Basic Terminology

I CNG SINH C HCThS Tn Tht Minh tTrng H Y Dc Hu

Ni dung gio trnhChng 1.Mt s khi nim c bn v sinh c hcChng 2. c im sinh c hc xng- khpChng 3. c im sinh c hc c-gn Chng 4. Chuyn ng hc thng v chuyn ng hc gcChng 5. ng Lc hc thng v lc ng hc gcChng 6. Mt s vn khcChng 7. Dng i v phn tch dng i

CHNG 1MT S KHI NiM C BN V SINH C HC

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Mc tiunh ngha c hc, sinh c hc, vn ng hc, chuyn ng hc, ng lc hcGii thch c ti sao phi nghin cu sinh c hcPhn bit phn tch nh lng v nh tnhNm vng mt s khi nim gii phu,

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Cc lnh vc nghin cuSinh c hc vs. Vn ng hcGii phu hc vs. Gii phu hc chc nngVn ng thng v vn ng gcChuyn ng hc vs. Lc ng hcTnh hc (statics) vs ng hc (dynamics)

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Sinh c hc vs. Vn ng hcVn ng hc: Mn khoa hc nghin cu vn ng ca con ngiBao gm nghin cu v gii phu, sinh l, tm l, sinh c hcSinh c hc:ng dng c hc vo cc h thng sinh hcRing bit hn Vn ng hcC hc: l mt nhnh ca vt l hc nghin cu cc hot ng ca cc lc ln cc vt th v h thng c hc

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Gii phu hc vs. Gii phu hc chc nngGii phu hcNghin cu cu trc ca c thCh trng cu trcV d: nghin cu c nh uGii phu hc chc nngCc thnh phn ca c th cn t c vn ng c mc chCh trng vo chc nngV d: phn tch ng tc co c nh u

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Vn ng thng v vn ng gcVn ng thngV d: dch chuyn ngangVn ng trn mt ng thng hoc congTt c cc im di chuyn vi cng mt khong cch, thi gianVn ng gc (trn)Vn ng quanh mt im(trc xoay)

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Vn ng thng

Vn ng gc

Vn ng chungKt hp dch chuyn v xoayPhn ln hot ng ngi l vn ng chung

11Ex: A football kicked end over end translates through the air as it simultaneously rotates around a central axis.Ex: A runner is translated along by angular movements of body segments at the hip, knee, and ankle.

Chuyn ng hc vs. Lc ng hcC hai u l cc phn tch c hcChuyn ng hcXem xt v khng gian v thi gianLc ng hcXem xt cc lc ca vn ng

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Chuyn ng hc (kinematics)

Lc ng hc (kinetics)

Tnh hc v ng hcTnh hcXem xt h thng khng di chuyn hoc di chuyn cng mt tc Tnh trng thng bng: khng tng tcV d: ngi lm vic my tnhng hcXem xt h thng tng gim tcV d: i, chy, nhy

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Mt s vn nghin cu ca sinh c hcCc mu vn ngNng lng tiu hao cho vn ng no Cc thay i chuyn tip theo tui tcLong xngKhim khuyt vn ngAn ton v gim chn thngPhc hi chc nng vn ng

17Locomotion Patterns: biped vs. quadrupedEnergy cost: what is energetically optimal?Transitional Changes: (for example) energetics of walking in human children as their bodies undergo developmental changes in body proportions and motor skills with growth.NASA: few days in space can elicit reduced bone density, mineralization and strength, esp. in lower extremities.Osteoporosis: 90% of all fractures in men and women are osteoporosis related after the age of 60.Mobility Impairment: increase age related to decreased balance and increased risk of fall. Studied: factors that help to avoid future falls, safe landing characteristics, protective and preventative clothing/flooring surfaces.

