Dagon Nat Shin Myanmar Traditional Costumes

E-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.orgE-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.org

E-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.org

jrefrmh&kd;&m qifwefqm

'*kefewf&Sif a&;onf

pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfolYvufpGJpmpOf

E-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.org

ed'gef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1/ jrefrmh&kd;&m"avh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2/ jrefrmh&dk;&mt0wfwefqm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3/ eef;wGif;olwkdY\tqifwefqmrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4/ a&Tjcnfxkd; t0wfwefqmrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

5/ jrefrma,musfm;wkdY\0wfpm;qif,ifrI . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

6/ jrefrmh&kd;&m ,ufuef;ynm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

7/ jrefrmh&kd;&m qkd;aq;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

jrefrmh&kd;&mqifwefqm E-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.org '*kefewf&Sif

1

ed'gef;

urmt&yf&yf&Sd ,Ofaus;aom EkdifiHBuD;om;rsm;onf rdrdwkdY &kd;&mtvkduf 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwkdYudk ESpfoufjrwfEkd;pGm xdef;odrf;apmifh a&Smufaom tavhtx &SdcJhMuavonf/ xdktavhtxum; tjcm; aMumifhr[kwf? rdrdwkdYrsKd;&kd;\*kPfod&fudk rwdrfaumapvkdaomoabm ouf0ifjcif;omvQif jzpfacsonf/ ESpfawGanmif; acwfa[mif;awG vGefcJhaomfvnf; acwfopfESifhvkdufavsmpGm&kd;&m"avhudk rarhraysmuf bJ jyKjyif0wfpm;Muonfukd awGY&avonf/ tm&SwkdufwGif ,Ofaus;rI vufOD;zefwD;cJhMuaomw&kyfjynfESifhtdEd,jynfBuD;rsm;udk Munfh&I vQif tdEd,ESifhw&kyfvlrsKd;wkdYonf &kd;&m0wfpm;qif,ifrIwkdYudk txl; av;pm;MuaMumif; awGYjrif&avonf/

w&kyfEkdifiHwGif ,ckacwfynm,SdBuD;rsm;ESifhacgif;aqmifBuD; rsm;onf &kd;&m0wfpm;qif,ifrIwkdYudk raysmufysufap&ef apmifha&Smuf onfhoabmjzifh if;wkdYukd,fwkdif a&S;u 0wfqifykHrsm;udk tenf;i,f om jyKjyif 0wfqifMuonfudk awGY&\/ w&kyfynm,SdBuD;rsm;rSm ,ck wkdif a&S;t0wftpm;ESifhrkwfqdwf&Snfrsm; xm;Muonfudk awGY&\/ tdEd,jynfwGifvnf; xkdYenf;wlpGm ynm&Sifyk*Kdvfrsm;ESifhEkdifiHacgif; aqmifyk*KdvfBuD;rsm;onf &kd;&mtvkduf t0wftpm;rsm;udk ,ckacwf wGif jrwfEkd;pGm 0wfqifvsuf&SdMuonfudk urmuyif odavonf/

Oa&mywkduf EkdifiHBuD;rsm;vnf; xkdenf;wlpGm &kd;&m"avhjzpf aom 0wfqifrIwkdYudk txl;jrwfEkd;pGm ,ckwkdifapmifha&Smufxdef;odrf; vsuf &SdaeMuonfudk awGY&\/ uREkfyfwkdY jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH


2

vnf; xkdfenf;ESifESif &mZ0iftqufqufrS &kd;&mrysuf 0wfqifcJhMu aomt0wfwefqmrsm;udk ,ckwkdif0wfpm;qif,ifMuonfukd awGY&\/ odkYaomf acwfopfwGif vljzpfMu&aom acwfvlopfuav;rsm;onf urmhvlrsKd;pkHwkdYESifh aeYpOfaeYwkdif; aygif;oif;qufqHaeMu&aomacwf jzpf 0wfpm;qif,ifykHwkdY tm&kHaxGjym; rsufpdrSm;em;a,mif? awmif wzuf ajrmufwvSrf;? ,rf;qajrmfac: tawG;acsmfMurnfudk pkd;&drfrd \/

rdrdwkdYwkdif;jynfudk cspfcifav;pm;olwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\,Ofaus; rIrsm;udk txl;BudK;yrf;xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufMu&ayrnf/ ,Ofaus;rI udk xdef;odrf;&m rdrdwkdY\ukd;uG,f&mbmom,Ofaus;rI? &kd;&mtwwf ynm ,Ofaus;rI? &kd;&mxkH;pH? "avhESifhaygif;if;qufqHrI? &kd;&m"avh 0wfpm;qif,ifxkH;zGJYrI ponfjzifh&Sd\/

xkd,Ofaus;rIt&yf&yfwGif j'AfoPmefESifh[eftrlt&mwkdYudk &kd;&mraysmufuG,fapvkdvQif 0wfpm;qif,if xkH;zGJYrIrsm;udk txl; apmifha&SmufMu&ayrnf/ 0wfqifrIudk y"merjyKbJ omrefudpwck rrI avmuf[k txifa&muf 0wfrSm;qif,if ESpf&Snfrsm;cJhaomf jrefrm[l aom vlrsKd;yif aysmufuG,fvdrfhrnf[k ,lqEkdifavonf/

xkdrQavmufta&;BuD;aom jrefrmrIwckudk *&krpdkuf? Oayum ESvkH;ykdufolwkdYtm; owdw&m;&apjcif;iSgif;? &kd;&mrysuf 0wfpm;qif ,ifMuykHwkdYudk acwfopfvlopfrsm; od&Sdapjcif;iSgif;? &nf&G,fvsuf pmtkyfi,fudk a&;om;vkduf&ayonf/ pmwrf; yg0ifaom a&S;u 0wfpm;qif,ifykHtaMumif;t&mrsm;onf ynm,Sdaygif;pkHwkdY\rSwfpk


3

rSwf&m tjzmjzmwkdYrS xkwfEkwfa&;ul; az:jyjcif;omvQif jzpfay onf/ xkdYaMumifh okwudk vkdvm;Muukefaom okawoDyk*Kdvfrsm;onf rlv&SmazGpkaqmif;cJhMuaom ynm&SifBuD;rsm;udk txl;yif aus;Zl;wif xkdufaMumif; EId;aqmfvkduf&ygownf;/


4

(1)

jrefrmh&kd;&m"avh

jrefrmjynfonf yx0Dtaetxm;jzifh obm0tavsmuff awmawmif a&ajrjrpfacsmif;wdkY wnfaeyHkrSm wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\uH tusdK;ay;yifjzpfonf[k ,HkMunfoifhvSayonf/ xdkrSwyg; wGif;xGuf awmxGuf&wemypnf; trsKd;rsdK;rsm;vnf; vGefpGm


5

xkdrSwyg; wGif;xGuf&wemrsm;jzpfMuaoma&T-aiG-y,if;- 'kwm-a*:rkwf-Oz,m;paom ausmufjrufwdkYudk pGJvrf;Muojzifh a&S;bk&ifrsm;ESifheef;wGiff;ol eef;wGif;om;wdkYonf t0wftxnfrsm; a&TjcnfaiGjcnfponfwdkYESifhwuG ausmufjruf&wemrsm;yg a&maESm csKyfvkyf 0wfqifrIudk jyKcJhMuavonf/txl;ojzifh a&Tudk trGeftjrwf xm;jyD;vQif 0wfpm;wefqmtjzpf toHk;jyKavh&SdMu\/

jrefrmjynfonf yltdkufaom wdkif;jynfjzpfonftm;avsmfpGm 0wfpm;qif,OfrIwdkYrSm &moDOwkESifhvdkufavsmaom t0wfwefqmrsm; udkomvQif 0wfqifavh&SdMu\/ jrefrm&mZ0ifray:rD ysLacwftcsdef u jrefrmwdkif;&if;om; ysLvlrsdK;rsm;onf w&kwfjynfESifh qufoG,f vsuf w&kwfrif;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;pGm oGm;vmul;oef;cJhMuonfudk od&Sd& \/ xdkpOftcgu ysLwdkY\okckrtEkynm[kqdktyfaom obifynm rsm;onf w&kwfjynfodkYa&muf&SdMuaMumif; w&kwf&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm; awGY&Sd&\/ w&kwf&mZ0ifa[mif;jzpfaom ]]ref&Iusrf;}}]]csdtkwef&I usrf;}}ESifhrSwfwrf;a[mif;rsm;jzpfaom]]ydkusLtdusrf;}} ]]ydk&Sdcsefcsifcsd usrf;}}rsm; ysLwdkY\taMumif;udk trsKd;rsKd; azmfjyxm;Muavonf/

w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;,leefjynfzufwGif]]eHausmif;rif;}} vuf xufjzpfaom]]udkvdkzkef;rif;}}\ajr;awmf]]tdrdk&Tef;rif;}}vufxufwGif jrefrmjynfzufrSvmaom ysLobifonfwdkY\taMumif;udk azmfjy&m xkduacsonfwkdY\0wfqifxm;yHkwdkYudk csD;usL;a&;om;xm;onfudkawGY &\/ ysLwdkYonf teDa&mifwGif a&TMudK;rsm;ygaom acgif;pnf;rsm;?


6

cg;pnf;rsm;ESifh eDjref;aom t0wfwbufrsm;udk vSypGm 0wfqifxm; aMumif; rSwfom;xm;cJhMuavonf/

jrefrmwdkY\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIESifh ywfouf tuREkfwdkYvuf vSrf;rDSS&m &SmazGrSwfom;&onfrSm yk*Hacwftaemf&xmrif;\aemuf ydkif;rSp jzpfavonf/ yk*Hbk&m;weffaqmif;rsm; a&;om;xm;aom yef;csD&kyfyHkum;rsm;udk Munfh&I&jcif;tm;jzifh a&S;acwf qif,ifxHk;zGJY rIudk tawmftoifhtuJcwfEkdifbG,fjzpf\/ odkYaomf xkdyef;csDum;rsm; rSm rlva&;aom&kyfyHkrsm; [kwfr[kwf rodEdkifaomaMumifh rnfonfh acwfumvtcsdefavmufu 0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsKd; jzpfonf[lum; twdtus cefYrSef;&ef cJ,Of;ayonf/

aemufydkif;jzpfaom yk*Hacwf 0wfpm;qif,ifMuyHkrsm;rSm w&kwf tdEd, vlrsKd;rsm; a&m,SufaexdkifvmMuojzifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH rsm;rSS 0wfpm;yHkwdkYudktwk,lrnfqdku ,lEkdifMuonf[k rSef;qbG,f jzpf avonf/ odkYaomf taemf&xmrif;rSp aemufrif;rsm;vufxufwGif Ak'\w&m;awmfrsm; vTrf;rdk;vmaomaMumifh jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY\0wfpm; qif,ifyHkwdkYrSm Ak'\,Ofaus;rIrsm;twdkif; [D&dESifhMowy-t&Suft aMumufudk iJhuGufvsuf &kd;&mrysuf 0wfqifMuvdrfhrnfrSm ,HkrSm;bG,f r&Sdjzpfacsonf/

0wfpm;qif,ifrIwGif Ak'bk&m;\Mo0g'jzpfaom udk,f-EIwf-ESvHk;oHk;yg;\,Ofaus;rIudk vkdufemMu&ayrnf/ ukd,ftrlt&m,Of aus;rI EIwftrlt&m,Ofaus;rI? ESvHk;[kqdktyfaom pdwfaepdwfxm; ,Ofaus;rIpaom ,Ofaus;rIoHk;rsKd;wGif udk,ftrlt&mudk OD;pGmxm;


7

ojzifh udk,fESifhoufqdkifaom0wfqifrIwdkY txl;ojzifhjyK qif,if0wf pm;MurnfrSmvnf; ,HkrSm;bG,fr&Sd[k qdk&ayrnf/

xkdrSwyg; urmYEkdifiHrsm;wGif ,Ofaus;rIudk OD;pGmjyKpkMuaom w&kwfjynfESifhtdEd,jynfwdkYrSm jrefrmjynf\tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHMuD;rsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifhif;? Ak'omoemxGef;um;csdefacwfESifh MuHKojzifhif; 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwdkYrSm rkcs,Ofaus;vdrfhrnf[k ,HkrSwfbG,fjzpfacs onf/ jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkYonf wyg;olwdkY\twkudk ,lonfqdkap umrI jrefrmrIoufouf jzpfvmap&ef txl;jyKjyifzefwD;wwfaom t avhtx&SdMuaom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf\/ xkdYtjyif rdrdwdkYvlrsKd;ESifhrdrdwdkYa' otvdkuf p&kduf&kdk;&mudk iJhuGufvsuf jrefrmwdkif;&if;om; 0wfqifrI rsm;udkom av;pm; jrwfEkdk;cJhavonf/

a&S;tcgu jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYonf t0wfwefqmrsm;udk csnf xnf (0g*Grf;)jzifh&uf 0wfqifcJhMuonfrSm jrefrmjynf\Owk&moDESifh vdkufavsmpGm 0wfqifMujcif; jzpfonf[k,kHMunfbG,f jzpfavonf/ jrefrmwdkYonf 0g*Grf;udk yk*HacwfOD;avmufrSp pdkufysdK;jcif;tavht x&SdcJh[efwlavonf/ tif;0acwfOD;avmuffwGif w&kwfjynfESifhul; oef;a&mif;0,fa&;udp tawmfyif zGHjzdK;vmcJhonfudkawGY&avonf/ w&kwfwdkYESifhr[mrdwfjzpfchJMuonfrSm yk*Hup tif;0acwftxd jzpf avonf/

rHka&G;q&mawmf &Sift&d,0Ho tm'dp&HoD\rSwfpk]]jrefrm wdkif;jynfu w&kwfwdkif;jynfodkY *Grf;avSwwfqefavonfum; wESpf wESpf 2500 cefY&dSonf/ avSwpfpif;aomf *Grf;csdef ESpfaomif;us


