-lia iyos mewarme da Tavisi saqmianobis uzrunvel-

sayofad gamoiyenos zogadi kerZo samarTali, e.i. im SemTxvevaSic, roca saxelmwifo sajaro amoca-

nebs asrulebs, SeuZlia mas kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisa da institutebis gamoyeneba, Tu sajaro samarTali pirdapir ar krZalavs amgvar moqmedebas.29 29 l. Wanturia, samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011,13.

92

perifrazi sqolios gareSe, anu plagiati specialuri samarTlis Teoriis mixedviT, sajaro samarTali warmoadgens specialur samarTals, xo-

lo kerZo samarTali zogadi samarTlis saxes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aucilebeli ar aris specialuri samarTlis gamoyeneba, saxelmwifo iyenebs zogad samarTals, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwi-

fos SeuZlia, samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi gamo-vides rogorc mewarme da Tavisi saqmianobis uz-runvelsayofad ixelmZRvanelos zogadi kerZo sa-

marTliT. e.i., saxelmwifo Tavisi uflebamosile-bis ganxorcielebisas SeiZleba mogvevlinos ro-gorc kerZo samarTlis subieqti da ixelmZRvane-

los zogadi samarTliT, Tu amgvari qmedeba akrZa-

luli ar aris sajaro anu specialuri samarTliT. 3. sqolios miTiTebis forma

sqolios motanis nebismieri meTodi moiTxovs var-

jiSsa da wesebis codnas. xSirad, ZiriTadad Tavi-

dan, sqolios wakiTxva ufro advilia, vidre misi motana. sqolio Sedgeba sami elementisagan:

1) signali, 2) wyaro, 3) frCxilebSi CarTuli informacia.

93

sqolio iwereba imave fontiT, ra fontiTac aris dawerili teqsti, mxolod ufro mcire (10) zomiT. sqolioebi SegviZlia davaSoroT 1 intervaliT an ganvaTavsoT teqsti mijriT (0 intervali). teq-

stSi sqolio Tavsdeba winadadebis bolos, werti-

lis Semdeg; Tu miTiTebas mxolod winadadebis na-

wilze vakeTebT, maSin sqolios niSans sasveni niS-

nis, Tu aseTi gvaqvs (mZimis), Semdeg vaTavsebT. ci-

tatis SemTxvevaSi, miTiTeba Tavsdeba damxuravi brWyalis Semdeg. 3.1. rodesac erT sqolioSi moTavsebulia ramdeni-

me wyaro, unda moxdes wyaroebis dalageba ierar-

qiebis mixedviT, Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: konsti-

tucia, kanoni, xelSekrulebebi, gadawyvetilebebi, normatiuli aqtebi, wigni da statia. 3.2. Tu erTsa da imave sakiTxze gaqvT ramdenime wyaro, SesaZlebelia, miuTiToT yvela. amave dros, Tu sakiTxze arsebobs gansxvavebuli azri, miuTiTeT wyaro, romelic adasturebs Tqvens na-

wers da, aseve miuTiTeT wyaro, romelic gamoxa-

tavs gansxvavebul azrs. es Tqvens kvlevas miani-

Webs xarisxs, vinaidan mkiTxvels miscemT saSua-

lebas, CauRrmavdes samecniero kamaTs konkre-

tul sakiTxze.

94

3.3. saukeTeso kvleva Sedgeba orive, pirveladi da meoreuli, wyarosgan: pirveladi wyaro gadmos-

cems informacias, romelic ar aris damuSavebuli vinmes mier, magaliTad: istoriuli dokumenti, ga-

dawyvetileba, interviu, amonabeWdi gazeTidan. pirveladi wyaroebis mopoveba sakmaod rTuli da Sromatevadia, xSirad saarqivo kvlevasac saWiro-

ebs. amitomac, rac ufro met pirvelad wyaros ga-

moiyenebT, es mxolod gaamdidrebs Tqvens naSroms mkiTxvelis TvalSi; meoreulia wyaro, romelic pirvelad wyaros gadaamuSavebs, magaliTad: samec-

niero statia, wigni romelime sakiTxze. Tu sqolioSi gsurT ramdenime wyaros miTi-

Teba, romlebSic pirveladi da meoreuli wyaroe-

bic Sedis, daiwyeT pirveladi wyaroebis CamoT-

vliT da Semdeg gadadiT meoreul wyaroebze, vina-idan pirveladi wyaroebis mopovebisas avtori uf-

ro met jafas xarjavs da, Sesabamisad, pirveladi wyaroebis aRniSvna ufro mniSvnelovans xdis kvlevas. 4. gverdebi da saTaurebi