Ti sao phi nghin cu sinh c hc hiu r hn cc vn lin quan n hot ng v sc khe con ngi, gip:nh gi, iu chnh, ci thin vn ng (v d trong th thao)Phng nga v iu tr cc bt thng lin quan n vn ng (trong iu tr, PHCN vn ng)

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Nh vy, sinh c hc l mt mn hc hu ch v khng th thiu cho: gio vin gio dc th cht. hun luyn vin, nhng ngi hun luyn tp luynbc s (vt l tr liu, th thao), k thut vin vt l tr liu.

Phng php nghin cu sinh c hc:Nghin cu nh lng v nh tnhPhn tch vn ng con ngi c th lnh lng: 3 m, 2s, 12 vng, nh tnh:Tt, xu, di, nng, gp, xoay.

20Quantitative: involving the use of numbersQualitative: involving nonnumeric description of quality

Phn tch nh tnh v nh lngnh tnhKhng phi sDa trn quan st trc tipKhng cn thit bCh vo thi gian v khng gianV d:S xoay ca xng i trong ng tc nh gnS khp ca cnh tay trong ng tc bi

nh lngL cc sDa trn cc s liu thu tp cCn trang thit bCh vo lcV d:Lc p ln vai khi nm bngLc p ln xng i trong khi nhy h ngi

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M hnh 4 nhim v ca phn tch nh tnh (Knudson & Morrison, 2002)

Chun b phn tch nh tnhCc cu hi chnh cn tr li l g: nm c vn ng phn tch (chuyn ng hc, kt qu vn ng), cc bc nh, Xc nh gc quan st ti uKhong cch nhnS ln lp li vn ngTrang phc ca ngi thc hinMi trng, thit b xung quanhQuan st bng mt hoc camera

23As the complexity of the skill and/or the level of desired analytical detail increases, the level of required planning increase.Often these questions have already been formulated by analyst, or they serve as original purpose for the observation.Are movements in a single or more than one plane? May need to view from more than one perspective to all critical aspect of interest.What movement are you analyzing? Must be sufficiently close or far away to be able to essential components of the movement. Basing an analysis on observation of a single performance is usually unwise.Subjects typically wear minimal attire so that movements of body segments will not be obscured.Adequate lighting and a non-distracting background of contrasting color also improve the visibility of observed movement.As the speed of movement increases, it becomes progressively less practical to rely on visual observation.

Thc hin phn tch nh tnhL mt qu trnh lin tc; Thc hin phn tchThu thp quan st b sungPhn tch liPht hin cc sai st sinh cCc c im ca ngi thc hinCc yu t khc nh hng n ngi thc hinThng tin thnh gicFeedback t ngi thc hinK nng quan st

24Continuous process: A careful analysis is not strictly preprogrammed, but often involves identifying new question or problems to solve.Detecting biomechanical errors: Once a biomechanical error has been generally identified, it is often useful for the analyst to watch the performer over several trails and to progressively zero in on the specific problem.Characteristics of the performer: Analysis affected by performers age, gender, anthropometry, the developmental and skill levels at which the performer is operating, and any special physical or personality traits that may impact performance.Other factors that can affect performance: Recent emotional upset, Sun in his eyes, Tire, etc.Auditory information: Can provide clues about the way in which a movement was executed.Feedback form the Performer: A performer who is experienced enough to recognize the way a particular movement feels as compared to the way a slight modification of the same movement feels is a useful source of information.Observation skill: The ability to effectively analyze human movement improves with practice.

2-21

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Mt s phng tin o lng cc s liu v sinh c hcGhi hnh nh video (Cinematography & Videography)Nhng h thng theo di vn ng khcTheo di bng cc n LED thi gian thcCc camera theo di mc tiu ni vi my tnhCc cng c nh gi khcThc o gc hoc thc o gc in tng h, my o gia tcLc k, bn o lc

26Biomechanic researchers have available a wide array of equipment for studying human movement kinematics.Knowledge gained through the use of this apparatus is often published in professional journals for teachers, clinicians, coaches, and others interested in human movement.Photographers began using cameras in the study of human and animal movement during the late nineteenth century.Modern-day movement analyst has many camera types from which to choose.Most commonly used are video cameras & 8- & 1-mm movie cameras.