8

onf/ *Grf;aygif; ig;oef;cefYtwGufusonf/ a';0ef;wdkufu qdkonf rSm avS 200 rQaom a';0ef;udk oGif;Ekdifayawmhrnfavmqdkonf/}} ponfjzifh awGY&Sd&onf/ xdkrSwfpkt& w&kwfjynfrSjrefrm0g8Grf;udk 0,f ,laMumif;um; xif&Sm;jzpf\/

w&kwfjynfrSm 0g*Grf;tpdkufenf;yg; ydk;xnfrsm;udk ydkrdkt xnf&ufvkyfMuavonf/ tif;0acwf bMuD;awmfrif;w&m;vufxuf wGif w&kwfjreffrmESpfEkdifiH txl;&if;ESD;oifhjrwfojzifh w&kwfjynfzuf rS/ w&kwf&mZ0ifESifh*E0ifusrf;trsKd;rsKd;udkif;? ydk;xnfESifhausmuf jruf&wemrsm;udkif; vufaqmifyPmawmftjzpf ay;Mu jrefrmwdkY uvnf; qifpG,f-ausmufoHywjrm;ESifheHYomESpfrsm;? jrefrmhynmpGrf; jzifh jyKvkyfaomypnf;rsm;udkjyef ay;aMumif; rSwfwrf;a[mif;rsm; awGY&\/ odkYjzpf jrefrmwdkY0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm;rSm tif;0acwf ukef; abmifacwfwdkY yk*HacwfuJhodkr[kwf 0wfqifrItenf;i,f ajymif;vJ vmonf[kqdk&ayrnf/


9

(2)

jrefrmh&kd;&m t0wfwefqm

jrefrmh&dk;&m t0wffwefqmrsm;rSm yk*Hacwfuyif tawmf,Of aus;odrfarGYvsuf vl\cEmtxufydkif;wGif 0wfqif&aom&ifvTrf; wk ,if? tay:&kHpaom t0wfrsm;ESifhatmufydkif;wGif 0wfqif&aom cg; 0wfykqdk;? xbD? cg;wifpaom t0wftpm;rsm;udk oHk;pJGMuaMumif; od &\/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 0wfpm;qif,ifMuonfrSm tkyfpdk;aomrif;ESifh qdkif&m eef;wGif; 0wfqifrIwrsKd;? ukefonf v,fvkyf qif;&Jom;rsm; 0wfqifrIwrsKd;ESiffh ppf&JwdkY0wfqifrIwrsKd;[l &dScJhavonf/ odkYjzpf& um; t0wfwefqmwdkY\trnfrsm;udkvnf; xdkufoifhovdktrnftrsKd; rsKd; ac:a0:avh&SdMuavonf/

yk*Hacwfa[mif;u rdef;rrsm; 0wfqifMuyHkrSm txufydkif;wGif pkvsm;[kac:aom tay:&kHukd 0wf atmufykdif;wGif xbDudk 0wfqif Muonf[k,lqbG,f jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf yk*H ygVdacwf [kac:aom ygVdxGef;um;aomacwfu tay:&kHudk]]yg0ga&m[lif;? Ow&moa*Fg}}[lif; a&;om;onfudk awGY&\/ ]]OyoAsmeH? Ow&H? Ow&d,H}}[laom ygVdbmomrSm tay:&kHa[myk'frsm;jzpf\/ pkvsm;[l onfrSm ]]{uom#u0wK}} pkvsm;udk a,musmf;wvSnfh rdef;rwvSnfh toHk;jyK&onfht&m[k zGifhqdkxm;ojzifh tay:&kHpkvsm;udk 0wfqif atmufydkif;u xbD0wfonf[k ,lqbG,f jzpfonf/


10

xbDrSm ,ckumv awGYjrif&aom &ifuGJxbDrsKd;r[kwf? yk*Hacwf a[mif;xbDrsm;rSm uGif;pGyftdwf&IHUrsKd;jzpf awmifolrsm;0wfaom t0wf rsKd;uJhodkY jzpfavonf/ yo*F0daom"eDowfnTef;wGif xbDESifhxbuf t aMumif;udk azmfjy&m atmufydkif;0wfudk xbD[kac:? txufydkif; zHk; vTrff;&aomt0wfudk wbuf[kac:aMumif;? xdkpum;rSm jrefrmpum; pif ppfjzpfaMumif;ESiffhqdkavonf/ a&S;ESpfaygif; 600 ausmfavmufu vufa&; jzifh a&;om;xm;aom rSwfpka[mif;rsm;wGif ]]xbDESD;/ xbufESD;}}[l qdkonf/ ESD;qdkonfrSm t0wftvHk;pHkudkjcHK ac:aom a0:[m& jzpfonf/ cif;aom t0wfudk cif;ESD;/ vufudkifaomt0wfudk vufESD;/rdk; a&umaom acgif;aqmif;t0wfudk rdk;ESD;/ toHk;rusaom t0wfudktESD;[k ac:aMumif; awGY&avonf/

tif;0acwfu pum;xm0SufwckwGif/ ]]i,fcgxbuf0wf/ MuD;cg rSxbufcRwffff}}[l\/ t"dyg,frSm xef;yifudk qdkvdkonf/ xef;yiffrsm;rSm i,fpOfu xef;vufrsm; udk,fvHk; uyfaejyD;vQif? xef;a&&aomtcsdefwGif xdkxef;vufrsm;rSm yifpnfrS uRwfusoGm;onfudk qdkvdkonf/ ,cktcgwGif ]]xbuf}}udk wbuff-[lif;? xbDudk xrD[lif; a&;om;ajymqdkvsuf &SdMuavonf/ xbDa0g[m& (x)[laom a0g[m&onf txtxdkifudk ,l &onf/ bDrSm [efYwm;jcif;teuf wm;qD;jcif;teuf jzpfonf[k a0g[m& wyumoeDESifhawmifwGif;q&mawmf\]]0p0gputus,f}} zGifhqdkxm;av onf/ a&S;u tif;0NrdKUoDcsif;a[mif;wckwGif ]]yef;bufyef;bDESifhbwfeD udk olpD;vdkYbkrD;wJhvJ-}}[lawGY&aMumif; yo*F0daom"eDwGif azmfjyxm; avonf/ t"dyg,frSm ]]yef;xbufuav;ESifhyef;xbDuav; 0wfvsuf zdeyfeDeDuav; pD;vmaom b,fol&JUorD;uav;vJ}}[kqdkvdk onf/

xbD[laom a0g[m&ESifhpyfvsOf; owdk;rif;zsm;onf t0NrdKUudk rwnfrD ppfudkif;udk xyfrHjyKjyif NrdKUopftjzpf pDrHaepOf wabmifoHay:


11

vmonfrSm?]]xbDaumif;ap/ ajcaumif;ap/ xbufcg;pnf;acR;MuD;wjzm yef;rmvm}}[l jzpfavonf/ xdktcsdfefu rdef;rrsm;onf xbDufdk cg; 0wf cg;txufwGif xbufwrsKd; (cg;pnf;)udkywfvsuf ycHk;xufrSm pkvsm; t0wfudk jcHKavh&SdMuonf[k ,lqbG,fjzpfavonf/ xdkrSaemuf tif;0'kwd ,acwfavmufwGif cg;pnf;? cg;csyf? wk,iftuFsDponfjzifh 0wfpm;qif,if vmMuonf[k qdk&ayrnf/

azmfjycJhonftwdkfif; rdfef;rwdkY\xbDonf a&S;yk*Hacwffu uGif; pGwf tddyf&IHHUuJhodkY &SdaecJh&m? jrefrmou&mZf 529 ck? yk8Hrif;quf 47 quf ajrmuf e&ol(ukvm;usrif;) vufxufa&mufaomtcg e&olrif;onf okckrobifynmukd wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;atmif BudK;yrf;vdkojzifh obifynmrsm; udk ac:,lppfaq;ar;jref;&m t&nftcsif;ESifhjynfhpHkaom obifynmrsm; vGefpGmenf;yg;vSojzifh ynm,dS&[ef;awmfrsm;udk vlxGufap obifynm udk tm;ay;ap&ef MuHpnfrdav\/

xdktMuHudk ynm,dStrwf o'dumtm; wdkifyif&m od'dtrwfu yk*H&[ef;wdkYonf y&d,wfudk vGefpGm vHk;yef;aeMuojzifh bk&ifhtrdefYawmf jzifh obifynmudk tm;ay;yg[k wdkufwGef;aomf &rnfr[kwf? y&d,m,fjyK MuHrSom&rnfqkd\/ aemufqHk;trwfynm,dS\tMuHtwdkif; ausmif; 0dkif;rsm;twGif; obifynmonf rdef;rrsm;udk xbD&ifuGJ 0wfqifujyap onfomru eef;wGif;&Sd eef;awmfolrSeforQ rdzk&m;rsm;yg xbD&ifuGJudk 0wf qif&rnf[k trdefYxkwfcJh\/ xdktcsdefrStpjyK rdef;rwdkonf xbD&ifuGJudk

pwif0wfqifcJhMuavonf[k &mZ0ifMuyf qdkavonf/

xdktcsdefu xbDomvQif 0wfqifonfr[kwf? wk&iftuFsD rsm;udkvnf; a&SUwnfhwnfhrS cGJ 0wfqifMuavonf/ xdkrSaemuf rdef;rrsm; 0wfqifaom ]]&ifodrf;}}ESifh]]xJESD;}}wdkYudk jyKjyif 0wfqif


12

vmMuonf/ &ifuGJwk&if (tuFsD)wGif &ifudk zHk;vTrf;xm;&ef ]]&ifodrf;}} ac:aom a&mifpHkt0wfudkif;? ]] xJESD;}}[kac:aom twGif;cHt0wf udkif; &ifvHkjcHKap&ef 0wfqifjcif; jzpfavonf/

tif;0acwfaemufydkif;wGif xbD&ifuGJrsm;udk 0wfqifMu&m rdef;rwdkYtzdkY udk,ftrIt&m ,Ofaus;rIudk jzpfapojzifh tif;0bk&if rsm;onf xbDudkyif &kd;&mrysuf qufvuf 0wfqifapjcif; jzpf[efwl \/ xbD&ifuGJudk 0wfqif &ifuGJtuFsD-&ifodrf;t0wff? cg;csyf-cg;pnf;wdkYjzifh qif,if0wfpm;xm;aom rdef;ri,fwOD;onf if;\ t0wftpm;udk iJhuGufvsuf oGm;vmaexkdifrI txl;*&kpdkuf ,Of aus; odrfarGpGm jyKrl&acsrnf/ xdkYaMumifh a&S;ujrefrmrdef;rrsm;onf toGm;tvmtaetxdkifwdkY vGefpGmodrfarGYEl;nHhMu\/ udk,ftrlt&m udk vdkufjyD;vQif EIwftrlt&muvnf; ,Ofaus;odrfarGY&avawmh onf/ xdktwl pdwfaeoabmxm;uvnf; 0wfqifajymqdkrI aemufodkY ygojzifh pdwfxm; El;nhHodrfarGYvmMuonf[k ,HkMunfbG,f jzpfacs onf/

ukef;abmifacwfaemufydkif;wGif rdef;rwfdkY\xbDrsm;udk txl; ,Ofaus;om;em;atmif zefwD;vsuf xbDatmuf tNrdwfem;udk &Snf vsm;pGm jyKjyifxm;Mu\/ 0wfpm;qif,ifrlyif jrefrmrif;vTwfawmf u *&kwpdkuf owfrSwf uefYowfxm;aMumif;udk jrefrmou&mZf 1240 jynfhESpf wefaqmif;rkef;vjynffhausmf 3 &ufaeYxkwf trIcJGa0yHk trdefY awmfwGif ]]opf-ysOf-0g;-Mudrf-zsif-apmif-ykqdk;-xbDrsm;udk xk


13

jyuf? vufopf? awmifwdk? awmif&Snf? ppfaMumqifhqdk&ef trI-}}[l yHkESdyfpmESifh &dScJhavonf/

xbD\trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm (1)&mus vGef;xbD (2)80us vGef;xbD (3)70usvGef;xbD (4)50usvGef;xbD (5)40usvGef;xbD (6)30 usvGef;xbD (7)25 usvGef;xbDpHk (8)2ESpfawmifxGmudk,f 70 usvGef;xbD (9) if; 30vGeff;us xbD (10)if; 25vGef;usxbDpkH (11)pdefyef; xbDpHk (12)if;tvwfxbDpHk (13)if; ti,fxbDpHk (14)pnf;yGifhxbDpHk (15)bvmxbDpHk (16)tmV0Dydk;uHk;pyfxbD (17) csnfuHk;pyfxbD (18)ydk;awmufrJuspfpHkxbD (19)ESyfykvJxbD (20) ESyfykvJ cg;pnf;xbD (21)ESpfawmifudk,fESyfykvJcg;pnf;xbD [l xbDtrsKd;aygif; 21 rsKd;udk eef;wGif;olrsm;ESifholaX;ol


14

xdkifrodrf;tus\csKyfvkyf&yHk tpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm (1) udk,f xnf (2) tvuf-tusvufudk qdkvkdonf (3) &ifaxmif-&ifywfudk vHkatmifzHk;uG,faom &ifvGrf;p (4) &ifzHk;tjyifu zHk;uG,faom t ydkif; (5) vnfcHG-vnfyif;ayguf t0ae&m (6)tEkdY-tus cg;atmuf odkY oD;jcm; aMu;pnfyHkoPmef tpuav; csxm;jcif;udkac:onf/

xdkajcmufrsKd;aomtpdwftydkif;wdkYonf rdef;r0wf xdkifrodrf; tus\tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpf\/ xdktpdwftydkif;rsm;udk azmfjy&onf rSm jrefrmrdef;rwdkY\,Ofaus;rIudk ay:vGifap&ef txl;azmffjyvdkuf jcif; jzpfonf/ ]]tEkdY}}[kac:aom xdkifrodrf;tus\0J-,mESpfzuf atmufwGif wJGvsufusaeaom aMu;pnfoPmefuav;ESpfckudk wpHk wa,mufaoma,musfm;u vufjzifh xdudkifcJhaomf jrefrm&mZ0if Oya't& vufa&mufrI usK;vGef&ma&muf\/

xdkaMumifh rdef;rtuswGif ]]tEkdY }}[kac:aomtpdwftydkif;ydk uav;wckonfyifvQif rdef;r\ajEwckvHk;udk xdef;odrf;xm;ap onf[k qdk&ayrnf/ xdktpuav;udk vufESifhudkifrdaom a,musfm; wOD;tm; MuD;av;aomtjypfudk cHapEkdifojzifh? rdef;rwdkYajEudk rsm; pGmwefzdk;xm;cJhaMumif;udk aumif;pGmodEdkifayonf/ xkdaMumifh a&S; pum;yHk ]]rdef;rwdkY ajE a&Tay;vdkYr&}}[k qdk&kd;pum; &SdcJhavonf/