4.1. gverdis qveda kuTxe unda dainomros, numera-

cia unda iwyebodes mesame gverdidan. 4.2. Tu samagistro an sadisertacio naSroms vamza-debT da Tavdapirveli gverdebi am saxelmZRvane-

95

loSi moxseniebul sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels moi-

cavs (miZRvna, avtobiografia, abreviaturebis Ca-

monaTvali), maSin naSromis TavsarTebs vnomravT romauli cifrebiT, xolo Tavad teqsts arabu-

liT. pirvel gverdze ar unda iyos nomeri. 4.3. pirvel gverdze moTavsebulia naSromis saTau-

ri da sxva maxasiaTeblebi: avtori, TariRi, kursis, xelmZRvanelis dasaxeleba. 5. punqtuacia

5.1. sqolioSi punqtuaciis mniSvneloba kidev uf-

ro maRal safexurze adis. punqtuaciiT varCevT Semoklebebs, amitom misi dacva Zalian mniSvnelo-

vania: wertilebi da mZimeebi yovelTvis unda iyos moTavsebuli maxasiaTeblebs Soris. 5.2. yvela sqolio unda dasruldes wertiliT.

6. sivrcis datoveba

winadadebebsa da simboloebs Soris datoveT mxo-

lod erTi Tavisufali sivrce. 7. nomrebi

ZiriTadad ricxvebi, nulsa (0) da oTxmocdacxra-

96

mets (99) Soris, romlebic teqstSi moixsenieba, un-

da daiweros sityvierad. 8. blokcitatebi

sasurvelia, gadmosceT wyaros mosazrebebi saku-

Tari sityvebiT da miuTiToT Sesabamisi sqolio. erideT grZeli citatebis Warbad gamoyenebas. am SemTxvevaSi, naklebad Cans Tqveni, rogorc avto-

ris, inteleqtualuri wvlili.

8.1. ormocdaaTi (50) an meti sityvis citireba iwe-reba marjvnidan brWyalebis gareSe da Tavsdeba gverdis SuaSi. ormocdaaT sityvaze naklebi citi-reba Tavsdeba winadadebis da teqstis SigniT brWyalebSi. 9. wigni

wignis damowmebisas iwereba avtoris saxelis ini-

ciali, gvari, wignis saTauri, gamocema, gamocemis adgili, weli, gverdi. q. eremaZe, interesTa dabalanseba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, pirveli gamocema, Tbilisi, 2013, 21.

97

9.1. wignze ori an meti avtori

iwereba pirveli ori avtoris saxelebis iniciale-

bi, gvarebi (orze meti avtoris SemTxvevaSi, pirve-

li ori avtoris Semdeg iwereba „da sxv.“), saTauri, gamocema, gamocemis adgili, weli, gverdi. s. jorbenaZe, u. baxtaZe da sxv., mediasamarTali, pirveli gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, 38. 9.2. miZRvniTi krebuli

saxelis iniciali, gvari, statiis saTauri, saxeli da gvari, saiubileo krebulis miTiTeba, wlis mi-

TiTeba, gamocemis adgili, weli, gverdi. z. ZlieriSvili, nardobis xelSekrulebis gamijvna sxva msgavsi xelSekrulebebisagan, roman Sengelia – 70, saiubileo krebuli, Tbilisi, 2012, 329. 9.3. naTargmni wyaroebi

avtoris/avtorebis saxelis/saxelebis inicial(eb)i, gvari/gvarebi, saTauri, mTargmnelis/ mTargmnele-

bis saxelis/saxelebis inicial(eb)i, gvari/gvarebi, gamocema, gamocemis adgili, weli, gverdi.