Mt s khi nim gii phu c bn m t vn ng ngi

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Khung xngXng tr trc (Axial)u CThn Xng chi (Appendicular)Chi trnChi diInsert figure 1-16, only the part labeled with the segments of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

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Cc t th tham chiu

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Cc h quy chiu (ta )H ta 2 D c hai trc tng tng vung gc vi nhau (x,y). Hai trc ny to nn mt phng O xy.Mi im trong mt phng ny c biu din bi khong cch t im n trc y hoc x, (x,y). H ta 3D dnh cho cc vn ng trong khng gian ba mt phng (v d ng tc gp v dng i). Trong h ta 3D, th t m t l (ngang, thng ng, trong-ngoi; hay x,y,z).

H ta tng i v tuyt i

Gc tuyt i vs gc tng i: Gc tuyt i: L gc ca phn c th tng ng vi h ta tuyt i (c nh trong mi trng). thng c s dng trong phn tch sinh c hc.Gc tng i:L gc gia cc trc dc ca hai phn on v cng c gi l gc khp. thng c s dng trn lm sng

Gc tuyt i vs gc tng i

Thut ng t th tng iTrong/ngoi Gn/xa Trn/Di Trc/sauCng bn/i bn

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Cc mt phng chnh v trcCc mt phng chnhL cc mt phng vung gc nhau v giao nhau trng tmTrc xoayim quanh vn ng xy raVung gc vi mt phng vn ng

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Cc mt phng chnhMt phng ng dc (Sagittal)Chia ra cc na phi v triTrc trong -ngoiMt phng trn (Frontal) (= ng bn)Chia ra cc na trc v sauTrc trc -sauMt phng ngang (horizontal)Chia na trn v diTrc dcBa mt phng ct nhau tm khi

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Phn tch vn ng c th c tin hnh mt mt phng ch yu hoc hai, ba mt phng nhng vn ng phc tp.

MT PHNG NG DC

Cc vn ng khp

Gp v duiGp Gim gc ca khpDui Tng gc ca khpQu gp Gp qu mc bnh thngQu dui Dui qu mc bnh thng

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Dng v khpDngVn ng tch xa ng giaKhp Vn ng n ng giaQu dngDng qu im 180 Qu khpKhp qu im 0

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Xoay trong v xoay ngoiXoay Xoay trong/xoay ngoiXoay sang phi/ tri ca u v thn

Cc thut ng m t vn ng khcGp bnDnh cho nghing sang bn ca u v thnXoay vngVn ng hnh trn

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Vn ng ca xng b vaiNng b vai/ h b vaiTch b vai ra xa (Protraction) /p b vai gn nhau (Retraction) Xoay b vai ln trn (Upward rotation)/Xoay b vai xung di (Downward rotation)

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Mt s m t vn ng c bitKhp ngang: kt hp khp v gpDng ngang : kt hp dui v dngNga/spNghing bn quay/ nghing bn tr

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Cc thut ng vn ng bn chnGp lng bn chn/gp mu bn chnXoay bn chn vo trong (Inversion)/Xoay bn chn ra ngoi (Eversion)

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Sp v nga bn chnSp bn chn gm: Gp mu bn chn khp c chn, Xoay xng c chn ra ngoi, Dng phn trc bn chnNga bn chn gm: Gp lng bn chn, Xoay trong khp cc xng c chn, Khp phn trc bn chn

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Vn ng mt mt phng v nhiu mt phng

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Cc t do t do (Degree of freedom)L s mt phng m mt khp c th di chuyn1 t doMt trcV d:2 t doHai trcV d:3 t doBa trcV d:

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Kt lunSinh c hc l ng dng cc kin thc ca c hc nghin cu vn ng con ngiVn ng con ngi c th c phn tch nh lng hoc nh tnhCc vn ng c m t s dng cc thut ng m t vn ngTrong mi lin quan vi cc mt phng vn ng

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