15

(3)

eef;wGif;olwdkY\tqifwefqmrsm;

jrefrm&kd;&m 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwGif eef;wGif; 0wfpm;qif,ifrI ESifh omrefvlwdkY 0wfqifrIrSm rwluGJjym; jcm;em;aMumif;udk azmfjycJh jyD;ayjyD/ eef;wGif;olwdkYrSm rMumcP tcrf;tem;rsm; 0wfqifMu& ojzifh if;wkdY\0wfqifyHkrSm cefYnm;x,f0grI &Sd&avonf/ eef;wGif; ol eef;wGif;om;wdkYonf r*FvmtcgawmftrsKd;rsKd;wdkY oifhavsmf&m udk &kd;&mtvdkuf 0wfpm;qifjyifMu&\/ rif;yGJobifrsm;rSm txl;o jzifh om;awmfMuD;? orD;awmfMuD;? om;awmfvwf? orD;awmfvwf? om;awmf orD;awmf? rif;om;MuD;? rif;om;vwf? jrif;rl;rif;om;wdkY \om;orD;rsm;ESifh 0efMuD;? twGif;0ef? 0efpk&wdkY\om;orD;rsm;? xdkYjyif twGif;NrJ rSefeef;awmf tysKdMuD; tysKdawmfvwf? tysKdawmfwdkY udk em;xGif;? aoQmifxHk;? qHxHk;xHk;? xbuf0wf? 'ufqifr*Fvm tcrf;tem;rsm; jzpfavonf;/

jrefrmouo&mZf 1164 ckESpf bdk;awmfbk&m; vufxufu ajr;awmf qifjzL&Sifr,f em;xGif;? qHxHk;xHk;/ xbuf0wf? 'ufqif tcrf;tem;wGif a&S;u &kd;&mrysuf jyKjrJjzpfaom pmwrf;pm&if;rsm; ESifhndEdIif;wdkufqdkifjyD;vQif oem;awmfrlaom tqifwefqmrsm;ESifh wuG? bMuD;awmfbk&m;vufxuf orD;awmfvIdif;rif;orD;? yif;wvJ rif;orD;? ,if;cJrif;orD;? rdk;rdwfrif;orD;? rdk;vIdif;rif;orD;wdkY\ em;xGif;? qHxHk;xHk;? xbuf0wf? 'ufqif? r*Fvmtcrf;tem;rsm; oem;awmfrlaom t0wfwefqm pm&if;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf\/


16

(1) tusvufMuyf/ vuf&if;? vufzsm;? tem;csKyf&kd; a&TZmowftxnf/ a&TyGifhxkd wxnf? if;udk tcsKyfwdkufrS jyKjyifaqmif&Gufay;&\/ (2) rmw&ufbufodk&if;? vufzsm;tem;csKyf&dk; a&TZm owf txnf/ ydk;&nfawmifZmcs,f Mu,fpD;ESpfxnf? (3) a&TykZGefqD tusMuD;/ 'k,ifwyf? vuf&if; vufzsm; tem; a&TZmowftxnf Mu,fpD-wxnf/ (4) tus'k,ifwyf/ vuf&if;vufzsm; tem;csKyf&kd; a&TZmowftxnf/ ydk;&nfawmif Zmcs,f Mu,fBuJESpfxnf/ (5) a&TykZGefqD/ udkufpyf/ Mu,fpD/ csKyf&kd;tem; a&TZmowf

xbD ESpfxnff/ (6) bJpdrf;/ bJ0g? bJjym? bJeD? a&TykZGefqD/ a&TykZGefqDcs,f?

udkufpyfem;csKyf&kd; a&TZmowfxbDESpfxnf/ (7) yef;vufcsdwf a&TMudK;vdkuf? tem;a&Tcs,fyg xbD ESpf

xnf/ (8) wuRef; a&Ta&;? puftem;yg xbD wxnf/ (9) bJjzLa&Ta&;puftem;yg xbDwxnf/

(10)a&TykZGefqD/ tpdrf;tjym? t0g? teD?cs,f udkufpyfMu,f pDcsKyf&kd; a&Tvsufjym;owf xbuf wxnf/

(11)uwDyg-tpdrf;? tjym? t0gteDcs,f?udkufpyfcsKyf&kd; a&TZmowf Mu,fpDxbufwxnf/


17

(12)bJpdrf;?bJ0g? bJjym? bJeDcs,f? udkufpyfcsKyf&kd;a&TZmowf? Mu,fpDxbufwxnf/

(13)ok*E&m?a&TZmowf? txnfMu,fpD xbufwxnf/

(14)yef;vufcsdwf/ a&Tvsufjym;owfMu,fpDxbuf wxnf/

(15)ZmuGefcsm/ a&TyGifhxdk;/Mu,fpD xbuf wxnf/

(16)rmw&bufokwf wxnf/

um; bMuD;awmfrif;w&m;vufxuf trdefYawmf pmrl twkdif; ul;,lwifjy&jcif; jzpfavonf/

ou&mZf 1246 ckESpf oDaygrif;vufxufu rdef;rrsm; 0wf qif&ef qifwefqm ckepfrsKd;omvQif owfrSwfxm;\/ tysKdawmf 40 wGif txl;a&G;cs,fxm;aom tysKdawmf&Spfa,mufwdkYrSm txufu azmfjycJhaom ZmoufMu,fxdk; odk&if;tusudk 0wfqifcGifh &&SdMuonf/ tusrSm zJyg;tus/ Zmwqifh? Mu,foHk;yGifhqdkifxdk;udk0wf&onf/ xdkrS wyg; txl;oem;awmfrlaom rm&bufMu,fxdk;tusudkvnf; 0wf qif&onf/

jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu eef;wGif;t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wf qif&m txl;yif pepfwus &dS&avonf/ t0wftqifrSm;vQif &mZm 0wfoiffhwwffonf/ eef;wGif; rif;nDrif;om;rsm;yif tqifhtwef;


18

*kPfj'Afudk vdkufomvQif 'k,if? tus-pvG,f-aAmif; ponfwkdYudk 0wfqifMu&onf/

a&S;u tpOftvmtwdkif;? aemufrif;rsm;onf trIxrf;t &mxrf;MuD;rsm;udk trdefYawmfcsrSwfay;avh&Sdonf/ a&S;u csrSwfay; avh&Sdaom trdefYawmfrSm? ]]ewfjynf


19

tvdkuf qHxHk;rsm;udk xHk;zGJYMu&avonf/ jrefrmrdef;rrsm;\tvS t ,Of usufoa&pifrSm &wema&TaiGpdefausmufwdkYrSm vGefpGm wefzdk;rsm; vS\/

qHyifjyKjyifa&;udprsm;rSm jrefrmwdkY acwfa[mif;jzpfaom a&S;yk*Hacwfuyif xif&Sm;cJhbl;avonf/ yk*Hacwfu ]]pkvnfxHk;}}[k ac:aom qHyifxHk;enf;rsm;rSm-55 rsKd;yif &SdcJhonf[ktif;0acwf pmqdk&a0&SifaxG;u qdkavonf/ xdkqHxHk;rsm;rSm eef;wGif;olwkdY r*FvmtcgawmfyJGrsm;ESifh qif,ifxHk;zGJYMu&jcif;jzpfavonf/ yk*Hacwf u qHxHk; 55 rsKd;udk rSwfom;avhvmEkdifMuap&ef atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyvdkuf&ayonf/

&a0&SifaxG;\-yk*HqHxHk; 55 rsKd;

(1)NrdwfjzL (2)NrdwfpdkY (3)NrdwfvGwf (4)pkvnf; (5)a&mh&nf; (6)wdrfawmifwufopf (7)vQpfppfwjyuf (8)p0Sufa&mifajy; (9)ESif; ao;rpdkY (10)MumndKU0wfqH (11)"l0HEkdif;Munfh? &IrNiD; (12)OD;NzD;a&T aysmf (13)Zifa,mfwef;0J (14)ykvJudk;vHk; (15)*rHk;iHktm (16)avom a0hvnf (17)jzLjcnfrxif (18),*if (19)c&kacsmif (20)xHk;aMumif (21)xHk;usm; (22)ig;yg;NrdwfpdkY (23)atmifNrdKYedrdwf (24)u&0dwfEIwf oD; (25)qdwforD; (26)jyefYNyD;q,faxG (27)aetm&HkcH (28)nOfh,H aomuf&SL; (29)wdrfOD;eHyg; (30)av;yg;&moD (31)Ekdif;NyDpHvGwf (32) e*g;ywfaMumh (33)eef;wGif;rL (34)rjyLrkwf0 (35)y'krod'd (36) rPdudk;yg; (37)c&m;yGifhao; (38),kefa&;vES,f (39)ae0,fOa'gif; (40)oHk;aMumif;jcL;,Suf (41)p0Sufa&mifacsm (42)oabFmwHcGef (43)


20

tEzkoQarm&*D0g (44)[oFmpcGHY (45)ykZif;awmifjyefY (46)onf; nGefYvufoif (47)uGrf;vif (48)aemufwGJ) (49)rkwm&GJ (50)ykvJ uGefjcm (51)&wemr@dKif (52)yGifhqdkifykP&dwf (53)e*g;tdwfav; a'gifh (54)&Spfajrmifh (55)jyefumzuf-[l qHxHk; 55 rsKd; jzpfav onf/

yk*HNrdKY aumif;pm;pOftcgu qHxHk;xHk;enf; 55 rsKd;&SdcJhaomf vnf;? tif;0anmif;&rf;acwfodkY a&mufaomtcg qHxHk;xHk;enf;rSm 37 rsKd;om&Sdawmh\/ tif;0acwfu ]]wd,rl? &lyaumif;vsuf? qH xHk;zsufonf/}}[k qdk&kd;&SdcJhbl;avonf/ t"dyg,frSm tqif;vSyaom rdef;rjzpfygvsuf qHxHk; 37 rsKd;udk rxHk;wwfojzifh tvSysufonf[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ rdef;rwdkY xdktcsdefu ta&;MuD;aom udpw&yf rSm qHxHk;xHk;wwfbdkYudpjzpfavonf/ tysKdazmf0ifpt&G,f xHk;oif p[kac:\/ xdkacwfu pum;a[mif;wckrSm ]]qHxHk;rwwf &Gm"avh}} [l qdk&kd;&SdcJh\/ xdkrSwyg; ]]rdef;rbkef;um; qHxHk;? a,musfm;bkef; um; vuf&Hkk;}}[kqdkavonf/ tus,fodvdkrl(tbd"mew0daom"eD)rSm MunfhEkdifMuayrnf/ aoG;pHk;[kac:aom NrD;aumifayguft&G,fwdkY qH Muufawmif pnf;Mu[efudk 0Hawmifv,fbkef;awmfMuD;a&; r,fbGJY ]]qHMuufawmifpnf;pu- reD;&MumNyD-}}[l qdkaMumif; od&Sd&av onf/ qHxHk; 37 rsKd;acwfrSwzef bMuD;awmfacwfodkYa&mufcJh&m qHxHk; xHk;enf; ckepfrsdK;om usefawmhonfudkawGY&\/ xkdqHxHk;ckESpfrsKd;udk a&SUydkif;wGif azmfjyygrnf/


21

jrefrmrdef;rwdkYtwGuf obm0 yifudk,fvSyjcif; &SpfrsKd;&Sdonf [ka&S;tpOftvm rSwfwrf;rsm; qdk\/ rdef;rwdkY\obm0 tvS&SpfrsKd; udk avmueDwdq&m owfrSwfcJhonf[kod&avonf/

rdef;rwdkY\obm0tvS &SpfrsKd;

(1)omrm-0g0if;aom tom;ta&&dSjcif;/ (2)rd*ud-orifrsufpdESifhwlaom rsufpd&Sddjcif;/ (3)wEkrZ*wm-cg;ao;jcif;/ (4)ok&k-qifESmarmif;uJhodkY oG,faomaygif&Sdjcif;/ (5)okauoD-aumif;aom qHyif&Sdjcif;/ (6)oryEd'ED-tpOfnDnTwfaom oGm;&Sdjcif;/ (7)*rD&embd-wGif;eufaomcsuf&Sdjcif;/ (8)okoDvD-aumif;aom tavhtusifh&Sdjcif;/ um; rdef;rwkdY\obm0tvS &SpfrsKd;jzpf xdkuJhodkYvSol

onf trsdK;yif nhHapumrl xdrf;jrm;qufqHoifhonf[kqdkavonf/ &Spfyg;wGif ql-BuHK-edrfh-jrifhpaom tvHk;t&yf\wifhw,fjcif; ryg 0ifacs/ xkdrSwyg; bdk;olawmfOD;rif;\]]aumif;ajcmufq,fav;&yf}} paom rdef;racsm aw;wyfuJhodkY tus,fw0ifh azmfjyrIr&Sdacs/ odkY aomf a&S;u a&G;cs,fyHkudkomvQif xkwfazmf nTefMum;vdkuf&jcif; jzpf acsonf/

txufyg yifudk,fvS&Spfyg;wGif qHyifyg0ifaeojzifh obm0 tvSwGif xl;uJaom usufoa&0ifaeonf[k ,lqMuojzifh a&S;rif;


22

rsm;onf qHyifudktxl;yif trTrf;wifavh&SdMuavonf/ rif;om;rsm; aoQmifxHk;r*Fvm qifETJ&ouJhodkY rif;orD;rsm;tzdkY&mvnf; qHxHk; xHk;-'ufqifr*FvmyGJrsm; qifETJ&avonf/ bMuD;awmfvufxuf rif; orD;rsm; qHxHk;yHk vkyfaqmif&ef (qHxHk;udk rGrf;rHjc,fvS,f&ef) a&Twdkuf qdkif&mrS aqmif&Gufay;&onfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfavonf/

(1)a&Gom;? ywjrm; ESpf&pfpDaom NrdwfjzLqHxHk;/ (2) if; NrdwfpHkqHxHk;/ (3) if; NrdwfvGwfqHxHk;/ (4) if; pkvnf; qHxHk;/ (5) if; ,*ifqHxHk;/ (6) if; vHk;wifqHxHk;/ (&) if; Nrdwf&pf qHxHk;/ (*)ywjrm;pD a&Tom;qHusif/ (9) if; qHxHk;/