98

v. gauli, konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba sa-

qarTveloSi, k. kublaSvilis Targmani, pirveli ga-

mocema, Tbilisi, 2002, 97. 9.4. statiaTa krebuli

saxelis iniciali, gvari, statiis saTauri, krebu-

lis saxelwodeba, redaqtori, gamocemis adgili, weli, gverdi. n. WiRlaZe, qalTa saarCevno ufleba, adamianis uf-lebaTa dacva da samarTlebrivi reforma saqar-

TveloSi, red. k. korkelia, Tbilisi, 2014, 319. 9.5. komentaridan miTiTeba

komentaris avtoris saxelis iniciali, gvari, ko-

mentaris saTauri, redaqtori/redaqtorebi, tomi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi), gamocema, gamoce-

mis adgili, gamocemis weli, muxlis nomeri, gver-

di. z. maWaraZe, saqarTvelos konstituciis komenta-

ri, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamia-

nis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, red. p. turava, pirveli gamocema, Tbilisi, 2013, 46-e muxli, 619.

99

10. disertacia

saxelis iniciali, gvari, saTauri, mieTiTos di-

sertacia (dis.,), universitetis abreviatura, we-

li, gverdi. g. kaxiani, sakonstitucio kontrolis instituti da misi funqcionirebis problemebi saqarTvelo-

Si: kanonmdeblobis da praqtikis analizi (dis.,) Tsu, 2008, 41. 11. samecniero Jurnali

saxelis iniciali, gvari, statiis saTauri, Jurna-

lis saxelwodeba, Tve (an nomeri), weli, gverdi.

l. mosaxliSvili, informaciis Tavisuflebis principebi, samarTlis Jurnali, N1, 2013, 187. 12. samecniero Jurnalidan naTargmni statia

saxelis iniciali, gvari, statiis saTauri, mTar-

gmnelis saxelis iniciali, gvari, Jurnalis saxel-

wodeba, Tve (an nomeri), weli, gverdi.

13. gazeTidan citireba

saxelis iniciali, gvari, statiis saTauri, gazeTis saxelwodeba, gazeTis gamocemis TariRi, gverdi.

100

14. angariSi, moxseneba an daskvna

moxsenebis avtoris monacemebi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi): konkretuli piris SemTxvevaSi avto-

ris saxelis iniciali da gvari, raime organos, pir-

Ta jgufis, organizaciis, moxsenebis an daskvnis Semdgenlis oficialuri saxelwodeba, moxsenebis saxelwodeba, gamoqveynebis TariRi, gverdi. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli, angariSi saqar-TveloSi adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, 2011, 151. 14.1. statiis, angariSis, moxsenebis daskvnis, mo-

sazrebebis citireba, romelic eleqtronuli formiT arsebobs da ar momxdara misi beWduri sa-xiT gamocema moxsenebis avtoris monacemebi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi): konkretuli piris SemTxvevaSi avto-

ris saxelis iniciali da gvari, raime organos, pir-

Ta jgufis, organizaciis, moxsenebis an daskvnis Semdgenlis oficialuri saxelwodeba, moxsenebis saxelwodeba, gamoqveynebis TariRi cifrebiT, in-

ternetgamocemis saxeli, gverdi, vebgverdis URL misamarTi, sadac ganTavsebulia moxseneba, kvadra-tul frCxilebSi TariRi da dro, rodesac Seamow-

meT vebgverdi.

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saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli, gadasasvlelebis gauqmebis gavlena afxazeTis gamyof xazze mcxov-rebi mosaxleobis uflebriv mdgomareobaze, 16.12.2017, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli, 6. http://www.ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/4/4911.pdf [11.26.2017 11:15]

am wesis arsi isaa, rom internetresursebi sakmaod malecvalebad wyaroebs moicavs. internetwyaro SeiZleba Seicvalos an saerTod gaqres da TariRi-

sa da drois miTiTeba iZleva saSualebas, zustad dadgindes internetwyaros is versia, romelic iyo gamoyenebuli. 15. internetwyaro

avtoris saxelis iniciali, gvari, naSromis saTau-

ri, gamoqveynebis TariRi cifrebiT, gverdi, in-

ternetgamocemis saxeli, vebgverdis URL misamar-

Ti, wyaros naxvis TariRi da dro kvadratul frCxilebSi. a. doliZe, moTqma xmiTa..., liberali, 20.09.2012, http://liberali.ge/blogs/view/5531/motqma-khmita [06.12.2017 11:20]

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16. sasamarTlos aqtebi

16.1. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aq-tebi 16. 1. 1. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sasamarTlos saxeli, gadawyvetilebis TariRi, saqmis nomeri, saqmis saxeli, aRwerilobiTi, samo-

tivacio an sarezolucio nawili da paragrafi. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 15 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba №3/1/659 saqme-ze — saqarTvelos moqalaqe omar jorbenaZe saqar-

Tvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg, II, p. 25.

