DA Week4 Lect1

8/13/2019 DA Week4 Lect1

1/25

Computational

Models ofDiscourse AnalysisCarolyn Penstein Ros

Language Technologies Institute/

Human-Computer Interaction Institute


2/25

Warm-Up

Can you explain speech acts

from Gees perspective

(using his terms)?

i.e., what is a speech act?

Can you explain speech acts

from Martin and Roses

perspective (using their

terms)?


3/25

Note that we can use work like

Levensons Differently

We talked about Gees 42 questions as

being like feature extractors Martin & Roses systems give us a map,

showing us where to look for evidence

(almost the same?) Levinsons work raises quest ion s shows

us distinctions that need to be accounted

for, potential holes in our approach


4/25

Levinson helps us think in detail

on a technical level about howparticular words are

functioning

According to the performative hypothesis, frankly should be functioning the

same way in all of these utterances, but its not. In 50 and 52 it modifies the way

the message is told, in 51 its a warning that something negative is coming.

What does this tell us about using words as evidence in Pragmatic orientedinterpretation?


5/25

Which accomplishes a bet and

how do you know?

* What does that tell you about how to model speech acts computationally?


6/25

Plan for Upcoming Unit

For next time we will pass out examples from AMI and coding manual

By Wed I will link in the readings for Unit 2

Next Monday I will hand out the annotated corpus and documentationfor SIDE plugins


7/25

Student Comment

I'm not sure we can analyze a text usingour current knowledge of speech acts. We

can only determine if there are any speech

acts and where specifically they occur.Speech act theory as we've discussed it so

far doesn't include any analytical feature

beyond sentence deconstruction, unlike

Gee's and SFL methodologies.


8/25

Can you pass the salt?

Its hot in here.


9/25

Digging in to the roots

Gee: Anthropology

Martin & Rose:

Rhetoric and

Literary Theory

Levinson:

Philosophy and

Logic


10/25

Whats the connection?

Gee: AnthropologySpeech acts are kinds of discoursepractices,

there are conventional ways of doing things

with words as indicated through form-functioncorrespondences

Figured worlds set up conditionally relevant

speech acts (adjacency pairs)

Martin & Rose: Rhetoric and Literary

Theory

The Negotiationframework is a very simplified

system of speech acts


11/25

Student Questions

I think that the main difference betweenspeech act analysis and the other types of

analyses that we have covered thus far is

that it explicitly asks the analyst to considera certain texts many voicesits

heteroglossia

why would someone want to talk if they arenot trying to achieve something

(consciously, or unconsciously)?


12/25


13/25

What can we do with speech

acts? Recognize what actions users are doing in a natural

language based interface

Sometimes mixed with domain level frames to detect

what someone wanted in a task based dialoguesystem (scheduling a meeting, registering for a

conference, making an airplane reservation)

If clusters of speech acts are associated with roles, you

can use them to identify roles within an interaction Current work on meeting summarization

Some work on social positioning in the mixed-

initiative dialogue community in the 90s


14/25

What questions can we answer with

them? You could think of them as moves in a game (like chess)

Each move is part of a strategy

Moves work together to accomplish intentions

But each speaker has their own set of intentionsin some sense

they are competing

You can explain what strategies were effective or not for

accomplishing any of these intentions

From this analysis, you can conclude things about power,

positioning, influence, etc.

Why might someone be insulted when you politely explain

something to them?

You can talk about different social languagesused to enact

speech acts (e.g., direct versus indirect)


15/25

What do we gain from this diversity?

Gee: Anthropology Martin & Rose:

Rhetoric and

Literary Theory Levinson:

Philosophy and

Logic* In some ways our goals are different from all of these. But all of them have

insights into how language works. Anthropologists know how it functions in

societies. Rhetoriticians know how it functions in interpersonal relationships. And

logicians have thought about how humans are able to interpret language from the

available evidence.


16/25

Why all the focus on truth

conditions? Formal semant ics is based on logic

Evaluating meaning of a sentence is:

translating the sentence into logic,evaluating it within a model

Models define what is given and what

inferences can be made

Evaluating meaning in a model means

evaluating whether the model makes that

sentence true or not


17/25

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is what is beyond truth conditionalmeaning

Part of the chapter focuses on whether there

is anything beyond truth conditional meaning

If you accept that there is something beyond

that, one thing there is is what language

does, apart from what it means

Formal pragmatics is about building models

that allow us to compute what language does


18/25


19/25


20/25

AMI Annotation Scheme


21/25

Later Dialogue Act Tagging

Approaches Text classification based approaches

Things you should know:

Using Nave Bayes, SVM, HMMs, CRFs

Note that HMMs and CRFs are statistical

techniques that pick up on sequencing

Conditional probability P(X|Y): If you know Y is true

already, what is the probability that X is true?

If probabilities are independent, you can combine

them by multiplying

Features: Unigrams, bigrams, POS bigrams


22/25

What to think about as you

read? What distinguishes the set of speech acts

that are being focused on?

What evidence would you as a human useto make your choice?

What evidence is this computational

approach taking into account? What is it missing?

Can you think of examples that you think it

would miss?


23/25

Corpora for experimentation

Unit 2: Maptask data (Negotiation coding)Possibly other chat corpora with same coding

as well

Unit 3: Product Reviews (Sentiment) Unit 4: Blog corpus (Age and Gender)

Unit 5: AMI meeting corpus (Dialogue Acts)

Other corporaEmail discussion list (Social Support coding)


24/25

Assignment 1 (not due til Feb2) Transcribe a scene from a favorite move, play, or TV show

As a shortcut, you can find a script online

Excerpt should be no more than one page of text

Select one of the methodologies we are discussing in Unit 1(e.g., from Gee, Martin & Rose, or Levinson)

Do a qualitative analysis of the data and write it up Use readings from Unit 1 as a collection of models to chose from

Due on Week 4 lecture 2 Turn in data, raw analysis (can be annotations added to the data),

and write up (your interpretation of the analysis)

Not required now!! Prepare a powerpoint presentation for class (no more than 5 minutes ofmaterial)

Other Ideas: Twitter data, Google Groups, transcribe a realconversation (if your conversational partners agree)


25/25

Questions?

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