(10)a&Tom;pnf;yHk? pnf;wdkif? Zmazmuf? y&dwfcsnf ukef; txufatmuf ywjrm;ESpf&pfpD/ ausmufyGifh 12/ pdefawmif12/o&ufuif;xkajymuf/qHNrdwfygtem; yw jrm;ESpf&yfpD/

(11)y&dwfcsnfukef; ykvJ0wfqHwyf/ (12)a&Tom;xdyftkyf-a&Ta&mifjym;pHk jc,fyef;yGifh/ (13)ykvJao; 0wfqHwyfjr anmif&Gufyg/ (14)a&Tom; aemufwGJukH; a&Ta&mifjym;pHk jc,fyef;yGifh/ ykvJ

ao; 0wfqHwyf/


23

(15)a&Tom;csyfyef;? a&Ta&mifjym;pHk jc,f-yef;yGifhykvJao; 0wfqHwyf/

(16)a&Tom;tyf&ef pHke0&wfyGifhxyf/ (17)ywjrm;rsufjc,f 9 vHk;wif a&Tom;yg;uyf/ (18) if; em;uyf/ (19) if; ezl;uyf/ (20) if; ar;uyf/

txufygtwdkif; qifwefqmrsm;um; qHxHk;ESifhwuG OD;acgif; ydkif;wGif 0wfqif&eff tzdk;wefypnf;rsm; jzpf\/ yXr anmif&rf;acwf wGif qHxHk;37rsKd; xHk;MuyHktaMumif;udk qHk;rpm- avScsif; 37/ qH xHk;xHk;&kd; 37 rsKd;/ oDcsif;cH&kd; 37rsKd;/ "rowf&kd; 18rsKd;[l yg&dS cJhavonf/ txufyg qHxHk; qif,if&ef &wemrsm;rSm bMuD;awmf vufxuf usef&Sdaom qHxHk;xHk;enf;ckepfrsKd;twGuf jyKjyif qif,if &aom &wemrsm;omvQif jzpf\/

ukef;abmifacwf bMuD;awmfvufxuf-qHxHk;ckepfrsKd; t aMumif;udk zJGYqdkxm;aom vuFmwyk'frSm ]]a&Teef;oHk;udk/ ydkufusKH; rSwf,l/ odawmfrlavmh/ NrdwfjzLndKYndKY/ NrdwfpdkYxGwfxGwf/ NrdwfvGwf rnf;rnf;/ pkvnf;&Tif&Tif/ ,*ifxHk;xHkk;/ vHk;wifopfopf/ Nrdwf&pf NrdwfcH/ rsufysH&wem/ od*Fga&Tom;/ ywjrm;a&mifjyHK;/ ckepfvHk; onf/ qHxHk;r*Fvm wifh&Tef;wnf;}} [k awGY&Sd&avonf/

xdkrSwyg; avSoif;twGif;0efrif; OD;csdef\ (tbd"mew0d aom"eD)rSm txuftqdkyg qHxHk;ckepfrsKd;taMumif;udk awGY&Sd&\/ xdk


24

ckepfrsKd;rSm 1237 ckESpfavmuf txdomvQif tpOftvmtwdkif; r*FvmyGJrsm;jyKvkyf aqmif&GufcJhMuonf[k ,lqoifhavonf/ 1237 ckESpfwGif pkbk&m;uav;ESifhtjcm;rif;om; rif;orD;wkdY qHxHkk; xHk;/ aoQmifxHk;/ xbuf0wf/ 'ufqif r*Fvmpum; ckepfrsKd;wGif-

(1)qHxHk;awmfNrdwfNzL/ ewfwlpdk;rnfholbk&m;/

(2)qHxHk;awmfNrdwfpdkY/ ewfodkY wifhrnfholbk&m;/

(3)qHxHk;awmfNrdwfvGwf/ eef;xGwfpHrnfholbk&m;/

(4)qHxHk;awmfpkvnf;/ ypnf;&wemrsm;pGm yGg;rnfholbk&m;/

(5)qHxHk;awmf,*if/ eef;wGifpHrnfholbk&m;/

(6)qHxHk;aomf vHk;wif/ voGifwifhrnfholbk&m;/

(7)qHxHk;awmfNrdwf&pf/ oufqpf&mausmf &Snfawmfrlrnfhol bk&m;/

xdktcsdfefrSaemuf oDaygbk&if\vufxufwGif xdkqHxHk;ckepf rsKd;rSm vHk;0aysmufuG,foGm;jyD;vQif? bD;yHk trsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufvmo jzifh? bD;qHxHk;rsm;ESifhqHywfrsm;udkom xHk;ywfMuonfudk awGYMu& onf/ cgww&H jruav;qHxHk;[kac:aom aemufwGJxHk;rsm;udk xHk; avh&SdchJMu\/ ,ckacwfwGif xHk;MuaomaemufwGJxHk;rsKd;yif jzpfonf/ jruav;qHxHk;[kac:onfrSm taemufeef;rawmf rjruav;rSm &mZ 0wfawmfoifh tusOf;cHae&pOf pdwfESvHk; ndK;EGrf;ylyef&Smaom


25

aMumifh qHyifudk *&kuwrjyKEdkif&Sm aemufwGJuav; xHk;xm;aom yl yefxHk;rsKd;udk qdkvdkonf/

jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;rSm yk*HacwfrSp tif;0acwfw avQmufwGif qHxHk;udkom txl;ojzifh *&kuw jyKMu/ t0wfwefqm rsm;udkrl &ifvTrf;ESifhxbufudkom toHk;jyK[ef wlavonf/ &Sifr[m &|om&\wHwm;OD;wnf armfuGef;wGif ]]wa&Ga&GtkwfawGrsm;pGm? rdk; olvmodkY? jrLwm&GufNyD;?


26

(4)

a&Tjcnfxdk; t0wfwefqmrsm;

jrefrmh&dk;&m 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwdkYudk pk&Hk;azmfjy&m0,f wwfEkdif orQ pHkvifatmif &SmazGwifjyrnf jzpf&um;/ a&Tjcnfxdk;t0wftpm; rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; azmfjyvdkuf&\/ xdkt0wftpm;rsm;rSm txl; ojzifh xD;oHk;eef;oHk; t0wfwefqmrsm;jzpf? omrefqif;&Jom;wdkY tbdkY 0wfqifrI rjyKMuacs/ wcgw&H bk&ifhtrdefYawmfjzifh obif ynmonfwdkY\uyGJMuD;rsm; 0wfqifcGifhjyKonfudk awGY&avonf/

a&Tjcnfxdk;t0wfwefqmrsm;onf rnfonfhtcsdefavmufu pwifay:aygufvmonfudk avhvmMunfh&IcJh&m yk*Hacwfa[mif; tcsdef avmufuyif pwifay:aygufcJhonfudk awGY&ojzifh xdkxuf a&S;us aomumvwGifvnf; xdkt0wfwefqmrsm;&Sdaeaumif;onf[k,lqrd avonf/ xdkacwfa[mif;umvuyif a&Tjcnfxdk; t0wfwefqmrsm; udk eef;wGif; eef;wGif;om; rif;rI;rwft&m&Sdrsm;wdkYomvQif 0wfqifMu onfudk taxmuftxm;tm;jzifh od&Sd&onf/

yk*Hacwfa[mif;umvwGif 0wfqifMuaom a&Tjcnfxdk;t0wf wefqmrsm;rSm tif;0aemufydkif;acwfESifhukef;abmifaemufydkif;acwf rsm; 0wfqifMuaom t0wfwefqmrsm;ESifhrwl uGJjym;jcm;em; aMumif;udk awGY&\/ aemufydkif;acwfrsm; a&Tjcnfxdk;t0wfrsm;onf tqifhtqifh jyKjyifxm;ojzifh vGefpGmvSy cefYnm;avonf/ yk*Hacwf


27

a[mif; tcsdefumvu 0wfqifMuonfrSm OD;acgif;vnfyif;ESifh cg;wdkY om vSypGm 0wfqif wudk,fvHk; 0wfqifrl jyKonfudk rawGY&ay/

yk*HNrdKY tmeEmbk&m;txGufbuf&Sd Ak'0if&kyfxkrsm;wGif? r,f awmfrm,m om;zGm;cef; xkvkyfxm;aom 0wfqifyHkwdkYwGif OD;acgif; ,ckumv pnf;yHkrsKd;udk aqmif; vnfyif; yef;ajymuf yef;EG,f rsm;jzifh pDrHxm;aom vnfcGHoPmef a&Tjcnfxdk;t0wfudk awGY&\/ cg;atmufydkif;wGif jcL;yef;tEG,frsm; azmfxm;aom uEkwftoGif 'k,if tNrdwfwefqmudk awGYjrif&\/

xdkrSwyg; ou&mZf 620 ESpfwGif wnfxm;onf[k od&Sd&aom yk*Hrif;eHolt&yf&Sd? eEmynmvdkPf*l bk&m;twGif; aq;a&;yef;csDum; rsm;udk awGYjrif&onfrSm OD;acgif;xuf pnf;yHkaqmif;? vnfyif; wGif &wemrsKd;pHk jc,faom vnfqJGyef;uHk;jzifhif;? azmfxm;aom vufarmif; txufydkfif;wGif &wem vufMuyfozG,f yef;EG,f ausmuf pDxm;onfukdif;? 0wfqifxm;\/ vufaumuf0wfae&mwGif ,ck umv a&Tjcnfxdk; vufpnf;uJhodkY uEkwfyef; azmfxm;aom vufpnf; udk 0wfxm;\/ cg;wGif &wemausmufrsKd;pHk pDjc,fxm;aom a&Tjcnf xkd;wefqmudk 0wfqifxm;\/

cg;0wfrSm vHkjcHKaom t0wfrsKd;r[kwf? wydkif;rQom zHk;vTrf; xm;onfudk awGY&\/ xdkrSwyg; jrif;yk*H *lajymufMuD;bk&m;eH&H aq; a&; &kyfrsm; jrwfpGmbk&m; wm0womrS


28

rsm;pGmaom aq;a&;yef;csD;um;rsm;vnf; tvm;wl yHkoPmefrsm; udk awGY&avonf/

xdk&kyfyHkrsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkudk avhvmMunfh&m tdEd, \,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh wlaeonf[k ,lqrdonf/ yk*HacwfrSaemuf tif;0acwfwavQmufwGif a&Tjcnfxdk; t0wftpm;rsm;udk jyKjyif vmcJhMu&m? ukef;abmifacwfaemufydkif;avmufwGif jrefrmrI ouf ouftjzpfodkY ajymif;vJvmonfudk awGY&Sd&\/ a&Tjcnfxdk; t0wfwef qmwdkY\yHkoPmef wdk;wwfvSyvmoavmuf xdkt0wfwefqmwdkY\ wefzdk;rSmvnf; vGefpGmyifBuD; vmonfudk awGY&avonf/

jrefrmwdkY\xD;oHk;eef;oHk;t0wfwefqmrsm;rSma&TjcnfaiGjcnf xdk; t0wfwefqmrsm;omvQif *kPf,lbG,f&m&dSonf[k trSeftwdkif; 0efcH&ayrnf/ rif;crf;rif;em;udprsm; cefYnm; x,f0gap&ef 0wfpm; qif,if&m a&Tjcnfxdk; t0wfwefqmrsm;onf txl;ta&;yg t&m a&mufvSayonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif jrefrm&Sifbk&if tqufqufwdkYonf 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwdkYudk txl;*&kjyKMuvsuf rif;yJGobifrsm; oyf,yf wihfw,f MunfndKbG,fjzpfatmif 0wfpm;qif,ifavh&SdMuavonf/

xdkrSwyg; &kd;&mpOfvm 0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm;ESifhwuG avmuD avmukw&musrf;*efrsm; vm&dSaomtcsuftvufwdkYESifh wdkufqdkif ppfaq;jyKjyif 0wfqifMu&avonf/ tr&yl& yXrNrdKYwnf eef.;wnf bdk;awmfrif;w&m;vufxufu xdktaMumif;udpESifhywfouf omo emydkif armif;axmifq&mawmfbk&m;xHodkY w&kyfNrdKYpm; twGif;0ef rif; BuD;eEmausmfxifudk apvTwfNyD;vQif ar;jref;avQmufxm;ap\/


29

1146 ck awmfovif;vjynfhausmf ckepf&ufaeYwGif rif;BuD; eEausmfxif avQmufxm;aom &mZmbdaou obif 0wfpm; qif,ifyHkwdkYtMumif;udk q&mawmfbk&m;u &mZmbdaouusrf;rSif;? a0E&mZmwfawmfBuD;rSif;? xkwfEkwfajzMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/ &mZmbdaouusrf;rSvmaom]]ZrLe' edrdwud&dwZmw&mZH}} paom pum;t& teuftus,fzGifhxkwf&m0,f ]]bk&ifwdkY\t0wfwefqm onf (1) ZrL&mZfa&TjzifhNyD;aom ywjrm;Mu,fjzifh pDtyfaom rudk#f (2) v-a&;ozG,f wifhw,fpGm ezl;jyif &pfywftyfaomoif;uspf (3) Mu,fudk;vHk;ESifhwifhpGmaom vufaumuf (4) ESpfoG,faom ywjrm;em; a!mif; (5) txl;xl;aom&wemwdkY pDjc,ftyfaom jzLaom &wemwdkY pDtyfaom jzLaomudk,f0wf tqif;ckESpfyg;&Sdaom razmufrjyef aom tuswdkY qif,if}}ponfwdkYjzifh azmfjyxm;\/

xdkrSwyg; a0E&mZmwfawmfBuD;wGif yg&Sdaom]]txoAm b&PH 0dblodwH a'0&mZmeH " 0da&mprmeH aAm"dowH&aZ tbd odOok}}[l tvHk;pHkaomrif;wdkY\wefqmqif,ifjcif;jzifh/ odMum;rif; ozG,f wifhw,faom a0E&mbk&m;tavmif;udk bdodufoGef;ukef onf}}[k vm&Sddavonf/

odkYjzpf &mZbdaou r[mobifyGJBuD; qifETJ&m0,f? rnf onfh t0wftxnfrsKd;udkom 0wfqif&rnf[k tuefYtowfpnf;urf; r&Sd? ydkrdk wifhw,favsmufywfrnf[k usrf;a[mif;rsm; qdkxm;ojzifh usufoa&r*Fvm&Sdrnfxifaom t0wfwefqmrsm;udk a&G;cs,f 0wf qifEkdifMu&m? a&Tjcnfxdk;0wfpHkrsm;udk aemufrif;rsm;vufxufwGif csJY