16.1.2. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganCineba sasamarTlos saxeli, ganCinebis TariRi, saqmis no-

meri, aRwerilobiTi, samotivacio an sarezolu-

cio nawili da paragrafi. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 15 Tebervlis ganCineba №3/1/855, II, p. 11.

103

16.1.3. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saoqmo Canaweri

sasamarTlos saxeli, ganCinebis TariRi, saqmis no-

meri, aRwerilobiTi, samotivacio an sarezolu-

cio nawili da paragrafi.

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 15 Tebervlis saoqmo Canaweri N1/7/864, III, p. 2.

16.2. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis aqtebi

sasamarTlos saxeli, sasamarTlos palatis/kole-

giis dasaxeleba, gadawyvetilebis/ganaCenis/ganCi-

nebis/brZanebis miRebis TariRi, nomeri da saxel-

wodeba (arsebobis SemTxvevaSi).

xaSuris raionuli sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2017 wlis 16 Tebervlis №3-197 ganCineba.

16.3. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos aqtebi

abreviatura inglisur an frangul enaze (ECHR/COE), TariRi, saqmis saxelwodeba (inglisur an frangul enaze), paragrafis nomeri. Tuki mosamarTlis gansxvavebuli azris citireba xdeba, igi mieTiTeba frCxilebSi paragrafamde.

104

ECHR, 2004 wlis 8 aprilis gadawyvetileba saqmeze

— Asanidze v. Georgia, p. 39.

16.4. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamar-Tlos aqtebi

abreviatura inglisur enaze (ICJ), TariRi, saqmis saxelwodeba, monawile mxareebi (orive inglisur enaze), paragrafis an gverdis nomeri. ICJ, 2016 wlis 7 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze —

Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), 63. 17. kanonis citireba

17.1. normatiuli Zalis mqone kanonebis citireba „normis saxelwodeba“, muxli, punqti (nawili), qve-

punqti. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis me-3 pun-

qti. saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-

deqsis“ 23-e muxlis 1-li nawili.

105

17.2. Zaladakarguli normatiuli aqtis citireba

„normis saxelwodeba“, muxli, punqti (nawili), qve-

punqti (frCxilebSi aRiniSneba normis gauqmebis TariRi). saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos samxedro Zale-

bis raodenobis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“, me-2 muxli (Zaladakargulia: 24.12.2013). 17.3. ucxo qveynis normatiuli aqtis miTiTeba

normis saxelwodeba aqtis gamocemis enaze (normis qarTuli saxelwodeba frCxilebSi), muxli, punqti (nawili), qvepunqti.

Code Pénal de France (safrangeTis sisxlis samar-

Tlis kodeqsi), muxli 132-22. 18. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi

im SeTanxmebis saTauri, romlis monawilec saqar-

Tveloa, mieTiTeba qarTul enaze (sxva danarCen Sem-

TxvevaSi saTauri inglisur enaze mieTiTeba); aseve mieTiTeba: SeTanxmebis tipi, ori an sami monawilis arsebobisas – saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis mxareebis CamonaTvali, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis miRebis an xelmosawerad gaxsnis TariRi (Tu SeTanxmebis miRe-

106

ba da misi ZalaSi Sesvla erTmaneTs emTxveva, mxo-

lod erTi TariRi mieTiTeba), saerTaSoriso SeTan-

xmebis ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRi, muxli. saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da iordaniis haSimituri samefos mTavrobas Soris 2016 – 2021 wlebisTvis kulturuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb gansaxorci-

elebeli programa, 19.12.2016, me-9 muxli.