30

xGifjyKjyifvmcJhMuojzifh? vGefpGmwifhw,f vSyvmonf[k ,lq&ay rnf/

odkYaomf wdk;csJYjyKjyifonfqdk&m jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onf t&kd; udk t&GufrzHk;apvdkaom qE&SdMuojzifh usrf;*efESifhvnf; rvGwfap&/ wdk;csJJYjyKjyifvnf; &Ekdifaom enf;rsm;udk &SmazGjyKvkyfcJhMuavonf/ armif;axmifomoemydkif\rdefYMum;csuft&? rif;ajrmufwefqmig;yg; rSm yk*HjyLapmxD;vufxufuyif &SdcJhNyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; aemufrif;rsm; onf qufvuf rif;ajrmufwefqmudk ig;yg;xufydk rxm;MubJ? ig;yg;omvQif aemufqHk;bk&ifxd todtrSwfjyKcJhMuonfukd awGY&av onf/

rdzk&m;wdkY\t0wfwefqmrsm;

a&Tjcnfxdk;vkyfief;wGif tcuftcJqHk;[k ac:avmufaom t0wfwefqmrsm;rSm rdzk&m;acgifBuD;rsm;ESifhtv,feef;? ajrmufeef;? taemufeef;? rdzk&m;wdkY\t0wfwefqm 'Gg',mrsm; jzpf\/ vkyfief; vuf0if&kHrQru? xkdt0wfwefqmrsm;onf wefzdk;tm;jzifhvnf; t vGef xdkufwefvSojzifh eef;wGif;olrsm; tNrJarQmfrSef; pdwful; wrf;w &aom 'Gg',mwefqmrsKd;jzpf\/ t*ra[oDrdzk&m;acgifBuD;wdkY 0wf qifaomwefqmrSm (r[vwm) [k ac:\/

r[vwm0wfpHkrSm &wemckepfyg;pHkvifpGm pDjc,fonfhjyif uEkwf


31

onf ukef;abmifacwfwGifrS csJUxGifay:aygufvmjcif;wdkYaMumifh t qef;tnGefY uGefYxm;[efwl\/ tjrifhjrwfqHk;aom rdef;rwOD;\tvS *kPf? "e*kPf? yumoet[kefwdkYudk tpGrf;ukef xkwfjybdouJhodkY &Sd\/ xdkYaMumifhyif jrefrmpmqdkyk*dKvfBuD;wdkYonfvnf; xdkr[vwmwefqm udk toD;oD; csD;usK;Muukef\/

OD;wdk;\&cdkifcsD&wkwGif ]]rsuf EeD? jrvHk;nDESifh? a&mifpDpdk; &ifh? BudKufroifhonf? jynfjcifhuGrf;jyif? aevkvif0,f? pdefroFcH? rsuf jc,f&Hvsuf? awmifyH


32

wzufwpHkpD? qJGoDcsdwfvsuf? tv,fxdyfacgif;aqmif;? Oa'gif;&kyf ay:xGuf awmif&dk; awmifvuf? ESpfzuf tajc? abmfaiG omcGg? av omawmifyH? edzvHa&TESpf? ZrL&mZftNrD;? EkwfoD;oEm? eDvmrsufqef? tvsHawG;awG;? vnfa&;jrpdrf;? cyfodrf;&wem? pDjc,f>rmaom? r*FvmOa'gif;8&kyf &wemonf &kd;&dk;&G&G? qifjref;aomumv?


33

0wf? 8Prwfudk? vSewfaESmif;jrif? r,frjyif[k? obifyGJquf? rqif &ufonf? udk;rsufa&mifawG &nfwum;/}}

odkYpyfqdkxm;&m? jyKvkyfpDrHyHkrsm;udk tvG,fwul odEdkifMu ayrnf/ xdk*Prwu wefqmuJhodkY tvm;wl wefzdk;edrfhusaom wef qmrsm;udkrlum; taqmif& rdzk&m;i,frsm;odkY 0wfqifap\/ xdkYxuf edrfhaomwefqmrsm;udk tpOfvdkuf 0efBuD;0efi,frSL;rwfi,fwdkY\u awmfrsm;udk 0wfqifap\/ tjyiftqifrSm tenf;i,favQmh jyif qif&\/ wefzdk;udkvnf; avQmYxm;&\/

xdkuJhodkY a&Tjcnfxkd; t0wfwefqmrsm;udk eef;wGif;yJGobif t aqmifta,mifrsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifMu&aomaMumifh? a&Tjcnfxdk; vkyfief;rSm bk&ifhvkyfief;w&yfom jzpfacsonf/ rif;wHk;rif;w&m; vufxufu a&Tjcnfxdk;vkyfom; a&TMu,fcwfvkyfom;ESifh *kEefxdk; vkyf om;rsm;udk vcaMu;aiG ay;xm;\/ a&Tjcnfxkd;trIxrf; 20 udk wOD; vQif pyg;wif;a& 330 &&Sd\/ xdkvkyfom;rsm;rSm a&Twdkuf0ef\0efpk trIxrf;rsm;jzpf\/

*kEefxdk;olrsm;rSm tzdk;wefausmufrsuf&wemwdkYudk vSSypGm *kEefxdk; t0wfwGif xnfhoGif; xdk;csKyf&ojzifh a&Tjcnfxkd;jcif;tvkyf ESifhrwlacs/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh yef;wdrftvkyfwwfolrsm;jzpf\/ a&T wkduf0efMuD;vufatmuf trIxrf;? vlaygif; 18 a,muf&Sd\/ vpm rSm pyg; 215 wif;pD &&Sd\/


34

xdkYaemuf a&TMu,faiGMu,frsm;udk vHkavmufatmif tNrJcwf ay;&aom a&TMu,fcwf tvkyfom;wdkYrSm trIxrf; 20 rQ&dS? vpm aiG pyg; 220 wif; &&SdMuavonf/ xdkrSwyg; bk&ifhtxnftvdyf trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk tNrJrjywf &moDOwktvdkuf csKyfvkyfay;ae&aom tvkyform; vloHk;pm;&Sd\/ if;wdkYrSm jrefrm? &Srf;? ukvm;wdkYkjzpfMu \/ xkdtvkyform;rsm;onf tcsKyfwdkufawmfwGif xm0& csKyfvkyf aeMu&ojzifh vlaygif; 38 rQ&Sd\/ vpmaiGrSm wvvQif 1140d rQjzpf avonf?? um; a&Tjcnfxkd;vkyfief;ESifhywfouf tusOf;rQ azmfjy vdkuffjcif;jzpf\/


35

(5)

jrefrma,musfm;wdkY\0wfpm;qif,ifrI

jrefrma,musfm;wkdY\ 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkudk uREkfyfwdkYaxmuf vSrf;rSDorQ rSwfpkrSwf&m tjzmjzmwdkYESifhouG a&;om;azmfjyvdkufay onf/ trSefudk 0efcH&aomf ESpfy&dap' a0;vGef;vSaom acwfumvu 0wfpm;qif,ifMuyHkudk twdtus azmfjyEkdif&efrSm vG,fulaomvkyfief; r[kwfygacs/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh okawoDyk*dKvfwdkYonf a&S;acwf a[mif;ESifh ,ckacwfwavQmufudk qufpyf OmPfjzifh ndEIdif;ajrmf jrif qifjcifoifhayonf/

a,musfm;wdkkYtzdkY&m atmufydkif;t0wf? txufydkif;t0wf ESifh OD;acgif;wefqm tp&SdonfwdkY yg0ifavonf/ t0wftpm;rsm;rSm bk&ifESifhwuG rif;nDrif;om; rSL;BuD;rwf&m aoemywd ponfwdkY\ 0wfpm;qif,ifyHk? ppfonfawmfwdkY 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkESifhtjyifty awmifol v,fvkyf ukefonf ponfwdkY\0wfpm; qif,ifyHkrsm;rSm uGJ jym;jcm;em;onfudkawGY&\/

yk*Hacwfa[mif;u omrefa,musfm; awmifolv,form; t vkyform;wdkY0wfpm;qif,ifavh&Sdaomtusudk zsif[kac:aMumif; yk*H ausmufpma[mif;rsm;ESifh rSwfpka[mif;rsm;t& od&Sd&\/ ]]ayg&mP uxmvuFmopf}} ]]zsifESifhoifwdkif;/ rSwfydkif;wk,if/ tusyifwnfh}} [kqdkojzifh? xdkacwfu tusudk-zsif[lif;?oifwdkif;[lif;? wk,if [lif;? ac:qdkMuaMumif; od&\/


36

xdkrSwyg; yk*HapmvS0ef;bk&m; ausmufpmwGif ]]ydwfaomyk csnfzsif 1xnf/ vuform;-3? ydwfaomavykcsnfcqD;30/ yk&mef4 a,mufayoavzsif4xnf}}[l awGY&Sd&ojzifh zsifrSm tusjzpf cg; qD;rSm cg;0wfvHkcsnfrsKd;yif jzpfrnf[k ,HkMunfrdonf/ zsiftusESifh cg; qD;rsm;ukd vuform; yk&efpaom tvkyform;rsm;tm; ay;&onf[k qdkojzifh qif;&Jom; t0wftpm;rsKd; jzpfrnf[k ,lqoifhavonf? zsif[kac:aom tusrSmvnf; ]]ykcsnfzsif}}[kqdkxm;ojzifh ykcsnfrSm? yifeDxnfuJhodkYif;? odkYr[kwf ydwftxlpm;uJhodkYif; jzpfrnf[k ,lq & avonf/ tusyHkyef;oPmefrSm oifwdkif;uJhodkY acgif;pGyftusrsKd; [k ,lqrdonf/

yk*Hacwfu zsif[kac:aomtusudk qif;&Jom;ESifhwuG rif; rSL;rwfwdkY 0wfqifMuonf[k ,lq&onfrSm w&kwfajy;rif;[kac: aom rif;acG;acs;onf w&kwfwdkY vdkufojzifh atmufjynfbufodkkYpkHqif; cJh&m tpm;usL;ol jzpfonfhtwdkif; [if;cGuf 301 jynfhatmif rpm; aomuf&ojzifh zsifvufum idkonf[k&mZ0if awGY&Sd&\/

xdkrSwyg; yk*Hacwfu &mZoButrwfBuD;onf oD[olrif; om;


37

om;wdkYtzdkYrSmum; u&ifoifwdkif;uJhodkY jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ txl;ojzifh qif;&Jom; awmifolvkyfom;wdkYrSm zsif[kac:aom oifwdkif;udk tcg cyfodrf; 0wfqifjcif; rjyKMubJ? ycHk;wifwbufjzpfaom ]]bHkywD;}}ukd om ycHk;xufrSmwifvsuf oGm;vmvkyfudkifMuonf[k ,lqbG,f jzpf acsonf/ ayg&mPuxmwGif ]]bHkywD;}}[lonfrSm tay:wifykqdk;[k qkd\/

yk*Hacwfu bHkywD;rSm qif;&Jom;oHk;uJhodkY qdk&jim;aomfvnf; rif;pdk;&mZmwdkYvnf; oHk;pGJMuonf[kyif ,lqrdonf/ tif;0acwfodkY a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg bHkywD;rSm tawmfyif *kPf&Sdaom ycHk;wifwef qm jzpfvmonfukd awGY&Sd&onf/ ou&mZf 940 ckESpfwGif &Sift* orm"da&;om;aom bHkcef;ysKdYwGif ]]ajyjypfacsmarm? a&mifausm bdwfbdwf? oydwfu&m;? ,rm;aqmif;xD;? bHkywD;ESifh? tHk;BuD; ajymuf xdk;? uwdk; xHkum? urvmu}}[lpyfqdkxm;ojzifh &[ef;oHk; 'kuk#f ycHk;wif ouFef;udkvnf; bHkywD;[kac:aMumif; od&jyefonf/

ayg&Puxm vuFmopfwGifrlum; ]]bHkywD;rl cif;ESD;ydwfyg;}} [lqdkojzifh tcif;ydwfacs[k oabmaygufavonf/ bHkywD;udk yif]]ywD;}}[k ac:a0:ao;aMumif; ewf&Sifaemif&wk ]]jzLqGwfcif; ESD;/ ywD;ydwfyg;/ udk,fESifhjcm;vsuf}}[k yg&Sdavonf/ wGif;oif;rif; BuD;a&;]]ZeuysKdY}}wGif ]]rif;oHk;{u&mZfjzpfawmfrlNyD; &xm;pD;? ywD; jzLvSyf?ay:xyfwifvTm? qif0wfumESifh}}[kawGY&Sd&aomaMumifh tif;0 acwfwGif bk&ifrsm;toHk;jyKaom ycHk;odkif;wbufwrsKd;[k ,lqrdav onf/


38

zsif[laom tusrsKd;rSwyg;]]odk&if;}}[laomtusudk rif; rSL; rwft&m&Sdrsm; yk*Hacwfu 0wfqifMuonf[k ,lqrd\/ ykyg;ewf awmifbJGYvuFm? ]]odk;uav}}[k tpcsD oHk;pJGrSwfom;xm;onfukd axmuf eef;wGif;oHk; wefqmwrsKd; jzpfrnf[k ,lq&avonf/ txl; ojzifh ewfcsif;ewfoHrsm;wGif xnfhoGif; pyfqdkcJhMuonfukd awGY&\/ ae&m ]]odk;&if;}}[k tcsKdYpmrsm;wGif a&;om;Muaomfvnf; tcsKdY pmrsm;wGif ]]odk;,if;}}[kawGY&Sd&onf/ odk;udk OD;xkyf[lif;? carmuf [lif;? ac:prSwfjyKaMumif;udkvnf; tcsKdYrSwfwrf;rsm; awGY& onf/

1171 ckESpf waygif;vjynfhausmf 8 &ufaeY emcHajymhBuD;rSL; &mZaemf&xmtm; trdefYawmfjyefap&ef vTJtyfaomtrdefYpmwGif]]a&T NrdKYawmfapmifh ewfbDvl; 4 ESifh ykyg;ewfarmifESrudk ESpfpOfwifNrJwdkif; wifap/ ewfuEm;yJGrSp yJGobif pnfyifom,matmif cHap/ jynfol jynfom;wdkYudkvnf; EId;aqmf wwfukeforQ wifMum; yoap/

]]ewfarmifESrudk wif&ef wuRef;aq;a&; ykqdk;/ wuRef; xbD/ rmo&buftus1? odk;,if; 1? acgif;aygif; 1? acgif;wif 1? vnfa&muf 2? a&Twef;aqmif; 2? aiGwef;aqmif; 2? a&Tyef;cdkif 2? a&Tqdkif; 1 ? oem;awmfrlonf/ ewft0wfwefqm ewfuEm; yo&ef rsm;ukd pm&if;ESifh aocsmatmif usD0efukd tyfwifap}}

aemufydkif;acwfwGif ]]odk;,if;}}[lomvQif a&;om;ajymqdk avh&SdMuonfukd awGY&\/ rif;crf;rif;em;wdkY t&m&Sda,musfm; rdef;r rsm;0wf&aom tusrsKd;ukd odk;,if;[kac:onf/ rEav;acwf rif;


39

wkef;rif;ESifhoDaygrif;rsm;acwf odk,if; tus 3 rsdK;&SdaMumif; od &\/ (1) tustem;rSm Zm-paomvSyaom tem;ywfrsm;rygaom odk;,if;&kd;&kd;? (2) Zmwyfaomodk,if;rsKd;? (3) ZmwyfMu,fayguf odk;,if;rsKd;[l&Sdavonf/ tuscsKyfaom txnfprSm ykZGefxkyfacgif; aygif;p txnfudkif;? rmo&buf acgif;aygif;pydwfudkif;? csKyf& onf/ vufzsm;ESifhwuG udk,fxnfyGyGcsKyf&onf[krSwfwrf;a[mif;rsm; awGY&\/

ewf0wfaom odk,if;tusrSm? rif;nDrif;om;rsm; 0wfaom odk,if;uJhodkY 'l;zHk;&Hk;rQom r[kwf? zaemifhxdatmif &Snfvsm;onf[k qdkonfudk r[m*D&d ewfoHrla[mif;wGif ]],yf0ef;udkifum? tusZm&Suf? cgomnufonf? tvufzGmudk? y,fnmaemufu? ,Ofvrf;ajzmifh atmif? zaemifhusvdkY}}[k pyfqdkxm;onfudk awGY&\/ Zm&Snfqdkonf rSm Zmwyfonfudk qdkvdk\/ tustzsm;tem;rsm; wvufrcJGcefY aiG vQufjym;w&pf? wvufr\ 4 yHk 1 yHkcefY&Sdaom aiGwHyljym; w&pfqpf owf&aMumif; qdkavonf/

odk,if;tusrSm eef;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;rsm;\t0wfwef qmrsm;omjzpf\/ yk*HacwfrS tif;0acwf ukef;abmifacwfrsm;wGif qif;&Jom;rsm;onf tus acgif;aygif; ponfwdkYudk 0wfqifMuNyD[kod &avonf/ rdef;rwdkYtzdkYvnf; oyf,yfvSyaom tusrsm;udk 0wf qifMuNyD[k,HkMunfrdonf/ ou&mZf 845 ckESpf t0rif;acgif vuf xufu &Sifr[m&|om&a&;aom ]]awmifhwJwGefY &wkydk'fpHk}}wGif ]]a&T csnfa&;odkY ysHarT; a&Ttus? a&TxbDESifh? jrpDa&Tem;a!mif;? EGJYEJGYaemif;


40

vsuf}}[k awGY&Sd&onf/ xdkrSwyg; 0efBuD;ya'o&mZma&; v,fxGefbJGY wsmcsif;]]0oefumv rdk;uswnfhvQif? aysmfaysmfyg;yg;? r,m;ESifhaqG i,fvif? vufwGJi,fajciif? udk,fwGift0wf? ykqdk;tus pkwfyJhNyD/ csnf eDaAmif; wGwfwGwfu,fESifhav;}}[l pyfqdkxm;onf/ xkdYjyif u0d vuPmowfyHkwGif ]]tus&ifzHk;/ ukd,f0efzHk;/ ydwkef;ydwfEG,f&ef;}} [l awGY&SD&\/

xdkpOfu qif;&Jom;wdkY0wfaom cgomydwf? u&wfydwfwdkYudk &ifzHk;csKyfvkyf 0wfqifMuonfrSm? w&kwftusrsm;udk twk,l if; yHkpHESifhqifwl csyf&yfpGm jrefrmqefqef jyKjyif0wfqifMu? &ifaph tusrsm;udkvnf; xdkenf;wlpGm tqdkygydwfwdkYudk csKufvkyf0wfqifMu onf[kod&\/ w&kwf&ifaphtusrSm Mu,foD; 10 vHk; 12 vHk; wyfxm; aomfvnf;? jrefrmtusrSm? ig;vHk;omvQif wyfMu\/ qif;&Jom;rsm; 0wfqifyHkudk u0dvuPmowfyHkwGif ]]cgomu&wf? ouvwf? npfywf vJ atmifqif}}[lif; ]]ykqdk;yHkuwf? ydwfusnf;cwf? u&wfcgom zsif}} [lif; awGY&Sd&avonf/

jrefrma,musfm;wdkY 0wfqifMuaom t0wfwefqmrsm;ukd cGJ jcm; odtyfojzifh bk&ifrSL;rwf ponfwdkY\ 0wfpHkrsm;ukdvnf; csefvSyf xm;&ef roifhacs/ jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onf usrf;8efxGufnGef;csufrsm; ESifh&dk;&mrysuf 0wfpm;qif,ifavh&SdMuNrJ jzpfonfhtwdkif; 0wfqifMu \/ &mZmbdaoucHyGJBuD;rsm; 0wfqifaomt0wfwefqmrsm;rSm? a&Tjcnfxdk; *kEmefxdk; tzdk;xdkufausmufrsuf&wempD t0wfrsm;jzpf \/ xdkrSwyg; vly&dowfwdkYESifh EIwfqufuefawmYcH&m0,f 0wfqif&yHk


41

wrsKd;? w&m;pD&if&m? ppfxGuf&m? omreftem;,lpOftcg ponfhtcsdef wdkY ae&mXmeukd vdkuf 0wfqif&avonf/ bk&ifESifhrif;nDrif;om; wdkY\t0wfwefqmrsm;rSm tusOf;tm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; jzpfav onf/

rudk#f-rif;crf;rif;em;yJGawmfBuD;rsm;wGif 0wfqifaomrudk#f rSm OD;acgif; aqmif;&aom wefqmjzpf\/ apwDyHkuJhodkY &wemrsKd;pHk jc,fvS,fxm;ojzifh vGefpGmwifhw,fonf/ ,cktcg vlwdkif;vdkyif awGY jrifod&SdMuayvdrfhrnf/ xdkrukd#fatmuf ezl;jyifwGif wyfqifaom oif; uspfrSm &wemtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh*kEmefxdk; Mu,faygufrsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm; \/ a&S;tcgu if;oif;uspfudk ]]uermvm}}[k ac:Mu\/ pMumrif; wdkY r[myk&dowdkY\OPSDovuPm vSyaom yuwdezl;jyifudk tpJGjyK a&TaiGwdkYjzifh jyKyftyfaom wefqmjzpfonf[k pma[mif;qdkav onf/

rudk#frSm oif;uspf\txufodkY tacGvdkuf udk;qifh jyKtBuD; ti,f tpOftwdkfif; apwDoPmef wufoGm;\/ xkdtacGukd;ckwGif pdefawmif[kac:aom tcRefuav;rsm; axmifvsuf&Sd\/ xdyfqHk; wGif o&zlrwyf? yef;cufwyfqifxm;\/ ,cktcg a'gif;&kyfwyfqif Muonfudk awGY&onf/ pnf;yHkrSm tjyifa&Tom; twGif;um; uwDyg teDcH&\/

bk&ifwdkY\ rudk#fudk ]]rudk#fo&zl}}[kac:Muaomfvnf;]] o& zl}}rS txG#fukdomqdkonf/ tbd"mefrSm ruk#o'g/ ud&do'gy&d,m,f ESpfyg;omjyonf? txG#fwyfqifrSom o&zl[kac:avonf/


42

em;yef-rudk#f\aemuf em;&GufESpfzufaemufuG,frS vuf0J? vusfm em;yef odkYr[kwf ]]e*if;}}[kvnf;ac:Mu\/ em;yefrSm ausmuf rsuf&wemrsm; jc,fxm;aom yef;EG,fyHkoPmefjzpf\/ tcsKdY avmuD usrf;rsm; em;yefonf rudk#f rqif&/ pnf;yHkomvQif qif,if& onf[k qdkavonf/

aAmif;-aAmif;qdkonfrSm bk&ifESifhrif;nDrif;om;rsm;OD;acgif; xuf qiftyfaomwefqm odkYr[kwf t0wfudk qdk\/ tcsKdYrSwfwrf; rsm; aAmif;onf toifhaqmif;&ef &wempDjc,fom;onf[kawGY& \/ tcsKdYpma[mif;rsm;um; aAmif;qdkonfrSm acgif;aygif;jzLukd qdk vkdonf[k awGY&avonf/ OD;aAmif; OD;&pf[lvnf; awGY&\/ tif;0 NrdKY rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ vufxufu &cdkifudk odrf;ydkufNyD;vQif apmrGefBuD; udk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; cefYxm;cJhpOf? apmrGefBuD; qufovdkufaom &cdkfif eef;usi,f aygif;aom ]]usnf;OD;aAmif;}}ac: toifhaygif;NyD; OD;&pf acgif;aygif;udk rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ &&SdNyD;aemuf? trwfynm,SdBuD; rif; &mZmavQmufxm;csufaMumifh? xdkOD;aAmif;udk toHk;rjyKbJ tvm;wl OD;aAmif;wckudk &wemtrsKd;rsKd; jc,fvS,foHk;pJGonf[k vm&Sdojzifh OD;aAmif;rSm xdktcsdefup ay:onf[k tcsKdUrSwfwrf;rsm; azmfjyMu avonf/

rif;rSL;rwfwdkY qif,ifaom aAmif;rSm ]]aAmif;pvG,ftyf? pGJ a&T,yfESifh}}[louJhodkY acgif;aygif;jzL aygif; &mxl;tvdkuf pvG,f wyfqifNyD;vQif ,yf&kd;&Snfudk udkifvsuf vTwf&kHk;ponfwdkYukd wufMu& aMumif; rSwfwrf;a[mif;rsm; qdkonf/ a&T,yfqdkonfrSm ESvHk;&nf


43

jzifh trIxrf;&aom t&m&Sdrsm; udkifaqmifaom &kd;&dk;,yf&Snfwyfxm; aom xrf;&Guf,yft&dk;eDudk qdkvdkonf/

acgif;aygif;jzL aygif;&aom tpOftvmw&yfrSm yk*Hacwfu r&Sd? tif;0acwfavmufrSp ay:aygufvmonf[k ,lqrdonf/ acgif; aygif;jzL azmhvHk;aygif;&onfrSm pdwf\jzLpifoefY&Sif;aMumif; txdrf; trSwfjzpf ,yfawmifum; wdkif;EdkifiHudk at;csrf;om,mapaom edrdwfvuPm[kqdkavonf/ yk0gjzLudk &mxl;tvkduf wpaxmif ESpfp axmif jyKvkyfqif,ifavh&Sdonf/ yk0g[lonfrSm ygVdbmomysufjzpf aom yg0g&-rS yk0gjzpfvmonf[k,lqMuonf/ pkvsm;t0wfuJhodkY qGwfqGwfjzL Zvyfyef;uJhodkY&Sdonf[k &Sifr[m&|om&\bl&d'wf Zmwfaygif;ysKdUwGif ]]uy&kum? ya'omrS? vG,fumqGwfcs-yg0g&[k? qGqGjzLxGm;? 0wfpkvsm;vnf;? xl;jcm;oepf? ajrmfawG;opfaomf? pif ppfoabm? pvyfavm[k? awG;awmrSm;atmif? 0if;0if;ajymifvsuf? jzLa&mif azG;azG;? vQyfESifhajy;\}}[lpyfqdkxm;avonf/

acgif;aygif;jzLESifhywfouf yif;,ig;pD;&Sifvufxufu]]pdkif ausmf}} ac:aom bk&ifhjrif;awmftaMumif;udk bk&ifudk,fwdkif csD;usL; awmfrlyHkrSm ]]ighjrif;pdkifausmfonf ajymif;awm0,f aAmif;xkyfESifh ESifavaomf jrifaomolwdkYonf OAsKdif;ysHouJYodkY xifukef\}}[k qdkav ojzifh acgif;aygif;jzL\taMumif;udk od&avonf/ &yf&Gmae qif;&J om;wdkYrSm yk0geD? yk0gjymwdkYudk acgif;aygif;eD-jymponfjzifh ac:a0:oHk; pJGavh&SdMu\/ tif;0acwf tdkfifcsif;wyk'fwGif ,ufuef;onfrdef;rysKd u olY&nf;pm;odkY &ufay;aom yk0gtaMumif;udk pyfqdkxm;&m-]]yk0g