19. wyaroebi ucxo enaze

TanamedroveobaSi iSviaTia mecnieruli kvleva, sa-dac ar dagvWirdeba ucxo enaze arsebuli wyaroebis gamoyeneba. wyaroebis mravalferovneba mxolod aumjobesebs kvlevis xarisxs. rodesac wyaro ucxo enazea, igi mieTiTeba gamocemis enaze. sxva mxriv da-

culi unda iyos am saxelmZRvanelos wesebi.

20. ukve miTiTebuli sqolios gamoyeneba

20.1. xSirad avtors sWirdeba, araerTxel gamoiye-

nos erTi da igive wyaro. mTliani wyaros gameorebis magivrad, am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba Semokleba: sqolio supra, sqolios is nomeri, sadac wyaro pir-

velad gamoiyeneT, nomeri da gverdi. sqolio supra 13, 8.

107

20.2. Tu iyenebT qveviT miTiTebul sqolios, miu-

TiTeT sqolio, infra, Sesabamisi nomeri da gverdi.

sqolio infra 24, 135.

20.3. Tu iyenebT qveviT an zeviT miTiTebul sqoli-

os, Tumca iyenebT ukve gamoyenebuli sqoliodan mxolod erT wyaros, maSin miuTiTeT wyaros avto-

ris saxelis iniciali da gvari, raTa wyaro sxva wyaroebisagan gamoarCioT.

sqolio supra 13, l. Wanturia, 22. 20.4. Tu sqolioSi wina sqolios wyaros imeorebT pirdapir, maSin miuTiTeT „iqve.“

iqve. 20.5. Tu sqolioSi imeorebT wina sqolioSi gadmo-

cemul wyaros, Tumca uTiTebT sxva gverds, maSin miuTiTeT „iqve“ da gverdi. iqve, 45.

108

daskvna

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo gadmoscems akademi-

uri weris ZiriTad principebs. es principebi sabazisoa.

isini kargi akademiuri naSromis aucilebeli elemente-

bia, is elementebi, romlebic unda axasiaTebdes eses, angariSs, samecniero an publicistur statias. saxel-

mZRvaneloSi gadmocemuli elementebi aucileblad ga-saTvaliswinebelia, gansakuTrebiT, maTTvis, vinc uc-

xoeTSi apirebs swavlas. warmoidgineT, rom evropul

da amerikul universitetebSi es pricnipebi anbanuri WeSmaritebaa.

amave dros, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saqar-TveloSi akademiuri weris standartebi Zalian daba-

lia. iseTi uRirsi saqcielic ki, rogoricaa plagiati,

xSirad gvxvdeba ara mxolod studentebis, aramed Camo-yalibebul mecnierTa gamoqveynebul naSromebSi. xSi-

rad wavawydebiT sadoqtoro naSromebs an monografi-ebs, romelTac saTanado sqolioebi ar axlavs. Sesaba-

misad, am fonis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelmZRvaneloSi

gadmocemulia is pricnipebi, romlebic pirveli da au-cilebeli safexuria akademiuri weris standartebis

gasaumjobeseblad. udavoa, rom saukeTeso saerTaSo-

riso JurnalebSi statiis gamosaqveyneblad bevrad me-ti Sroma da dakvirvebaa saWiro.

amrigad, es saxelmZRvanelo SeiZleba SevadaroT sacxovrebeli saxlis proeqts, romelic saxlis ideis

mxolod ConCxia. saproeqto naxazis gareSe saxli ver

igeba, Tumca dasrulebuli saxlisaTvis bevrad meti ramaa saWiro — kosmetikuri gaformeba, ferebisa da ma-

109

salebis SerCeva ukve mflobelis gemovnebazea damoki-

debuli, am etapze wydeba, saxli ra xarisxisa da ra ge-movnebis gamomxatveli iqneba. winamdebare saxelmZRva-

nelos daniSnulebac saproeqto naxazis msgavsia: is mo-icavs akademiuri naSromis aucilebel elementebs,

elementebs, romelTa gareSe naSromi ver aigeba. naSro-

mis individualurad daxvewa, aRmatebuli da gamorCeu-li xarisxis miniWeba ukve avtoris Semdgomi Sromisa da

miswrafebis saqmea.

110

enobrivi redaqtori Tamar gabelaia

damkabadonebeli nana dumbaZe

dizaineri irakli uSveriZe

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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