44

&ufopf? r,fuay;wJh ydk;ao;rJyg? acgif;aygif;jymudk vnfrSm&pfvdkY}} [lif;? 0efBuD;ya'om&mZm\ v,form;bGJYwsmcsif;wdkYrSm? ]]ykqdk; tus pkwfyJhNyD csnfeDwGwfwGwfu,fESifhav;}}[k pyfqdkxm;avonf/

acgif;aygif;jzLrSwyg;? 0efBuD;rSL;BuD;rsm;rSm arSmfyGifh? wrm &Gufaxmif? bGJYoif;uspfwyfpaom zJaAmif;a&Tom;uwDygaAmif;a&T om;rsm;vnf; xm;&Sd&\/ xdkaAmif;rsm;um; aeYpOf toHk;rjyK&/ tcsdeftcg tvdkufomvQif 0wfqif&\/ aAmif;rSm bk&ifwdkYtzdkYom vQifr[kwf? rif;ysKdrif;vGifwdkYtwGufvnf; pDpOfjyKvkyfavh&SdaMumif;? pdEausmfol\&wkwGif ]]rif;ysKdyDyD-&GufcsDaemufcsyf? yef;xyfjrifhu- csnfuRefracgif;? qif&efaAmif;udk? ,OfaMumif;acgufvkyf? yeffbkdYtkyf 0,f? txkyfq,fqifh? r,fxm;ESifh\}}[kqddkojzifh od&\/ xkdjyif u0d vuPmowfyHkwGif ]]&rxDydwftkyf? aemifhaygif;xkyf? ukyfrwGefY Ekdif?}} [kvm&Sdojzifh aAmif;xkyf0wfqifMuaMumif; xif&Sm;avonf/

jrefrmbk&ifwdkY\eef;awmfrsm; eef;reef;OD;ESifhwnfhwnfh aAmif;awmfaqmifudk oD;jcm;xm;&SdNyD;vQif o&zlawmf? rudk#fawmf? ywjrm;aAmif;awmf? e0&wfaAmif;awmf? a&TTom;aAmif;awmf? aiGom; aAmif;awmfrsm;udk tNrJjyifqifvsufxm;avh&SdMu\/ xkdtcsdefavmuf rStpjyK jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkUonf OD;aAmif;(acgif;aygif;)udk txl;ojzifh tjrwfwEkd; av;pm;pGm tdrfrsm; xm;odkMuNyD;vQif yJGobifpaom y&dwfowfpka0;&mXmersm; 0wfqifavh&SdMuonf/ ,ckacwftxdyif jzpfacsonf/


45

tr&yl&acwfrif;om;rsm; 0wfqifavh&Sdaom obifwefqm rsm;teuf? aoQmifxHk;? em;xGif;r*FvmyJGBuD;rsm; atmufygtwdkif; 0wfqifMu&\/

(tus)rmo&buftusBuD;/ vufzsm;'k,ifygtxnfa&TyGifh xdk;? ydk;&nfawmif Zmjc,f? vuf&if;vufzsm; tem;csKyf&dk;a&TZmuGyf/

if;txnf ydk;&nfawmifZmjc,f? Mu,fBuJ? vuf&if; vufzsm; tem;csKyf&dk; a&TZmuGyf?

ydwftus vufMuyftxnf? a&TyGifhxdk;? Mu,fpD? vuf&if;vuf zsm;? tem;csKyf&dk;a&TZmuGyf/

(ykqdk;)zJpdrf;? zJjym? zJ0g? zJeD? a&TykZGeffqD? aiGykZGefqDwdkYudk pyf csKyf&aom aiGZGefqDjc,fudkufpyfykqdk;? yef;vufcsdwf a&TBudK;vdkufyk qdk;? wuRef;a&Ta&;puftem;ygykqdk;? ykZGefqDtpdrf;? tjym? t0g? teD udkufpyfcsKyf&dk; a&Tvsufjym;uGyf ykqdk;? zJjzLa&Ta&;puftem;ygykqdk;/

(acgif;aygif;) a&Tavmufav;uefYa&TyGifhxdk; Mu,fpDacgif; aygif;/

a&Tem*xmxdk; ydk;&nfaxmif? Zmjcnf? Mu,fBuJ acgif;aygif;? &HSuGefjcm e*xmxdk; acgif;aygif;/

&SHuGefjcm e*xmyGifhxkd; ydk;&nfawmif Zmjc,f Mu,fBuJacgif; aygif;[l rSwfwrf;rsm; awGY&Sd&\/


46

qif;&Jom;wdkYtwGufrSm cg;qD;udk yk*Hacwfu 0wfqifcJhMu aemufacwfrsm;wGif ykqdk;rsm;ukd 0wfqifMuaMumif; pma[mif;rsm; awGY&Sd&\/ bk&ifwdkY ykqdk;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh zJ-ydk;ponfwdkYukd csKyfvkyfavh&Sdaomfvnf;? qif;&Jom;wdkYYtzdkYrSm csnfykqdk;udkomvQif 0wfqifMuavonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]]&Sifbk&if ykqdk; ydk;csnf}}[kqdkpum;&Sd cJhbl;avonf/ xdkrSwyg; rif;xifouf&SnfbGJYcH pmqdkawmfOD;rif; qdk aom csnfykqdk;bJGY av;qpfwGif]]a*g,mxdrf? zefewf0ifawmfcsdefrSS? a&Ttdrfol &pfwef ay;w,f? acs;ESifh ra&m}}[kpyfqdkavonf/

csnfykqdk;rSm qif;&Jom;wdkYtzdkYomr[kwf? rif;r[m*D&dewf twGufyif csnfxnfukdom ykqdk;&ufvkyfaMumif;udk 0efBuD;ya'o &mZma&; 37 rif;ewfcsif;wGif ]]EJGYacgifi,f aMumh&Tef;? qifykqdk;rSm? ydk;rzufonfh? pufwuRef;ESifh ,yf0ef;ukdifum? tusZm&Suf}}[l pyf qdkom;ojzifh ydk;r[kwfaom csnfxnfydwfudk avmwbufwifonf [k ,lqbG,f jzpfacsonf/ um; jrefrma,musffm;wdkYtzdkY OD;acgif; wGif qif&ef t0wfwefqm? udk,f0wftusESifh cg;0wfykqdk; ponfwkdYudk tusOf;csKyf azmfjycsufjzpfavonf/


47

(6)

jrefrmh&dk;&m ,ufuef;ynm

jrefrmh&dk;&m0wfqifrIwdkYwGif txufu azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; csnfxnfrsm;ukdom t"duxm; 0wffpm;qif,ifcJhMuavonf/ jref rmh0g*Grf;rsm;ukd ESpfpOf w&kyfjynfodkY wifydkYcJh&onfrSSSSSSm avStpif;aygif; 2500 &Sd avSopif; *Grf;tcsdef 2 aomif;? pkpkaygif; tcsdef ig;oef; cefY &Sdonf[k rHka&G;q&mawmf\rSwfpk awGY&aMumif; txufuazmfjy cJhavNyD/ xdk0g*Grf;rsm;jzifh a&S;jrefrmBuD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYtdrfaxmifpk rsm;twGuf vuf,ufuef;rsm;udk wnfxGifcJhMuavonf/

jrefrmh,ufuef; ay:aygufcJhonfudk tvSrf;rSDoavmuf&Sm azGcJh&m? yk*HacwfOD;avmufuyif jzpfrnf[k,lqrdonf/ yk*Hacwf ausmufpmrsm; ykqdk; tus&ufvkyfoludk ]]ykcsnfonf}}[lif; ,uf uef;&ufoludk ]],efonf}}[lif;ac:aMumif; ausmufpma[mif; rsm; awGY&Sd&\/ ou&mZf 472 ckxdk; vSnf;axmufbk&m;ausmufpm wGif ]]Adkif;wvSnf;udk zkwf tuRrf;r&ouJhodkY jzpfapaomf}}[k opm qdkyHkpum;rsm;udk awGY&ojzifh xdktcsdef ,ufuef;ynmrsm; xGef;um; aecJhonfrSmMumavNyD[k,HkMunfoifh\/ ]]Adkif;}}qdkaoma0g[m&rSm yk*H acwfup ,ckwdkif ac:a0: oHk;pJGvsuf&SdMuavonf/

yk*Hacwfu qif;&Jom;oHk;jzpfaom t0wfrsm;rSm vuf&uf 0g*Grf;xnfrsm;jzpf bk&ifhtoHk;taqmif txnfrsm;rSm tcsKdYukd tdEd, rS &&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfbG,f jzpfavonf/ bk&ifrsm;oHk;aom


48

t0wfwefqmudk]]urK}}[kac:[efwlavonf/ orydkufysKdYwGif]]aAm"d Pftwm,}}jzifh tpcsD ]]jzLxGm;pMum? urKumom;? prm e*&}} [k awGY&Sd&ojzifh wuGef;jzpftxnfrsm;ukd bk&ifrsm; &&SdoHk;pJGonf [k ,lqbG,f jzpfacsonf/

yk*HacwfwGif xGef;um;cJhaom ,ufuef;vkyfief;onf tif;0 acwfodkY a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg txl;yif wGifus,fvmonfudk awGY&Sd& avonf/ jrefrmh&dk;&mtvdkuf a,musfm;rsm;rSm tm;cGefpkduf ppf wdkufrIxrf; jyKvkyfMu&\/ xdkrSwyg; v,f,mrsm;udk vkyfudkifMu& ojzifh rdef;rrsm;onf ,ufuef;tvkyfudk tptqHk; vkyfudkifavh&SdMu avonf/ tdrf tNrJ&Sdaeolrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ]]tdrffol}}[lac:a0: cJhMuavonf/ rdef;uav;rsm;tzdkY i,fpOfuyif ,ufuef;ynmudk roifrae& ynm&yfwcktaeESifhoifMum;vmcJhMu&onfrSm]]a,musfm; rsm; pmrwwfu rsufuef;vdk? rdef;rrsm; ,ufuef;rwwfu tusKd;vdk}} [kqdk&dk;yif &SdcJhavonf/

jrefrmrdef;uav;rsm;onf ,ufuef;tvkyfjzifh waeukef tvkyfvkyfukdifcJhMuaMumif;udk tif;0acwfu &Sifr[m&|om& pyfqdkcJh aom ]]pwk"rom&ysKdY}}[wdygvZmwftzGifh ]]Adkif;rI0grI/ nDapwkodkY/ zefjyKyspfBudwf? tdrfvHk;xdwfrQ? rqdwfrnH? csnf0ifhoHvnf;? w&Hrjywf? csm;&[wfESifh? csnfoGufrcsm? csnf0g,lx? rtm;Muwnfh? csnfcscsnf &S,ff? vkyfbG,frysuf? vuf,uf,OfcHk? oHk;yg;pHkvsuf? ajym[Hkrsm;pGm? ajymufxdk;rSmvnf;? t0gta&T? jymajcjzLeD? um;ESifh? odkYwifh [k? jc,foifh&m&m? ynmazmfxkwf? pD&ifEIwffjzifh? wrkwfe,fEk? yef;


49

qddk;rIu? ponfuspfvspf? yef;ppfysm;vsuf? yef;rkefYnufESifh? zG,fcsuf za,mif;? em;a!mif;yk&dwfcsnf? qDMunfjyefYarT;? &Sm;ap;eJYom? csyfvTm wHkNyD;? uGrf;oD;aevSyf? aqmfzefMuyf? oeyfcsOfpdkuf? tdrftvkdufjzifh? tdrf ukefatmif?


50

aomtcg jynfbufrS tmoef ydk;,ufuef;onfrsm;udk tr&yl&oddkY ac:,lcJhNyD;vQif eef;wGif;xm;um ydk;,ufuef;ynmudk bk&ifudk,f wdkfif tm;ay; vkyfaqmifapcJhonf/ eef;wGif; rJe,fqdk;uefBuD;rsm; udk wnfaqmufay;cJhonfrSm ,ckwdkif taqmuftOD;a[mif;rsm; awGY jrifEdkifMuavonf/

xdkrSaemuf EdkifiHjcm;rSvmaom t0wftxnfrsm;udk twk,l &ufvkyfMujyefojzifh ,ufuef;ynmrsm; txl;wdk;wwfBuDD;yGm;vmcJh avonf/ xdkuJhodkY ynmonfrsm; wdk;yGm;csdefwGif tNydKiftqdkif tEkdif &ufvkyfMuojzifh tcsKdY,ufuef;onfrsm;onf ewfwdkY\tultnDudk yif awmif;cHcJhMuonfudk awGY&\/ ,ufuef;ynmonfwdkYESifh qdkif aom ,ufuef;ewfwdkYrSm ]]&orif*sD}}[lif;? ]]0gycsif;ewf}}[lif; ac:Mu\/ a&S;a[mif;usrf;rsm; xdkewfrSm ]]oD'E& ork'&ma& tNrJae vlwdkYudkapmifhaom [dELewf 12 yg;wGif wyg;tygt0if}} [k qdkavonf/

tcsKdYjrefrmha'orsm; ]],ufuef;&Sifr}}[k ac:aom ewfrSm tif;0NrdKU yXrrif;acgif\taemufaqmifrdzk&m;jzpfonf[k qdkav onf/ xdkrdzk&m;onf ewfpdrf;b0ra&mufrDu vltjzpfESifhtif;0t aemufbuf&Sd 0gcif;odkY udk,fvkyfawmfrsm;ESifhtwl ,ufuef;ynmudk avhvm vkyfudkif&if; vma&mufMucsdefwGif rdzk&m;\i,fcspfjzpfcJhbl; aom rif;ausmfpGmonf ao ewfpdrf; jzpfaeonfudk rif;ESifhwuG rdzk&m;jrifojzifh vefYaoNyD; ewfpdrf; jzpfonf[kqdkavonf/ xdkewf rsm;onf ,ufuef;onfrsm;tm; ulnDMuonf[k ,HkMunfMu\/


51

tcsdKYa'owGif ,ufuef;ewfukd yoMu&m0,f? oDqkd&aom ewfcsif;rSm ]]&orif*sD-a&TaZmf*sD? aZmf*sD&Sifr? ewfu,fav;/ wdrf;y om;/ &drf;yom;/ awmifbufv,fuGif;/ awmifajc&if;,mcif;apmifh wJh zdk;atmifausmf? ac:ay;ac:ay;}} [kqdk&avonf/

xdkaemuf bBuD;awmfvufxufodkY a&mufaomtcsdefwGif rPd yl& uonf;,ufuef;ynmonfrsm;udk txl;tcGifhta&;ay;vsuf tr&yl&NrdKawmfwGif ae&m&yfuGufrsm; csxm;ay;NyD;vQif ydk;xnfrsm; udk tNydKiftqdkif &ufvkyfap\/ xdktcgu tcsdwfykqdk; trsKd;rsKd;rsm; pwif ay:aygufvmonfrSm rPdyl& uonf;,ufuef;onfwdkY\vuf pGrf;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdkavonf/ xdktcsdefu rPdyl& uonf;,ufuef; q&mBuD;wOD;jzpfaom ]]vif;Zif;tuywf}}onf &mustcsdwfykqdk;BuD; rsm;udk jyoEkdifojzifh bk&if\qkawmfvmbfawmfrsm; &&SdaMumif; odd& avonf/

xdkrSaemuf yk*Hrif;vufxuf a&mufaomtcg ykd;&SHom;rsm;udk ajrmufjyif&yfrS aq;qdk;ynmausmfwdkYu a&mifpHkaq; cdkifatmifqdk;ay; MuNyD;vQif uonf;&yfuGufrsm;u tNydKiftqdkif &ufvkyfMuo jzifh ]]ajrmufjyifykqdk;}}rsm;rSm ,ckwdkif emrnfBuD;vsuf &Sdacsonf/

yk*Hrif;\vl,Hkawmf v,f0efoHawmfqifh aqmNrdKYpm;rif;onf NAJwdkufoHqifht&mjzifh trIawmfxrf;&GufpOffu ,ufuef;awG tNydKif tqdkif &ufvkyfMuaomacwfjzpf rdrdudk,fwdkfifBudKufovdk ykqdk;t qifqef;udk &&Sdap&ef rdrdtdrf ykqdk;&pfwefay; &ufvkyfapaMumif; av;qpfuAsmwyk'f awGY&Sdbl;\/


52

]]jzLcHrSm a&TvsHom;vdkY? e,fMum;ujrBudK;udkif/ wuRef;rI rSef wJh? aumufawmfcH &kH&SHydk;rdkY? wdk;vdkYcefYcdkif/ &dkif;cifudkdajrmufjyif qdk;i,f ESifh EIwfydk;pk qDrqdkif? jcm;BuD;cdkiftdrfjzpf/ ,Of&pfwef-i,fcspf a&Tudk befrdkY? rwefol rqifMuapESifh? jrif&&if ra&Smif0,frJh? oHk;r,fqif eef; 0ifcg;rSmrS? xm;wJhqifopf}}[l awGY&Sd&\/

,ufuef;ynmrsm; waeYwjcm; wdk;wufvmcJh&m rif;wkef;rif; vufxufwGif tdrfa&SUpH nDawmfuaemifrif;om;\tpGrf;owdjzifh Ekdif iHjcm;rS ,ufuef;pufBuD;rsm;udk rSm,l ,ufuef;pufBuD; 12 vHk;jzifh pDrHjyKvkyfaeqJrSmyif wdkif;jynfta&;awmfyHkBuD; ay:aygufvmcJhav onf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif uaemifrif;om;ac:,lxm;aom EkdifiHjcm; rS ,ufuef;yg&*lrsm;teuf jyifopfjynfrSa&mufvmaom yg&*l BuD;]]'JeD*&D}}ESifh]]umeDAm}}qdkolESpfOD;wdkYonf uwDyg? ouvwf? ydk; p onfwdkYudk &ufvkyfay;ojzifh txl;atmifjrifcJhavonf/

bk&ifudk,fwdkif txl;tm;ay;ojzifh wdkif;&if;jzpf ouvwf? uwDyg? txnfrsm;udk wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; Munfh&IEkdif&ef jyyGJrsm; jyK vkyfjyoay;onfhjyif? 0efBuD; rI;BuD; olaX;ol


53

axmufpaom tkyfcsKyfa&;rI;rsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyf cefYcJGap\/tqdkyg puf&Hktm;vHk;udk pkaygif;tkyfcsKyfap&ef pufrIvkyfief;0efBuD; 0ef axmufpaom tkyfcsKyfa&;rI;rsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyf cefYcJGap\/ tqdkyg puf&kHtm;vHk;udk pkaygif;tkyfcsKyfap&ef pufrIvkyfief;0efBuD;tjzpf om; awmfBuD;ru&mrif;om; ]]oD&dr[mok"r&mZm}}udk vTJtyftkyfcsKyfap cJhavonf/

xdkrSaemuf rif;uav;vufxuf[kac:aom oDaygrif; vuf xufwGif tqdkygpufrIvkyfief;rsm;onf wdkif;a&;jynfa&; vIyf&Sm;rI aMumifh aumif;pGm zGJYNzdK;jcif; r&Sd&kHrQru? tcsKdYpufrsm; vHk;0&yfem; xm;vdkuf&avonf/


54

(7)

jrefrmh&dk;&m qdk;aq;rsm;

a&S;rif;rsm;vufxufu jrefrm,ufuef;onfwdkYonf aq; rsm;udkvnf; vufawGYavhvmpHkprf; jyKvkyfMu&m? aemifvmaemufom; wdkYtwGuf a&;rSwfxm;cJhMuaom qdk;aq;rSwfwrf;a[mif;rsm;udk awGY &Sd&avonf/

ykqdk;rsm;udk aq;qdk;enf;

aq;eDum; csdwfudk a&ESifhazsmf oHk;Budrf (a&wcg) avQmfoHk; BudrfoHk;xyfaphatmif a&avQmf/ odkYrS tjymvdkaomf acs;oD;rJe,f ESifhazsmf/ jym\/

ykqdk;aq;azmfenf;- acs;oD;ozefcg;oD; axmif;aom ta& iif? ozef;cg;udkenf;ap/ acs;oD;udk tvsifqdk;/ oHk;cgjyKwf? csdyfa& ESifhqdk;/ awmuf&yfjym&nf prf;qxnfh/ tcsKyfum; ql;usifh/ Muufql;&dk;eD&Gufudk axmif; t&nfESifhjyKwf a&mNyD;vQif ravQmf ESifh/

tpdrf;azmfenf;-ozef;cg;&Guf/ uapmh&Guf/ t&nfESifhoGif; (wGJxnfh) awmuf&yfjym&nfcHa&;/


55

tjym-rJ&dkif;BuD;&Gufaxmif;/ oHk;&ufa&pdrf/ xdkaemuf ta& udkppf,l/ xHk;tenf;i,fa&m/ tcsKdYu-0g;jym/ ESrf;yifjymudk xnfh Muonf/

teD-csdyf? aygufacguf? qD;acguf? tifMuif;acguf? opf&m acgufwdkYudk a&maxmif; ta&azsmfqdk;/

t0g-ydEJouFef;om;aygufrsm;udk a&m oHk;av;&ufjyKwf xm;NyD;rSqdk;/

teuf-ozef;cg;oD;? opfqdrfhoD;/ qD;jzLoD;/ wrmoD;/ Mu ZkoD;jyKwf&nfESifhqkd;? xkdaq;rsm;rSm csnfxnfqkd;&ef aq;rsm;jzpf\/

ykqdk;a&TtNrdwfta&mifrSdefaomf 'kwm? vufcsm;? eEGif;pdrf;? ausmufcsOf av;yg;udk oHyk&m&nfESifhazsmf a&TNrdwfudk okwf? t opfuJhodkYjzpfap\/

a&TNrdwfqkd;enf;-'kwm? vufcsm;? eEGif;pdrf;? onfokH;yg;udk oHyk&m&nfESifhazsmf a&TNrdwfudk okwf? topfuJhokdY&Sdjyef\/

ykd; 0g yuwdqkd;enf;-ykd;jzLudk qyfjyma&MunfBuJESifhjyKwf jzLvSatmifzGyf/ awmuf&yf&Guf&nfESifhokH;cGufwcGufwifBudKcs/ at; rS qyjfym&nfw0ufa&m/ onft&nf ESpfyg;udk ydk;ESifhwef&kHom&Sdap/ r rsm;apESifh/ ydk; 10 om;vQif oDwif;rIefY 15d om;? awmuf&yf&Guf&nf 10d om;cefYcwfarT/ ydk;udkESpf qkd;/ e,fvnf; e,fEkdifap/


56

csnfESifhydk; qkd;aq;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf; jrefrmenf;a[mif;rsm; onf rsm;pGmyif &SdcJhbl;avonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ,ckacwftaeESifh A[k okwtjzpfrSwyg; tjcm;tusKd;jzpfzG,f rjrifojzifh &kd;&menf;a[mif; taeESifh rSwfom;&ef rQom xnfhoGif;vkduf&ay\/

,cktcsdefum; jrefrmjynfwGif csnfxnfpufrsm; xGef;um;ae csdefjzpfacsonf/ jrefrmjynfokdY vGef;ysHpuf,ufuef;rsm; a&muf&SdvmykH ukdrlum; tenf;i,f az:jyoifhonf[k,lqojzifh atmufwGif wifjy vkduf&ayonf/

c&pfou&mZf 1890 jynfhESpfu tkdif-pD-tufpft&m&Sdrp wmbmuJvf(Buckle)qkdolonf t*FvefEkdifiHrS vGef;ysH? ,ufuef;ynm wwfuRrf;olrpwmAifwef(Mr.Vinton)udk ac:,lvsuf jrefrmjynft usOf;axmifrsm; xkdynmudk pwifoifMum;ap\/ xdkYaemuf Munfhjrif wkdif u&ifESpfjcif;omoemjyKtoif;wGif ,ufuef;enf;jyq&mtjzpf cefYtyfay;av\/ xkdtoif;om;rsm;u txufygvGef;ysH ,ufuef; cwfenf;ynmukd awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;odkYwqifh oifjyay;&avonf/

odkYaomf ,ufuef;q&mrpwmAifwef uG,fvGefavvQif ,uf uef;ynmudk ta&;w,l*&kwpkduf r&SdMuawmhay/ vGef;ysH,ufuef; ynmrSmvnf; jrefrmwkdYvuf0,fodkY aumif;pGmra&mufvkduf&bJ aysmuf uG,foGm;awmh\/ xkdtcsdefu axmifjyefrsm;omvQif vGef;ysH,ufuef; udk wwfuRrf;Muav\/


57

ou&mZf 1272 ckESpfavmufwGif jrefrmjynfw&m;Xmerif;BuD; jzpfol rpwmaqmif;'g;(L.H.Sauders)onf vGef;ysH,ufuef;udpukd w zefjyef toufoGif;vkdufjyef\/ t*FvefrS vGef;ysHwckudk rSm,l jref rmjynfwGif xdkvGef;ysHESifh&ufvkyfEkdifaom ,ufuef;pifudk pDrHjyKvkyfap \/ 1274 ckESpfwGif tr&yl&NrdKU vGef;ysH,ufuef;pifrsm; xajrmuf atmifjrifpGm pwifay:aygufvmcJhavonf/ jrefrmESifhuonf;,uf uef;onfrsm;onf or0g,r0efaxmufrif; OD;armifarmifjym;ESifhtzGJY om;wkdY\vIHYaqmfrIaMumifh pdwfyg0ifpm;vmMuNyD;vQif 1276 ckESpfwGif apwemaumif;&Sdol rif;BuD;aqmif;'g;\trnfudk ,l aqmif; 'g; ,ufuef;ausmif;udk wnfaxmifcJhMu\/ xkdaemuf jrefrmjynfrS EkdifiHjcm;enf;rsm;udk aumif;pGm wwfuRrf;aom q&mBuD;rsm;ESifhoif Mum;cJhavonf/

jrefrm,ufuef;ynmonfppfppfOD;a&rSm 1921 ck oefaumif pm&if;t& (14159)rQ&Sd &ufvkyfMuaom csnfcifESifhykd;cifrsm;rSm aygifcsdefodef;w&mhwq,frQ&Sd\/ if;wkdYrSm vuf,ufuef;orm;rsm; om tokH;csaom csnfcifrsm;jzpf\/ &ufvkyfNyD;aom txnfudkuf aygif;rSm(4 uka#)rQjzpf\/ txnfrsm;\wefzkd;rSm (wuka#)zkd;rQjzpf acsonf/ vuf,ufuef;jzifh &ufvkyfaom ydk;&kdif;rsm;rSm wESpftwGif; aygifcsdef(av;odef;)rQjzpf &ufvkyfNyD; ydk;xnfoefYoefY udkufaygif; (15 odef;)? wefzkd;rSm (okH;q,fhig;odef;)rQjzpf\/ xkduJhokdY ta&mif;t 0,f nHhzsif;vSaomacwfqkd; tcsdefBuD;rSmyif jrefrmvuf,ufuef;rS xGuf&Sdaomypnf;wkdY\wefzkd;rSm odef;aygif; 135odef;rQ &cJhbl;aMumif;


58

udk aqmif;'g;&ufuef;ausmif;tkyfBuD; tef bD ref'D\tpD&ifcHpmt& od&Sd&\/

ed*kH;

jrefrmh&kd;&m t0wfwefqm0wfqifrIrsm;[laompmwrf;udk a&; om;ay;yg&ef pmayAdrmefpmwnf;XmerS yk*Kdvfrsm;u awmif;qkdojzifh tESpfESpftvvrS pkaqmif;&SmrDS;xm;aom uREkfyfwkdY\]]jrefrmh,Ofaus; rI pG,fpkHusrf;BuD;}}vufa&;rlxJrS oufqkdif&mwkdYudk ul;,lxkwfEkwfNyD; vQif 1963 ck Ekd0ifbmv 3 &ufaeY ay;tyfcJh\/ pmrsufESmudk uefY owf ay;xm;ojzifh xkdpmrsufESmESifhudkufnDatmif vkd&if;tcsuf cufqpfwkdYukdomvQif okawoDyk*Kdvfrsm;twGuf az:jyvkdufjcif;jzpf ayonf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdY\&kd;&m0wfqifrIwkdYudk txl;av;pm;vsuf t rsKd;udk apmifhxdef; jynfaxmifpkBuD;udk jrwfEkd;Muukefaom jrefrmjynf axmifpkom;wkdYonf pmwrf;udk zwf&I jrifhjrwfvSaom trsKd;om; pdwf"mwfjzifh urmol urmom;tm;vkH;wkdYtm; rdrdwkdYESifhxyfwl MunfjzLo'g cspfarwm yGg;EkdifMuygapownf;/

'*kefewf&Sif


59

pmayAdrmefykHESdyfwkduf? (rSwfykHwiftrSwf-0032)361-jynfvrf;

&efukefNrdKUwGif OD;ausmftkH;u &kdufESdyf pmayAdrmefpmwnf;rSL;OD;jrwfpdk;

(rSwfykHwiftrSwf-089)u wm0efcHxkwfa0onf/

(tvkyftrSwf-2949)

cover-of-Myanmar-Traditional-Costumessai that soe

Dagon Nat Shin Myanmar Traditional Costumes

Documents

Transcript of Dagon Nat Shin Myanmar Traditional Costumes